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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220031</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220031</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Dobutamine vs Milrinone in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: How do We Choose?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1761-8662</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bonatto</surname>
						<given-names>Marcely Gimenes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Casa de Curitiba</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Serviço de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante de Coração</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante de Coração, Hospital Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Rocio</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Rocio, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcely Gimenes Bonatto •</bold> Av. Silva Jardim 2939, apt 81. Postal Code <postal-code>80240-020</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR – Brasil. E-mail: <email>marcelybonatto@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Author Contributions</bold></p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bonatto MG.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>198</fpage>
			<lpage>200</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Dobutamina</kwd>
				<kwd>Milrinona</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="13"/>
				<page-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Heart failure (HF) occurs when the heart cannot pump sufficient blood to meet tissue needs and/or does so at the expense of high filling pressures, clinically manifesting itself through signs and symptoms of congestion and/or low cardiac output.</p>
		<p>Decompensation is frequently observed in the condition’s natural history. Approximately 20% of HF exacerbations occur in low cardiac output syndrome, with cardiogenic shock being the most severe presentation. When there is evidence of poor organ perfusion, inotropes are fundamental pharmacological support, with dobutamine and milrinone being the most commonly used drugs.</p>
		<p>Dobutamine is a synthetic catecholamine that acts as a β1 and β2 receptor agonist, while milrinone is a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor that acts as an inotropic and vasodilator.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although there are important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences between these medications, there is little evidence in the literature about which is best in HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).</p>
		<p>The hemodynamic effect of milrinone was compared to that of dobutamine in 14 patients with severe HF and low cardiac output (defined as pulmonary capillary pressure &gt; 15 mmHg and cardiac index &lt; 2.5 l/min/m<sup>2</sup>). The drugs produced a similar increase in cardiac index and right ventricular (RV) ejection, with a reduction in RV end-systolic volume. However, the improved RV performance in the milrinone group can be partially explained by reduced pulmonary artery pressure (RV afterload reduction), which did not appear to be an important mechanism in the dobutamine contractility response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Thus, it would seem that milrinone is a better choice in patients with significant RV afterload (pulmonary hypertension).</p>
		<p>In the OPTIME-CHF study, 949 patients admitted for decompensated HF were randomized to placebo or milrinone for 48 to 72 hours. Among patients with ischemic etiology, milrinone increased the rate of death or prolonged hospitalization and/or re-hospitalization for HF within 60 days compared to placebo. The opposite was observed in patients with non-ischemic HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, these results are subject to criticism since there was no standardized definition of ischemic vs non-ischemic HF, inotropes were prescribed without pre-established criteria, the ischemic HF group had worse results than the non-ischemic group (denoting greater severity and worse prognosis in this etiology), no comparison was made with another inotropic agent in the ischemic group (eg, dobutamine), and the results were derived from post hoc analysis. Although this study showed that inotropes may be associated with increased mortality, especially in ischemic etiology, this effect cannot be attributed exclusively to milrinone.</p>
		<p>A 2001 retrospective analysis of 329 patients with advanced HF seen at the Cleveland Clinic (Cleveland, OH, USA), 82% of whom received dobutamine and 18% of whom received milrinone, found no significant in-hospital mortality differences between the groups, although nitroprusside was needed less often for clinical compensation in the milrinone group (40% vs 18%, p &lt; 0.01). On the other hand, cost analysis showed that dobutamine was less expensive per patient than milrinone: USD 45 (standard deviation [SD], USD 10) vs USD 1855 (SD, USD 350)(p &lt; 0.0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These results plus the cost-effectiveness analysis favor the choice of dobutamine, since there was no disadvantage in terms of mortality.</p>
