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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220032</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220032</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Shock Teams: A Call to Action for the Brazilian Cardiology Community</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1523-4286</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Goldraich</surname>
						<given-names>Livia Adams</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2022-7512</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hastenteufel</surname>
						<given-names>Laura</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7102-6644</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valle</surname>
						<given-names>Felipe H.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Clausell</surname>
						<given-names>Nadine</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Nadine Clausell</bold> • Serviço de Cardiologia – Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre – Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code <postal-code>90410-004</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil. E-mail: <email>nclausell07@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Author Contributions</bold></p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Goldraich LA, Hastenteufel L, Valle FH, Clausell N.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>201</fpage>
			<lpage>205</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>07</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Cardiogenic Shock</kwd>
				<kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="19"/>
				<page-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment over the last 30 years, especially in myocardial reperfusion therapies, mortality from cardiogenic shock remains high worldwide, with 50% of cases resulting in adverse outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In particular, there has been an increase in the incidence of non-ischemic cardiogenic shock (ie, associated with acute and/or advanced chronic heart failure), which has led to a shift with less patients hospitalized due to acute ischemic syndromes in critical cardiology units..<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In the last decade, due to persistently high mortality and the complexity of presentation and treatment involved in cardiogenic shock, especially of non-ischemic etiology, some institutions, particularly in the United States, developed process of care to improve outcomes for these patients, resulting in “shock teams”, which were based on other successful initiatives to manage critical situations through multidisciplinary teams acting according to systematized protocols, such as rapid response teams, trauma teams, and stroke teams.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In Brazil, however, data on cardiogenic shock are scarce and there are no reports of initiatives involving shock teams.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The shock team concept which uses a standardized treatment algorithm including team activation criteria and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) based on hemodynamic variables, was studied by Tehrani et al in Virginia, USA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In this study, implementation of this system led to a significant increase in the 30-day survival of cardiogenic shock patients compared to the previous year. The main elements for successful shock teams are early recognition and rapid and coordinated movement by a team that includes interventional cardiologists, advanced heart failure specialists, cardiac surgeons and intensivists.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The team should focus on quickly classifying the stage of cardiogenic shock and taking appropriate measures to minimize onset of the multiorgan damage spiral over the next few hours. This team requires a recognized leader (referred to in a recent editorial as the “shock doc”) who coordinates the team’s activities, outlines the treatment goals, and determines the the checkpoints at which the results should be assessed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The shock doc, the first person to be activated when there is a trigger, is responsible for coordinating the other team members and ensuring that treatment is implemented according to protocol, such as scheduling MCS and additional etiologic and prognostic assessments, allocating intensive care beds, and coordinating systematic reassessment of treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Central illustration</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Central illustration</label>
				<caption>
					<title>A shock team based strategy to manage cardiogenic shock.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-02-0201-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>In our viewpoint, the first step toward structuring a shock team is the institutional perception of the topic’s relevance and prioritize cardiogenic shock care institutionally. Institutional leadership must endorse the allocation of staff, time, and resources necessary to implement this initiative. This represents a <italic>sine qua non</italic> condition for subsequent development of a treatment algorithm that defines the role of each of each agent in the process of care. In order to achieve better outcomes, it is critical that team members are willing to work in a patient-centered strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In the shock team’s algorithm, certain basic assumptions should be clear and prioritized: rapid identification and stratification of shock, mandatory hemodynamic monitoring, minimized use of vasopressors, and early use of MCS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Easy-to-understand outcome definitions should be determined. Simple and uniform language for cardiogenic shock staging can help determine goals and standardize scientific communication. Recently, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions suggested a 5-stage classification system for cardiogenic shock (A-E) that has been increasingly used and has high prognostic impact.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Hemodynamic monitoring in cardiogenic shock</title>
