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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220037</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220037</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Research Letter</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>When to Suspect Advanced Heart Failure in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0095-9049</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel Morita</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
						<given-names>Fabiana G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paraná</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Quanta Diagnóstico por Imagem</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagnóstico por Imagem, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Miguel Morita Fernandes-Silva</bold> • Departamento de Clínica Médica – Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná – Rua General Carneiro, 181, 10º andar. Postal Code <postal-code>80060-900</postal-code>, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, PR - Brazil E-mail: <email>miguelmorita@ufpr.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>214</fpage>
			<lpage>217</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Ejection Fraction</kwd>
				<kwd>Advanced Heart Failure</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="19"/>
				<page-count count="4"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Advanced heart failure (HF) accounts for almost 15% of patients with HF, and it has been defined as “the presence of progressive and/or persistent severe symptoms despite optimal guideline-directed management regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).”<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although patients with advanced HF are thought to usually present with severely reduced LVEF, it should be noted that the definition of advanced HF does not require low LVEF. Indeed, more than half of patients with advanced HF have LVEF above 40%, with all-cause mortality similar to those with LVEF below 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Identifying patients with advanced HF is important in order to refer them to proper management, including heart transplantation, mechanical circulatory support, or palliative care. But when should we suspect advanced HF when the LVEF is preserved?</p>
		<p>First, let’s look at the current definition criteria for advanced HF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Beyond LVEF below 30%, severe cardiac dysfunction includes severe congenital or valve disease or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. But these conditions have been excluded from HFpEF definitions in clinical trials and they are not mechanistically generally considered heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Advanced HFpEF requires the presence of severe diastolic dysfunction or left ventricular (LV) structural abnormalities accompanied by elevated natriuretic peptides.</p>
		<table-wrap id="t1">
			<label>Table 1</label>
			<caption>
				<title>Updated Heart Failure Association-European Society of Cardiology criteria for defining advanced heart failure</title>
			</caption>
			<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
				<colgroup width="100%">
					<col/>
				</colgroup>
				<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
					<tr>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">All the following criteria despite optimal guideline-directed treatment:</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">
							<list list-type="order">
								<list-item>
									<p>Severe and persistent symptoms of HF (NYHA III [advanced] or IV)</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>Severe cardiac dysfunction defined by either:</p>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>LVEF ≤ 30%</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Isolated RV failure (e.g. ARVC)</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Non-operable severe valve abnormalities or congenital abnormalities</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Persistently high BNP or NT-proBNP values and data of severe diastolic dysfunction or LV structural abnormalities according to the European Society of Cardiology definition of HFpEF or HFmrEF.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>Episodes of pulmonary or systemic congestion requiring high-dose intravenous diuretics (or diuretic combinations) or episodes of low output requiring inotropes or vasoactive drugs or malignant arrhytmias causing &gt; 1 unplanned visit or hospitalization in the last 12 months.</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>Severe impairment of exercise capacity with inability to exercise or low 6MWTD (&lt; 300 m) or pVO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (&lt; 12 to 14 mL/kg/min), estimated to be of cardiac origin.</p>
								</list-item>
							</list>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">In addition to the above, extra-cardiac organ dysfunction due to HF (e.g. cardiac cachexia, liver, or kidney dysfunction) or type 2 pulmonary hypertension may be present, but are not required.</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Criteria 1 and 4 can be met in patients who have cardiac dysfunction (as described in criterion number 2), but who also have substantial limitation due to other conditions (for instance, severe pulmonary disease, non-cardiac cirrhosis, or renal disease with mixed etiology). These patients still have limited quality of life and survival due to advanced disease and warrant the same intensity of evaluation as patients in whom the only disease is cardiac, but the therapeutic options for these patients are usually more limited.</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<table-wrap-foot>
				<fn id="TFN1">
					<p>ARVC: arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LV: left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association; pVO2: peak exercise oxygen consumption; RV: right ventricular; 6MWTD: 6-minute walk test distance. Source: Advanced heart failure: a position statement of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				</fn>
