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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220029</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220029</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Is There Room for Sacubitril-Valsartan in the Treatment of Advanced Heart Failure?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rohde</surname>
						<given-names>Luis E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Serviço de Cardiologia</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Programa de Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada - Serviço de Cardiologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Serviço de Cardiologia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Núcleo de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Miocardiopatias - Serviço de Cardiologia do Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">UFRGS</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luis E. Rohde •</bold> Serviço de Cardiologia – Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre – Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code <postal-code>90410-004</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil. <email>rohde.le@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Author contributions</bold></p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rohde LE.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>Participation in the advisory board and/or lectures for Astrazeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck. Novartis and Pfizer.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>192</fpage>
			<lpage>194</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Treatment</kwd>
				<kwd>Sacubitril-Valsartan</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="13"/>
				<page-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>PARADIGM-HF, published in 2014, was a landmark in the modern pharmacological treatment of heart failure (HF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> After several years and numerous clinical trials with disappointing results,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> a new class of drugs was able to produce concrete results in clinically relevant outcomes. In this pivotal study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sacubitril-valsartan, a molecule consisting of a neprilysin inhibitor and an angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB), drastically reduced hospitalizations for HF, cardiovascular mortality, and overall mortality. The study included more than 8,000 outpatients, mostly New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III. Because of its differential mechanism, aimed at amplifying the natriuretic response and the effect of other vasoactive molecules, sacubitril-valsartan could induce pronounced vasodilation, natriuresis and inhibition of cystic fibrosis. These clinical benefits could potentially be extended to the whole spectrum of HF, including more advanced stages of the disease.</p>
		<p>Although national and international guidelines have recommended the use of sacubitril-valsartan for HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and NYHA class ≥II, it is worth mentioning that &lt;1% of patients had NYHA class IV symptoms at randomization in PRADIGM-HF. In addition, only patients who had received and tolerated a single-blind treatment with a stable dose of ARB or angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (run-in periods) and had a systolic blood pressure &gt; 100 mmHg at screening were enrolled. Nearly 20% of patients screened for the trial did not complete the two run-in periods for presenting, among others, low blood pressure and low glomerular filtration rate, both characteristics of advanced HF. Similarly, the PIONEER-HF trial, that tested sacubitril-valsartan in patients with acute congestive HF, also included few patients with NYHA class IV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Due to the lack of evidence on the clinical benefits of sacubitril-valsartan in patients with chronic HFrEF and severe symptoms, the LIFE trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> was proposed, to test the hypothesis that this therapeutic approach would improve the levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) as compared with valsartan alone in patients with advanced HFrEF and NYHA functional class IV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The LIFE study was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial with 335 patients with advanced HF, initiated in March 2017 and interrupted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients were randomized to receive sacubitril-valsartan (target dose 200 mg twice daily) or valsartan (target dose 160 mg twice daily), in addition to the standard therapy for HF. The primary endpoint was the proportional change from baseline in the area under the curve (AUC) for NT-proBNP levels measured over 24 weeks of therapy. From patients included in the analysis, 245 were men (73%); men age was 59.4 (±13.5) years; 72 (18%) could not tolerate sacubitril-valsartan 100 mg/day during the run-in period, and 49 (29%) discontinued the drug during the study period. Median NT-proBNP AUC was 1.19 (IQR, 0.91-1.64) in the valsartan treatment arm (n = 168), whereas the AUC for the sacubitril/valsartan treatment arm (n = 167) was 1.08 (IQR, 0.75-1.60). The estimated proportional change in the NT-proBNP AUC was 0.95 (95% CI 0.84-1.08; p = 0.45). Compared with valsartan, treatment with sacubitril-valsartan did not improve the clinical outcome of number of days alive out of hospital and free from HF events (103.2 vs. 111.2 days; p = 0.45). The authors concluded that, in patients with HFrEF, there was no statistically significant difference between sacubitril-valsartan and valsartan with respect to reducing NT-proBNP levels.</p>
