<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220041</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220041</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>I NEED HELP: How to Indentify Patients with Advanced Cardiac Dysfunction?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3715-6442</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Miranda</surname>
						<given-names>Jacqueline Sampaio S.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0084-1999</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fatorelli</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7711-7133</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Luciana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8921-6171</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Salles</surname>
						<given-names>Vitor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sales</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Luiza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de cardiologia</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante – Instituto Nacional de cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Copa Star – Rede D’Or São Luiz</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Serviço de Transplante</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Transplante - Hospital Copa Star – Rede D’Or São Luiz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Pedro Ernesto</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Hospital Pedro Ernesto - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro,– UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jacqueline Sampaio dos S. Miranda</bold> • Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. Postal Code <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil E-mail: <email>jacmiranda25@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Author Contributions</bold></p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research: Miranda JSS; Acquisition of data: Miranda JSS, Fatorelli A, Salles V; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Salles V; Writing of the manuscript: Miranda JSS, Fatorelli A, Ferreira L, Salles V, Sales AL; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Miranda JSS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>157</fpage>
			<lpage>164</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by inadequate tissue oxygen supply. In spite of the best current approach to heart diseases, population aging in individuals with heart disease has resulted in increased incidence of HF.</p>
				<p>In Brazil, HF represents the second leading cause of hospitalization due to cardiovascular diseases, and it has high mortality in its most advanced stage. The difficult recognition of therapeutic refractoriness can often lead to delays in referral to specialized centers that are able to promote reduced symptoms, improved quality of life, and increased survival.</p>
				<p>Therapeutic options are limited in advanced HF, and heart transplantation is the therapy of choice. Organ availability is a major limitation, making circulatory support an increasingly present reality, with improved results.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
				<kwd>Classification</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="25"/>
				<page-count count="8"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec>
			<title>Definition</title>
			<p>The term advanced heart failure (HF) encompasses the group of patients with chronic HF who evolve with progressive worsening of cardiac function and symptoms. Ultimately, these patients progress to refractoriness to standard treatment guided by the current guidelines. Thee patients’ prognosis is limited, with mortality reaching 25% to 75% in one year. Accordingly, in order to guarantee favorable outcomes, they require advanced therapies, such as heart transplantation, support with a mechanical circulatory assist device, and/or palliative care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Numerous classification systems have been created to characterize patients with HF and to select advanced cases. The assessment of functional class proposed by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) defines individuals with symptoms at rest or during any physical activity as class IV. In 2001, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) described stage D patients as those requiring specialized interventions due to the presence of refractory symptoms despite optimal medical therapy. The Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulation (INTERMACS) classification was developed to stratify the risk of patients with advanced HF and to establish prognosis and urgency of intervention. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the classification systems together.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Stages and symptoms of heart failure in different classification systems</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
					<colgroup width="33%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<th align="center" colspan="3" valign="middle">
								<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-02-0157-ingf01.tif"/>
							</th>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<th align="left" valign="middle">ACC stages</th>
							<th align="left" valign="middle">NYHA functional classes</th>
							<th align="left" valign="middle">INTERMACS profiles</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="top">
								<list list-type="simple">
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>A:</bold> Patients at risk of developing heart failure, without functional or structural heart disease</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>B:</bold> Structural heart disease, without symptoms of heart failure</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>C:</bold> Structural heart disease. Prior or current symptoms of heart failure</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>D:</bold> Heart failure refractory to clinical treatment, requiring specialized intervention in heart failure centers</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">
								<list list-type="simple">
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>I:</bold> No limitation of routine physical activity</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>II:</bold> Mild symptoms during routine physical activity</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>III:</bold> Symptoms during less than ordinary physical activities. Important limitation. Comfortable only at rest.</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>IV:</bold> Severe limitation to any physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms at rest.</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">
								<list list-type="simple">
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>I:</bold> Severe cardiogenic shock</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>II:</bold> Progressive decline despite inotrope use</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>III:</bold> Stable, but inotrope dependent</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>V:</bold> Housebound, exertion intolerant</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>IV:</bold> Frequent hospitalizations</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>VI:</bold> Exertion limitation</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>VII:</bold> NYHA III</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN1">
						<p>Adapted from Truby LK, Rogers JG<sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Stages of heart failure as described by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes, and the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulation (INTERMACS).</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>The definition of advanced HF has evolved over the past decades. The Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (HFA-ESC) update from 2007 to the 2018 document introduced a new concept for classifying these patients. Although left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) is frequently reduced, it is not a mandatory criterion for the diagnosis of advanced HF, given that it can develop in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) as well. Extracardiac organ dysfunction due to HF (for example, cardiac cachexia, kidney dysfunction, and liver dysfunction) or pulmonary hypertension may be present, but they are not required for definition of advanced HF. The updated HFA-ESC 2018 criteria are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Table 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Criteria for defining advanced heart failure</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
					<colgroup width="100%">
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">1. Severe and persistent symptoms of HF (NYHA III or IV).</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">2. Severe ventricular dysfunction defined by at least one of the following:<break/>
								<list list-type="bullet">
									<list-item>
										<p>LVEF ≤ 30%</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p>Isolated right HF</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p>Non-operable severe valve abnormalities</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p>Non-operable severe congenital abnormalities</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p>Persistently high BNP or NT-proBNP values and data showing severe diastolic dysfunction or LV structural abnormalities, according to the definition criteria for HFpEF</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">3. Episodes of pulmonary or systemic congestion requiring high doses of intravenous diuretics (or diuretic combinations) or episodes of low output requiring inotropes or vasoactive drugs or malignant arrhythmias causing more than 1 unplanned visit to the emergency department or hospitalization within the past 12 months</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">4. Severe impairment of exercise capacity, with inability to exercise or low 6MWTD (&lt; 300 m) or pVO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (&lt; 12 to 14 ml/kg/min), estimated to be of cardiac origin</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN2">
						<p>Adapted from Metra et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> 6MWTD: 6-minute walk test distance; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; HF: heart failure; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association; pVO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>: peak exercise oxygen consumption.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>HF risk scores were developed from specific cohorts, including the group of patients with acute HF, HF with reduced EF, and/or HFpEF. They are important tools in clinical decision-making, to the extent that they accurately assist in adaptation and identification of the need for disease-modifying treatments, advanced therapies, or the indication of end-of-life care. It has been observed that they are still underused in clinical practice and that their results should not be analyzed in an isolated manner.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>There are different risk scores for HF, including Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico-Heart Failure (GISSI-HF),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC), and Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> MAGGIC seems to have the best discriminatory power for one-year mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Incidence</title>
