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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220038</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220038</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Research Letter</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>The Impact of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential on Advanced Heart Failure</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4163-7783</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Leitão</surname>
						<given-names>Santiago Alonso Tobar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2150-6337</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Scolari</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Luis</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5982-8847</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vieira</surname>
						<given-names>Jefferson Luís</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1502-502X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Libby</surname>
						<given-names>Peter</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Brigham and Women’s Hospital</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="US">EUA</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology. Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA – EUA</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">University Health Network</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Peter Munk Cardiac Center</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Toronto</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Ontario</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="CA">Canada</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario – Canada</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Programa de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante, Hospital de Messejana – Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart, Fortaleza, CE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jefferson Luís Vieira</bold> • Hospital de Messejana – Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart – Avenida Frei Cirilo, 3480. Postal Code <postal-code>60846-285</postal-code>, Messejana, Fortaleza, CE – Brazil, E-mail: <email>jefvieira@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
					<p>*These authors contributed equally</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Author Contributions</bold></p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Leitão SAT, Scolari FL, Vieira JL, Libby P.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>Dr. Vieira reports fees for serving on an adjudication committee from the Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein and speaker’s fees from Boehringer Ingelheim-Lilly and Novartis.</p>
					<p>Dr. Libby is an unpaid consultant to, or involved in clinical trials for Amgen, AstraZeneca, the Baim Institute, Beren Therapeutics, Esperion Therapeutics, Genentech, Kancera, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Medimmune, Merck, Norvo Nordisk, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi-Regeneron.</p>
					<p>He is a member of the scientific advisory board for Amgen, Caristo Diagnostics, Cartesian Therapeutics, CSL Behring, DalCor Pharmaceuticals, Dewpoint Therapeutics, Kancera, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Olatec Therapeutics, Medimmune, Novartis, PlaqueTec, TenSixteen Bio, and XBiotech, Inc. Dr. Libby is on the Board of Directors of XBiotech, Inc. and has a financial interest in Xbiotech, a company developing therapeutic human antibodies.</p>
					<p>His interests were reviewed and are managed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Partners HealthCare in accordance with their conflict-of-interest policies.</p>
					<p>Dr. Libby’s laboratory has received research funding in the last 2 years from Novartis and receives funding support from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1R01HL134892), the American Heart Association (18CSA34080399), the RRM Charitable Fund, and the Simard Fund.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>218</fpage>
			<lpage>221</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Cardiovascular Risk</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Clonal Hematopoiesis</kwd>
				<kwd>CHIP</kwd>
				<kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
				<kwd>Mutations</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="26"/>
				<page-count count="4"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The many processes that contribute to age-related diseases include Harman’s free-radical<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> telomere shortening, inflammaging,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and Medewar’s mutation accumulation theory,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> especially in hematological malignancies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As we age, hematopoietic stem cells may acquire mutations that modulate their function, proliferation, or survival, thus expanding the pool of mutated cells in blood, a process termed clonal hematopoiesis (CH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> With the addition of cooperating mutations, CH cells may progress to myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia at rates ranging from 0.5 to 1% per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> There are dozens of known CH-driver genes, a subset of the known leukemia driver genes, the most frequent of which are <italic>DMNT3A</italic>, <italic>TET2</italic>, <italic>ASXL1,</italic> and <italic>JAK2</italic>, which account for approximately 80% of all CH mutations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> CH increases with age: more than 2% of cells (Variant Allele Fraction [VAF]) will have these mutations in approximately 10% of individuals aged 70 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Indeed, new and highly sensitive targeted sequencing techniques have shown nearly ubiquitous CH mutations in adults over 30 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Although the risk of developing a hematologic malignancy is more than 10-fold in individuals with CH, most will have no overt manifestation, hence the term: Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential (CHIP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Surprisingly, people with CHIP who carry leukocyte clones with mutated leukemia driver genes have a higher risk of developing and/or progressing to non-hematologic conditions of other age-related diseases, such as dementia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> osteoporosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> stroke,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Various mechanisms linked with these diseases are associated with CHIP, including an excessive inflammatory response due to inflammasome activation and enhanced expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6, increased thrombotic potential, and impaired DNA repair.