			</table-wrap-foot>
		</table-wrap>
		<p>Diastolic dysfunction is assessed by mitral flow velocities, mitral annular e’ velocity, E/e’ ratio, peak tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity, and maximum left atrial volume index. Although the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging guidelines provide grading criteria for diastolic dysfunction (grades I to III), there is no consensus on how severe diastolic dysfunction should be specifically defined to fulfill the criteria for advanced HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In a recent epidemiological study of advanced HF in Olmsted County, United States, Dunlay et al defined severe diastolic dysfunction in patients with HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction or HFpEF as diastolic dysfunction grade 2 or greater. They also used other criteria that suggested elevated filling pressures, such as E/e’ ratio above 9, to indicate severe diastolic dysfunction, but this was because diastolic dysfunction grading was missing in the administrative data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The definition of advanced HF also requires that diastolic dysfunction be accompanied by elevated natriuretic peptides, but it should be kept in mind that patients with advanced HFpEF display lower natriuretic peptide blood levels compared to patients with advanced heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Furthermore, comorbidities are more common in patients with HFpEF, and they can contribute to their functional impairment and worsen quality of life, which makes the diagnosis of advanced HFpEF more challenging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>For the diagnosis of advanced HFpEF, severe symptoms, repeated hospitalizations for HF, and/or severe impairment in functional capacity should persist, despite optimal medical treatment. Differently from HFrEF, therapeutic options for HFpEF are limited. Guideline-based recommendations for treatment of HFpEF include treatment of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular comorbidities, such as treating myocardial ischemia, reducing blood pressure in hypertension, and controlling heart rate in atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The guidelines also recommend using diuretics to alleviate congestion, as well as screening and treating specific etiologies, such as cardiac amyloidosis. An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin-receptor blocker/sacubitril-valsartan, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, and a beta-blocker are not required for HFpEF, but they can be considered if tolerated for patients with LVEF below normal (i.e. HFmrEF) following results from sub-analysis of trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In addition, after the results of the first positive outcome-driven trial in HFpEF, empagliflozin should be considered as part of optimal treatment in HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Patients with advanced HFpEF are those who remain severely symptomatic despite optimal clinical treatment, and they should be considered for advanced therapies.</p>
		<p>The rational of advanced therapies in HFpEF relies upon our knowledge on the pathophysiology of the disease and underlying mechanisms of symptom development. HFpEF is characterized by increased LV and left atrial (LA) stiffness, which results in high LA pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, particularly during exercise. Patients with HFpEF tend to have exercise intolerance in early stages and to develop congestive signs/symptoms with the progression of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The management of congestion can be challenging in patients with advanced HFpEF. Treatment options are similar to those in HFrEF, namely, high doses of loop diuretics, concomitant use of thiazides, continuous intravenous infusion of diuretics, ultrafiltration, and peritoneal dialysis. Nevertheless, caution is advised since patients with HFpEF are sensitive to volume shifts due to high arterial and ventricular stiffness. They are more susceptible to intravascular volume depletion and may not tolerate “aggressive” decongestive therapies, such as intermittent high doses of loop diuretics and dialysis with high ultrafiltration rates. Alternatively, a combination of diuretics, continuous intravenous infusion, and low ultrafiltration rates may be better tolerated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Heart transplantation (HT) is the gold standard therapy for treating advanced HF, but most patients with HFpEF may not be suitable for HT due to older age and comorbidities. Many patients with advanced HFpEF referred for HT have a specific etiology for HF, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) or infiltrative cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> These patients have faced more difficulties to receive HT compared to those with HFrEF. Due to preserved LVEF and narrow LV cavity, patients with HFpEF are not usually treated with inotropes or left ventricular assist devices (LVAD). They usually stay longer on the waiting list for HT, as they are not categorized in priority status for HT, which is the condition in which most patients undergo HT in Brazil. Recently, changes in the prioritization rules have helped mitigate this problem in some regions, such as the 2020 update to Transplant System allocation criteria in the state of Sao Paulo, where intravenous diuretics dependence for patients with HCM or RCM was included as a #3 condition in the priority criteria, equivalent to inotrope dependence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Although LVAD have shown to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with HFrEF, their use remains limited in patients with HFpEF. Due to small LV cavity and severe diastolic dysfunction, technical issues have occurred with LVAD in HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The use of Heartmate II, a continuous flow axial LVAD, was reported in 8 patients with advanced HCM and RCM, showing the occurrence of suck-down events of the LA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Simulation studies have been performed with LVAD in patients with HFpEF, and they appeared to result in beneficial hemodynamic effects, but these studies suggest avoiding a strategy with constant speed. Instead, they recommend using low pump speed at rest to prevent a suction event and high pump speed during exercise to prevent ineffective unloading.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Because of these technical issues, which are related to anatomical and pathophysiological features of patients with HFpEF, the use of LVAD is still limited in this population.</p>