		<p>Although the LIFE trial has produced neutral results, some important characteristics of this study should be considered. The primary endpoint was changes in NT-proBNP levels, an important biomarker in the context of HF. However, the sample did not have sufficient statistical power to either confirm or refute benefits in hard clinical endpoints. Besides, the protocol had a clinical follow-up was of 24 weeks, which is a short period to detect a significant number of major cardiovascular events. Also, the study was interrupted due to the pandemic of COVID-19, and the <italic>a priori</italic> defined sample was not achieved. Finally, except for the CONSENSUS clinical trial, published in 1987, that evaluated patients without any previous treatment for HF, all other studies that proposed to evaluate patients with advanced HF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) had markedly larger samples and follow-up periods. For example, the sample size in the CIBIS-II trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> which tested bisoprolol in advanced HF patients in NYHA III-IV, was 10 times greater than that in the LIFE study, allowing a more precise evaluation of the clinical benefits of the intervention.</p>
		<table-wrap id="t1">
			<label>Table 1</label>
			<caption>
				<title>Comparison of the main pharmacological studies on patients with advanced heart failure</title>
			</caption>
			<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
				<colgroup width="16%">
					<col/>
					<col/>
					<col/>
					<col/>
					<col/>
					<col/>
				</colgroup>
				<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
					<tr>
						<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
						<th align="center" valign="middle">Drugs</th>
						<th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
						<th align="center" valign="middle">Inclusion Criteria</th>
						<th align="center" valign="middle">Nyha</th>
						<th align="center" valign="middle">Main Results</th>
					</tr>
				</thead>
				<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
					<tr>
						<td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle"><bold>ACE inhibitors</bold></td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">Consensus (1987)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Enalapril vs placebo</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">253</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">NYHA IV; congestive HF, cardiomegaly at chest X-ray; without ACE inhibitors</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">IV (100%)</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Enalapril reduced overall mortality by 40% within 6 months (26% vs 44%, p = 0.002) and by 31% in one year (52% vs 36%, p = 0.001)</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle"><bold>Beta-blockers</bold></td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">CIBIS-II (1999)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Bisoprolol vs placebo</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">2647</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">18-80 years; NYHA III–IV; LVEF≤35%; chronic HF; treatment with ACE inhibitors and diuretics</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">III–IV (100%)</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Bisoprolol reduced overall mortality by 34% (12% vs 17%, p &lt; 0.001) in NYHA III and IV patients</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">COPERNICUS (2001)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Carvedilol vs placebo</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">2289</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">NYHA III–IV for &gt; 2 months; LVEF &lt; 25%; clinically euvolemic</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">III–IV (100%)</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Carvedilol reduced overall mortality by 35% (11% vs 17%, p &lt; 0.001); in patients &lt; 70 or &gt; 70 years old and LVEF &lt; 20 or &gt; 20%</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle"><bold>Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists</bold></td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">RALES (1999)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Spironolactone vs placebo</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">1663</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">NYHA III–IV; FEVE≤35% in the last 6 months; treatment with ACE inhibitors and diuretics</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">III–IV (100%)</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Spironolactone reduced overall mortality by 30% (35% vs 46%, p &lt; 0.001); in patients &lt; 67 or &gt; 67 years old and LVEF &lt; 26 or &gt; 26%, NYHA III or IV</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle"><bold>Neprilysin inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers</bold></td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">LIFE (2021)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Sacubitril-valsartan vs Valsartan</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">335</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">NYHA IV in the last 3 months; standard treatment for HF; (LVEF) ≤35%; BNP ≥250 pg/mL or NT-proBNP ≥800 pg/mL</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">IV (100%)</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">The estimated proportional change in the NT-proBNP AUC was 0.95 (95% CI 0.84-1.08; p = 0.45). Days alive out of hospital and free from HF events: 103.2 vs. 111.2 days (p = 0.45).