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Considering the increased risk of cardiovascular manifestation in carriers of CHIP mutations, independent of traditional risk factor (eg, high cholesterol), we discuss the implications of CHIP for heart diseases and progression to heart failure (HF). Assessment of such somatic mutations may provide a novel tool for personalized/precise cardiovascular medicine.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Cardiovascular impact of CHIP</title>
				<p>Identifying cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes, has enabled targeted treatments that have helped reduce cardiovascular mortality. In 2014, a landmark paper including more than 17,000 patients was the first to suggest an association between CHIP and increased adverse cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> To further investigate the risk of CHIP, this team performed a case-control study of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> They found that CHIP was associated with a 1.9-fold increase in CAD, a 4.0-fold increase in early-onset myocardial infarction (MI), and 3-fold increase in coronary artery calcification. CHIP was also associated with a 14% increase in ischemic stroke, as well as a 24% increase in hemorrhagic stroke in another study with more than 70,000 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Since age is a strong risk factor for CHIP and cardiovascular disease, CHIP could merely be indicative of older age rather than contribute causally to cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Some data have also suggested “reverse causation”, ie, that atherosclerosis can increase CHIP. However, Mouse experiments have shown that loss of <italic>TET2</italic> function in myeloid cells, the second most mutated gene in CHIP, accelerates atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> These studies not only found larger atherosclerotic lesions in mice carrying CHIP mutations, but also the expression of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. On the clinical side, a small study including patients with severe degenerative aortic stenosis or chronic post-ischemic HF found higher expression of several inflammatory genes, such as IL-1β and IL-6, in individuals with CHIP mutations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> <italic>TET2</italic> mutation carriers with ischemic heart disease have shown higher levels of circulating IL-8.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> These markers of increased inflammation reveal a pathway by which CHIP can affect cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A dose-response effect, crucial for determining causality, has also been reported as a greater risk in those with larger clone size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In mice, mutations in <italic>TET2</italic> and <italic>DNMT3A</italic> can promote cardiac function remodeling, including lower ejection fraction, increased left ventricular diameter, and myocardial fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In sum, abundant evidence supports CHIP as a newly recognized contributor to atherosclerosis and impaired ventricular function. Indeed, CHIP mutations are associated with a higher risk than hypertension, smoking status, and hypercholesterolemia, lower only than age and type 2 diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Heart Failure and CHIP</title>
				<p>Although CHIP was initially associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic diseases, including CAD and MI, recent sequencing studies have also revealed a connection between CHIP and HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Dorsheimer et al. studied the incidence and prognostic significance of CHIP in a cohort of 200 patients with chronic HF who underwent autologous bone marrow treatment for acute MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> DNA from bone marrow–derived mononuclear cells was isolated and analyzed for the presence of CHIP, and 18.5% of participants were carriers of CHIP with VAF ≥ 2%. Over a median follow-up of 4.4 years, the survival analyses showed that CHIP carriers, particularly those with <italic>DNMT3A</italic> and <italic>TET2</italic> mutations, had worse clinical outcomes for death and death-plus-HF hospitalization than non-carriers. Remarkably, most deaths arose from worsening HF and emergent arrhythmia, with only one death due to subsequent MI. These results support the association of CHIP not only with the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases but also with HF. There was also a significant dose-response association between %VAF and clinical outcomes, with VAF &gt; 2% leading to worse outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Notably, the authors also found that halving the threshold to 1% VAF was still associated with poor outcomes, albeit to a lesser extent, further implying that CHIP has a “dose effect”.