				<p>In contemporary cardiogenic shock treatment, it is essential to recognize the role of invasive hemodynamic monitoring, which provides data to support bedside decision-making. In fact, routine early invasive hemodynamic monitoring in cardiogenic shock with a pulmonary artery catheter can help the team identify early cardiogenic shock, classify myocardial dysfunction as uni- or biventricular, adjust therapy according to the predominant hemodynamic profile, objectively assess the hemodynamic response to treatment, and escalate or de-escalate MCS levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The increasing use of this tool in cardiogenic shock seems associated with the increasing use of MCS, although its relevance as a prognostic tool has also been reinforced by measuring variables indicative of left and/or right ventricular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock</title>
				<p>The early use of MCS devices, such as intra-aortic balloon pump, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and Impella devices, has been associated with better outcomes in cardiogenic shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, best results depend on quick proactive decision-making, in which the shock team plays a fundamental role. Institutions must go beyond the basic training necessary to use MCS and develop expertise with these technologies. In Brazil, not many centers have different circulatory devices on the shelf, with the only one available in the Brazilian Unified Health System being the intra-aortic balloon pump. However, centers in different parts of the world have led initiatives to reduce cardiogenic shock mortality through veno-arterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) and Impella devices, especially the latter in cases of shock associated with acute myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In Brazil, few reports have been published on experiences with VA-ECMO and Impella in the context of cardiogenic shock, which might reflect the difficulties that both public and private institutions have in obtaining this technology. The most recent data on cardiogenic shock in our country came from a multicenter prospective cohort funded by a philanthropic project that provided training and implementation of MCS in the public sector. This study evaluated 49 patients treated with MCS, either ECMO (71%) or Impella (29 %), between 2018 and 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The main causes of cardiogenic shock were acute myocardial infarction (45%) and decompensated heart failure (20%), with an overall mortality of 61%. Despite the high rate of deaths and complications, there was a progressive improvement in outcomes over the two years of study (83% vs 40% mortality, p = 0.002), which suggests that improvement in MCS results involves a learning curve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Experience with cardiogenic shock teams</title>
				<p>Key studies have been published recently by centers that implemented shock teams (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Although none of these were clinical trials, the data demonstrated that working in a team led to better outcomes in patients with cardiogenic shock, regardless of ischemic or non-ischemic etiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Experience with cardiogenic shock teams in the literature</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
						<colgroup width="16%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Authors, year, institution</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Shock etiology</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Mechanical circulatory support</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Study design</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Outcome</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Basir et al., 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Multicentric</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">171</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Only patients with AMI who underwent percutaneous revascularization</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">100%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">72% survival to hospital discharge in patients treated by shock protocol</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Tehrani et al., 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> INOVA Heart and Vascular Institute</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">204</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">40% secondary to AMI and 60% to other causes</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">64%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Observational, prospective</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Mortality reduction after implementing structured protocol and shock team. 30-day survival: 43% vs. 57.9% pre- vs. post-implementation. 1-year survival: 76.6%.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Taleb et al., 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> University of Utah</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">244</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">65% secondary to AMI and 35% to other causes</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">100%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective, prospective</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">30-day mortality reduction in patients treated by shock team (HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.41–0.93; p=0.02)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Lee et al., 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> University of Ottawa Heart Institute</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">13% secondary to AMI and 87% to other causes</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">39%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Mortality reduction among patients treated by shock protocol in median follow-up of 240 days (HR 0.50; 95% CI, 0.28-0.99; p = 0.03)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Papolos et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Multicentric<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">2</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.242</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">27% secondary to AMI and 73% to other causes</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">40%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Mortality reduction among patients admitted to centers with shock team (OR 0.72 95%; CI 0.55-0.94; p = 0.016)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; OR: odds ratio.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<label>1</label>