		<p>Left atrial assist devices (LAAD) have also been proposed. LAAD can be implanted in mitral position pumping blood from the LA to the LV. Another LAAD (PulseVAD) pumps from the LA to the descending aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Although they are mechanistically interesting, clinical trials are needed to evaluate their roles in HFpEF.</p>
		<p>The pathophysiology of advanced HFpEF also includes left atrium myopathy, and interatrial shunt devices (IASD) have been specifically developed to relieve symptoms by reducing LA pressure. A bare metal self-expanded device creating an 8-mm shunt, proven to be the optimal size to reduce LA pressure without overloading the right heart, was tested in a small randomized clinical trial, Reduced Elevated Left Atrial Pressure in Patients with HF (REDUCED-LAP-HF I).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In 43 patients with LVEF &gt; 40% and New York Heart Association functional class III/IV, the REDUCED-LAP-HF I trial showed a significant reduction in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during exercise with IASD compared with the sham control group. This strategy is currently being tested in a larger multi-center randomized study, the REDUCED-LAP-HF II. Two other promising IASD, namely, the V-WAVE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and the Atrial Flow Regulator,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> are also being evaluated in large randomized clinical trials.</p>
		<p>Treatment of advanced HFpEF is evolving and the first step in its management is to recognize this condition. From the practical point of view, the proposed acronym “I NEED HELP” remains useful to identify potential patients with advanced HFpEF, but we suggest a few modifications and observations that are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
		<table-wrap id="t2">
			<label>Table 2</label>
			<caption>
				<title>Warning signs of advanced HFpEF</title>
			</caption>
			<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
				<colgroup width="33%">
					<col/>
					<col/>
					<col/>
				</colgroup>
				<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
					<tr>
						<th align="center" valign="middle">Acronym</th>
						<th align="center" valign="middle">Advanced HF alert</th>
						<th align="center" valign="middle">Comment for HFpEF</th>
					</tr>
				</thead>
				<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
					<tr>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Intravenous inotrope dependence</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Unusual in HFpEF</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Persistent NYHA III/IV; persistent elevation in natriuretic peptides</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Natriuretic peptides are less elevated in HFpEF</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">E</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">End-organ dysfunction</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Particularly renal dysfunction</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">E</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Elevated filling pressures; severe diastolic dysfunction</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Replacing the original LVEF below 20%</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">D</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Defibrillator shocks (recurring appropriate shock)</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Less common, unless there is a specific etiology (e.g. HCM)</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Recurring HF hospitalizations and emergency department visits in the last 12 months</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">E</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Persistent edema, refractory to escalating diuretics</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Diuretic management can be difficult</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">L</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Low systolic blood pressure, persistently below 90 mmHg</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Augmented BP sensitivity to volume shifts</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">P</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Progressive intolerance to optimized medical therapy</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Fewer drug options, but most can be considered if LVEF is below normal</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<table-wrap-foot>
				<fn id="TFN2">
					<p>BP: blood pressure; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
				</fn>
			</table-wrap-foot>
		</table-wrap>
		<sec>
			<title>Author Contributions</title>
			<p>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fernandes-Silva MM, Marcondes-Braga FG.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Carta Científica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Quando Pensar em Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada no Paciente com Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Preservada?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0095-9049</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel Morita</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