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Moreover, CHIP mutation was associated with higher %VAF independently of other risk factors in a larger cohort of patients with previous MI and stable chronic HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Pascual-Figal et al. corroborated these findings, showing that clonal hematopoiesis due to <italic>TET2</italic> or <italic>DNMT3A</italic> mutations predicted worse outcomes in patients with HF, regardless of etiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Subsequently, Yu et al. performed a meta-analysis of archived sequencing data to identify CHIP mutations among 56,597 individuals from 5 population-based cohorts in up to 20 years of follow-up to investigate the association between CHIP and incident HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> CHIP was prospectively associated with a 25% increased risk of HF, which was comparable in individuals with and without CAD, regardless of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. These findings suggest a direct link between CHIP and HF, arguing against the possibility that this association only reflects a connection between CHIP and atherosclerosis. Interestingly, in single gene-specific analysis, <italic>ASXL1</italic>, <italic>TET2</italic>, and <italic>JAK2</italic> sequence variations were each associated with an increased risk of HF, whereas <italic>DNMT3A</italic> sequence variations were not associated with HF. This result may have biological significance since <italic>ASXL1</italic> and <italic>JAK2</italic> may provoke cardiovascular events through mechanisms that are distinct from <italic>DNMT3A</italic> or from <italic>TET2</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				<p>CHIP may also contribute to the development and progression of HF with preserved ejection fraction; however, this hypothesis remains untested. Identifying CHIP in individuals with HF could provide diagnostic information and guide the development of therapeutic strategies that target the downstream consequences of specific mutations.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Future perspectives</title>
				<p>CHIP is a newly recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease that can help clarify the relationship between aging and CAD, MI, stroke, and HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> According to clinical and experimental data, some CHIP mutations are associated with dysregulation of several inflammatory cytokines, indicating a new potential targeting strategy for cardiovascular disease treatments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> For example, in the Canakinumab Anti-Thrombotic Outcomes Study, individuals with TET2 mutations benefited more from administration of an anti-interleukin-I beta antibody. Moreover, probing the mechanistic links between specific CHIP mutations and cardiovascular diseases may help elucidate the pathophysiology of HF. Finally, such explorations may lead to new targeted treatments for HF orthogonal to current approaches focused on neurohormonal blockade or SGLT2 inhibition.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Carta Científica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>O Impacto da Hematopoiese Clonal de Potencial Indeterminado (CHIP) na Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4163-7783</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Leitão</surname>
						<given-names>Santiago Alonso Tobar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn8">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2150-6337</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Scolari</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Luis</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn8">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5982-8847</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vieira</surname>
						<given-names>Jefferson Luís</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1502-502X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Libby</surname>
						<given-names>Peter</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="US">EUA</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology. Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA – EUA</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Toronto</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Ontario</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="CA">Canadá</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario – Canadá</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Programa de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante, Hospital de Messejana – dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Jefferson Luís Vieira</bold> • Hospital de Messejana – Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart – Avenida Frei Cirilo, 3480. CEP <postal-code>60846-285</postal-code>, Messejana, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil, E-mail: <email>jefvieira@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<p>*Esses autores contribuíram igualmente</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa; Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Leitão SAT, Scolari FL, Vieira JL, Libby P.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>O Dr. Vieira recebeu honorários por atuar em um comitê de adjudicação da Academic Research Organization do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein e honorários de palestrante da Boehringer Ingelheim-Lilly e Novartis.</p>
					<p>O Dr. Libby é consultor não remunerado ou está envolvido em ensaios clínicos para Amgen, AstraZeneca, Baim Institute, Beren Therapeutics, Esperion Therapeutics, Genentech, Kancera, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Medimmune, Merck, Norvo Nordisk, Novartis, Pfizer e Sanofi- Regeneron.</p>
					<p>Ele é membro do conselho científico da Amgen, Caristo Diagnostics, Cartesian Therapeutics, CSL Behring, DalCor Pharmaceuticals, Dewpoint Therapeutics, Kancera, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Olatec Therapeutics, Medimmune, Novartis, PlaqueTec, TenSixteen Bio e XBiotech, Inc. O Dr. Libby faz parte do Conselho de Administração da XBiotech, Inc. e tem participação financeira na XBiotech, empresa que desenvolve anticorpos humanos para fins terapêuticos.</p>
					<p>Seus interesses foram revisados e tratados pelo Brigham and Women’s Hospital e Partners HealthCare de acordo com suas políticas de conflito de interesses.</p>
					<p>O laboratório do Dr. Libby recebeu financiamento para pesquisa da Novartis nos últimos 2 anos e recebe apoio financeiro do National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1R01HL134892), da American Heart Association (18CSA34080399), do RRM Charitable Fund e do Simard Fund.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Risco Cardiovascular</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Hematopoiese Clonal</kwd>