							<p>American hospitals participating in the <italic>National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative</italic>.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<label>2</label>
							<p>American hospitals participating in the Critical Care Cardiology Trials Network.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<sec>
					<title>Challenges to implementing a cardiogenic shock team</title>
					<p>Among the numerous challenges to implement a cardiogenic shock team, the first one is to make it clear that systematized shock management remains an unmet need. After this, creating a team requires recruiting personnel with expertise in critical cardiac patients who are full-time available, either virtually or in person. It is equally important to ensure periodic training and protocol review, especially at institutions that have a low volume of patients with cardiogenic shock. Naturally, these training sessions should include other relevant personnel, eg, intensive care unit nurses and nurse technicians, perfusionists, and respiratory therapists. In Brazil, teams working in cardiac intensive care units must be restructured according to the growing new profile of critical cardiac patients, uniting these professionals to jointly define action strategies and recognize the shock doc as the central figure in this process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Finally, it would be desirable to plan shock care as a hub-and-spoke model in the health system network, with a resourse-hierarchy among institutions. Those with the infrastructure and trained personnel to implement MCS or other advanced therapies would be designated as hubs, receiving cases that were initially evaluated and treated at spokes, ie, institutions with fewer resources.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Such a strategy could save both material and human resources, leading to better outcomes.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions and outlook for Brazil</title>
			<p>Improving cardiogenic shock outcomes is a common goal in many regions of the world. However, to move forward with such projects in Brazil, it is critical to have a broader and deeper knowledge of national cardiogenic shock data. As an initial step, it would be strategic for each large public or private institution to register its cases of cardiogenic shock, ideally discriminating between ischemic (post-infarction) and non-ischemic origin. Next, ongoing processes of cardiogenic shock treatment must be identified, including points for improvement, establishing an institutional protocol that can be implemented and monitored with universally accepted metrics. Successful creation of a cardiogenic shock team requires institutional support and recognition of the players involved. It can only happen after thorough planning based on data that accurately reflect the local conditions of each institution. As part of this design, there is a pressing need to expand access to advanced MCS technologies in order to align national policy with international best practice and achieve improvement in cardiogenic shock outcomes. Finally, a joint initiative involving the Brazilian Society of Cardiology’s Department of Heart Failure to create a national cardiogenic shock registry would be most opportune, providing data to improve the entire care process for this serious and challenging clinical condition.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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							<surname>Salam</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schreiber</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kaki</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Improved Outcomes Associated with the use of Shock Protocols: Updates from the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative</article-title>
					<source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>93</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>1173</fpage>
					<lpage>1183</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ccd.28307</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>18 Basir MB, Kapur NK, Patel K, Salam MA, Schreiber T, Kaki A, et al. Improved Outcomes Associated with the use of Shock Protocols: Updates from the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;93(7):1173-83. doi: 10.1002/ccd.28307.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<label>19</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Taleb</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Koliopoulou</surname>
							<given-names>AG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tandar</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McKellar</surname>
							<given-names>SH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tonna</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nativi-Nicolau</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Shock Team Approach in Refractory Cardiogenic Shock Requiring Short-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support: A Proof of Concept</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>140</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>98</fpage>
					<lpage>100</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.040654</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>19 Taleb I, Koliopoulou AG, Tandar A, McKellar SH, Tonna JE, Nativi-Nicolau J, et al. Shock Team Approach in Refractory Cardiogenic Shock Requiring Short-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support: A Proof of Concept. Circulation. 2019;140(1):98-100. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.040654.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Abordagem do Choque Cardiogênico: A Importância do Time de Choque no Cenário Brasileiro</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1523-4286</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Goldraich</surname>