						<given-names>Fabiana G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagnóstico por Imagem, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Miguel Morita Fernandes-Silva</bold> • Departamento de Clínica Médica – Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná – Rua General Carneiro, 181, 10º andar. CEP <postal-code>80060-900</postal-code>, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, PR – Brasil E-mail: <email>miguelmorita@ufpr.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Fração de Ejeção</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) avançada corresponde a quase 15% dos pacientes com IC e tem sido definida como “a presença de sintomas graves progressivos e/ou persistentes apesar do manejo otimizado orientado por diretrizes, independentemente da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE)”.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora se pense que os pacientes com IC avançada geralmente apresentam FEVE gravemente reduzida, é necessário notar que a definição de IC avançada não requer FEVE baixa. De fato, mais da metade dos pacientes com IC avançada apresenta FEVE acima de 40%, com mortalidade por todas as causas semelhante à dos pacientes com FEVE abaixo de 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A identificação de pacientes com IC avançada é importante para poder encaminhá-los ao manejo adequado, incluindo transplante cardíaco, suporte circulatório mecânico ou cuidados paliativos. Mas quando devemos suspeitar de IC avançada nos pacientes cuja FEVE está preservada?</p>
			<p>Primeiro, vejamos os critérios atuais de definição para a IC avançada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Além da FEVE abaixo de 30%, a disfunção cardíaca grave inclui doença valvar ou congênita grave ou cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito. No entanto, estas condições têm sido excluídas das definições de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp) nos ensaios clínicos e elas não têm sido geralmente consideradas ICFEp do ponto de vista mecanicista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A ICFEp avançada requer a presença de disfunção diastólica grave ou anormalidades estruturais do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) acompanhadas de peptídeos natriuréticos elevados.</p>
			<table-wrap id="t3">
				<label>Tabela 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Critérios atualizados para definição da insuficiência cardíaca avançada da Associação de Insuficiência Cardíaca-Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
					<colgroup width="100%">
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Todos os critérios a seguir, apesar do tratamento otimizado orientado por diretrizes:</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">
								<list list-type="order">
									<list-item>
										<p>Sintomas graves e persistentes de IC (NYHA III [avançada] ou IV)</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p>Disfunção cardíaca grave definida por:</p>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>FEVE ≤ 30%</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Falha isolada do VD (por exemplo, CAVD)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Abnormalidades valvares ou abnormalidades congênitas graves e não operáveis</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Valores de BNP ou NT-proBNP persistentemente elevados e dados de disfunção diastólica grave ou anomalias estruturais do VE, de acordo com a definição de ICFEp ou ICFElr da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p>Episódios de congestão pulmonar ou sistêmica que requerem altas doses de diurético intravenoso (ou combinação de diuréticos) ou episódios de baixo débito que requerem uso de inotrópicos ou fármacos vasoativos ou arritmias malignas que causem &gt; 1 visita não planejada ou hospitalização nos últimos 12 meses.</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p>Comprometimento grave da capacidade de exercício, com inabilidade para o exercício ou baixa DTC6M (&lt; 300 m) ou VO<sub>2</sub> de pico (&lt; 12 a 14 mL/kg/min), estimado de origem cardíaca.</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Além dos critérios acima, a disfunção de órgãos extracardíacos devido à IC (por exemplo, caquexia cardíaca, disfunção hepática ou renal) ou hipertensão pulmonar tipo 2 podem estar presentes, mas não são necessárias.</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Os critérios 1 e 4 podem ser preenchidos em pacientes com disfunção cardíaca (conforme descrito no critério número 2), mas que também apresentem limitação substancial devido a outras condições (por exemplo, doença pulmonar grave, cirrose não cardíaca ou doença renal com etiologia mista). Esses pacientes ainda têm qualidade de vida e sobrevida limitadas devido à doença avançada e merecem a mesma intensidade de avaliação dos pacientes cuja única doença é cardíaca, mas as opções terapêuticas para esses pacientes geralmente são mais limitadas.</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN3">
						<p>BNP: peptídeo natriurético do tipo B; CAVD: cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito; DTC6M: distância do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; ICFElr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção levemente reduzida; ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; NT-proBNP: fração N-terminal do peptídeo natriurético do tipo B; NYHA: New York Heart Association; VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxigênio no exercício. Fonte: Advanced heart failure: a position statement of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>A disfunção diastólica é avaliada pelas velocidades de fluxo mitral; velocidade e’ do anel mitral; relação E/e’; velocidade de pico do jato regurgitante tricúspide e índice de volume do átrio esquerdo máximo. Embora as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia e da Sociedade Europeia de Imagem Cardiovascular forneçam critérios de gradação para a disfunção diastólica (graus I a III), não existe consenso sobre como a disfunção diastólica grave deve ser definida especificamente para preencher os critérios para a ICFEp avançada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Em um estudo epidemiológico recente sobre IC avançada realizado no Condado de Olmsted, Estados Unidos, Dunlay et al. definiram a disfunção diastólica grave em pacientes com IC com fração de ejeção levemente reduzida ou ICFEp como disfunção diastólica grau 2 ou superior. O estudo também usou outros critérios que sugeriram pressões de enchimento elevadas, como a relação E/e’ acima de 9, para indicar a disfunção diastólica grave, mas isso foi porque a impressão final sobre a gradação da disfunção diastólica estava faltando nos dados administrativos.</p>
