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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220024</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220024</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Implementation of Home Use of Continuous Intravenous Inotrope as Palliative Therapy for a Patient with Advanced Heart Failure within the Brazilian Unified Health System: a Case Report</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8920-6464</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mendes</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Paula Chedid</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zambonato</surname>
						<given-names>Rita</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2022-7512</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hastenteufel</surname>
						<given-names>Laura C. T.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Orlandin</surname>
						<given-names>Letícia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Clausell</surname>
						<given-names>Nadine</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1523-4286</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Goldraich</surname>
						<given-names>Livia Adams</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Cuidados Paliativos</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Programa de Cuidados Paliativos- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Programa de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Ana Paula Chedid Mendes • Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Serviço de Cardiologia – Rua Marquês de Paraná, 303. Postal Code 24033-900, Niterói, RJ – Brazil E-mail: <email>anapchedid@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author Contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research: Mendes APC, Zambonato R, Hastenteufel LCT, Orlandin L, Clausell N, Goldraich LA; Writing of the manuscript: Mendes APC, Hastenteufel LCT; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Mendes APC, Zambonato R, Hastenteufel LCT, Clausell N, Goldraich LA.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Mar</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>123</fpage>
			<lpage>125</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Milrinone</kwd>
				<kwd>Dobutamine</kwd>
				<kwd>Palliative Care</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Home Care Services</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="8"/>
				<page-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Contemporary evidence-based treatment has modified the natural history of heart failure (HF). Nevertheless, with the current aging of the population with HF and the elevated number of comorbidities, there is a large proportion of individuals who are ineligible for advanced therapies and who could potentially benefit from palliative care. Accordingly, strategies for relieving symptoms and improving quality of life are being prioritized over interventions that aim for medium- and long-term outcomes. For a subgroup of patients with advanced HF receiving palliative care, home therapy with continuous inotropes may be considered and integrated into general palliative care.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case report</title>
			<p>A 77-year-old male patient was being followed up at the Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil for long-standing severe HF with reduced ejection fraction with ischemic etiology. In spite of interventional therapy with angioplasty, optimized treatment with medications for HF, and electrical devices, he evolved with disease progression, cachexia, and frequent readmissions. The patient had a prohibitive risk for heart transplantation due to age, severe malnutrition, and renal failure. During one of the hospitalizations, he evolved with intravenous inotropic dependence to control symptoms at rest. Several attempts to gradually withdraw the inotropic medication were unsuccessful, due to recurrence of dyspnea, fatigue, symptomatic hypotension, and other symptoms associated with low cardiac output and pulmonary congestion.</p>
			<p>In joint evaluation, the multidisciplinary teams specializing in advanced HF, transplantation, and palliative care at the hospital established, together with the patient, palliative care objectives and measures that prioritized improved quality of life. The doctor of the palliative care team prepared, together with the patient, the advance directives of will, which were attached to the medical record. In order to better control symptoms and promote dehospitalization, the possibility of home use of continuous intravenous inotrope was discussed. The patient and the family, being aware of the potential risks and benefits, agreed to use of the medication, and approval was obtained from the Regional Councils of Medicine and Nursing. A protocol was organized in conjunction with the Home Care Program (HCP) of the Conceição Hospital Group, which is linked to the Municipal Health Department of Porto Alegre, so that the patient could be followed up through home visits within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, abbreviation in Portuguese). The inotropic medication was funded and provided by the HCP on an exceptional basis. Guidelines were provided on the use of the drug and the infusion pump, disease progression, symptom control, and emergency situations. Nursing, pharmacy, nutrition, physiotherapy, psychology, and social work teams participated in the planning of dehospitalization with inotropes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Training of the Home Care Program Team of the Conceição Hospital Group for home use of inotropic medications in patients with advanced heart failure, held in July 2017.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0123-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The patient was discharged with a continuous infusion of milrinone 0.27 mcg/kg/min, and he remained at home for approximately 20 days, followed up with home visits by the teams from the HCP and the original hospital. No complications were registered, and the patient, even though he was faced with limitations, remained comfortable and was able to perform activities that gave him pleasure, such as sitting on the veranda, being close to friends from his neighborhood and his routine, and the daily affection of his children. The family, who participated in the entire construction of care, showed high satisfaction with the home treatment. After this period, the patient was readmitted due to HF progression, and he died during hospitalization.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>This case report describes the implementation of home use of an intravenous inotrope as a strategy to improve the quality of life of a patient with advanced HF in palliative care within the SUS. This is considered a pioneering initiative in Brazil, and there are no other reports in the context of Brazil.</p>
