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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220030</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220030</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Is There Room for New Drugs in the Treatment of Advanced Heart Failure: SGLT2i?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9351-8949</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Issa</surname>
						<given-names>Victor Sarli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitário de Antuerpia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Antuerpia</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BE">Belgium</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário de Antuerpia, Antuerpia – Belgium</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Victor Sarli Issa •</bold> Antwerp University Hospital - Cardiology Department - Drie Eikenstraat <postal-code>655, 2650</postal-code> Edegem - Belgium. E-mail: <email>victor.sarli.issa@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Author Contributions</bold></p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Issa VS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>195</fpage>
			<lpage>197</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Blood Vessels</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="11"/>
				<page-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Over the last years, we have witnessed the inclusion of the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) for the treatment of patients with heart failure. Drugs in this group share the fact that they are able to inhibit glucose transport in the proximal tubule and thus promote glycosuria and blood glucose reduction in patients with diabetes. Other effects of these medications include increasing diuresis and natriuresis, lowering blood pressure, stimulating erythropoiesis, improving cardiac energy metabolism, reducing inflammation, inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system, preventing cardiac remodeling, preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury, inhibiting the Na+/H+ exchanger, reducing hyperuricemia, increasing autophagy and lysosomal degradation, decreasing epicardial fat, increasing erythropoietin levels, increasing circulating vascular progenitor cells, decreasing oxidative stress, and improving vascular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
		<p>SGLT2i were initially tested for glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and it was quickly noted that, in addition to their antidiabetic effect, these drugs were able to significantly reduce cardiovascular events, especially episodes of decompensated heart failure. Based on these results, the natural sequence was to evaluate SGLT2i in patients with heart failure. The initial results obtained were among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, with the DAPA-HF (evaluating dapagliflozin) and EMPEROR-Reduced (evaluating empagliflozin) studies, which showed that inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) reduced the combined risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization due to heart failure in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, with or without diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> More recently, we have seen positive results in the context of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, although the effects of medication have mainly focused on the group of patients with slightly reduced ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Taken together, these results indicate that SGLT2i are safe and beneficial for a wide range of patients with heart failure. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that certain patients are underrepresented in these clinical trials, such as patients with advanced heart failure. This group is known to be more severe, with higher presence of comorbidities and lower tolerance to medications, especially in the context of polypharmacy. Even though there have not been any clinical trials testing the use of SGLT2i in this specific population, some interesting data allow us to delve deeper into this topic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In relation to the presence of comorbidities, perhaps no other condition has the same prevalence and relevance in the context of heart failure as renal dysfunction, a recognized marker of worse prognosis in patients with advanced heart failure. In this regard, a meta-analysis of 7 clinical trials involving 14,113 patients with heart failure identified that the use of SGLT2i was associated with a lower risk of progression of renal dysfunction (risk ratio 0.673; 95% confidence interval 0.549 to 0.825; p &lt; 0.001; I<sup>2</sup>= 17.7%), notwithstanding a higher risk of volume depletion (risk ratio 1.177; 95% confidence interval 1.040 to 1.333; p = 0.010; I<sup>2</sup>= 0.0%). This finding has significant prognostic and therapeutic implications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
		<p>From a clinical and hemodynamic point of view, data from a single-center cohort of 17 patients with advanced heart failure who had received a CardioMEMS system, which allows continuous monitoring of pulmonary artery pressure, showed that pulmonary pressures fell after initiation of SGLT2i, without any change in the dosage of diuretics (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> While it is recognized that this is an initial experience, these results indicate relevant clinical and hemodynamic effects in this patient population.</p>
		<fig id="f1">
			<label>Figure 1</label>
			<caption>
				<title>Systolic (A), mean (B), and diastolic (C) pulmonary artery pressures at baseline and 10 weeks after initiation of SGLT2i. (D) Pulmonary artery pressure evolution from 30 days prior to initiation of SGLT2i until 70 days after initiation of SGLT2i.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> PAP: pulmonary artery pressure.</title>