			<p>A definição da IC avançada também exige que a disfunção diastólica seja acompanhada de peptídeos natriuréticos elevados, mas é necessário ter em mente que os pacientes com ICFEp avançada apresentam níveis sanguíneos de peptídeo natriurético mais baixos em comparação com os pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Além disso, as comorbidades são mais comuns nos pacientes com ICFEp e podem contribuir para seu comprometimento funcional e piorar a sua qualidade de vida, o que torna o diagnóstico de ICFEp avançada mais desafiador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Para o diagnóstico de ICFEp avançada, devem persistir sintomas graves, hospitalizações repetidas por IC e/ou comprometimento grave da capacidade funcional, apesar do tratamento médico otimizado. Diferentemente da ICFEr, as opções terapêuticas para a ICFEp são limitadas. As recomendações baseadas nas diretrizes para o tratamento da ICFEp incluem o tratamento das comorbidades cardiovasculares e não cardiovasculares, tais como tratamento da isquemia miocárdica, redução da pressão arterial na hipertensão e controle da frequência cardíaca na fibrilação atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As diretrizes também preconizam o uso de diuréticos para aliviar a congestão, bem como triagem e tratamento de etiologias específicas, como a amiloidose cardíaca. Um inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina/sacubitril-valsartana, um antagonista do receptor mineralocorticóide e um betabloqueador não são requeridos para ICFEp, mas podem ser considerados se tolerados por pacientes com FEVE abaixo do normal (ou seja, ICFEr) após resultados da subanálise de ensaios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Além disso, após os resultados do primeiro ensaio orientado por desfechos positivos na ICFEp, a empagliflozina deve ser considerada como parte do tratamento otimizado na ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os pacientes com ICFEp avançada são aqueles que permanecem gravemente sintomáticos apesar do tratamento clínico otimizado e devem ser considerados para terapias avançadas.</p>
			<p>O racional das terapias avançadas na ICFEp depende do nosso conhecimento sobre a fisiopatologia da doença e dos mecanismos subjacentes ao desenvolvimento dos sintomas. A ICFEp é caracterizada pelo aumento da rigidez do VE e do átrio esquerdo (AE), o que resulta em alta pressão do AE e alta pressão capilar pulmonar em cunha, principalmente durante o exercício. Pacientes com ICFEp tendem a apresentar intolerância ao exercício em estágios iniciais e a desenvolver sinais/sintomas congestivos com a progressão da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O manejo da congestão pode ser desafiador em pacientes com ICFEp avançada. As opções de tratamento são semelhantes às da ICFEr, ou seja, altas doses de diuréticos de alça, uso concomitante de tiazidas, infusão intravenosa contínua de diuréticos, ultrafiltração e diálise peritoneal. No entanto, recomenda-se cautela, pois pacientes com ICFEp são sensíveis a alterações volêmicas devido à alta rigidez arterial e ventricular. Além disso, são mais suscetíveis à depleção de volume intravascular e podem não tolerar terapias descongestivas “agressivas”, tais como altas doses intermitentes de diuréticos de alça e diálise com altas taxas de ultrafiltração. Alternativamente, pode ser melhor tolerada uma combinação de diuréticos, infusão intravenosa contínua e baixas taxas de ultrafiltração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O transplante cardíaco (TC) é a terapia padrão-ouro para o tratamento da IC avançada, mas a maioria dos pacientes com ICFEp pode não ser elegível para o TC devido à idade avançada e às comorbidades. Muitos pacientes com ICFEp avançada encaminhados para TC apresentam etiologia específica para IC, como cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, cardiomiopatia restritiva ou cardiomiopatia infiltrativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Esses pacientes têm enfrentado mais dificuldades para receber TC em comparação com aqueles com ICFEr. Devido à FEVE preservada e à cavidade estreita do VE, os pacientes com ICFEp geralmente não são tratados com inotrópicos ou dispositivos de assistência ventricular esquerda (DAVE). Eles geralmente ficam mais tempo na lista de espera para TC, pois não são categorizados em status prioritário para TC, que é a condição em que a maioria dos pacientes são submetidos ao TC no Brasil. Recentemente, mudanças nas regras de priorização ajudaram a mitigar esse problema em algumas regiões. Por exemplo, a atualização de 2020 dos critérios de alocação do Sistema de Transplantes no estado de São Paulo, onde a dependência de diuréticos intravenosos para pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica ou cardiomiopatia restritiva foi incluída como uma condição nº 3 nos critérios de prioridade, equivalente à dependência de inotrópicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Embora os DAVE tenham demonstrado melhorar a morbimortalidade em pacientes com ICFEr, seu uso permanece limitado em pacientes com ICFEp. Devido à pequena cavidade do VE e à disfunção diastólica grave, problemas técnicos têm ocorrido com DAVE na ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O uso de Heartmate II, um DAVE axial de fluxo contínuo, foi descrito em 8 pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e cardiomiopatia restritiva avançadas, mas mostrou a ocorrência de eventos de “sucção para baixo” do AE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Estudos de simulação têm sido realizados com DAVE em pacientes com ICFEp e parecem resultar em efeitos hemodinâmicos benéficos, mas esses estudos recomendam evitar uma estratégia com velocidade constante. Em vez disso, preconizam o uso de baixa velocidade em repouso para evitar eventos de sucção, com alta velocidade da bomba durante o exercício para evitar descargas ineficazes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Por conta dessas questões técnicas, que são relacionadas às características anatômicas e fisiopatológicas dos pacientes com ICFEp, o uso de DAVE ainda é limitado nessa população.</p>
