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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220033</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220033</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Use of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump in Cardiogenic Shock Associated with Advanced Heart Failure: An Outdated Strategy?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8667-5276</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Murad</surname>
						<given-names>Ciro Mancilha</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0894-1131</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mangini</surname>
						<given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Sandrigo Mangini •</bold> Rua Prof. Lucio Martins Rodrigues, 330, ap 13. Postal Code <postal-code>05621-025</postal-code>, Jardim Leonor, São Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>sandrigoman@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Author Contributions</bold></p>
					<p>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Murad CM, Mangini S.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>206</fpage>
			<lpage>208</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="17"/>
				<page-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The use of an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) was first described in the 1960s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is a short-term circulatory assist device that uses helium gas for inflation of a balloon positioned in the descending aorta during diastole and active deflation during systole.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The most evident hemodynamic effects are increased coronary perfusion, reduced left ventricular afterload, and an increase in cardiac output by 0.5 to 1 L/min.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Due to its greater availability, lower cost, easy implantation, and low complication rates, IABP quickly became the most used percutaneous device in cardiogenic shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nevertheless, in spite of the advantages described and the extensive clinical experience, there are still some controversies in relation to its use.</p>
		<p>The randomized IABP-SHOCK II Trial evaluated the use of IABP versus clinical treatment in patients with post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) cardiogenic shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In this study, the use of IABP did not reduce the primary endpoint of 30-day mortality or the relevant secondary outcomes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and, from then on, the use of IABP in post-AMI cardiogenic shock started to be discouraged by guidelines, with class III, level of evidence B for routine use (not recommended).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> It is, however, noteworthy that other devices that provide greater hemodynamic support compared to IABP have also not shown a benefit in increasing survival in post-AMI cardiogenic shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>We know that most of the evidence on cardiogenic shock comes from studies in patients in the context of acute coronary syndromes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nevertheless, cardiogenic shock has more recently been recognized as a heterogeneous clinical syndrome, with a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes and different stages of organic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Accordingly, we can differentiate, for example, post-AMI cardiogenic shock from shock due to chronic heart failure (HF) decompensation. In the first case, an abrupt reduction occurs in cardiac output with rapid onset, generally in patients without previous ventricular dysfunction. In the second, a gradual reduction occurs in cardiac output in patients who already have ventricular dysfunction, which is often severe. Therefore, an incremental support of 0.5 to 1 L/min may be insufficient to stabilize a patient with post-AMI cardiogenic shock; however, it may be sufficient to stabilize a patient with chronic HF, who has already adapted to hemodynamic conditions with borderline cardiac output. From the pathophysiological point of view, we know that the inflammatory component is predominant in post-AMI cardiogenic shock, whereas, in chronic HF, peripheral vasoconstriction is predominant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This difference corroborates the benefit of the effect of the reduced ventricular afterload of IABP in cardiogenic shock associated with decompensated chronic HF.</p>
		<p>In patients with advanced HF, the outcome of reduced mortality is unlikely to be achieved with temporary ventricular assist devices (VAD). Therefore, the main objective is stabilization until definitive treatment, especially heart transplantation or implantation of long-term VAD. Accordingly, a series of studies has demonstrated the feasibility of using IABP as a bridge to transplantation or long-term VAD implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In a single-center, observational, retrospective study, Fried et al. evaluated 132 patients with cardiogenic shock associated with chronic HF who received aortic counterpulsation therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The 30-day survival was 84.1%, of which 70.4% underwent long-term VAD implantation, 8.2% underwent heart transplantation, and 21.4% were discharged without need for escalation of device support.