				<p>It is estimated that approximately 64.3 million people worldwide are living with HF, approximately 1% to 2% of the adult population in developed countries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and the disease has been characterized as a global pandemic. Over the decades, great difficulty has been observed in establishing HF criteria that are easy to reproduce, followed by the challenge of obtaining reliable data in some regions of the world.</p>
				<p>It is historically predominant in male individuals,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> but the recent inclusion of HFpEF and HF with mildly reduced EF has statistically increased the representation of women in this syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Incidence is lower in young people, around 3 to 5 per 1,000 inhabitants in Europe, and it increases substantially in those over 70 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Several models have shown acceleration in new cases of HF from the turn of the millennium, with nearly 915,000 new cases in the United States in 2016<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). This greater number of new patients is added to those with prolonged survival due to the best medical and invasive treatment, in addition to the global increase in life expectancy, thus corroborating a substantial increase in the prevalence of the disease.</p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Burden of heart failure</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-02-0157-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>In Brazil, there are few multi-center analyses of the situation of HF; however, a group from Paraíba<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> managed to demonstrate a reduction in the national mortality rate. It is, however, worth noting, that there is an increase in hospital mortality rates and hospitalization time, indicating a lack of appropriate treatment for the most severe disease forms.</p>
				<p>Measurement of individuals with advanced HF is even more complex than that of HF <italic>lato sensu</italic>, and it is subject to variations in the definition criteria, with scores that are not very accurate; nevertheless, the ADHERE registry<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> found, in the mid-2000s, that 5% of hospitalizations were related to advanced HF. These data seem to underestimate these patients with severe HF, given that, in 2019 in the United States, more than 3,000 patients were treated with a left ventricular assist devices; around 3,000 patients received heart transplants, and an additional 3,500 patients were waiting in line to receive an organ.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>How to Identify It</title>
				<p>HF has a challenging clinical course that poses difficulties even to experienced clinicians, seeing that it is a chronic disease whose evolution can be subtle over time, giving patients and healthcare staff a false sense of clinical stability.</p>
				<p>Unlike other chronic diseases, HF may have a fluctuating survival curve with clinical improvement after a severe episode of decompensation and subsequent reestablishment of functional class. These individuals can, with the support of optimal medical therapy, still have reasonable survival. Others will maintain worsening of symptoms and high mortality in a short timeframe. The limit between these two scenarios is tenuous and imprecise, making it of the utmost importance to develop warning signs in advanced HF. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>)</p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Clinical Course of Advanced HF.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-02-0157-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>The addition of biomarkers, arrhythmic load, exercise performance, and EF evolution bring greater objectivity when establishing the best moment for referral; however, there is no consensus among the leading societies as to what these markers should be. In spite of this, advanced NYHA functional class (III/IV), optimized drug therapy, and episodes of decompensation requiring hospitalization are unanimously recognized as markers of worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A useful mnemonic that can help identify patients who require referral to centers specializing in HF treatment is “I NEED HELP”. It integrates aspects related to clinical history, hospitalizations, drug intolerance, EF, symptoms, and end-organ dysfunction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>“I NEED HELP” mnemonic for identifying patients with advanced heart failure</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
						<colgroup width="50%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Inotrope dependent/intolerant to optimized therapy</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Persistent NYHA III/IV</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">E</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Ejection fraction below 20%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">E</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Persistent edema, refractory to progressive doses of diuretics</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">D</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Defibrillator (recurring appropriate shock)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Recurring hospitalizations and emergency department visits in the last 12 months</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">E</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Persistent elevation in natriuretic peptides</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">L</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">End-organ damage</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">P</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic blood pressure persistently below 90 mmHg</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>The factors listed in this mnemonic device are not the only ones of concern, but, in multivariate analyses of several clinical trials, they were shown to be important predictors, and the presence of any one of these factors indicates that the opinion of a referral center should be sought.</p>
				<p>EF is an important variable. In patients with HF with reduced EF, for every 10% reduction in EF, a significant increase occurs in events related to sudden death and death due to HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, difficulties are often observed in the risk stratification of patients with preserved EF. Patients in this population are equally severe when they have other warning signs, and their diagnosis ends up being delayed, with the addition of a limited therapeutic arsenal.</p>
				<p>The NYHA classification is one of the most widely used to describe the severity of symptoms. It allows clinical evaluation, helps in therapeutic management, and also has an excellent prognostic ratio. However, there are limitations, as it depends on self-reported symptoms, which are influenced by each patient's subjectivity. In these individuals, the use of the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) provides more accurate information, highlighting warning signs even in asymptomatic individuals, and it is a great instrument for calibrating risk and providing prognosis for individuals with advanced HF. In patients with HFpEF and HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction, CPET also maintained accuracy, with excellent correlation of peak VO<sub>2</sub> and ventilatory response (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a biomarker with great prognostic utility. A persistent elevation in BNP indicates risk of events and mortality. In a systematic review that analyzed 19 studies, for every 100 pg/mL increase in plasma BNP, a 35% increase was observed in the relative risk of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Inotropic therapy, taken alone, is a marker of in-hospital death,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and it should be used exclusively in patients in shock; therefore, patients who required inotropic therapy coming from a hospitalization should have priority in post-discharge reassessment.</p>
				<p>Another even more challenging scenario of refractoriness is that of patients with cardiogenic shock (CC), who may have an acute presentation (first-time diagnosis) or have a chronic disease that has evolved with low output and perfusion deficit. In these cases, temporary inotropic and/or mechanical support are fundamental until etiological diagnosis has been made and prognosis established. To this end, a shock team with protocols for fast and accurate action is essential to avoid multiple organ failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In order to improve recognition and agility in interventions in CC, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) proposed a new classification in 2019 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), subdividing CC into five stages, with a focus on tissue perfusion and signs of dysfunction organic. Stage A patients at risk for shock, and stage B represents beginning of shock. Identification of and action upon these stages improve prognosis and have an impact on survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Classification of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) for cardiogenic shock. Adapted from: Baran DA et al. SCAI clinical expert consensus statement on the classification of cardiogenic shock. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2019; 94(1): 29-37. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CRA: cardiorespiratory arrest; CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation; CS: cardiogenic shock; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HF: heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-02-0157-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Another important point is hemodynamic monitoring with a pulmonary artery catheter, which becomes fundamental in the diagnosis of CC, bringing more therapeutic precision. Recently, the Cardiogenic Shock Working Group (CSWG) evaluated invasive monitoring in 1,414 patients with CC, showing that guided therapy reduced mortality in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Around the world, treatment centers for advanced HF indicate that patients receive late referral. Multiple strategies are needed to improve the recognition and care for these patients in both the acute and chronic phases, thus allowing the use of advanced therapies.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Management of advanced HF</title>
				<p>As previously indicated, patients with advanced HF present high complexity and elevated mortality; for this reason, they should be followed up in specialized HF centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> These centers aim to rule out reversible causes of HF and guarantee the use of all possible medical therapies, including resynchronization therapy and valve management, when applicable, in addition to critical multidisciplinary support in order to identify eligibility for more advanced therapies.</p>