						<given-names>Livia Adams</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2022-7512</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hastenteufel</surname>
						<given-names>Laura</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7102-6644</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valle</surname>
						<given-names>Felipe H.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Clausell</surname>
						<given-names>Nadine</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Nadine Clausell</bold> • Serviço de Cardiologia – Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre – Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90410-004</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil. E-mail: <email>nclausell07@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa; Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Goldraich LA, Hastenteufel L, Valle FH, Clausell N.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Choque Cardiogênico</kwd>
				<kwd>Reperfusão Miocárdica</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Apesar dos avanços em diagnóstico e manejo nos últimos 30 anos, especialmente em terapias de reperfusão miocárdica, a mortalidade por choque cardiogênico permanece elevada mundialmente, com 1 a cada 2 indivíduos evoluindo com desfecho adverso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Particularmente, tem aumentado a incidência de choque cardiogênico não isquêmico – ou seja, aquele associado à insuficiência cardíaca crônica agudizada e/ou avançada –, o que tem modificado o perfil de pacientes atendidos em unidades críticas cardiológicas, cada vez menos ocupadas por pacientes com síndromes isquêmicas agudas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nesse cenário de mortalidade persistentemente elevada e complexidade de apresentação e manejo do choque cardiogênico – especialmente de etiologia não isquêmica –, durante a última década algumas instituições, particularmente nos Estados Unidos (EUA), investiram em mudanças nos processos assistenciais com objetivo de melhorar os desfechos desses pacientes e desenvolveram o chamado “time de choque”, espelhando-se em outras iniciativas bem-sucedidas de manejo de situações críticas com equipes multidisciplinares atuando conforme protocolos sistematizados, como time de resposta rápida, time de trauma e time de acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No Brasil, entretanto, os dados sobre choque cardiogênico são escassos, e inexistem relatos de iniciativas envolvendo time de choque no seu tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O conceito de time de choque com aplicação de algoritmo padronizado que incluiu critérios de ativação do time e estabelecimento de suporte circulatório mecânico (SCM) com base em critérios hemodinâmicos foi demonstrado, entre outros, em um estudo conduzido por Tehrani et al., na Virgínia (EUA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nessa série, houve aumento expressivo da sobrevida em 30 dias de pacientes atendidos com choque cardiogênico em comparação ao ano anterior, prévio a essa iniciativa. Os elementos fundamentais para o sucesso da atuação de times de choque são o reconhecimento precoce e o rápido e coordenado movimento de uma equipe envolvendo cardiologistas intervencionistas, cardiologistas especialistas em insuficiência cardíaca avançada, cirurgiões cardíacos e intensivistas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Todos devem estar focados em classificar rapidamente o estágio do choque cardiogênico e disparar as medidas cabíveis a fim de minimizar a espiral de dano multiorgânico que se instala com o passar das horas. Nesse time, é fundamental que se identifique um líder que coordene as ações e trace os objetivos a serem atingidos e seus respectivos tempos de aferição; essa figura tem sido conhecida como s<italic>hock doc</italic> conforme provocação trazida por Rab em recente editorial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O <italic>shock doc</italic> é a primeira pessoa a ser acionada quando houver um gatilho, de acordo com protocolo previamente definido, sendo responsável pela integração com outros membros do time, coordenação das ações e garantia de sua implementação conforme protocolo, como, por exemplo, escalonamento para SCM, orientação de avaliações adicionais etiológicas e prognósticas, alocação de leito de terapia intensiva e coordenação de reavaliações sistemáticas no curso do tratamento do paciente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura central</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura central</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Algoritmo sumário para abordagem do paciente com suspeita de choque cardiogênico.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-02-0201-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>No nosso ponto de vista, a primeira etapa para estruturação de um time de choque é a percepção institucional da relevância do tema e priorização da linha de cuidado do choque cardiogênico no planejamento estratégico institucional. O aval da alta liderança institucional é fundamental para a alocação de profissionais, tempo e recursos na implementação dessa iniciativa. Essa parece ser uma condição <italic>sine qua non</italic> para a subsequente elaboração de um algoritmo que defina os passos a serem tomados por cada ator no processo assistencial. A disposição para trabalho em equipe centrado no paciente é uma característica-chave para que os membros do time de choque possam atuar de forma a superar barreiras e atingir resultados positivos no manejo do choque cardiogênico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No algoritmo a ser utilizado pelo time de choque, alguns pressupostos básicos precisam estar claros e devem ser prioritários para todos: a rápida identificação e estratificação do choque, o uso mandatório de monitorização hemodinâmica, a minimização do uso de vasopressores e o uso precoce de SCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Também é importante estabelecer definições de fácil obtenção e compreensão como indicativos de desfechos a serem buscados. Nesse contexto, a adoção de linguagem simples e uniforme para estadiamento do choque cardiogênico pode facilitar o estabelecimento de condutas, além de propiciar padronização de comunicação científica. Recentemente, a Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) sugeriu a classificação do choque cardiogênico em cinco estágios (A-E), que vem sendo crescentemente adotada e possui relevante impacto prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Monitorização hemodinâmica no choque cardiogênico</title>
