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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220052</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220052</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cognitive Frailty and Depressive Symptoms in Heart Transplant Candidates: Rational and Study Design</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8712-1408</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>France Matos de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3218-9621</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ikeda</surname>
						<given-names>Erika Tiemi</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7857-9863</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Seguro</surname>
						<given-names>Luis Fernando Bernal da Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila</surname>
						<given-names>Mônica Samuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8822-5997</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Campos</surname>
						<given-names>Iascara Wozniak de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3043-6978</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Marcus Vinicius B.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5306-9971</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Feltrim</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Ignez Zanetti</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2870-6999</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lage</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia Helena Gelas</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9204-485X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bocchi</surname>
						<given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9351-8949</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Issa</surname>
						<given-names>Victor Sarli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel Morita</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1615-2557</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gaiotto</surname>
						<given-names>Fábio Antônio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7603-2752</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bacal</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
						<given-names>Fabiana Goulart</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0894-1131</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mangini</surname>
						<given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Quanta Diagnósticos e Terapia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagnósticos e Terapia, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: France Matos de Oliveira</bold> • Alameda Santos, 1470, cjto 110. Postal code <postal-code>01418-100</postal-code>, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP – Brazil. E-mail: <email>france_matos@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="equal" id="fn1">
					<label>*</label>
					<p>These authors equally contributed to the article.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Author Contributions</bold></p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira FM, Ikeda ET, Bacal F, Marcondes-Braga FG, Mangini S; Acquisition of data: Oliveira FM, Ikeda ET; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira FM, Seguro LFBC, Avila MS, Campos IW, Marcondes-Braga FG, Mangini S; Statistical analysis: Fernandes-Silva MM, Marcondes-Braga FG; Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira FM, Marcondes-Braga FG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Seguro LFBC, Avila MS, Campos IW, Marcondes-Braga FG, Mangini S, Santos MVB, Feltrim MIZ, Lage SHG, Bocchi EA, Issa VS, Gaiotto FA.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>152</fpage>
			<lpage>156</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>Patients with advanced heart disease have impaired cognitive abilities and higher probability of depressive symptoms. These factors contribute to negative outcomes of treatment, such as the development of comorbidities, higher hospitalization and mortality rates, poor treatment compliance and self-care, and decrease in quality of life and functionality.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p>To describe the prevalence and to evaluate the impact of cognitive frailty in patients in the waiting list of heart transplantation, with death while waiting transplantation and priority transplantation as clinical outcomes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>Longitudinal, prospective study evaluating cognitive frailty in 150 patients with advanced heart failure referred to transplantation in a hospital in Sao Paulo. Volunteers older than 18 years of age, hospitalized or in outpatient care, in the waiting list of transplantation will be considered eligible and will be assess within one month after being included in the waitlist. Cognitive performance will be assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the battery of neuropsychological test Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). The symptoms of depression will be assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>The study will allow to describe the prevalence of cognitive frailty and its relationship with treatment outcomes in a Brazilian population.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion:</title>
					<p>Data from this study will allow the analysis of associations between cognitive profile and severity of heart failure in patients referred to transplantation and their effects on clinical outcomes.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Cognitive Frailty</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Transplant</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