				<p>In this stage, patients show signs of clinical refractoriness to optimized medical and non-medical treatments recommended by national and international guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Previously well-tolerated disease-modifying medications may require dose reduction or even suspension. Different degrees of tissue hypoperfusion may determine the association of inotropes. The progressive deterioration of renal function may require a combination of diuretics, intravenous diuretic therapy, or even renal replacement therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As a therapeutic plan for advanced HF, HF centers basically have three available options:</p>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Heart transplantation:</bold> Heart transplantation is the treatment of choice in the absence of contraindications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). The number of heart transplantations is growing, with more than 5,000 procedures performed worldwide each year. Brazil has also managed to increase the number of cases in recent years with 380 transplants in 2017, but this is still below the population's need, which is estimated to be 1,649 transplants/year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A major limiting factor is organ availability, leading to the option of circulatory assistance devices for selected cases.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Circulatory assist devices:</bold> These devices promote symptomatic improvement and allow satisfactory survival when compared to the results of heart transplantation. They are interesting options in some cases where heart transplantation is contraindicated (target therapy), and they can be used as a “bridge to heart transplantation” or as a “bridge to recovery”.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Today, there is a wide range of different types of circulatory assist devices available. The choice of device will depend on the therapeutic goals, the patient's severity or degree of hemodynamic instability, the team's skills in dealing with different support methods, and the availability of the methods at each institution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Devices are classified by manufacturers according to the support time expected for the method, as follows:</p>
						<list list-type="simple">
							<list-item>
								<label>–</label>
								<p>Short-term circulatory assist devices: intra-aortic balloon pump, Impella®, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation;</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<label>–</label>
								<p>Medium-term circulatory assist devices: Centrimag®;</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<label>–</label>
								<p>Long-term circulatory assist devices: Heart Mate III®.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
						<p>The INTERMACS classification proposed in 2011 allows prognostic assessment and specifies the urgency for indication and implantation of circulatory assist devices in advanced HF. For the most severe and unstable patients (INTERMACS 1) implantation of circulatory assist devices is recommended within hours. In these cases, due to the high mortality and complexity, short-term methods are suggested, preferably with peripheral and rapid implantation. For patients in INTERMACS 2, implantation of short- or medium-term devices can be considered. For patients classified as INTERMACS 3 (stable, using inotropes) implantation of medium-term devices is recommended. Patients with INTERMACS classification greater than 4 can be assessed for elective implantation of long-term devices (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Palliative care:</bold> This option is for patients for whom heart transplantation and circulatory assist devices are not indicated or available. This form of care is ideally performed by specialists focused on quality of life and symptomatic control. Indications for devices such as pacemakers and defibrillators are reassessed. Palliative care is able to minimize rehospitalizations and humanize treatment in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Indications and contraindications for heart transplantation</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
						<colgroup width="50%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Indications (Class I)</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Possible contraindications</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<label>–</label>
											<p>Advanced HF with dependence on inotropic drugs and/or mechanical circulatory support</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<label>–</label>
											<p>Advanced HF with persistent NYHA functional class IV in spite of optimal treatment, in the presence of other poor prognostic factors</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<label>–</label>
											<p>Advanced HF with peak VO2 lower than or equal to 12 ml/kg/min while using beta-blocker or lower than or equal to 14 ml/kg/min in patients intolerant to beta-blockers</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<label>–</label>
											<p>Over 70 years of age</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<label>–</label>
											<p>Active drug use, tobacco use, alcoholism</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<label>–</label>
											<p>Uncontrolled psychiatric disorders, dementia syndromes or severe mental retardation, comatose states</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<label>–</label>
											<p>Neoplasms without cure criteria</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<label>–</label>
											<p>Non-adherence to proposed therapy before heart transplantation</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<label>–</label>
											<p>Coexistence of comorbidities that limit the patient's life to less than 1 year</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<label>–</label>
											<p>Fixed pulmonary hypertension;</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>HF: heart failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Table 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>INTERMACS classification<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Profile</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Description</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Hemodynamic state</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Timeframe for intervention</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Severe cardiogenic shock</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Persistent hypotension, notwithstanding use of inotropres and IABP, associated with organ dysfunction</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Hours</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">II</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Progressive decline, despite use of inotropes</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Deterioration in renal function, liver function, and nutrition and lactatemia, despite optimized doses of inotropic agents</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Days</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">III</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Stable, but inotrope dependent</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Clinical stability under inotrope therapy, but with a history of failure to wean from inotropes</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Weeks to months</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">IV</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Frequent hospitalizations</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Signs of fluid retention, symptoms at rest, and frequent emergency department visits</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Weeks to months</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">V</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Housebound, exertion limitation</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Pronounced limitation to activity, comfortable at rest, despite fluid retention</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Variable urgency, depending on nutritional state and degree of organ dysfunction</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">VI</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Exertion limitation</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Moderate exertion limitation and absence of signs of hypervolemia</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Variable urgency, depending on nutritional state and degree of organ dysfunction</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">VII</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA III</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Hemodynamic stability and absence of hypervolemia</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Not indicated</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</sec>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgements</title>
			<p>The authors would like to thank all the sources of support and the members of the Department of Heart Failure and Transplantation of the National Institute of Cardiology for their incredible work with patients suffering from this disease.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Metra</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dinatolo</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dasseni</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The New Heart Failure Association Definition of Advanced Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>Card Fail Rev</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>5</fpage>
					<lpage>8</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15420/cfr.2018.43.1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>1 Metra M, Dinatolo E, Dasseni N. The New Heart Failure Association Definition of Advanced Heart Failure. Card Fail Rev. 2019;5(1):5-8. doi: 10.15420/cfr.2018.43.1.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Truby</surname>
							<given-names>LK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rogers</surname>
							<given-names>JG</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Advanced Heart Failure: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approaches</article-title>
					<source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>523</fpage>
					<lpage>536</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jchf.2020.01.014</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>2 Truby LK, Rogers JG. Advanced Heart Failure: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approaches. JACC Heart Fail. 2020;8(7):523-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2020.01.014.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>McDonagh</surname>
							<given-names>TA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Metra</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Adamo</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gardner</surname>
							<given-names>RS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baumbach</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Böhm</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure: Developed by the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special Contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC</article-title>
					<source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>24</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>4</fpage>