				<kwd>CHIP</kwd>
				<kwd>Inflamação</kwd>
				<kwd>Mutações</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Os numerosos processos que contribuem para doenças relacionadas à idade incluem a teoria dos radicais livres, proposta por Harman,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> encurtamento dos telômeros, <italic>inflammaging</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e a teoria do acúmulo de mutações de Medewar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> especialmente em neoplasias hematológicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Conforme envelhecemos, as células-tronco hematopoéticas (CTH) podem adquirir mutações, algumas das quais podem modular sua função, proliferação ou sobrevida a fim de ampliar o número de células mutantes no sangue, um processo denominado hematopoiese clonal (<italic>clonal hematopoiesis</italic>, CH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Se a esse processa a contribuição de outras mutações, as células com CH podem evoluir para síndrome mielodisplásica (MDS) e leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) em índices que variam de 0,5 a 1% por ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Conhecem-se dezenas de genes causadores de CH, um subgrupo dos genes causadores de leucemia conhecidos, sendo os mais frequentes <italic>DMNT3A</italic>, <italic>TET2</italic>, <italic>ASXL1</italic> e <italic>JAK2</italic>, que correspondem a aproximadamente 80% das mutações causadoras de CH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A ocorrência de CH aumenta com a idade, de forma que 10% dos indivíduos de 70 anos de idade terão mais de 2% das células (frequência alélica da variante, <italic>Variant Allele Fraction</italic>, VAF) com tais mutações.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> De fato, novas técnicas de sequenciamento dirigido altamente sensíveis demonstraram a quase ubiquidade das mutações CH na população adulta acima de 30 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Embora os indivíduos com CH apresentem um risco 10 vezes maior de desenvolver neoplasias hematológicas, a maioria das pessoas com CHIP não apresentará manifestações evidentes, daí o surgimento do termo: Hematopoiese Clonal de Potencial Indeterminado (<italic>Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential</italic>, CHIP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Surpreedentemente, pessoas com CHIP que apresentam esses clones de leucócitos que carregam mutações nos genes causadores de leucemia apresentam risco acentuado de desenvolvimento e/ou progressão de condições não hematológicas de várias outras doenças relacionadas à idade, tais como demência,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> osteoporose,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> acidente vascular cerebral (AVC)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e doenças cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Vários mecanismos se relacionam a essas doenças associadas a CHIP, incluindo resposta inflamatória excessiva devido à ativação do inflamassoma com aumento da expressão de citocinas inflamatórias como IL-1β e IL-6, aumento do potencial trombótico e comprometimento da reparação do DNA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Considerando o risco aumentado de manifestações cardiovasculares em portadores de mutações CHIP, independente dos fatores de risco tradicionais (por exemplo, colesterol elevado), discutimos as implicações da CHIP para cardiopatias e sua progressão para insuficiência cardíaca (IC). A avaliação dessas mutações somáticas promete proporcionar uma nova ferramente para uma medicina cardiovascular personalizada/precisa.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Impacto cardiovascular impact da CHIP</title>
					<p>A identificação de fatores de risco cardiovascular, tais como hipertensão e diabetes, possibilita tratamentos direcionados que representaram um avanço na redução da mortalidade cardiovascular. Em 2014, um estudo histório que incluiu mais de 17.000 pacientes foi o primeiro a sugerir uma associação entre CHIP e aumento do número de eventos adversos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Para investigar mais detalhadamente o risco associado à CHIP, essa equipe realizou um estudo caso-controle de pacientes com doença arterial coronariana (DAC),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> o qual revelou que a CHIP aumentou em 1,9 vezes os casos de CAD, em 4,0 vezes os de infarto do miocárdio (IM) precoce, e em 3 vezes os de calcificação da artéria coronária. A CHIP também esteve associada a um aumento de 14% nos índices de AVC isquêmico e de 24% nos de AVC hemorrágico em outro estudo que incluiu mais de 70.000 indivíduos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Visto que a idade é um grande fator de risco para CHI e para doença cardiovascular, a CHIP pode ser meramente um marcador de idade avançada em vez de contribuir de forma causal para a doença cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Além disso, alguns dados sugerem uma “causalidade reversa”, isto é, que a aterosclerose pode potencializar a CHIP. Entretanto, experimentos com camundongos demonstraram que a perda de função do <italic>TET2</italic> em células mieloides, o segundo gene com mais casos de mutação associada a CHIP, acelera a aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Os resultados não somente destacaram a ocorrência de lesões ateroscleróticas maiores em camundongos portadores das mutações associadas a CHIP, mas também uma maior expressão de várias citocinas e quimiocinas inflamatórias. Com relação ao aspecto clínico, um pequeno estudo que incluiu pacientes com estenose aórtica degenerativa grave ou IC pós-isquêmica crônica demonstrou que genes inflamatórios, tais como IL-1β e IL-6, apresentavam maior expressão nos pacientes portadores de mutações associadas a CHIP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Os portadores de mutações no <italic>TET2</italic> com cardiopatia isquêmica apresentaram maiores níveis de IL-8 circulante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Esse marcadores de inflamação aumentada revelaram um caminho pelo qual a CHIP pode afetar o risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Um efeito dose-resposta, crucial para a determinação da causalidade, também apontou para um maior risco naqueles com maior tamanho clonal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em camundongos, mutações nos genes <italic>TET2</italic> e <italic>DNMT3A</italic> podem ocasionar o remodelamento da função cardíaca, manifestado por diminuição da fração de ejeção, aumento do diâmetro do ventrículo esquerdo e fibrose miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					<p>No seu conjunto, as inúmeras evidências corroboram que a recente descoberta de que a CHIP contibui para a aterosclerose e o comprometimento da função ventricular. De fato, as mutações CHIP estão associadas a um risco mais elevado do que hipertensão, tabagismo e hipercolesterolemia e menor apenas que idade e diabetes tipo 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