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In another prospective observational study, conducted in Brazil, metabolic and hemodynamic variables were evaluated before and after IABP implantation in 223 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> After institution of aortic counterpulsation therapy, there was a reduction in serum lactate (32.9 versus 17.1 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.01); increased central venous saturation (50.6% versus 66%, p &lt; 0.01), and reduced vasopressor use (36.2% versus 25.5%, p = 0.0036).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In a recent case series from the Heart Institute of the University of São Paulo, 90% of patients were transplanted under priority status, and 50% of them were using IABP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Similarly, in the United States, after the change in the organ allocation policy that prioritizes patients using short-term VAD, the use of IABP as a bridge to transplantation significantly increased, from 7% to 24.9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As a result, in patients using IABP, there was a decrease in waiting time and an increase in the probability of receiving a heart transplant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Although initially described in the 1960s, the use of IABP has recently been revisited in other scenarios and in different forms of use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> One of them is the use of IABP as an initial strategy for decompression of left heart chambers after the institution of peripheral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. In a meta-analysis, decompression strategies were related to greater success in weaning from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and the device that was most used for this purpose was IABP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Techniques for implanting IABP via the subclavian or axillary artery have also sparked interest, enabling mobilization out of bed and preventing physical deconditioning and frailty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In conclusion, we believe that studies conducted in the context of acute coronary syndromes are inappropriate for evaluating the use of IABP in advanced HF. Furthermore, a series of studies has demonstrated its efficacy in this profile. In the current scenario, IABP should not be seen as an outdated strategy in advanced HF, but rather as a contemporary one with an impact on improved clinical and hemodynamic parameters, ventricular decompression associated with the use of peripheral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and as a bridge to transplantation or long-term VAD.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Uso de Balão Intra-Aórtico no Choque Cardiogênico Associado à Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada: Estratégia Ultrapassada?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8667-5276</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Murad</surname>
						<given-names>Ciro Mancilha</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0894-1131</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mangini</surname>
						<given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Sandrigo Mangini •</bold> Rua Prof. Lucio Martins Rodrigues, 330, ap 13. CEP <postal-code>05621-025</postal-code>, Jardim Leonor, São Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>sandrigoman@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></p>
					<p>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Murad CM, Mangini S.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Balão intra-aórtico</kwd>
				<kwd>Transplante de coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência cardíaca</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>O uso do balão intra-aórtico (BIA) foi inicialmente descrito na década de 60.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Trata-se de um dispositivo de assistência circulatória de curta duração que utiliza o gás hélio para insuflação de um balão posicionado na aorta descendente durante a diástole e desinsuflação ativa durante a sístole.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os efeitos hemodinâmicos mais evidentes são: aumento da perfusão coronariana, redução da pós carga do ventrículo esquerdo e incremento no débito cardíaco de 0,5 a 1 L/min.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Devido a maior disponibilidade, menor custo, facilidade de implante e baixas taxas de complicações, o BIA rapidamente se tornou o dispositivo percutâneo mais utilizado no choque cardiogênico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Todavia, apesar das vantagens descritas e da ampla experiência clínica, ainda existem controvérsias em relação à sua utilização.</p>