		<p>While waiting for a transplant, inotropes are often needed for long periods. In such a setting, there are conflicting results between dobutamine and milrinone. One study found no difference in hemodynamic changes, death, the need for additional vasodilators/inotropes, or the need for mechanical circulatory assistance before transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, another study found that patients who received milrinone less frequently needed mechanical ventricular assistance or an intra-aortic balloon as a bridge to transplantation, although they found no difference in mortality between the groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In other studies, milrinone was associated with a higher survival rate among patients on the waiting list for heart transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This wait is often long and covers a group of patients with advanced HF in Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support profiles 2 and 3. A number of factors must be considered in this patient profile. First, since dobutamine is associated with an increased chance of tachyphylaxis and eosinophilic myocarditis, milrinone should be preferred. Second, the hemodynamic profile is variable, comprising patients with: a) pulmonary hypertension and RV dysfunction, for whom milrinone can be a compensation strategy until transplantation, since reducing pulmonary hypertension minimizes the chance of postoperative RV dysfunction; b) arterial hypotension and vasopressor use, for whom dobutamine is the drug of choice due to its lower potential for vasodilation and arterial hypotension. Third, since the waiting time can last for months, for prolonged hospitalizations, in which drug costs can be a relevant factor, dobutamine would seem best. Finally, in patients with advanced HF, there is a progressive downregulation of beta-adrenergic receptors that can compromise the response to beta-adrenergic drugs,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> making inotropes that act through other pathways interesting alternatives.</p>
		<p>For initial cardiogenic shock treatment, neither dobutamine nor milrinone was found superior. However, there were significant differences in side effects, including a higher incidence of hypotension with milrinone and arrhythmias with dobutamine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Thus, rather than efficacy, tolerance to adverse effects may be the deciding factor in selecting an inotropic agent.</p>
		<p>In 2019, a meta-analysis was conducted of 11 studies published between 2001 and 2016 (23,056 patients) that compared dobutamine and milrinone. No significant differences were found between the groups regarding all-cause mortality, length of hospital stay, or significant arrhythmias in patients with decompensated HF and low output and/or cardiogenic shock. A major limitation in the interpretation of these results is that most of the included studies were observational cohorts, with only one randomized trial (36 patients).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
		<p>A recent double-blind randomized study, called DOREMI, compared dobutamine and milrinone in 192 patients with cardiogenic shock. The primary composite outcome of in-hospital all-cause mortality, resuscitated cardiac arrest, heart transplantation, ventricular assist devices, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or transient ischemic attack, and the need for renal replacement therapy did not differ significantly between the groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Thus, most of the available scientific evidence does not support the use of one drug over another. Hence, the choice of inotropic agent must be based on the patient’s clinical characteristics in conjunction with the peculiarities of each drug’s action and the side effects that the patient can tolerate. A summary of the differences is provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
		<table-wrap id="t1">
			<label>Table 1</label>
			<caption>
				<title>Comparison between dobutamine and milrinone</title>
			</caption>
			<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
				<colgroup width="33%">
					<col/>
					<col/>
					<col/>
				</colgroup>
				<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
					<tr>
						<th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristics</th>
						<th align="center" valign="middle">Dobutamine</th>
						<th align="center" valign="middle">Milrinone</th>
					</tr>
				</thead>
				<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">Mechanism of action</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">β1 and β2 receptor agonist</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">Dose</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">2.5-20 µg/kg/min</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">0.375-0.75 µg/kg/min</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">Inotropic effect (increased cardiac output)</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Equal</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Equal</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">Vasodilation (SVR reduction)</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Lower</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Higher</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">Reduction of pulmonary artery pressure (PVR