			</caption>
			<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-02-0195-gf01.tif"/>
		</fig>
		<p>From a clinical and prognostic point of view, it is known that the occurrence of arrhythmias is a frequent event in patients with advanced heart failure and a relevant cause of death. Accordingly, a <italic>post hoc</italic> analysis of the DAPA-HF study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> aimed to identify the effect of dapaglifozin specifically on the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. The study found that, among the participants who received dapagliflozin, the composite outcome (ventricular arrhythmia, resuscitated cardiac arrest, or sudden death) occurred in 140/2373 patients (5.9%), compared to 175/2371 patients (7.4%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0.79; 95% confidence interval 0.63 to 0.99, p = 0.037), and this effect was consistent for each component of the composite outcome taken alone.</p>
		<p>The recently published EMPULSE trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> aimed to evaluate the effect of empagliflozin, initiated during hospital stay in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure, regardless of ejection fraction. The study included 530 patients who were followed for up to 90 days after discharge, and empaglifozin was found to be well tolerated. It also showed what the authors termed the greatest clinical benefit, defined as a hierarchical composite of death from any cause, number of heart failure events, and time to first heart failure event, or a difference of 5 points or more in change from baseline Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, with total symptom score at 90 days (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
		<fig id="f2">
			<label>Figure 2</label>
			<caption>
				<title>Stratified win ratio calculated using a non-parametric generalized pairwise comparison within heart failure status strata.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> CI: confidence interval; HFE: heart failure event; KCCQ-TSS: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, total symptom score.</title>
			</caption>
			<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-02-0195-gf02.tif"/>
		</fig>
		<p>Taken together, the current data indicate that SGLT2i are safe medications for use in patients with advanced heart failure, with a potential impact on prognosis. Will clinical trials in this specific population, however, be able not only to evaluate their effectiveness, but also to identify subgroups with greater risks or benefits?</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Há Espaço para as Novas Drogas no Tratamento da Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada: iSGLT2?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9351-8949</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Issa</surname>
						<given-names>Victor Sarli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Antuérpia</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BE">Bélgica</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário de Antuerpia, Antuérpia – Bélgica.</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Victor Sarli Issa •</bold> Antwerp University Hospital - Cardiology Department - Drie Eikenstraat <postal-code>655, 2650</postal-code> Edegem - Bélgica. Email: <email>victor.sarli.issa@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, Análise e interpretação dos dados, Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Issa VS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Prognóstico</kwd>
				<kwd>Vasos Sanguíneos</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Nos últimos anos temos assistido à incorporação do uso de inibidores do co-transporte de sódio e glicose 2 (iSGLT2) para o tratamento de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Este conjunto de drogas têm em comum o fato de serem capazes de inibir o transporte de glicose no túbulo proximal e com isto proporcionar glicosúria e redução da glicemia em pacientes com diabetes. Outros efeitos destas medicações incluem o aumento da diurese e natriurese, redução da pressão arterial, estimulo à eritropoiese, melhoria do metabolismo da energia cardíaca, redução da inflamação, inibição do sistema nervoso simpático, prevenção do remodelamento cardíaco, prevenção de lesão de isquemia/reperfusão, inibição do trocador de Na+/H+, redução da hiperuricemia, aumento da autofagia e da degradação lisossômica, diminuição da gordura epicárdica, aumento dos níveis de eritropoietina, aumento das células progenitoras vasculares circulantes, diminuição do estresse oxidativo e melhoria da função vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Os iSGLT2 foram inicialmente testados para o controle glicêmico em pacientes com diabetes mellitus<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e rapidamente notou-se que além do efeito antidiabético, estas drogas eram capazes de reduzir significativamente eventos cardiovasculares, em especial os episódios de insuficiência cardíaca descompensada. A sequência natural a partir destes resultados foi a avaliação dos iSGLT2 em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Os primeiros resultados obtidos foram entre os pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca de fração de ejeção reduzida, com os estudos DAPA-HF (avaliando dapagliflozina) e EMPEROR-Reduced (avaliando empagliflozina), que mostraram que a inibição do co-transportador de sódio-glicose-2 (SGLT2) reduziu o risco combinado de morte cardiovascular ou hospitalização por insuficiência cardíaca em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida com ou sem diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, tivemos