					<lpage>131</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.2333</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>3 McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure: Developed by the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special Contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24(1):4-131. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2333.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Simpson</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jhund</surname>
							<given-names>PS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lund</surname>
							<given-names>LH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Padmanabhan</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Claggett</surname>
							<given-names>BL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shen</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Prognostic Models Derived in PARADIGM-HF and Validated in ATMOSPHERE and the Swedish Heart Failure Registry to Predict Mortality and Morbidity in Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>432</fpage>
					<lpage>441</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2019.5850</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>4 Simpson J, Jhund PS, Lund LH, Padmanabhan S, Claggett BL, Shen L, et al. Prognostic Models Derived in PARADIGM-HF and Validated in ATMOSPHERE and the Swedish Heart Failure Registry to Predict Mortality and Morbidity in Chronic Heart Failure. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(4):432-41. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.5850.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Badar</surname>
							<given-names>AA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Perez-Moreno</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hawkins</surname>
							<given-names>NM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brunton</surname>
							<given-names>AP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jhund</surname>
							<given-names>PS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wong</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Angina and Heart Failure in the CHARM (Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity) Programme</article-title>
					<source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>17</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>196</fpage>
					<lpage>204</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.221</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>5 Badar AA, Perez-Moreno AC, Hawkins NM, Brunton AP, Jhund PS, Wong CM, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Angina and Heart Failure in the CHARM (Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity) Programme. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17(2):196-204. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.221.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Barlera</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tavazzi</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Franzosi</surname>
							<given-names>MG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marchioli</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Raimondi</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Masson</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Predictors of Mortality in 6975 Patients with Chronic Heart Failure in the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico-Heart Failure Trial: Proposal for a Nomogram</article-title>
					<source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>31</fpage>
					<lpage>39</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.967828</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>6 Barlera S, Tavazzi L, Franzosi MG, Marchioli R, Raimondi E, Masson S, et al. Predictors of Mortality in 6975 Patients with Chronic Heart Failure in the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico-Heart Failure Trial: Proposal for a Nomogram. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6(1):31-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.967828.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC)</collab>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Survival of Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved or Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: An Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>33</volume>
					<issue>14</issue>
					<fpage>1750</fpage>
					<lpage>1757</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehr254</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>7 Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC). The Survival of Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved or Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: An Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(14):1750-7. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr254.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Groenewegen</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rutten</surname>
							<given-names>FH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mosterd</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hoes</surname>
							<given-names>AW</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Epidemiology of Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>1342</fpage>
					<lpage>1356</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.1858</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>8 Groenewegen A, Rutten FH, Mosterd A, Hoes AW. Epidemiology of Heart Failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(8):1342-56. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1858.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Packer</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Anker</surname>
							<given-names>SD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Butler</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Filippatos</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pocock</surname>
							<given-names>SJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carson</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>N Engl J Med</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>383</volume>
					<issue>15</issue>
					<fpage>1413</fpage>
					<lpage>1424</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2022190</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>9 Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Pocock SJ, Carson P, et al. Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1413-24. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2022190.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zannad</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Briancon</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Juilliere</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mertes</surname>
							<given-names>PM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Villemot</surname>
							<given-names>JP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alla</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Incidence, Clinical and Etiologic Features, and Outcomes of Advanced Chronic Heart Failure: The EPICAL Study. Epidémiologie de l’Insuffisance Cardiaque Avancée en Lorraine</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>1999</year>
					<volume>33</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>734</fpage>
					<lpage>742</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00634-2</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>10 Zannad F, Briancon S, Juilliere Y, Mertes PM, Villemot JP, Alla F, et al. Incidence, Clinical and Etiologic Features, and Outcomes of Advanced Chronic Heart Failure: The EPICAL Study. Epidémiologie de l’Insuffisance Cardiaque Avancée en Lorraine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33(3):734-42. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00634-2.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Savarese</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lund</surname>
							<given-names>LH</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Global Public Health Burden of Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>Card Fail Rev</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>7</fpage>
					<lpage>11</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15420/cfr.2016:25:2</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>11 Savarese G, Lund LH. Global Public Health Burden of Heart Failure. Card Fail Rev. 2017;3(1):7-11. doi: 10.15420/cfr.2016:25:2.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Fernandes</surname>
							<given-names>ADF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernandes</surname>
							<given-names>GC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mazza</surname>
							<given-names>MR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Knijnik</surname>
							<given-names>LM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernandes</surname>
							<given-names>GS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vilela</surname>
							<given-names>AT</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A 10-Year Trend Analysis of Heart Failure in the Less Developed Brazil</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>114</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>222</fpage>
					<lpage>231</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180321</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>12 Fernandes ADF, Fernandes GC, Mazza MR, Knijnik LM, Fernandes GS, Vilela AT, et al. A 10-Year Trend Analysis of Heart Failure in the Less Developed Brazil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(2):222-31. doi: 10.36660/abc.20180321.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Fonarow</surname>
							<given-names>GC</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE): Opportunities to Improve Care of Patients Hospitalized with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>Rev Cardiovasc Med</source>
					<year>2003</year>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<supplement>Suppl 7</supplement>
					<fpage>S21</fpage>
					<lpage>S30</lpage>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>13 Fonarow GC. The Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE): Opportunities to Improve Care of Patients Hospitalized with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2003;4(Suppl 7):S21-30.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<label>14</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
							<given-names>FG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moura</surname>
							<given-names>LAZ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Issa</surname>
							<given-names>VS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vieira</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rohde</surname>
							<given-names>LE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Simões</surname>
							<given-names>MV</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>116</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1174</fpage>
					<lpage>1212</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210367</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>14 Marcondes-Braga FG, Moura LAZ, Issa VS, Vieira JL, Rohde LE, Simões MV, et al. Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(6):1174-212. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210367.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<label>15</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Solomon</surname>