				<page-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Frailty is understood as a state of increased vulnerability to stressors associated with loss of physiologic reserve. Frail patients, when exposed to stressors, have increased likelihood of decompensation, adverse events, functional decline and disability. In cardiac patients, frailty has also been associated with higher hospitalization rate and comorbidities and has been suggested as a strong predictor of unfavorable clinical outcomes and mortality. Compared to non-frail individuals, frail patients with heart failure (HF) show higher rates of mortality (16.9 vs. 4.8%) and hospitalization (20.5 vs. 13.3%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Patients with HF are at higher risk of cognitive frailty. The reasons are not clear, but may be associated with hemodynamic, vascular, and inflammatory issues that may occur in the process of cardiac failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Functional changes in the white and grey matter of the brain are detected in imaging tests. Decreased blood flow to the brain, reduced cardiac output, altered cerebrovascular reactivity and altered blood pressure seem to be the main mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Cognitive impairment in HF involves several domains, including learning memory, late memory, working memory, attention, executive function and psychomotor speed. Cognitive changes affect self-care ability of patients, <italic>i.e.</italic>, the active decision-making in dealing with the incident disease, promoting health maintenance and making behavioral changes towards a specific treatment. In practical terms, these changes can cause relevant difficulties in the management of cardiac patients, especially regarding the understanding of disease, compliance to instructions and drug therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Cognitive and mood changes in frail patients with HF have been shown to play a key role in disease progression, disability conditions and death. Many studies have recognized frailty as a multisystem measure that includes not only physical damages, but also psychosocial and cognitive problems. Therefore, identification and management of these conditions are important clinical challenges nowadays.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Objective</title>
			<p>The present study aims to evaluate the impact of cognitive impairment in patients in the waiting list of heart transplantation, with death while waiting transplantation and priority transplantation as primary clinical outcomes.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Method</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Study design and population</title>
				<p>Adult patients (older than 18 years), with diagnosis of advanced HF, of different etiologies, in the waiting list of heart transplantation of the <italic>Hospital do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP</italic> will be invited to participate in the study within 30 days after being included in the list. Patients admitted to the wards or to the intensive care units, and outpatients in the waitlist for transplantation will be considered eligible. Patients will be given information about the study, and those who accept to participate will sign an informed consent form, according to the 466/2012 resolution, and receive a copy of the document. The research protocol was approved by the local ethics committee from <italic>Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP</italic> (CAAE 97526818.4.0000.0068).</p>
				<p>Patient assessment will be preferably performed at the same visit. The three assessment instruments will be administered on the same day, except for patients with complications or institutional requirements for temporary interruption of the study. Eventual administration of the instruments on separate days will not affect the results. The battery of neuropsychological tests predicts the interruption of the tasks after a sequence of consecutive errors, which reduces the likelihood of aversion to the task or excess exposure to frustration or distress in case of poor performance. All patients will also be assessed for physical frailty according to the Fried criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A brief sociodemographic interview will be administered, including data on marital status, religion, self-reported race, monthly income, occupation and work activity, diagnosis awareness, psychiatric history, life habits and lifestyle. Clinical data of patients will be collected in the electronic chart and the database will be constructed using the REDCap software.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Inclusion criteria</title>
				<list list-type="simple">
					<list-item>
						<p>– patients aged older than 18 years of both sexes;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>– patients with diagnosis of heart failure of different etiologies, in the transplant waiting list at the Heart Institute.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Exclusion criteria</title>
				<list list-type="simple">
					<list-item>
						<p>– patients with medical conditions that prevent the administration of assessment tools for cognition and/or depression (sleepiness, depressed conscious level, delirium or mental confusion, among others) or the performance of tasks involved in the assessment.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>– Incomplete assessment protocol, due to clinical decompensation or refusal to continue participation.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Materials</title>
				<p>Cognitive performance will be assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). The MoCA is a cognitive screening test that has been shown to be a practical and effective tool in the distinction of performance between adults with normal cognition and adults with decreased cognition. The battery of tests evaluates eight cognitive domains, with a maximum score of 30 points (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Structure of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