			<p>O estudo randomizado IABP-SHOCK II Trial avaliou o uso do BIA versus tratamento clínico em pacientes com choque cardiogênico pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Neste estudo, o uso do BIA não reduziu o desfecho primário de mortalidade em 30 dias, nem os desfechos secundários relevantes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e, a partir de então, o uso do BIA no choque cardiogênico pós-IAM passou a ser desencorajado por diretrizes, sendo classe III nível de evidência B para uso de rotina (não recomendado).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Interessante notar, entretanto, que a utilização de outros dispositivos que fornecem maior suporte hemodinâmico comparado ao BIA também não demonstrou benefício em aumento de sobrevida no choque cardiogênico pós-IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Sabemos que a maior parte da evidência acumulada sobre choque cardiogênico é proveniente de estudos em pacientes no contexto de síndromes coronarianas agudas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Todavia, mais recentemente o choque cardiogênico tem sido reconhecido como uma síndrome clínica heterogênea, com amplo espectro de fenótipos clínicos e diferentes estágios de disfunção orgânica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Neste sentido, podemos diferenciar, por exemplo, o choque cardiogênico pós-IAM do choque devido à descompensação de insuficiência cardíaca (IC) crônica. No primeiro caso, ocorre uma redução abrupta do débito cardíaco de rápida instalação, em pacientes geralmente sem disfunção ventricular prévia. No segundo, ocorre redução gradual do débito cardíaco em pacientes já com disfunção ventricular frequentemente grave. Logo, um suporte incremental de 0,5 a 1 L/min pode ser insuficiente para estabilização de um paciente com choque cardiogênico pós-IAM, porém, pode ser suficiente para estabilização de um paciente com IC crônica, já adaptado a condições hemodinâmicas com débito cardíaco limítrofe. Do ponto de vista fisiopatológico, sabemos que o componente inflamatório predomina no choque cardiogênico pós-IAM enquanto na IC crônica a vasoconstrição periférica é preponderante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Esta diferença corrobora o benefício do efeito de redução de pós-carga ventricular do BIA no choque cardiogênico associado à IC crônica descompensada.</p>
			<p>Em pacientes portadores de IC avançada, o desfecho de redução de mortalidade é pouco plausível de ser atingido com dispositivos de assistência ventricular (DAV) temporários. Sendo assim, o objetivo principal é a estabilização até um tratamento definitivo, especialmente o transplante cardíaco ou implante de dispositivos de assistência ventricular de longa permanência. Neste sentido, uma série de estudos tem demonstrado a factibilidade do uso do BIA como ponte para transplante ou implante de DAV de longa permanência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em um estudo retrospectivo observacional, de centro único, Fried et al. avaliaram 132 pacientes com choque cardiogênico associado à IC crônica que receberam terapia de contrapulsação aórtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A sobrevida em 30 dias foi de 84,1%, dos quais 70,4% foram submetidos a implante de DAV de longa permanência, 8,2% submetidos a transplante cardíaco e 21,4% receberam alta sem necessidade de escalonamento do suporte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em um outro estudo prospectivo observacional, realizado no Brasil, foram avaliadas variáveis metabólicas e hemodinâmicas antes e após implante do BIA em 223 pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Após instituição da terapia de contrapulsação aórtica, houve redução do lactato sérico (32,9 versus 17,1 mg/dL, p &lt; 0,01); aumento da saturação venosa central (50,6% versus 66%, p &lt; 0,01) e redução do uso de vasopressores (36,2% versus 25,5%, p = 0,0036).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em recente casuística do Instituto do Coração da Universidade de São Paulo, 90% dos pacientes foram transplantados em status de prioridade, e destes, 50% em uso de BIA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Analogamente, nos Estados Unidos, após a mudança na política de alocação de órgãos que prioriza pacientes em uso de DAV de curta duração, o uso do BIA como ponte para transplante aumentou expressivamente, de 7% para 24,9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Como resultado, nos pacientes em uso de BIA, houve redução do tempo de fila e aumento da probabilidade de recebimento de transplante cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Apesar de inicialmente descrito na década de 60, recentemente a utilização do BIA tem sido revisitada em outros cenários e em diferentes formas de utilização.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Um deles é o uso do BIA como estratégia inicial de descompressão de câmaras cardíacas esquerdas após a instituição de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea veno-arterial (ECMO VA) periférica. Em uma meta-análise, estratégias de descompressão foram relacionadas ao maior sucesso no desmame de ECMO e o dispositivo mais utilizado para este fim foi o BIA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Também tem despertado interesse técnicas de implante do BIA via artéria subclávia ou axilar, possibilitando mobilização fora do leito e prevenindo descondicionamento físico e fragilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Concluindo, acreditamos que estudos conduzidos no contexto de síndromes coronarianas agudas são inapropriados para avaliação do uso do BIA na IC avançada. Além disso, uma série de trabalhos demonstrou sua eficácia neste perfil. No cenário atual, o BIA não deve ser visto como estratégia ultrapassada na IC avançada, mas sim contemporânea com impacto em melhora de parâmetros clínicos e hemodinâmicos, descompressão ventricular associada ao uso de ECMO VA periférica e como ponte para transplante ou DAV de longa permanência.</p>
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					<p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
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