							<given-names>SD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Anavekar</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Skali</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McMurray</surname>
							<given-names>JJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Swedberg</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yusuf</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Influence of Ejection Fraction on Cardiovascular Outcomes in a Broad Spectrum of Heart Failure Patients</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2005</year>
					<volume>112</volume>
					<issue>24</issue>
					<fpage>3738</fpage>
					<lpage>3744</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.561423</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>15 Solomon SD, Anavekar N, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Swedberg K, Yusuf S, et al. Influence of Ejection Fraction on Cardiovascular Outcomes in a Broad Spectrum of Heart Failure Patients. Circulation. 2005;112(24):3738-44. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.561423.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<label>16</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Corrà</surname>
							<given-names>U</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Agostoni</surname>
							<given-names>PG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Anker</surname>
							<given-names>SD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Coats</surname>
							<given-names>AJS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leiro</surname>
							<given-names>MGC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de Boer</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Clinical Stratification in Heart Failure. A Position Paper from the Committee on Exercise Physiology and Training of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology</article-title>
					<source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>3</fpage>
					<lpage>15</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.979</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>16 Corrà U, Agostoni PG, Anker SD, Coats AJS, Leiro MGC, de Boer RA, et al. Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Clinical Stratification in Heart Failure. A Position Paper from the Committee on Exercise Physiology and Training of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20(1):3-15. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.979.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<label>17</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Doust</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pietrzak</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dobson</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Glasziou</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>How Well Does B-type Natriuretic Peptide Predict Death and Cardiac Events in Patients with Heart Failure: Systematic Review</article-title>
					<source>BMJ</source>
					<year>2005</year>
					<volume>330</volume>
					<issue>7492</issue>
					<fpage>625</fpage>
					<lpage>625</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.330.7492.625</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>17 Doust JA, Pietrzak E, Dobson A, Glasziou P. How Well Does B-type Natriuretic Peptide Predict Death and Cardiac Events in Patients with Heart Failure: Systematic Review. BMJ. 2005;330(7492):625. doi: 10.1136/bmj.330.7492.625.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<label>18</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Abraham</surname>
							<given-names>WT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Adams</surname>
							<given-names>KF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fonarow</surname>
							<given-names>GC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Costanzo</surname>
							<given-names>MR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Berkowitz</surname>
							<given-names>RL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>LeJemtel</surname>
							<given-names>TH</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>In-hospital Mortality in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Requiring Intravenous Vasoactive Medications: An Analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE)</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2005</year>
					<volume>46</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>57</fpage>
					<lpage>64</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.051</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>18 Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fonarow GC, Costanzo MR, Berkowitz RL, LeJemtel TH, et al. In-hospital Mortality in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Requiring Intravenous Vasoactive Medications: An Analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(1):57-64. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.051.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<label>19</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tehrani</surname>
							<given-names>BN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Truesdell</surname>
							<given-names>AG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Psotka</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rosner</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Singh</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sinha</surname>
							<given-names>SS</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A Standardized and Comprehensive Approach to the Management of Cardiogenic Shock</article-title>
					<source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>879</fpage>
					<lpage>891</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jchf.2020.09.005</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>19 Tehrani BN, Truesdell AG, Psotka MA, Rosner C, Singh R, Sinha SS, et al. A Standardized and Comprehensive Approach to the Management of Cardiogenic Shock. JACC Heart Fail. 2020;8(11):879-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2020.09.005.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<label>20</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Baran</surname>
							<given-names>DA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grines</surname>
							<given-names>CL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bailey</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Burkhoff</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hall</surname>
							<given-names>SA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Henry</surname>
							<given-names>TD</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>SCAI Clinical Expert Consensus Statement on the Classification of Cardiogenic Shock: This Document was endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in April 2019</article-title>
					<source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>94</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>29</fpage>
					<lpage>37</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ccd.28329</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>20 Baran DA, Grines CL, Bailey S, Burkhoff D, Hall SA, Henry TD, et al. SCAI Clinical Expert Consensus Statement on the Classification of Cardiogenic Shock: This Document was endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in April 2019. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;94(1):29-37. doi: 10.1002/ccd.28329.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<label>21</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Garan</surname>
							<given-names>AR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kanwar</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thayer</surname>
							<given-names>KL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Whitehead</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zweck</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hernandez-Montfort</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Complete Hemodynamic Profiling With Pulmonary Artery Catheters in Cardiogenic Shock Is Associated With Lower In-Hospital Mortality</article-title>
					<source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>903</fpage>
					<lpage>913</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jchf.2020.08.012</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>21 Garan AR, Kanwar M, Thayer KL, Whitehead E, Zweck E, Hernandez-Montfort J, et al. Complete Hemodynamic Profiling With Pulmonary Artery Catheters in Cardiogenic Shock Is Associated With Lower In-Hospital Mortality. JACC Heart Fail. 2020;8(11):903-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2020.08.012.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<label>22</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rohde</surname>
							<given-names>LEP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Montera</surname>
							<given-names>MW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bocchi</surname>
							<given-names>EA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Clausell</surname>
							<given-names>NO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Albuquerque</surname>
							<given-names>DC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rassi</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Diretriz Brasileira de Insuficiência Cardíaca Crônica e Aguda</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>111</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>436</fpage>
					<lpage>539</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180190</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>22 Rohde LEP, Montera MW, Bocchi EA, Clausell NO, Albuquerque DC, Rassi S, et al. Diretriz Brasileira de Insuficiência Cardíaca Crônica e Aguda. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(3):436-539. doi: 10.5935/abc.20180190.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<label>23</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>ABTO News</collab>
					</person-group>
					<publisher-loc>São Paulo</publisher-loc>
					<source>Associação Brasileira de Transplante de Órgãos</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<date-in-citation content-type="access-date">[cited 2022 Apr 23]</date-in-citation>
					<comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://site.abto.org.br/publicacao/ano-21-numero-4/">https://site.abto.org.br/publicacao/ano-21-numero-4/</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>23 ABTO News. São Paulo: Associação Brasileira de Transplante de Órgãos; 2017 [cited 2022 Apr 23]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://site.abto.org.br/publicacao/ano-21-numero-4/">https://site.abto.org.br/publicacao/ano-21-numero-4/</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<label>24</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bacal</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
							<given-names>FG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rohde</surname>
							<given-names>LEP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xavier</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
							<suffix>Jr</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brito</surname>
							<given-names>FS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moura</surname>