						<colgroup width="33%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Cognitive Domain</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Task</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Points</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Executive functions</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Trail Making Test (adapted)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1 point</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Phonemic verbal fluency</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1 point</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Verbal abstraction</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1 point</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Visuospatial ability</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Clock drawing</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3 points</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Copy two-dimensional figure (cube)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1 point</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Memory</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Name recall</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">5 points</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Attention and work memory</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Recall of digits (forward order)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1 point</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Recall of digits (backward order)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1 point</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Sustained attention (target detection)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1 point</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Serial 7 subtraction</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3 points</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Language</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Name 3 unfamiliar animals</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3 points</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Repeat 2 syntactically complex sentences</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2 points</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Phonemic verbal fluency</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Orientation</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Temporal</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4 points</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Spatial</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2 points</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>In the Brazilian population, for adults with 12 years of schooling, the cutoff point is 12 years. Then, scores ≤ 26 points will be classified as frailty.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>WASI is a quick measure of intelligence, individually administered to people aged 6-89 years. The instrument provides information about total intelligence quotient (Total IQ), executive IQ (eIQ) and verbal IQ (vIQ) using four subtests: (vocabulary, block design, similarities, and matrix reasoning) that evaluate several cognitive aspects, including verbal comprehension, visual information processing, spatial and non-verbal reasoning, and fluid and crystallized intelligence. The time of administration of the WASI varies from 30 to 60 minutes, according to patient performance. The scale can also measure TotalIQ using only two subtests (vocabulary and matrix reasoning) within 15 minutes. This battery, derived from and similar to the Wechsler family, was created to meet the need of a quick and reliable measure of intelligence in the clinical and research contexts. The test was normalized and validated to the Brazilian population in the end of 2014.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> describe the structure of the tests, the cognitive functions assessed, and the frailty criteria used in the study.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Structure of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence WASI</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
						<colgroup width="33%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Task</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Area</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Domains analyzed</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Cubes</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Execution</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Visuospatial organization and processing ability</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Speed of perception and organization</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Problem solving</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Matrix reasoning</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Execution</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Fluid ability and perception organization</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Planning and prediction ability</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Visual and perceptual-motor coordination</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Attention</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Vocabulary</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Verbal</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Lexical competencies</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Linguistic entrenchment</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Expression of thought</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Similarities</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Verbal</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Logical thought and abstraction Formation of concepts and categories Ability to integrate and synthesize concepts Mental flexibility Immediate memory</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="middle">Similarities</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="5" valign="middle">Verbal</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Logical thought and abstraction</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Formation of concepts and categories</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Ability to integrate and synthesize concepts</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Mental flexibility</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Immediate memory</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Scores of 90-110 are classified within the population mean; therefore, scores ≤ 90 will be classified as frailty.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) will be used to evaluate depression. The BDI is a self-report measure consisting of 21 items, aimed at measuring the presence and the severity of depressive symptoms. The instrument must be applied by a psychologist and can be used in adolescents (&gt;13 years) and adults. The time for administration is approximately 10 minutes, but there is no maximum time to complete the test. The patient will answer items that evaluate feelings of sadness, pessimism, hopelessness, unhappiness, guilt, punishment sensitivity, self-disgust, self-blame, suicidal ideation, crisis of crying, irritability, social withdrawal, distortion of body image, work inhibition, fatigue, somatic concern, and changes in sleep, appetite, body weight and libido. Results &lt; 13 points indicate absence of depressive symptoms; 14-19 points indicate mild depression; 20-28 points moderate depression, and 29-63 points severe depression.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical outcomes</title>