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					<title>Insuficiência Cardíaca e CHIP</title>
					<p>Embora a CHIP tenha sido inicialmente associada a um aumento do risco de doenças ateroscleróticas, inclusive DAC e IM, estudos recentes de sequenciamento também revelaram uma relação entre CHIP e IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Dorsheimer et al. estudaram a incidência e a significância prognóstica da CHIP em uma coorte de 200 pacientes com IC crônica que foram submetidos a tratamento com transplante de medula óssea para infarto agudo do miocárdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O DNA das células mononucleares derivadas da medula óssea foi isolado e analisado em busca da presença de CHIP, e 18,5% dos participantes eram portaadores de CHIP com VAF ≥ 2%. Ao longo de um seguimento com mediana de 4,4 anos, as análises de sobrevida demonstraram que os portadores de CHIP, especialmente aqueles com mutações nos genes <italic>DNMT3A</italic> e <italic>TET2</italic>, apresentaram piores desfechos clínicos com relação a óbito e óbito mais hospitalização por IC se comparados aos não portadores. Deve-se destacar que maioria dos óbitos resultou da piora da IC e evidência de arritmia, com apenas um óbito decorrente de posterior IM. Esses resultados corroboram a associação da CHIP não apenas na patogênese de doenças cardiovasculares ateroscleróticas mas também na IC. Além disso, houve uma associação dose-resposta estatisticamente significativa entre %VAF e desfechos clínicos, sendo que os indivíduos com uma VAF maior que 2% apresentaram os piores desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Vale destacar que os autores também observaram que reduzir o limite à metade, para um VAF de 1%, ainda está associado a piores desfechos, embora em menor medida do que o observado naqueles com VAF mais elevada, implicando-se assim um “efeito dose dependente” da CHIP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Essa associação foi confirmada em uma coorte maior de pacientes com IM prévio e IC crônica estável, em que a mutação causadora da CHIP esteve associada a %VAF mais elevadas, independente de outros fatores de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Um estudo de Pascual-Figal et al. corroborou esses achados ao demontrar que CHs decorrente de mutações dos genes <italic>TET2</italic> ou <italic>DNMT3A</italic> previu piores desfechos em pacientes com IC, não importando a etiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Posteriormente, Yu et al. realizaram uma metanálise de dados de sequenciamento arquivados para identiicar mutações causadoras de CHIP em 56.597 indivíduos de 5 coortes populacionais ao longo de até 20 anos de seguimento para investigar a associação entre CHIP e incidência de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A CHIP esteve prospectivamente associada a um aumento de 25% no risco de IC, o que é comparável em indivíduos com e sem DAC, independe dos fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais. Esses achados sugerem uma relação direta entre CHIP e IC, argumentando contra a possibilidade de que essa associação reflita apenas uma relação entre CHIP e aterosclerose. Curiosamente, em análises de genes específicos, variações no sequenciamento dos genes <italic>ASXL1</italic>, <italic>TET2</italic> e <italic>JAK2</italic> estiveram associadas a um aumento do risco de IC, enquanto variações no sequenciamento do gene <italic>DNMT3A</italic> não estiveram associada a IC. Esse resultado pode ter significância biológica, pois <italic>ASXL1</italic> e <italic>JAK2</italic> podem provocar eventos cardiovasculares através de mecanismos distintos daqueles observados nos genes <italic>DNMT3A</italic> ou <italic>TET2.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A CHIP também pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento e progressão da IC com fração de ejeção preservada; entretanto, essa hipótese ainda não foi testada. A identificação da CHIP em indivíduos com IC pode fornecer informações diagnósticas, além de orientar o desenvolvimento de estratégias terapêuticas voltadas para as consequências resultantes das mutações específicas para o tratamento dessa condição.</p>
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					<title>Perspectivas futuras</title>
					<p>A CHIP é um fator de risco para doença cardiovascular descoberto recentemente que pode auxiliar na compreensão da relação do envelhecimento com DAC, IM, AVC e IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Dados clínicos e experimentais associam o risco derivado de algumas mutações causadoras de CHIP à desregulação em várias citocinas inflamatórias, introduzindo uma potencial nova estratégia direcionada para o tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Por exemplo, no estudo <italic>Canakinumab Anti-Thrombotic Outcomes Study</italic> (CANTOS), indivíduos com mutações no gene <italic>TET2</italic> tiveram maior benefício com a administração de anticorpos anti-interleucina-I beta. Além disso, investigar as relações mecanicistas entre mutações específicas associadas àc CHIP e doenças cardiovasculares pode ajudar na compreensão da fisiopatologia da IC. Por fim, tais investigações podem levar ao surgimento de novos tratamentos direcionados para a HF ortogonais às abordagens atuais focadas no bloqueio neuro-hormonal ou inibição do SGLT2.</p>
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