</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle"><bold>Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate</bold></td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td align="left" valign="middle">A-HEFT (2004)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Hydralazine + isosorbide dinitrate vs placebo</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">1050</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">≥18 years old; NYHA III–IV for 3 months; self-reported African American; standard treatment for 3 months.</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">III–IV (100%)</td>
						<td align="center" valign="middle">Hydralazine + isosorbide dinitrate reduced overall mortality by 43% (6% vs 10%, p = 0.02) and hospitalizations for HF by 33% (16% vs 24%, p=0.001) and improved quality of life scores (p=0.02)</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<table-wrap-foot>
				<fn id="TFN1">
					<p>ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP); NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
				</fn>
			</table-wrap-foot>
		</table-wrap>
		<p>Pharmacological treatment of advanced HF is challenging. The tolerability for drugs is usually limited by borderline blood pressure levels and renal function. Yet, we must keep on trying to implement therapeutical strategies that can potentially improve the natural history of this syndrome. The results of the LIFE trial may have been disappointing, but they do not completely refute the possible clinical benefits of sacubitril-valsartan in more advanced stages of HF. Besides, the definition of the stages of this condition is always a dynamic process. A patient initially classified as advanced HF, for example, can gradually improve with the implementation of therapeutical strategies and become eligible for the four pillars of HF contemporary pharmacological therapy. Thus, the establishment of pharmacological treatments in advanced HF is a continuous process in clinical practice, and the cardiologist should try as many alternatives as possible for the improvement of quality and quantity of life before opting for more advanced and definitive strategies like cardiac transplant or ventricular assist device.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Há Espaço para Sacubitril e Valsartana no Tratamento da Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rohde</surname>
						<given-names>Luis E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Programa de Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada - Serviço de Cardiologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Núcleo de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Miocardiopatias - Serviço de Cardiologia do Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Luis E. Rohde •</bold> Serviço de Cardiologia – Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre – Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90410-004</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil.E-mail: <email>rohde.le@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa; Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Rohde LE.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Participação no conselho consultivo e/ou palestras para Astrazeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck. Novartis e Pfizer</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Tratamento</kwd>
				<kwd>Sacubitril-Valsartana</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A publicação do estudo PARADIGM-HF em 2014 foi um marco no tratamento farmacológico moderno da insuficiência cardíaca (IC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Depois de vários anos e inúmeros ensaios clínicos com resultados desapontadores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> uma nova classe de fármacos conseguiu demonstrar benefícios inequívocos em desfechos clinicamente relevantes. Nesse estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sacubitril-valsartana, uma molécula que associa um inibidor da enzima neprilisina com um bloqueador de receptor da angiotensina II (BRA), reduziu de forma impactante hospitalizações por IC, mortalidade cardiovascular e mortalidade total. A população estudada envolveu mais de 8000 pacientes ambulatoriais, predominantemente classe funcional II e III da classificação da <italic>New York Heart Associatio</italic>n (NYHA). Por envolver um mecanismo de ação diferenciado, que busca amplificar a ação do sistema natriurético e de outras moléculas vasoativas, o sacubitril-valsartana levaria à vasodilatação pronunciada, natriurese e redução da fibrose cardíaca. Tais benefícios clínicos poderiam estender-se a todo espectro da síndrome de IC, inclusive nas suas fases mais avançadas.</p>