				<p><bold>Primary:</bold></p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>death while waiting transplantation and priority transplantation;</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p><bold>Secondary:</bold></p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>death while waiting transplantation</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>correlation of cognitive frailty with physical frailty</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis and sample calculation</title>
				<p>Continuous data of each variable will be compared to a normal curve using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and classified as parametric and non-parametric. Parametric data will be expressed as mean and standard deviation, and asymmetric data as median and interquartile range, lower quartile (25<sup>th</sup> percentile) and upper quartile (75<sup>th</sup> percentile). Data will be analyzed by parametric survival models, not necessarily considering the proportionality of risks over time.</p>
				<p>For sample size calculation, we considered the primary endpoint of the study, and a proportion between frail and non-frail patients of 4:1. A rate of events of 30% within six months was adopted to achieve a statistical power of 80%, an alpha error of 0.05 and to detect a two-fold increase in the risk of the primary endpoint in six months. Thus, the estimated sample was 150 patients. To evaluate the relationship between cognitive frailty and death while on waitlist for heart transplantation, we will use the subdistribution hazard model by Fine and Gray, considering transplantation as the competing event.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Study limitations</title>
				<p>This was a single-center study conducted in a quaternary referral hospital, which may cause selection or ascertainment bias. In addition, in our institution, most transplantations have been conducted in patients who have top priority in receiving heart transplants, which indicates higher severity of the study population. Finally, socioeconomic and cultural status of the Brazilian population differs from that of other countries, which may affect the external validation of the study.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The international literature indicates that there is a direct relationship between cognitive frailty and worse outcomes of heart transplantation. There are few data on this theme in Brazil and for this reason, we believe it is important to assess and to describe how this condition affects patient survival. The study will allow to evaluate the relationship between cognitive frailty and death while on waitlist in a quaternary hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by France Matos de Oliveira, from <italic>Programa de Pós Graduação em Cirurgia Torácica e Cardiovascular da Faculdade de Medicina da USP</italic>.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Fragilidade Cognitiva e Sintomas Depressivos em Pacientes Candidatos a Transplante Cardíaco: Racional e Desenho de Estudo</article-title>
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			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8712-1408</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>France Matos de</given-names>
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				</contrib>
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				<contrib contrib-type="author">
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						<surname>Bocchi</surname>
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				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1615-2557</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gaiotto</surname>
						<given-names>Fábio Antônio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7603-2752</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bacal</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
						<given-names>Fabiana Goulart</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0894-1131</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mangini</surname>
						<given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagnósticos e Terapia, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: France Matos de Oliveira</bold> • Alameda Santos, 1470, cjto 110. CEP <postal-code>01418-100</postal-code>, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP – Brasil. E-mail: <email>france_matos@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="equal" id="fn4">
					<label>*</label>
					<p>Esses autores contribuíram igualmente para o trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira FM, Ikeda ET, Bacal F, Marcondes-Braga FG, Mangini S; Obtenção de dados: Oliveira FM, Ikeda ET; Análise e interpretação dos dados: Oliveira FM, Seguro LFBC, Avila MS, Campos IW, Marcondes-Braga FG, Mangini S; Análise estatística: Fernandes-Silva MM, Marcondes-Braga FG; Redação do manuscrito: Oliveira FM, Marcondes-Braga FG; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Seguro LFBC, Avila MS, Campos IW, Marcondes-Braga FG, Mangini S, Santos MVB, Feltrim MIZ, Lage SHG, Bocchi EA, Issa VS, Gaiotto FA..</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento:</title>
					<p>Pacientes com doença cardíaca avançada apresentam prejuízos em sua capacidade cognitiva e maior probabilidade de desenvolver sintomas de depressão. Essas variáveis contribuem para desfechos negativos no tratamento, tais como o surgimento de comorbidades, aumento nas taxas de internação e mortalidade, falhas na adesão e autocuidado, além de prejuízos na qualidade de vida e funcionalidade.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo:</title>