							<given-names>LAZ</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>3ᵃ Diretriz Brasileira de Transplante Cardíaco</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>111</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>230</fpage>
					<lpage>289</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180153</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>24 Bacal F, Marcondes-Braga FG, Rohde LEP, Xavier JL Jr, Brito FS, Moura LAZ, et al. 3ᵃ Diretriz Brasileira de Transplante Cardíaco. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(2):230-89. doi: 10.5935/abc.20180153.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<label>25</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kirklin</surname>
							<given-names>JK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Naftel</surname>
							<given-names>DC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kormos</surname>
							<given-names>RL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stevenson</surname>
							<given-names>LW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pagani</surname>
							<given-names>FD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miller</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Third INTERMACS Annual Report: The Evolution of Destination Therapy in the United States</article-title>
					<source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
					<year>2011</year>
					<volume>30</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>115</fpage>
					<lpage>123</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.healun.2010.12.001</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>25 Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Kormos RL, Stevenson LW, Pagani FD, Miller MA, et al. Third INTERMACS Annual Report: The Evolution of Destination Therapy in the United States. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2011;30(2):115-23. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2010.12.001.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>I NEED HELP: Como Identificar Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3715-6442</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Miranda</surname>
						<given-names>Jacqueline Sampaio S.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0084-1999</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fatorelli</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7711-7133</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Luciana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8921-6171</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Salles</surname>
						<given-names>Vitor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sales</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Luiza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante – Instituto Nacional de cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Transplante - Hospital Copa Star – Rede D’Or São Luiz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Hospital Pedro Ernesto - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro,– UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Jacqueline Sampaio dos S. Miranda</bold> • Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. CEP <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil E-mail: <email>jacmiranda25@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Miranda JSS; Obtenção de dados: Miranda JSS, Fatorelli A, Salles V; Análise e interpretação dos dados: Salles V; Redação do manuscrito: Miranda JSS, Fatorelli A, Ferreira L, Salles V, Sales AL; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Miranda JSS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma síndrome clínica caracterizada pelo suprimento inadequado de oxigênio tecidual. A despeito da melhor abordagem atual das cardiopatias, o envelhecimento da população em indivíduos cardiopatas acaba por aumentar a incidência da doença.</p>
				<p>A IC representa a segunda maior causa de internação no Brasil por doenças cardiovasculares e possui alta mortalidade em sua fase mais avançada. O difícil reconhecimento da refratariedade terapêutica muitas vezes pode gerar retardo no encaminhamento para centros especializados que irão promover redução de sintomas, melhora de qualidade de vida e aumento da sobrevida.</p>
				<p>As opções terapêuticas na IC avançada são limitadas, sendo o transplante cardíaco a terapia de escolha. A disponibilidade do órgão é uma grande limitação, tornando o suporte circulatório uma realidade cada vez mais presente e com melhores resultados.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Transplante de Coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Classificação</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec>
				<title>Definição</title>
				<p>O termo insuficiência cardíaca (IC) avançada abrange o grupo de pacientes portadores de IC crônica que evoluem com piora progressiva da função cardíaca e dos sintomas. Em última análise, esses pacientes progridem a uma refratariedade do tratamento padrão orientado por diretrizes vigentes. O prognóstico desses pacientes é reservado com mortalidade alcançando 25% a 75% em um ano. Dessa forma, necessitam de terapias avançadas para garantir desfechos favoráveis, como: transplante cardíaco, suporte com dispositivo de assistência circulatória mecânica e/ou cuidados paliativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Inúmeros sistemas de classificação foram criados para caracterizar pacientes com IC e selecionar os casos avançados. A avaliação de classe funcional proposta pela New York Heart Association (NYHA) define em classe IV aqueles indivíduos com sintomas em repouso ou com qualquer atividade física. Em 2001, o American College of Cardiology (ACC) e o American Heart Association (AHA) descreveram os pacientes em estágio D como aqueles que necessitam de intervenções especializadas devido a presença de sintomas refratários, a despeito da terapia médica otimizada. A classificação do Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulation (INTERMACS) foi desenvolvida para estratificar o risco de pacientes com IC avançada, estabelecer prognóstico e a urgência de intervenção. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref> mostra os sistemas de classificação em conjunto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<table-wrap id="t6">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Estágios e sintomas de IC em diferentes sistemas de classificação</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
						<colgroup width="33%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="center" colspan="3" valign="middle">
									<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-02-0157-ingf01-pt.tif"/>
								</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Estágios ACC</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Classe Funcional NYHA</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Perfis INTERMACS</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>A:</bold> Pacientes que estão sob risco de desenvolvimento de IC, mas sem doença cardíaca funcional ou estrutural</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>B:</bold> Desordem cardíaca estrutural sem a presença de sintomas de IC</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>C:</bold> Desordem cardíaca estrutural presente. Sintomas prévios ou atuais de IC</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>D:</bold> IC refratária ao tratamento clínico. Necessidade de intervenção especializada em centros de IC</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>I:</bold> Nenhuma limitação em atividades físicas habituais</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>II:</bold> Sintomas leves em atividades físicas habituais</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>III:</bold> Sintomas em atividades físicas menos intensas que as habituais. Limitação importante, confortável apenas no repouso</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>IV:</bold> Limitação severa para realizar qualquer atividade sem apresentar desconforto. Sintomas no repouso.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>I:</bold> Choque cardiogênico grave</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>II:</bold> Declínio progressivo apesar do uso de inotrópico</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>III:</bold> Estável, à custa de inotrópico</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>IV:</bold> Internações frequentes</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>V:</bold> Em casa, intolerante aos esforços</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>VI:</bold> Limitação aos esforços</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>VII:</bold> NYHA III</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p>Adaptado de Truby LK, Rogers JG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Estágios da insuficiência cardíaca, conforme descrito pelas classes funcionais do American College of Cardiology (ACC) e da New York Heart Association (NYHA), bem como do Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulation (INTERMACS). IC: insuficiência cardíaca.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>A definição de IC avançada evoluiu ao longo das últimas décadas. A atualização da Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (HFA-ESC) de 2007 para o documento de 2018 trouxe um novo conceito para a classificação desses pacientes. Embora a fração de ejeção (FE) do ventrículo esquerdo comumente seja reduzida, não é critério obrigatório para o diagnóstico de IC avançada, pois pode se desenvolver em pacientes com IC com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp) também. A disfunção de órgãos extracardíacos em decorrência da IC (por exemplo, caquexia cardíaca, disfunção renal e hepática) ou hipertensão pulmonar podem estar presentes, mas não são necessárias para a definição de IC avançada. Os critérios atualizados da HFA-ESC 2018 são apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<table-wrap id="t7">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Critérios para a definição de insuficiência cardíaca avançada</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
						<colgroup width="100%">
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">1. Sintomas de IC persistentes e graves (NYHA III ou IV).</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">2. Disfunção ventricular grave definida por pelo menos um dos seguintes:<break/>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>FEVE ≤ 30%</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>IC direita isolada</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Alterações valvares graves não operáveis</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Anormalidades congênitas graves não operáveis</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Valores de BNP ou NT-proBNP persistentemente elevados e dados mostrando disfunção diastólica grave ou anormalidades estruturais do VE, de acordo com critérios de definição de ICFEp.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">3. Episódios de congestão pulmonar ou sistêmica que requerem altas doses de diurético endovenoso (ou combinação de diuréticos) ou episódios de baixo débito que requerem uso de inotrópicos ou fármacos vasoativos ou arritmias malignas que causem mais que uma visita não planejada à emergência ou hospitalização nos últimos 12 meses.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">4. Capacidade para o exercício gravemente reduzida, com inabilidade para o exercício ou baixa capacidade no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6min &lt; 300 m) ou VO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> pico (&lt; 12 a 14 mL.kg-1.min-1), estimado de origem cardíaca.</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN7">