reduction)</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Lower</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Higher</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">0<sub>2</sub> consumption</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Higher</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Lower</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">Tachycardia/arrhythmia</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Higher</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Lower</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">Hypotension</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Lower</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Higher</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">Influenced by beta-blockers or downregulation of beta receptors</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">Tachyphylaxis</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">Cost</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Lower</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Higher</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<table-wrap-foot>
				<fn id="TFN1">
					<p>SVR: systemic vascular resistance; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance.</p>
				</fn>
			</table-wrap-foot>
		</table-wrap>
		<p>Although an association of the inotropes has been little studied, it is practiced in some clinical scenarios. Patients with low cardiac output who cannot regain organic perfusion with a single inotrope and who have not yet received mechanical circulatory assistance may benefit from an association of milrinone and dobutamine. Since these drugs act through different pathways and receptors, together they may have greater power to increase cardiac output and reduce filling pressures, as has been previously indicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This association is also frequently used following heart transplantation until complete recovery of myocardial contractility is achieved, especially in recipients with primary graft dysfunction.</p>
		<p>Most evidence in the literature is from mechanistic studies describing hemodynamic parameters<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> or retrospective cohorts. Randomized controlled trials comparing these two inotropes in different settings are scarce. In general, for patients with low output there seems to be little difference between inotropic drugs. Thus, the best inotrope may be determined through consideration of the patient’s hemodynamic parameters.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Dobutamina <italic>versus</italic> Milrinona no Paciente com Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Reduzida: Como Escolher?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1761-8662</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bonatto</surname>
						<given-names>Marcely Gimenes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante de Coração, Hospital Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Rocio, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Marcely Gimenes Bonatto</bold> • Av. Silva Jardim 2939, apt 81. CEP <postal-code>80240-020</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR – Brasil. E-mail: <email>marcelybonatto@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, Obtenção de dados, Análise e interpretação dos dados, Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Bonatto MG.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Dobutamina</kwd>
				<kwd>Milrinona</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) caracteriza-se pela incapacidade do coração de bombear o sangue de maneira a atender às necessidades tissulares e/ou por fazê-lo às custas de altas pressões de enchimento, manifestando-se clinicamente através de sinais e sintomas de congestão e/ou baixo débito.</p>
			<p>Na história natural da doença, descompensações são frequentemente observadas. Cerca de 20% das agudizações da doença acontecem com síndrome do baixo débito cardíaco, tendo na forma de choque cardiogênico sua apresentação mais grave. Diante da evidência de má perfusão orgânica, o uso de inotrópicos é parte fundamental do suporte farmacológico, sendo dobutamina e milrinona as drogas mais comumente utilizadas.</p>
			<p>A dobutamina é uma catecolamina sintética que age como agonista dos receptores β1 e β2, e a milrinona é um inibidor da fosfodiesterase 3 que apresenta efeito inotrópico e vasodilatador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Existem importantes diferenças farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas entre elas, mas, apesar disso, na literatura existem poucas evidências sobre qual o melhor inotrópico a ser utilizado em pacientes com IC com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr).</p>
			<p>O efeito hemodinâmico da milrinona foi comparado ao da dobutamina em 14 pacientes com IC grave e baixo débito, definido como pressão capilar pulmonar &gt; 15 mmHg e índice cardíaco &lt; 2,5 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>. As duas drogas demonstraram semelhante aumento de índice cardíaco e ejeção do ventrículo direito (VD), com redução do volume sistólico final do VD. Entretanto, parte da melhora do desempenho do VD no grupo da milrinona pode ser explicada pela redução das pressões da artéria pulmonar (redução de pós-carga do VD), o que não pareceu ser um mecanismo importante na melhora da contratilidade promovida pela dobutamina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Desse modo, é intuitivo pensar que a escolha da milrinona como inotrópico pode ser mais interessante para pacientes nos quais a pós-carga do VD (hipertensão pulmonar [HP]) está presente de maneira importante.</p>