					<p>Descrever a prevalência e avaliar o impacto de fragilidade cognitiva em pacientes em fila de transplante cardíaco com o desfecho clínico morte em fila ou transplante em prioridade.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p>Estudo longitudinal e prospectivo de avaliação da fragilidade cognitiva de 150 pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada encaminhados ao transplante em um hospital de São Paulo. Serão elegíveis ao estudo pacientes acima de 18 anos, internados ou em regime ambulatorial, voluntários, incluídos em fila de transplante e avaliados em até um mês após sua inserção em lista. Para avaliar o desempenho cognitivo, serão utilizados o teste <italic>Montreal Cognitive Assessment</italic> e a bateria neuropsicológica WASI – Escala Wechsler Abreviada de Inteligência. Os sintomas depressivos serão avaliados pelo Inventário Beck de Depressão.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p>O estudo permitirá descrever a prevalência de fragilidade cognitiva e estabelecer paralelos entre os desfechos do tratamento dentro da realidade brasileira.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão:</title>
					<p>Os dados possibilitarão análises de associação entre o perfil cognitivo e a gravidade da insuficiência cardíaca de pacientes encaminhados ao transplante e as repercussões no desfecho clínico.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>IFragilidade Cognitiva</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Transplante Cardíaco</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Compreende-se por fragilidade a maior vulnerabilidade a estressores, associada à pouca reserva fisiológica. Pacientes frágeis, quando expostos a estressores, aumentam a probabilidade de descompensação, eventos adversos, declínio funcional e incapacidade. Nos pacientes cardíacos, a fragilidade também está relacionada à maior número de hospitalizações e comorbidades, e é apontada como um poderoso preditor de desfechos clínicos desfavoráveis e mortalidade. Em comparação com pessoas não frágeis, pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) frágeis apresentam altas taxas de mortalidade (16,9% contra 4,8%) e de hospitalização (20,5% contra 13,3%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Pacientes com IC apresentam risco elevado para o desenvolvimento de fragilidade cognitiva. As razões ainda não estão claras, mas podem estar associadas a questões hemodinâmicas, vasculares e inflamatórias que ocorrem no processo de falência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Alterações funcionais nas regiões de massa branca e cinzenta foram detectadas em exames de imagem do cérebro. Acredita-se que redução do fluxo cerebral e do débito cardíaco, alterações de reatividade cerebrovascular e nos níveis de pressão arterial sejam as principais características envolvidas na etiopatogenia da alteração cognitiva na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O dano cognitivo na IC envolve diversos domínios e, em especial, a memória de aprendizagem, memória tardia, memória de trabalho, atenção, funções executivas e velocidade psicomotora. As alterações cognitivas interferem na habilidade de autocuidado do paciente, ou seja, no processo de tomada de decisão ativa em lidar com a doença incidente, promover a manutenção da saúde e operar mudanças no comportamento em prol de um tratamento específico. Em termos práticos, tais alterações podem acarretar dificuldades relevantes na abordagem de pacientes cardíacos, especialmente quanto à compreensão da doença, adesão às orientações e remédios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As alterações na cognição e no humor em pacientes frágeis com IC parecem desempenhar papel fundamental na progressão da doença e em condições de incapacidade e morte. Diversos estudos reconhecem a fragilidade como uma medida multissistêmica que inclui, além dos danos físicos, esferas psicossociais e cognitivas. Deste modo, a identificação e o manejo dessas condições são desafios clínicos importantes na atualidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Objetivo</title>
				<p>O presente estudo almeja avaliar o impacto de fragilidade cognitiva em pacientes em fila de transplante cardíaco com morte em fila ou transplante em prioridade como desfecho clínico primário.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Método</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Desenho e população do estudo</title>
					<p>Pacientes adultos (maiores de 18 anos), com diagnóstico de IC avançada, de diferentes etiologias, incluídos em lista de transplante cardíaco no Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP serão convidados a participar do estudo em até trinta dias após a inserção em lista. Serão avaliados pacientes internados nas enfermarias ou unidades de terapia intensiva assim como os pacientes ambulatoriais incluídos em fila. Após receberem informações sobre o estudo, aqueles que aceitarem participar assinarão termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido conforme resolução 466/2012, recebendo uma cópia do documento. O projeto de pesquisa foi previamente aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (CAAE 97526818.4.0000.0068).</p>
					<p>A avaliação preferencialmente ocorrerá em uma única visita, com aplicação dos três instrumentos na mesma data, exceto se a condição clínica do paciente não permitir ou se houver alguma intercorrência ou necessidade do setor para interrupção momentânea do protocolo da pesquisa. A aplicação dos testes em dias diferentes, entretanto, não acarretará em prejuízo ou implicações para os resultados. O tempo total de avaliação poderá variar entre sessenta a cento e vinte minutos, a depender do nível de escolaridade e desempenho do participante. A bateria de avaliação neuropsicológica prevê a interrupção das tarefas após uma sequência de erros consecutivos, o que diminui a possibilidade de aversão à tarefa e da exposição excessiva à frustração ou ao desgaste do paciente no caso de um desempenho ruim. Todos os pacientes também passarão por avaliação de fragilidade física seguindo os critérios de Fried.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Haverá uma entrevista breve e inicial com o paciente sobre dados sociodemográficos para coletar informações como estado civil, religião, raça declarada, renda mensal, profissão e atividade laboral, compreensão do diagnóstico, histórico psiquiátrico, hábitos e estilo de vida. Os dados clínicos dos pacientes serão coletados no prontuário eletrônico e o banco de dados do projeto será gerado na plataforma REDCap.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Critérios de inclusão</title>