					<p>No manejo contemporâneo do choque cardiogênico, é de fundamental importância que se reconheça o papel da monitorização hemodinâmica invasiva, que fornece dados que auxiliam a tomada de decisão à beira do leito. De fato, a utilização rotineira e precoce de monitorização hemodinâmica invasiva no choque cardiogênico por meio de cateter de artéria pulmonar permite identificação de estágios iniciais de choque cardiogênico; classificação da extensão da disfunção miocárdica em uni ou biventricular; instituição de terapias baseadas no perfil hemodinâmico predominante; avaliação objetiva de resposta hemodinâmica às condutas adotadas; e escalonamento ou descalonamento de níveis de SCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A crescente utilização dessa ferramenta no contexto do choque cardiogênico parece estar associada à também crescente utilização de SCM, embora também se tenha reforçado como relevante instrumento prognóstico ao permitir a aferição de variáveis indicativas de disfunção ventricular esquerda e/ou direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Suporte circulatório mecânico em choque cardiogênico</title>
					<p>O uso precoce de dispositivos de SCM, como balão intra-aórtico (BIA), oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO, de <italic>extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</italic>) e Impella, tem-se fortalecido como uma estratégia que favorece melhores desfechos no choque cardiogênico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os melhores resultados, por sua vez, dependem de tomada de decisão ágil e proativa, na qual o time de choque desempenha papel fundamental. Além do treinamento necessário para o manejo de pacientes em SCM, é importante que as instituições desenvolvam expertise com essas tecnologias. No Brasil, poucos são os centros que contam com dispositivos de assistência circulatória, sendo que o mais acessível e único disponível pelo Sistema Único de Saúde é o BIA. Entretanto, alguns centros ao redor do mundo que têm liderado iniciativas para reduzir a mortalidade do choque cardiogênico têm empregado cada vez mais ECMO venoarterial (ECMO-VA) e Impella, este último especialmente no choque associado a infarto agudo do miocárdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>No Brasil, são poucas as experiências relatadas com uso de ECMO-VA e Impella no contexto de choque cardiogênico, talvez refletindo a dificuldade de acesso a essas tecnologias não apenas em hospitais públicos, mas também em instituições privadas. Os dados mais recentes sobre choque cardiogênico em nosso meio derivam de uma coorte prospectiva multicêntrica, oriunda de projeto filantrópico para o treinamento e a implementação de SCM no setor público, que avaliou 49 pacientes tratados com SCM com ECMO (71%) ou Impella (29%) entre os anos de 2018 e 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As principais causas de choque cardiogênico na população estudada foram infarto agudo do miocárdio (45%) e insuficiência cardíaca descompensada (20%), sendo a mortalidade geral de 61%. Apesar da elevada taxa de óbitos, assim como de complicações, houve melhora progressiva dos desfechos ao longo dos 2 anos de estudo (mortalidade 40% <italic>versus</italic> 83%, p = 0,002), o que sugere uma curva de aprendizado para a indicação e execução da terapia de SCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Experiência com time de choque de cardiogênico</title>
					<p>Nos últimos anos, alguns estudos pivotais foram publicados trazendo a experiência de centros que estruturaram times de choque (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). Embora não haja evidência baseada em ensaios clínicos, de modo geral os dados demonstraram que trabalhar em modelo de time trouxe benefícios nos desfechos de pacientes com choque cardiogênico, seja de etiologia isquêmica ou não isquêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Experiência com time de choque cardiogênico</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
							<colgroup width="16%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Autor, ano Instituição</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Etiologia do choque</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Suporte circulatório mecânico</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Desenho do estudo</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Desfecho</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Basir et al., 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Multicêntrico<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">1</xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">171</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Apenas pacientes com IAM que realizaram revascularização percutânea</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">100%</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Prospectivo</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Sobrevida até alta hospitalar de 72% em pacientes tratados por protocolo de choque</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Tehrani et al., 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> INOVA Heart and Vascular Institute</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">204</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">40% secundário a IAM e 60% por outras causas</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">64%</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Observacional, prospectivo</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Redução de mortalidade após instituição de protocolo estruturado e time de choque Sobrevida em 30 dias: 57,9% pós-time de choque <italic>versus</italic> 43% pré-time. Sobrevida em 1 ano: 76,6%.