			<p>No estudo OPTIME-CHF (<italic>Outcomes of a Prospective Trial of Intravenous Milrinone for Exacerbations of Chronic Heart Failure</italic>), 949 pacientes internados por IC descompensada foram randomizados para placebo ou milrinona durante 48-72 horas. No grupo de pacientes com etiologia isquêmica, o uso de milrinona aumentou a taxa de morte ou hospitalização prolongada e/ou reospitalização por IC em 60 dias em relação ao placebo. O inverso foi observado no grupo de pacientes com IC não isquêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Uma série de críticas podem ser feitas a esses resultados, como a ausência de uma padronização sobre a definição de IC isquêmica <italic>versus</italic> não isquêmica, a decisão clínica quanto à necessidade do uso de inotrópico sem critérios pré-estabelecidos, os piores resultados no grupo da IC isquêmica em relação ao não isquêmica denotando maior gravidade e pior prognóstico nessa etiologia, a ausência de comparação com outro inotrópico no grupo dos isquêmicos (p. ex., dobutamina) e o resultado derivado de análise <italic>post hoc</italic>. Nesse trabalho, fica claro que o uso de inotrópicos pode estar associado ao aumento de mortalidade especialmente em indivíduos isquêmicos, mas não é possível atribuir esse efeito exclusivamente à milrinona.</p>
			<p>Em 2001, uma análise retrospectiva de 329 pacientes com IC avançada atendidos na Cleveland Clinic, dos quais 82% usaram dobutamina e 18%, milrinona, não encontrou diferença de mortalidade intra-hospitalar entre os grupos, embora a necessidade de nitroprussiato para compensação clínica tenha sido menor no grupo da milrinona (40% <italic>versus</italic> 18%, p &lt; 0,01). Por outro lado, na análise de custo por paciente, a dobutamina demonstrou um custo inferior em relação à milrinona ($ 45 ± $ 10 <italic>versus</italic> $ 1.855 ± $ 350, p &lt; 0,0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esses resultados, em relação à análise de custo-efetividade, favorecem a escolha da dobutamina sem prejuízo no que diz respeito à mortalidade.</p>
			<p>Durante a espera em fila de transplante, é comum a necessidade de uso de inotrópico por longos períodos. A comparação entre dobutamina e milrinona nesse cenário tem resultados conflitantes. Um estudo não encontrou diferença entre alterações hemodinâmicas, morte, necessidade de vasodilatador/inotrópico adicional ou necessidade de suporte de assistência circulatória mecânica antes do transplante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Entretanto, outro estudo demonstrou que pacientes em uso de milrinona necessitam menos frequentemente de assistência ventricular mecânica ou balão intra-aórtico como ponte para o transplante, apesar de não ter demonstrado diferença de mortalidade entre os grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Existem ainda outros trabalhos em que a milrinona esteve associada à maior taxa de sobrevida em pacientes em fila de transplante cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A espera por um transplante cardíaco é muitas vezes longa e abrange um grupo de pacientes com IC avançada com classificação 2-3 de acordo com o Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS). Nesse perfil de pacientes, uma série de fatores precisa ser considerada. Em primeiro lugar, a dobutamina está associada a uma maior chance de taquifilaxia e miocardite eosinofílica, cenário no qual o uso de milrinona deve ser preferido. Em segundo lugar, o perfil hemodinâmico é variável, compreendendo pacientes com: a) HP e disfunção de VD, nos quais o uso de milrinona pode ser uma estratégia de compensação até o transplante, pois minimiza-se a chance de disfunção de VD pós-operatória com a redução de HP; b) hipotensão arterial e uso de vasopressores, nos quais a dobutamina deve ser a droga de escolha devido ao menor potencial de vasodilatação e hipotensão arterial. Em terceiro lugar, o tempo de espera em fila pode durar meses, em internações prolongadas, nas quais o custo da droga pode ser um fator relevante, favorecendo a escolha de dobutamina. Por fim, em pacientes com IC avançada, há um progressivo <italic>downregulation</italic> de receptores beta-adrenérgicos, o que compromete a resposta às drogas beta-adrenérgicas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> tornando inotrópicos que agem por outras vias alternativas interessantes.</p>
			<p>No manejo inicial do choque cardiogênico, a comparação entre dobutamina e milrinona falhou em mostrar algum tipo de superioridade de uma droga em relação à outra. Porém, diferenças significativas foram demonstradas no perfil de efeitos colaterais: maior incidência de hipotensão com milrinona e de arritmias com dobutamina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Dessa maneira, não a eficácia, mas a tolerância aos efeitos adversos pode ser importante na escolha do inotrópico a ser utilizado.</p>