					<list list-type="simple">
						<list-item>
							<p>– pacientes com idade maior que 18 anos de ambos os sexos.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>– pacientes com diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca de diferentes etiologias listados para o transplante cardíaco no Instituto do Coração.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Critérios de exclusão</title>
					<list list-type="simple">
						<list-item>
							<p>– quadro clínico que não permita a aplicação das ferramentas de avaliação da cognição e/ou depressão (sonolência, rebaixamento de nível de consciência, delirium ou confusão mental, entre outros) ou que impossibilite a execução das tarefas envolvidas na avaliação.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>– protocolo de avaliação incompleto, por descompensação clínica do paciente ou recusa ao longo do processo.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiais</title>
					<p>O desempenho cognitivo será avaliado utilizando-se o <italic>Montreal Cognitive Assessment</italic> (MoCA) e a Escala Wechsler Abreviada de Inteligência (WASI). O MoCA é um instrumento breve de rastreio cognitivo que tem se mostrado prático e eficaz na distinção de desempenho entre adultos com cognição normal e adultos com declínio cognitivo. A ferramenta avalia oito domínios cognitivos, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>, e tem pontuação máxima de 30 pontos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Estrutura do Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
							<colgroup width="33%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Domínio Cognitivo</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Tarefa</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Pontuação</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Funções executivas</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Trail Making Test (adaptado)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1 ponto</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Fluência Verbal fonêmica</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1 ponto</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Abstração verbal</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1 ponto</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Capacidade Visuoespacial</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Desenho do Relógio</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">3 pontos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Cópia de Figura Bidimensional (cubo)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1 ponto</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Memória</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Evocação de Palavras</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">5 pontos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Atenção e memória de trabalho</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Memória de dígitos (sentido direto)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1 ponto</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Memória de dígitos (sentido indireto)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1 ponto</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Tarefa de atenção sustentada (detecção de alvo)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1 ponto</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Subtração em série de 7</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">3 pontos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Linguagem</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Nomeação de 3 animais pouco familiares</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">3 pontos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Repetição de 2 frases sintaticamente complexas</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2 pontos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Fluência verbal fonêmica</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Orientação</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Temporal</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">4 pontos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Espacial</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">2 pontos</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Na população brasileira, para adultos com escolaridade de 12 anos, a nota de corte é de 26 dos 30 pontos totais. Deste modo, escores ≤ 26 pontos serão classificados como fragilidade.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>A WASI é um instrumento breve de avaliação da inteligência, possui aplicação individual a pessoas com idade entre 6 e 89 anos. A bateria fornece informações sobre o quociente de inteligência total (QI Total),, QI de execução (QIe) e QI verbal (QIv) a partir de quatro subtestes (vocabulário, cubos, semelhanças e raciocínio matricial) que avaliam diversos aspectos cognitivos, como conhecimento verbal, processamento de informação visual, raciocínio espacial e não verbal, e inteligência fluida e cristalizada. O tempo de aplicação do instrumento varia entre 30 e 60 minutos, de acordo com o desempenho do paciente. A escala ainda fornece a possibilidade de avaliação do QI Total com apenas dois subtestes (vocabulário e raciocínio matricial) em um período de 15 minutos. Essa bateria, derivada e semelhante à família das escalas Wechsler, nasceu com o objetivo de atender a necessidade de uma medida breve e confiável de inteligência em contextos clínicos e de pesquisa. Sua normatização e validação para a população brasileira ocorreu no final de 2014.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref> indicam a estrutura dos testes, as funções cognitivas avaliadas e o critério de fragilidade estabelecido no estudo.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Estrutura da Escala Wechsler Abreviada de Inteligência (WASI)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