			<p>Também foram propostos os dispositivos de assistência atrial esquerda (DAAE). Os DAAE podem ser implantados em posição mitral, bombeando sangue do AE para o VE. Outro DAAE (o PulseVAD) bombeia do AE para a aorta descendente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Embora sejam mecanicamente interessantes, são necessários ensaios clínicos para avaliar seus papéis na ICFEp.</p>
			<p>A fisiopatologia da ICFEp avançada também inclui a miopatia do AE e foram desenvolvidos dispositivos de <italic>shunt</italic> interatrial especificamente para aliviar os sintomas reduzindo a pressão do AE. Um dispositivo auto-expansível de metal simples que cria um <italic>shunt</italic> de 8 mm, comprovadamente o tamanho ótimo para reduzir a pressão do AE sem sobrecarregar o coração direito, foi testado em um pequeno ensaio clínico randomizado, o Reduced Elevated Left Atrial Pressure in Patients with HF (REDUCED-LAP-HF I).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O ensaio REDUCED-LAP-HF I, incluindo 43 pacientes com FEVE &gt; 40% e classe funcional III/IV da New York Heart Association, mostrou uma redução significativa na pressão capilar pulmonar em cunha durante o exercício com dispositivo de <italic>shunt</italic> interatrial em comparação com o grupo controle simulado. Essa estratégia está sendo testada atualmente em um estudo randomizado multicêntrico maior, o REDUCED-LAP-HF II. Dois outros dispositivos de <italic>shunt</italic> interatrial promissores, a saber, o V-WAVE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e o Atrial Flow Regulator,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> também estão sendo avaliados em grandes ensaios clínicos randomizados.</p>
			<p>O tratamento da ICFEp avançada está evoluindo e o primeiro passo no seu manejo é o reconhecimento dessa condição. Do ponto de vista prático, o acrônimo proposto “I NEED HELP” continua sendo útil para a identificação de potenciais pacientes com ICFEp avançada, mas sugerimos algumas modificações e observações, conforme detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<table-wrap id="t4">
				<label>Tabela 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Sinais de alerta da ICFEp</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
					<colgroup width="33%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Acrônimo</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Sinal de alerta da IC avançada</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Comentário para ICFEp</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Dependência de inotrópicos intravenosos</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Pouco comum na ICFEp</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Classe funcional III/IV da NYHA persistente; elevação persistente dos peptídeos natriuréticos</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Peptídeos natriuréticos são menos elevados na ICFEp</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">E</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Disfunção de órgão-alvo</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Particularmente disfunção renal</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">E</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Pressões de enchimento elevadas; disfunção diastólica grave</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Substitui o que era originalmente FEVE abaixo de 20%</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">D</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Choques do desfibrilador (choque apropriado recorrente)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Menos comum, a menos que haja uma etiologia específica (por exemplo, CMH)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Internações recorrentes e visitas à sala de emergência por IC nos últimos 12 meses</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">E</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Edema persistente, refratário a diuréticos crescentes</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">O manejo diurético pode ser difícil</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">L</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Pressão arterial sistólica baixa, persistentemente abaixo de 90 mmHg</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">O aumento da sensibilidade da pressão arterial a alterações volêmicas</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">P</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Intolerância progressiva à terapia médica otimizada</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Menos opções de medicamentos, mas a maioria pode ser considerada se a FEVE estiver abaixo do normal</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN4">
						<p>CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertrófica; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<sec>
				<title>Contribuição dos autores</title>
				<p>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Fernandes-Silva MM, Marcondes-Braga FG.</p>
			</sec>
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		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
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