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Taleb et al., 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> University of Utah</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">244</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">65% secundário a IAM e 35% por outras causas</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">100%</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospectivo, prospectivo</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Redução de mortalidade em 30 dias dos pacientes atendidos por time de choque (HR 0,61; IC 95% 0,41–0,93; p = 0,02)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Lee et al., 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> University of Ottawa Heart Institute</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">13% secundário a IAM e 87% por outras causas</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">39%</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospectivo</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Redução de mortalidade em mediana de seguimento de 240 dias dos pacientes atendidos por protocolo de choque (HR 0,50; IC 95% 0,28-0,99; p = 0,03)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Papolos et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Multicêntrico<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">2</xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1.242</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">27% secundário a IAM e 73% por outras causas</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">40%</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospectivo</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Redução de mortalidade dos pacientes internados em centros com time de choque (OR 0,72; IC 95% 0,55-0,94; p= 0,016)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>IAM: infarto agudo do miocárdio; IC: intervalo de confiança; HR: <italic>hazard ratio</italic>; OR: <italic>odds ratio</italic>.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<label>1</label>
								<p>Hospitais norte-americanos participantes do <italic>National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative</italic>.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<label>2</label>
								<p>Hospitais norte-americanos participantes do <italic>Critical Care Cardiology Trials Network</italic>.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<sec>
						<title>Desafios para implementação de um time de choque cardiogênico</title>
						<p>Existem inúmeras barreiras para a implementação de um time de choque cardiogênico. Talvez o primeiro desafio seja o de haver a clareza por parte de todos de que o manejo sistematizado do choque configure uma necessidade institucional não atendida (<italic>unmet need</italic>). A seguir, o ponto de partida para a criação de um time passa por agregar pessoas com expertise em pacientes críticos cardiológicos e disponibilidade para atuarem em regime 24/7, seja virtual ou presencialmente. Igualmente importante é garantir treinamento periódico e revisão de protocolos, especialmente em instituições nas quais o volume de pacientes com choque cardiogênico não é elevado. Nesses treinamentos, outros membros envolvidos no cuidado a esses pacientes devem naturalmente ser incluídos, como enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem de centro de terapia intensiva, perfusionistas e fisioterapeutas respiratórios. No Brasil, é preciso um trabalho de reestruturação das equipes atuando nas unidades de terapia intensiva cardiológicas a fim de contemplar esse novo e crescente perfil de pacientes cardiológicos críticos e também unindo esses diferentes profissionais para, em conjunto, definirem estratégias de ação e reconhecerem o papel do <italic>shock doc</italic> como o indivíduo central no processo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Por fim, seria desejável planejar o atendimento ao choque no modelo <italic>hub-and-spoke</italic> na rede do sistema de saúde com hierarquias e complexidade diferentes entre instituições, em que alguns centros devem ser selecionados como <italic>hub</italic> que dispõem de infraestrutura e de pessoal treinado para implementar SCM ou outras terapias avançadas e receber casos avaliados e tratados inicialmente em instituições com menos recursos (<italic>spoke</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Essa estratégia pode potencialmente permitir economia de recursos tanto materiais como humanos e melhores desfechos.</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões e perspectivas para o Brasil</title>
				<p>Melhoras nos desfechos de choque cardiogênico são metas comuns a diferentes países e regiões do mundo. Entretanto, para que possa avançar com projetos propositivos, é crítico que se conheça com mais amplitude e profundidade os dados sobre choque cardiogênico no Brasil. Como passo inicial, seria estratégico que cada grande instituição pública ou privada pudesse registrar os casos de choque cardiogênico sob sua responsabilidade, idealmente discriminando entre choque cardiogênico de origem isquêmica (pós-infarto) e não isquêmica. Em seguida, é preciso conhecer os processos em curso para o manejo do choque cardiogênico e identificar pontos para melhoria através do estabelecimento de protocolo institucional que possa ser implementado e acompanhado com métricas universalmente aceitas. Além disso, a oportunidade de criar um time de choque cardiogênico só terá sucesso se amparada por definição institucional com reconhecimento dos <italic>players</italic> e após um sólido trabalho de integração com base em dados que reflitam com precisão a realidade local de cada instituição. Como parte desse desenho, torna-se também cada vez mais premente a necessidade de avançar em propostas de incorporação planejada e monitorada de tecnologias avançadas de SCM para ampliar seu acesso e equiparar o país às melhores práticas que têm sido alcançadas internacionalmente, logrando melhorias de desfechos no choque cardiogênico. Por fim, parece oportuno e altamente desejável que uma iniciativa conjunta da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e do Departamento de Insuficiência Cardíaca (DEIC) possa provocar a criação de um amplo registro de choque cardiogênico no Brasil, fornecendo dados para subsidiar melhorias em todo processo assistencial envolvendo essa grave e desafiadora condição clínica.</p>
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					<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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					<p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
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					<p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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