							<colgroup width="33%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Tarefa</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Área</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Domínios analisados</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Cubos</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Execução</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Capacidade de organização e processamento visuoespacial</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Velocidade de percepção e organização</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Resolução de problemas</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Raciocínio Matricial</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Execução</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Habilidade fluida e organização da percepção</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Habilidade de planejamento e previsão</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Coordenação visual e percepto-motora</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Atenção</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Vocabulário</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Verbal</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Competências lexicais</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Integração linguística</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Expressão de pensamento</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="6" valign="middle">Semelhanças</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="6" valign="middle">Verbal</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Raciocínio lógico e Abstração</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Formação de conceitos e categorias</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Capacidade de síntese e integração de conceitos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Flexibilidade mental</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Memória imediata</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Escores entre 90-110 são classificados dentro da média populacional. Deste modo, escores ≤ 90 serão classificados como fragilidade.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>Para a avaliação dos sintomas depressivos será utilizado o Inventário Beck de Depressão (BDI). Trata-se de um instrumento autoaplicável composto por 21 itens, cujo objetivo é medir a presença e a intensidade de sintomas depressivos. O teste, de uso exclusivo de psicólogos, pode ser utilizado a partir da faixa etária de 13 anos até a terceira idade. A aplicação dura cerca de dez minutos, contudo não existe um tempo limite para o preenchimento das respostas. O paciente responde a questões referentes à tristeza, pessimismo, sensação de fracasso, falta de satisfação, sensação de culpa, sensação de punição, auto depreciação, autoacusações, ideação suicida, crises de choro, irritabilidade, retração social, indecisão, distorção da imagem corporal, inibição para o trabalho, fadiga, preocupação somática e alterações de sono, apetite, peso e libido. Resultados até 13 pontos indicam ausência de sintomas depressivos; de 14 a 19 pontos – sintomas de depressão leve; de 20 a 28 pontos – sintomas de depressão moderada e de 29 a 63 pontos – depressão grave.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Desfechos clínicos</title>
					<p><bold>Primário:</bold></p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>morte em fila ou transplante cardíaco em prioridade</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p><bold>Secundário:</bold></p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>morte em fila de transplante cardíaco</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>correlação da fragilidade cognitiva com fragilidade física</p>
						</list-item>
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				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística e cálculo amostral</title>
					<p>Os dados contínuos de cada variável serão inicialmente comparados com a curva normal pelo teste de distância Kolmogorov-Smirnov e classificados em paramétricos e não paramétricos. Os dados paramétricos serão representados em média e desvio padrão da amostra e os dados assimétricos serão representados por mediana e intervalo interquartil, quartil inferior (percentil 25) e quartil superior (percentil 75). Os dados serão analisados usando modelos paramétricos de sobrevivência, não necessariamente considerando proporcionalidade dos riscos ao longo do tempo.</p>
					<p>Para o cálculo amostral considerou-se o objetivo primário do estudo e tomou-se como referência a proporção entre pacientes frágeis e não frágeis de 4:1. Assumiu-se uma taxa de eventos de 30% em seis meses para atingir um poder estatístico de 80%, um erro alfa de 0,05 e detectar o aumento de duas vezes no risco do desfecho primário em seis meses. Deste modo, a amostra estimada é de 150 pacientes. Para avaliar a relação entre fragilidade cognitiva e morte em fila de transplante cardíaco utilizaremos o modelo de subdistribuição de risco de Fine e Gray, considerando o transplante como evento competitivo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações do estudo</title>
					<p>Trata-se de um estudo unicêntrico realizado em hospital que atende pacientes de alta complexidade, o que pode gerar viés de seleção e averiguação. Além disso, em nosso serviço, a maioria dos transplantes é realizado em pacientes em fila como prioridade, o que denota maior gravidade da amostra estudada. Por fim, as condições socioeconômicas e culturais da população brasileira diferem das condições das populações de outros países, o que pode interferir na validação externa do estudo.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Dados da literatura internacional apontam uma relação direta entre fragilidade cognitiva e piores desfechos no transplante cardíaco. Na população brasileira, há escassez de dados sobre o tema e, assim, considera-se importante avaliar e descrever o quanto essa condição impacta na sobrevida dos pacientes. O estudo permitirá avaliar a relação entre fragilidade cognitiva e o desfecho de morte em fila em um hospital quaternário na cidade de São Paulo.</p>
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					<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo é parte da tese de doutorado de France Matos de Oliveira pelo programa de Pós Graduação em Cirurgia Torácica e Cardiovascular da Faculdade de Medicina da USP.</p>
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	</sub-article>
</article>