resultados positivos no contexto da insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada, ainda que os efeitos da medicação tenham se concentrado fundamentalmente no grupo de pacientes com a fração de ejeção levemente reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Tomados em conjunto, estes resultados apontam que os iSGLT2 são seguros e benéficos para uma grande gama de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Entretanto, é de se notar que determinados pacientes se encontram insuficientemente representados nestes ensaios clínicos, tais como aqueles com insuficiência cardíaca avançada, grupo reconhecidamente de maior gravidade, maior presença de comorbidades e menor tolerância a medicações especialmente no contexto de polifarmácia. Em que pese não ter havido ensaio clinico que tenha testado o uso de iSGLT2 nesta população especifica, alguns dados de interesse nos permitem aprofundar neste tema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>No que se refere à presença de comorbidades, talvez nenhuma outra condição tenha a mesma prevalência e relevância no contexto de insuficiência cardíaca do que a disfunção renal, um reconhecido marcador de pior prognóstico em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada. Neste quesito, uma metanálise de 7 ensaios clínicos envolvendo 14.113 pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca identificou que o uso de iSGLT2 esteve associado a menor risco de progressão da disfunção renal (<italic>risk ratio</italic> 0,673; intervalo de confiança de 95% 0,549 a 0,825; p &lt; 0,001; I<sup>2</sup>= 17,7%), apesar de um maior risco de depleção volêmica (<italic>risk ratio</italic> 1,177; intervalo de confiança de 95% 1,040 a 1,333; p = 0,010; I<sup>2</sup>= 0,0%), um achado com significativas implicações prognosticas e terapêuticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Do ponto de vista clínico e hemodinâmico, dados provenientes de uma coorte com 17 pacientes de um único centro com insuficiência cardíaca avançada e portadores de sistema CardioMEMS, que permite monitorar a pressão de artéria pulmonar de forma continua, mostraram que as pressões pulmonares caíram após o início de iSGLT2, sem que tenha havido mudança na dose de diuréticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ainda que se reconheça tratar-se de experiência incipiente, estes resultados apontam para efeitos clínicos e hemodinâmicos relevantes nesta população de pacientes.</p>
			<fig id="f3">
				<label>Figura 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Pressões das artérias pulmonares sistólica (A), média (B) e diastólica (C) na linha de base e 10 semanas após o início de um inibidor SGLT2. (D) A evolução da pressão da artéria pulmonar de 30 dias antes do início do SGLT2i até 70 dias após o início do um inibidor SGLT2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> PAP: pressão arterial pulmonar.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-02-0195-gf01-pt.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Do ponto de vista clínico e prognóstico, sabe-se que a ocorrência de arritmias são eventos frequentes em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada e uma relevante causa de morte. Neste sentido, uma análise <italic>post hoc</italic> do estudo DAPA-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> procurou identificar o efeito da dapaglifozina especificamente na ocorrência de arritmias ventriculares e morte súbita em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida. Aqui foi encontrado que dentre os participantes que receberam dapagliflozina, o desfecho combinado (arritmia ventricular, parada cardíaca reanimada, ou súbita morte) ocorreu em 140/2373 pacientes (5,9%), comparado a 175/2371 pacientes (7,4%) no grupo placebo (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> 0,79; intervalo de confiança de 95% 0,63 a 0,99, p = 0,037), e o efeito foi consistente para cada um dos componentes do resultado composto isoladamente.</p>
			<p>Recentemente ocorreu a publicação do estudo EMPULSE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> que procurou avaliar o efeito da empaglifozina iniciada ao longo do período de internação de pacientes admitidos ao hospital por insuficiência cardíaca descompensada, independentemente da fração de ejeção. O estudo incluiu 530 pacientes que foram seguidos por até 90 dias após a alta, e foi observado que a empaglifozina foi bem tolerada, havendo ainda o que os autores denominaram de maior benefício clínico, definido como um composto hierárquico de morte por qualquer causa, número de eventos de insuficiência cardíaca e tempo até o primeiro evento de insuficiência cardíaca, ou uma diferença de 5 pontos ou mais na mudança da linha de base do questionário de cardiomiopatia de Kansas City, com pontuação total de sintomas aos 90 dias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
			<fig id="f4">
				<label>Figura 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Relação de ganho estratificada calculada usando uma comparação não paramétrica generalizada em pares dentro dos estratos de status de insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> EIC: evento de insuficiência cardíaca; KCCQ-TSS: Questionário de cardiomiopatia de Kansas City, pontuação total de sintomas.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-02-0195-gf02-pt.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Tomados em conjunto, os dados atuais indicam que os iSGLT2 sejam medicações seguras para o uso em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada e com potencial impacto no prognóstico. A realização de ensaios clínicos nesta população específica poderá, entretanto, não somente avaliar sua efetividade, mas também identificar subgrupos de maior risco ou benefício?</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>