			<p>Sobre o estudo PARADIGM-HF, é importante frisar que, embora diretrizes clínicas nacionais e internacionais recomendem o uso de sacubitril-valsartana para pacientes com IC com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) e classe funcional da NYHA ≥ II, &lt;1% dos pacientes apresentavam sintomas classe funcional IV da NYHA no momento da randomização. Além disso, para serem randomizados no estudo PARADIGM-HF, os pacientes deveriam receber e tolerar uma dose estável de BRA ou um inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) nas fases simples-cego do estudo (fases “<italic>run-in</italic>”) bem como ter uma pressão arterial sistólica de triagem &gt; 100 mmHg. Aproximadamente 20% dos pacientes que foram rastreados para PARADIGM-HF não conseguiram completar os dois períodos <italic>run-in</italic>, e as causas incluíram baixa pressão arterial e baixa taxa de filtração glomerular, ambas características da IC avançada. De forma similar, o estudo PIONEER-HF que testou sacubitril-valsartana em pacientes com IC aguda descompensada, também incluiu poucos pacientes em classe funcional NYHA IV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>À luz dessa lacuna de evidências sobre o benefício clínico do sacubitril-valsartana em pacientes com ICFEr crônica e sintomas graves, o ensaio clínico LIFE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> foi proposto, visando testar a hipótese de que o tratamento com esse medicamento melhoraria os níveis de peptídeos natriuréticos [N-terminal pró-BNP (NT-proBNP)] comparado ao tratamento com valsartana isoladamente em pacientes com ICFEr e sintomas de classe funcional IV da NYHA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O estudo LIFE foi um ensaio clínico randomizado duplocego que envolveu um total de 335 pacientes com IC avançada, iniciado em março de 2017 e interrompido precocemente em março de 2020, devido à pandemia de COVID-19. Os pacientes foram randomizados para receber sacubitril-valsartana (dose alvo, 200 mg duas vezes ao dia) ou valsartana (dose alvo, 160 mg duas vezes ao dia) além da terapia padrão para IC. O desfecho primário foi a mudança proporcional na razão da área sob a curva (AUC) de NT-proBNP em comparação com a linha de base medida durante 24 semanas de terapia. Dos pacientes incluídos na análise, 245 eram homens (73%); a média de idade foi de 59,4 (±13,5) anos; 72 (18%) não tolerararam sacubitril-valsartana 100 mg/d durante o período de <italic>run-in</italic>, e 49 (29%) descontinuaram o fármaco durante o estudo. A AUC mediana de NT-proBNP para o braço de tratamento com valsartana (n = 168) foi de 1,19 (IQR, 0,91-1,64), enquanto a AUC para o braço de tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana (n = 167) foi de 1,08 (IQR, 0,75-1,60). A proporção estimada de alteração na AUC do NT-proBNP foi de 0,95 (IC 95% 0,84-1,08; p = 0,45). Comparado com valsartan, o tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana não melhorou o desfecho clínico de número de dias de vida fora do hospital e livre de eventos de IC (103,2 vs. 111,2 dias; p = 0,45). Os autores concluíram, que em pacientes com ICFEr, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre sacubitril-valsartana e valsartana em relação à redução dos níveis de NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Embora o estudo LIFE tenha demonstrado resultados neutros, algumas características importantes desse ensaio clínico devem ser consideradas. O desfecho primário foi a diferença na variação de NT-proBNP, um biomarcador importante no cenário da IC. Entretanto, a amostra estudada não tinha poder estatístico suficiente para demonstrar ou refutar benefícios em desfechos clínicos duros. Ainda, o protocolo de seguimento clínico foi de apenas de 24 semanas, tempo limitado para se detectar um número significativo de eventos cardiovasculares maiores. Adicionalmente, o estudo foi terminado precocemente, em função da pandemia de COVID-19, e a amostra definida <italic>a priori</italic> não foi atingida. Por fim, exceto pelo ensaio clínico CONSENSUS de 1987, que avaliou pacientes sem qualquer tratamento prévio para IC, todos outros estudos que se propuseram avaliar pacientes com IC avançada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>) tiveram amostras e tempo de seguimento substancialmente maiores. O estudo CIBIS-II,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> por exemplo, que testou bisoprolol em pacientes com IC avançada em classe funcional NYHA III-IV teve amostra 10 vezes maior que o estudo LIFE, permitindo uma avaliação muito mais precisa dos benefícios clínicos da intervenção testada.</p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Tabela 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Comparação dos principais estudos farmacológicos que avaliaram pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