							<p>Adaptado de Metra et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> BNP: peptídeo natriurético do tipo B; FEVE: fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; NTproBNP: fração N-terminal do peptídeo natriurético do tipo B; NYHA: New York Heart Association; TC6m: teste de caminhada de 6 minutos; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; VO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>: consumo de oxigênio.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Os escores de risco na IC foram desenvolvidos a partir de coortes específicas, incluindo o grupo de pacientes com IC aguda, IC com FE reduzida e/ou ICFEp. Eles são importantes ferramentas na tomada de decisão clínica, e auxiliam de forma acurada a necessidade de tratamentos modificadores de doença, terapias avançadas ou a indicação de cuidados de fim de vida. Observa-se que ainda são subutilizados na prática clínica e que seus resultados não devem ser analisados de forma isolada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Existem diversos escores de risco em IC. Entre eles, Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico-Heart Failure (GISSI-HF),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) e Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O MAGGIC parece apresentar o melhor poder discriminatório para mortalidade em um ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Incidência</title>
					<p>Estima-se que cerca de 64,3 milhões de pessoas estejam vivendo com IC no mundo, cerca 1% a 2% da população adulta em países desenvolvidos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> sendo a doença caracterizada como pandemia global. Ao longo das décadas foi observada grande dificuldade em estabelecer critérios de IC, de fácil reprodução, seguindo como desafio à obtenção de dados confiáveis em algumas regiões do globo.</p>
					<p>Há um predomínio histórico de indivíduos do sexo masculino,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> mas a inclusão recente de ICFEp e IC com fração de ejeção levemente reduzida vem aumentando estatisticamente a representatividade de mulheres nesta síndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A incidência é menor em jovens, cerca de 3 a 5 por mil habitantes na Europa, aumentando substancialmente em indivíduos maiores que 70 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Diversos modelos mostram aceleração nos casos novos de IC a partir da mudança do milênio, com quase 915.000 casos novos nos EUA em 2016 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Este maior aporte de pacientes novos se soma aos que tem a sobrevida prolongada pelo melhor tratamento medicamentoso e invasivo, além do aumento global da expectativa de vida, corroborando para aumento substancial da prevalência da doença.</p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Carga de insuficiência cardíaca.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-02-0157-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Em nosso país existem poucas análises multicêntricas sobre a situação da IC, porém um grupo da Paraíba<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> conseguiu demonstrar redução na taxa de mortalidade nacional. Nota-se, no entanto, elevação nas taxas de mortalidade hospitalar e tempo de hospitalização, sinalizando carência de tratamento apropriado para as formas mais graves da doença.</p>
					<p>A mensuração de indivíduos com IC avançada é ainda mais complexa do que a da IC <italic>lato sensu</italic>, passando por variação nos critérios de definição, e com escores pouco precisos, mas, ainda assim, o registro ADHERE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> verificou em meados dos anos 2000 que 5% das internações estavam relacionadas à IC avançada. Estes dados parecem subestimar estes pacientes graves já que, em 2019 nos EUA, mais de 3.000 pacientes foram tratados com dispositivo de assistência ventricular esquerda, cerca de 3.000 pacientes receberam transplante cardíaco e existiam mais 3.500 pacientes aguardando em fila para receber um órgão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Como identificar</title>
					<p>A IC tem um curso clínico desafiador que traz dificuldades até para clínicos experientes, visto que se trata de uma doença crônica que pode ter evolução sutil ao longo do tempo trazendo para pacientes e equipe de saúde uma falsa sensação de estabilidade clínica.</p>
					<p>Diferente de outras doenças crônicas, a IC pode ter uma curva de sobrevida flutuante com melhora clínica após um grave episódio de descompensação e reestabelecimento de classe funcional na sequência. Esses indivíduos podem, com apoio da terapia médica otimizada, ainda ter uma sobrevida razoável. Outros manterão piora dos sintomas e alta mortalidade em pouco tempo. O limite entre esses dois cenários é tênue e impreciso, fazendo com que o desenvolvimento de sinais de alerta na IC avançada seja de suma importância. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>)</p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Curso clínico da IC avançada.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-02-0157-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>A adição de biomarcadores, carga de arritmia, desempenho no exercício e evolução da FE trazem uma maior objetividade ao estabelecer o melhor momento de encaminhar, entretanto não há um consenso entre as principais sociedades sobre quais seriam esses marcadores. Apesar disso, classe funcional NYHA avançada (III-IV), terapia medicamentosa otimizada e episódios de descompensação que necessitem internação, são unanimemente reconhecidos como marcadores de pior prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Um mnemônico útil que pode ajudar a identificar pacientes que necessitam de encaminhamento a centros especializados em tratamento da IC é o “I NEED HELP”. Ele integra aspectos relacionados à história clínica, hospitalizações, intolerância medicamentosa, FE, sintomas e disfunção de órgãos-alvo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Mnemônico “I NEED HELP” para identificação de pacientes com IC avançada</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Inotrópico dependente/intolerância à terapia otimizada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
									<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA III/IV persistente</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">E</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Ejeção (fração) menor que 20%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">E</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Edema persistente, refratário a doses progressivas de diuréticos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">D</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Desfibrilador (choque apropriado recorrente)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
									<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Hospitalizações e visitas à emergência recorrentes nos últimos 12 meses</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">E</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Elevação persistente de peptídeos natriuréticos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">L</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Lesão em órgão alvo</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">P</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Pressão arterial sistólica persistentemente menor que 90 mmHg</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>Os fatores elencados nesse mnemônico não são os únicos de preocupação, mas em análises multivariadas de diversos ensaios clínicos, mostraram-se como preditores importantes e a presença de um deles deve sugerir a opinião de um centro de referência.</p>
					<p>Uma variável importante é a FE. Nos pacientes portadores de IC com FE reduzida a cada 10% de redução da FE ocorre um aumento significativo de eventos no que tange a morte súbita e morte por IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> contudo observa-se dificuldade, muitas vezes, na estratificação de risco daqueles com FE preservada. Essa população é igualmente grave quando portadora dos outros sinais de alerta e acaba por ter seu diagnóstico retardado com o adicional de um pequeno arsenal terapêutico.</p>
					<p>A classificação NYHA é uma das mais usada para descrever gravidade dos sintomas, permite a avaliação clínica, auxilia no manejo terapêutico e ainda possui excelente relação prognóstica. Contudo, existem limitações, pois depende do autorrelato de sintomas, que é influenciado pela subjetividade de cada paciente. Nesses indivíduos o uso do teste de exercício cardiopulmonar (TECP) traz informações mais precisas ressaltando sinais de alerta até mesmo nos assintomáticos, sendo um grande instrumento para calibrar risco e prognosticar os indivíduos com IC avançada. Nos pacientes com ICFEp e IC com fração de ejeção levemente reduzida o TECP também manteve a acurácia com excelente correlação do VO<sub>2</sub> pico e da resposta ventilatória (inclinação VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O peptídeo natriurético do tipo B (BNP) é um biomarcador de grande utilidade prognóstica. Sua persistência elevada marca risco de evento e mortalidade. Em revisão sistemática que analisou 19 estudos, para cada aumento de 100 pg/mL do BNP plasmático observava-se um aumento de 35% no risco relativo de morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A terapia inotrópica é isoladamente um marcador de óbito hospitalar<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e deve ter seu uso empregado exclusivamente nos pacientes em choque, por isso pacientes que necessitaram de terapia inotrópica oriundos de uma internação devem ter prioridade na reavaliação pós alta.</p>
					<p>Um outro cenário de refratariedade ainda mais desafiador são os pacientes em choque cardiogênico (CC), que podem ter apresentação aguda (virgem de doença) ou serem portadores de doenças crônicas que evoluíram com baixo débito e déficit perfusional. Nesses casos, o suporte inotrópico e/ou mecânico temporário são fundamentais até que o diagnóstico etiológico seja feito e o prognóstico seja estabelecido. Para tal, um time de choque com protocolos de atuação rápida e precisa é fundamental para evitar a falência múltipla orgânica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Com o objetivo de melhorar o reconhecimento e agilidade nas intervenções no CC, a Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) em 2019 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>) propôs uma nova classificação, subdividindo o CC em cinco estágios com foco na perfusão tecidual e sinais de disfunção orgânica. Os estágios A e B representam pacientes sob o risco de choque e choque inicial respectivamente. A identificação e atuação nesses estágios melhora prognóstico e tem impacto em sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Classificação da Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) para o choque cardiogênico. Adaptado de: Baran DA et al. SCAI clinical expert consensus statement on the classification of cardiogenic shock. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2019; 94(1): 29-37. CC: choque cardiogênico; ECMO: oxigenação por membrana extracorporal; IAM: infarto agudo do miocárdio; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; PCR: parada cardiorrespiratória; RCP: ressuscitação cardiorrespiratória.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-02-0157-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Outro ponto importante é a monitorização hemodinâmica com cateter de artéria pulmonar que se torna fundamental no diagnóstico do CC trazendo mais precisão terapêutica. Recentemente, o Cardiogenic Shock Working Group (CSWG) avaliou a monitorização invasiva em 1.414 pacientes com CC evidenciando que a terapia guiada reduziu a mortalidade nessa população.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