			<p>Em 2019, uma metanálise reuniu 11 estudos publicados de 2001-2016 com 23.056 pacientes comparando o uso de dobutamina e milrinona. Nessa análise, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos em relação a mortalidade por todas as causas, tempo de permanência no hospital e arritmias significativas em pacientes com IC descompensada com baixo débito e/ou choque cardiogênico. Uma grande limitação na interpretação desses resultados é que a maioria dos estudos incluídos era coortes observacionais, sendo apenas um estudo randomizado com 36 pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Recentemente, um estudo chamado DOREMI (<italic>Dobutamine Compared with Milrinone</italic>), randomizado e duplo-cego, comparou o uso de dobutamina e milrinona em 192 pacientes admitidos com choque cardiogênico. O desfecho primário composto por mortalidade intra-hospitalar por qualquer causa, parada cardíaca ressuscitada, transplante cardíaco, dispositivos de assistência ventricular, infarto agudo do miocárdio não fatal, acidente vascular encefálico ou ataque isquêmico transitório e necessidade de terapia substitutiva renal não obteve diferença estatisticamente significativa entres os grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Dessa maneira, a maioria das evidências científicas disponíveis não é capaz de determinar superioridade de uma droga em relação à outra. A escolha do inotrópico deve, então, basear-se nas características clínicas do paciente, aliadas às peculiaridades de ação de cada droga e aos efeitos colaterais tolerados por cada paciente. O resumo das diferenças está sintetizado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Tabela 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Comparação entre dobutamina e milrinona</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
					<colgroup width="33%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Característica</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Dobutamina</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Milrinona</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Mecanismo de ação</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Agonista dos receptores β1 e β2</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Inibição da fosfodiesterase 3</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Dose utilizada</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2,5 – 20 µg/kg/min</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0,375-0,75 µg/kg/min</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Efeito inotrópico (aumento de débito cardíaco)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Igual</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Igual</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Vasodilatação (redução RVS)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Menor</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Maior</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Redução das pressões de artéria pulmonar (redução RVP)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Menor</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Maior</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Consumo O<sub>2</sub></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Maior</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Menor</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Taquicardia/arritmia</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Maior</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Menor</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipotensão</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Menor</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Maior</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Influência por uso de betabloqueadores ou <italic>downregulation</italic> de receptores beta</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Não</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Taquifilaxia</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Não</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Custo</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Menor</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Maior</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN2">
						<p>RVS: resistência vascular sistêmica; RVP: resistência vascular pulmonar.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>Apesar de poucos trabalhos dedicados a estudar a associação de inotrópicos, essa prática é utilizada em alguns cenários clínicos. Pacientes com débito cardíaco muito baixo, que não conseguem restaurar a perfusão orgânica com um inotrópico e que ainda não foram submetidos ao uso de assistência circulatória mecânica podem se beneficiar da associação de milrinona e dobutamina. As drogas, agindo por diferentes vias e receptores, teriam em combinação maior poder de aumentar o débito cardíaco e reduzir as pressões de enchimento, como já demostrado anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O pós-operatório de transplante cardíaco é outro cenário clínico em que essa associação é frequentemente utilizada até que haja completa recuperação da contratilidade miocárdica, especialmente em receptores com disfunção primária do enxerto.</p>
			<p>A maior parte das evidências disponíveis na literatura é composta de estudos mecanísticos de descrição de parâmetros hemodinâmicos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> ou coortes retrospectivas. Estudos randomizados e controlados que comparem o uso desses dois inotrópicos em diferentes cenários são escassos. No tratamento de pacientes com baixo débito, de maneira geral, não parece haver diferença na escolha da droga inotrópica a ser utilizada. É possível que a individualização, através de parâmetros hemodinâmicos no fenótipo de apresentação do baixo débito, possa ser ponto fundamental na determinação de qual o melhor inotrópico para cada perfil de paciente.</p>
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			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
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	</sub-article>
</article>