					<colgroup width="16%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">FÁRMACOS</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">CRITÉRIOS DE INCLUSÃO</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">NYHA</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">RESULTADOS PRINCIPAIS</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle"><bold>IECA</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">CONSENSUS (1987)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Enalapril vs placebo</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">253</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NYHA IV; IC congestiva, cardiomegalia no RxT; sem uso de IECA</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">IV (100%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">O enalapril reduziu a mortalidade total em 40% em 6 meses (26% vs 44%, p = 0,002) e em 31% em 1 ano (52% vs 36%, p = 0,001)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle"><bold>Beta-bloqueadores</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">CIBIS-II (1999)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Bisoprolol vs placebo</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2647</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">18-80 anos; NYHA III–IV; FEVE≤35%; IC crônica; Tratamento com IECA e diurético</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">III–IV (100%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">O bisoprolol reduziu a mortalidade total em 34% (12% vs 17%, p &lt; 0,001); resultados consistentes nos subgrupos: NYHA III e IV</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">COPERNICUS (2001)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Carvedilol vs placebo</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2289</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NYHA III–IV por &gt; 2 meses; FEVE &lt; 25%; euvolêmicos clinicamente</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">III–IV (100%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">O carvedilol reduziu a mortalidade total em 35% (11% vs 17%, p &lt; 0,001); em pacientes com idade &lt; 70 ou &gt; 70 anos e FEVE &lt; 20 ou &gt; 20%</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle"><bold>Antagonista dos receptores mineralocorticóides</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">RALES (1999)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Espironolactona vs placebo</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1663</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NYHA III–IV; FEVE≤35% nos últimos 6 meses; tratamento com IECA e diuréticos</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">III–IV (100%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">A espironolactona reduziu a mortalidade total em 30% (35% vs 46%, p &lt; 0,001); em pacientes com idade &lt; 67 ou &gt; 67 anos, NYHA III e IV, FEVE &lt; 26 ou &gt; 26%</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle"><bold>inibidores de neprilisina e receptores da angiotensina</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">LIFE (2021)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Sacubitril-valsartana vs Valsartna</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">335</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NYHA IV nos últimos 3 meses; tratamento padrão para IC; (FEVE) ≤35%; BNP ≥250 pg/ml ou NT-proBNP ≥800 pg/ml</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">IV (100%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">A proporção estimada de alteração na AUC do NT-proBNP foi de 0,95 (IC 95% 0,84-1,08; p = 0,45). Dias vivos, fora do hospital ou livres de eventos de IC: 103,2 vs. 111,2 dias (p = 0,45)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle"><bold>Hidralazina / dinitrato de isossorbida</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">A-HEFT (2004)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Hidralazina + dinitrato de isossorbida vs placebo</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1050</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">≥18 anos; NYHA III–IV por 3 meses; afro-americanos auto-declarados; tramento padrão por 3 meses.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">III–IV (100%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Hidralazina + dinitrato de isossorbida reduziram a mortalidade total em 43% (6% vs 10%, p = 0,02) e as internações por IC em 33% (16% vs 24%, p = 0,001) e mostraram melhora em escore de qualidade de vida (p = 0,02)</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN2">
						<p>IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; BNP: peptídeo natriurético tipo-B NT-proBNP: N-terminal pró-BNP; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>O tratamento farmacológico da IC avançada é desafiador. A tolerabilidade dos medicamentos é frequentemente restrita, limitada por níveis pressóricos e função renal limítrofes. Apesar disso, devemos persistir na tentativa de implementação de estratégias que tenham potencial de melhorar a história natural da síndrome. Os resultados do estudo LIFE foram em parte desapontadores, mas não refutam completamente a possiblidade de benefícios clínicos do sacubitril-valsartana em fases mais avançadas da IC. Além disso, a definição de estágios da síndrome é sempre um processo dinâmico. Em outras palavras, um paciente classificado como IC avançada pode gradativamente melhorar clinicamente com a implementação de estratégias terapêuticas, e se tornar elegível para todos os quatro pilares farmacológicos do tratamento moderno da IC. Dessa forma, a busca de espaço para o tratamento farmacológico da IC avançada é exercício contínuo da prática clínica, e o cardiologista deve tentar usar todas as opções possíveis para melhora de qualidade e quantidade de vida, antes de optar por alternativas mais definitivas como transplante cardíaco ou dispositivos de assistência ventricular.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
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