					<p>No mundo todo, centros de tratamento na IC avançada sinalizam que os pacientes são encaminhados tardiamente. Estratégias múltiplas são necessárias para melhorar o reconhecimento e atendimento desses pacientes tanto na fase aguda como crônica, permitindo assim o emprego de terapias avançadas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Manejo da IC Avançada</title>
					<p>Conforme anteriormente pontuado, pacientes com IC avançada apresentam alta complexidade e elevada mortalidade, por esta razão devem ser acompanhados em centros especializados em IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Esses centros têm como objetivo descartar causas reversíveis de IC e garantir o emprego de todas as terapias médicas possíveis, incluindo terapia de ressincronização e abordagem valvar quando aplicável, além de apoio multidisciplinar fundamental para identificar a elegibilidade das terapias mais avançadas.</p>
					<p>Nesta fase, os pacientes apresentam sinais de refratariedade clínica ao tratamento medicamentoso e não medicamentoso otimizados sugeridos pelas diretrizes nacionais e internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Medicações modificadoras de doença anteriormente bem toleradas podem necessitar diminuição de doses ou até suspensão. Diferentes graus de hipoperfusão tecidual podem determinar a associação de inotrópicos. A deterioração progressiva da função renal pode requerer associação de diuréticos, terapia diurética intravenosa ou ainda terapia de substituição renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Como plano terapêutico para IC avançada os centros de IC contam basicamente com três opções:</p>
					<list list-type="order">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Transplante cardíaco:</bold> É o tratamento de escolha na ausência de contraindicações. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>). O transplante cardíaco tem números crescentes com mais de 5.000 procedimentos realizados ao ano em todo o mundo. O Brasil também tem conseguido aumentar o número de casos nos últimos anos com 380 transplantes em 2017, mas ainda aquém da necessidade populacional, cuja estimativa seria de 1.649 transplantes/ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Tem como grande limitante a disponibilidade do órgão trazendo a opção do dispositivo de assistência circulatória para casos selecionados.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Dispositivos de assistência circulatória:</bold> Promovem melhora sintomática e permitem satisfatória sobrevida quando comparados aos resultados dos transplantes cardíacos. São opções interessantes em alguns casos de contraindicação ao transplante cardíaco (terapia de destino), e podem ser utilizados como “ponte para o transplante cardíaco” ou como “ponte para recuperação”.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
							<p>Hoje há grande oferta de diferentes tipos de dispositivos de assistência circulatória. A escolha do dispositivo vai depender dos objetivos terapêuticos, da gravidade do paciente ou grau de instabilidade hemodinâmica, das habilidades da equipe em lidar com os diferentes métodos de suporte e da disponibilidade do método em cada instituição.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
							<p>Classificação dos dispositivos conforme tempo de suporte previsto para o método pelos fabricantes em:</p>
							<list list-type="simple">
								<list-item>
									<label>–</label>
									<p>Dispositivos de assistência circulatória de curta permanência: balão intra-aórtico, Impella® e oxigenação por membrana extracorporal;</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<label>–</label>
									<p>Dispositivos de assistência circulatória de permanência intermediária: Centrimag®;</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<label>–</label>
									<p>Dispositivos de assistência circulatória de longa permanência: Heart Mate III®.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
								</list-item>
							</list>
							<p>A classificação INTERMACS proposta em 2011 permite avaliação prognóstica e aponta a urgência para indicação e implante dos dispositivos de assistência circulatória na IC avançada. Para os pacientes mais graves e instáveis (INTERMACS 1) é sugerido implante de dispositivos de assistência circulatória em horas. Nestes casos, pela elevada mortalidade e complexidade são sugeridos métodos de curta permanência, de preferência de instalação periférica e rápida. Em pacientes em INTERMACS 2 pode-se considerar o implante de dispositivos de permanência curta ou intermediária. Já para os pacientes classificados como INTERMACS 3 (estáveis em uso de inotrópicos) sugere-se a instalação de dispositivos de permanência intermediária. Pacientes com classificação INTERMACS superior a 4 podem ser avaliados para implante eletivo de dispositivos de longa permanência (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Cuidado paliativo:</bold> Opção aos pacientes em que transplante cardíaco e dispositivos de assistência circulatória não são indicados ou disponíveis. O cuidado é idealmente realizado por especialistas e centrado em qualidade de vida e controle sintomático. São reavaliadas indicações de dispositivos como marcapassos e desfibriladores. É capaz de minimizar rehospitalizações e humanizar o tratamento na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label>Tabela 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Indicações e contra-indicações ao transplante cardíaco</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Indicações (Classe I)</th>
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Possíveis contra-indicações</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<label>–</label>
												<p>IC avançada na dependência de drogas inotrópicas e/ ou suporte circulatório mecânico</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<label>–</label>
												<p>IC avançada com classe funcional NYHA IV persistente apesar de tratamento otimizado na presença de outros fatores de mau prognóstico</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<label>–</label>
												<p>IC avançada com VO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> de pico inferior ou igual a 12 ml/kg/min em uso de betabloqueadores ou inferior ou igual a 14 ml/kg/min em pacientes intolerantes a betabloqueadores</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<label>–</label>
												<p>Idade superior a 70 anos</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<label>–</label>
												<p>Uso de drogas, tabagismo, alcoolismo ativos</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<label>–</label>
												<p>Transtornos psiquiátricos não controlados, síndromes demenciais ou retardo mental grave, estados comatosos</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<label>–</label>
												<p>Neoplasias sem critérios de cura</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<label>–</label>
												<p>Não adesão à terapia proposta pré transplante cardíaco</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<label>–</label>
												<p>Coexistência de comorbidades que limitem a vida do paciente em tempo inferior a 1 anos</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<label>–</label>
												<p>Hipertensão pulmonar fixa</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p>IC: insuficiência cardíaca; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Tabela 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Classificação INTERMACS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
							<colgroup width="25%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Perfil</th>
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Descrição</th>
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Estado hemodinâmico</th>
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Tempo para intervenção</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Choque cardiogênico grave</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipotensão persistente, apesar do uso de inotrópicos e BIA associado à disfunção orgânica</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Horas</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">II</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Declínio progressivo, apesar do uso de inotrópico</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Declínio da função renal, hepática, nutricional e lactatemia, a despeito do uso de agentes inotrópicos em doses otimizadas</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Dias</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">III</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Estável, à custa de inotrópico</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Estabilidade clínica em vigência de terapia inotrópica, mas com histórico de falência do desmame</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Semanas a meses</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">IV</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Internações frequentes</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Sinais de retenção hídrica, sintomas ao repouso e passagens frequentes em unidades de emergência</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Semanas a meses</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">V</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Em casa, intolerante aos esforços</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Limitação marcante para atividades, porém confortável ao repouso, a despeito de retenção hídrica</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Urgência variável, dependente do estado nutricional e do grau de disfunção orgânica</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">VI</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Limitação aos esforços</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Limitação moderada aos esforços e ausência de sinais de hipervolemia</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Urgência variável, dependente do estado nutricional e do grau de disfunção orgânica</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">VII</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA III</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Estabilidade hemodinâmica e ausência da hipervolemia</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Não indicado</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>BIA: balão intra-aórtico; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
					<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimentos</title>
				<p>Gostaria de agradecer a todas as fontes de apoio e aos membros do Departamento de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia pelo belo trabalho junto aos pacientes que sofrem dessa patologia.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>