			<p>The prevalence of HF and advances in HF therapy have increased the proportion of patients living with the disease and its long-term consequences. Accordingly, the proportion of patients with advanced stage disease who require palliative care is also increasing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This change in the epidemiology of HF is accompanied by an increase in the home use of inotropic medications in developed countries, as a bridge to advanced therapy (heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory assist devices) or as an integrated strategy for palliative care. Between 2010 and 2014, there was a 63% and 44% increase in the number of Medicare beneficiaries in the United States who received milrinone or dobutamine, respectively, for home use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although, in Brazil, there are still many limitations (economic, social, structural, and legal) to hospital discharge with continuous inotropic infusion, we have reported a successful case of home use of continuous inotrope within the SUS, with the objective of dehospitalization, symptom relief, and improved quality of life in a patient with terminal HF receiving palliative care.</p>
			<p>In 2021, updates to the Brazilian HF Guidelines recommended continuous intravenous inotropic outpatient therapy as a palliative treatment for symptom control in patients with advanced HF who were not eligible for mechanical circulatory assist devices or heart transplantation (class IIb).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The selection of patients who will potentially benefit from palliative inotropic use is based on clinical, social, and economic aspects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> proposes the main aspects for evaluation and planning of home use of continuous intravenous inotrope. The use of these medications in the home environment should be considered for patients who, after starting the inotrope while still in a hospital environment, demonstrate hemodynamic and symptomatic improvement, with failed attempts to suspend the inotrope. On the other hand, their use is contraindicated in the presence of uncontrollable and refractory arrhythmias. The benefits and complications must be discussed with patients and their families. The initiation of continuous inotropic therapy at home must be in accordance with the patient’s wishes and goals, and the hospital discharge plan must involve a multidisciplinary team and professionals with experience in palliative care, in addition to ensuring training and education for patients, family members, and caregivers. The structure of the patient’s home must be evaluated in terms of the electricity network, telephone access, and proximity to a healthcare team.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Recommendations for evaluation and planning of home use of continuous intravenous inotrope</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>- Appropriate indication and exhaustion of other therapeutic possibilities</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>- Biopsychosocial assessment of the patient (living conditions, self-care capacity, presence of a caregiver)</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>- Patient and caregiver are aware of the risks and benefits of the medication, and they agree with the therapy</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>- Discussion of patient’s preferences and values, with establishment of advance directives of will</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>- Verification of the ethical and legal aspects particular to each region</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>- Clinical stability in inotropic use, initiated in the in-hospital context</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>- Availability of the inotropic medication and an infusion pump</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>- Appropriate venous access, preferably peripherally inserted central catheter</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>- Home care service for patient evaluation and exchange of drug infusions</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>- Detailed and express guidance on use of the medication (dilution, dose adjustment, compatibilities, and stability) and its adverse effects</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>- Guidance on how to proceed in the event of complications (contact telephone numbers, reference emergency service, possibility of replacement in case of lack of medication, electricity network for the infusion pump to work)</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Regardless of the main indication of bridge to transplantation/mechanical support or palliation, the majority of studies have shown an improvement in New York Heart Association functional class with outpatient inotrope use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A study published in 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> revealed 50% mortality at 1 year in patients in palliative care using dobutamine at home, which represented a slightly better result than in previously published series.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Arrhythmias, infections, and hospitalizations are the most frequent complications during home inotropic therapy. In a cohort of 197 patients using inotropes at home,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> 17% had 1 or more implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks, 82% being appropriate shocks. The risk of shock was not associated with the dose of the inotrope, and 29% of patients had 1 or more infections during follow-up, bacteremia being the most common type of infection. Furthermore, 57% had 1 or more hospitalizations, and the most common causes of hospitalizations were worsening HF symptoms (41%), infections (20%), and arrhythmias (12%).</p>
			<p>In spite of the possible complications, improved functional class and symptom control are fundamental points to consider in relation to treatment. Furthermore, practices in follow-up care can minimize complications. Mortality is tending to decrease, and this may be related to the use of lower doses of inotropes in more recent studies. Therefore, it is necessary to endeavor to discharge from the hospital with the minimum dose necessary to control symptoms and improve hemodynamics; to ensure regular follow-up with the multidisciplinary palliative care and HF teams; to control risk factors for arrhythmia, for example, by monitoring electrolytes and considering starting amiodarone, as suggested in some international study protocols; and, finally, to be aware of diminished inotropic response over time due to tachyphylaxis and to consider dose titration according to symptoms and change in clinical condition.</p>
			<p>In Brazil, intravenous inotropic medication for home use is not provided by the public network. In this case report, the medication was supplied by the Conceição Hospital Group, which has a HCP linked to the Municipal Health Department of Porto Alegre. In a retrospective study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> cost analysis of home use of dobutamine in patients with advanced HF in palliative care indicated a significant cost reduction at 3, 6, and 12 months, mainly due to the decrease in hospitalizations for HF. In addition to the daily cost of the medication, the following were analyzed: hospitalization for HF, venous catheter insertion, costs related to catheter replacement, use of thrombolytics to clear the catheter, and costs of home nursing.</p>
			<p>The international literature has demonstrated favorable results for the use of home inotropic therapy, with improved functional status and reduced hospitalizations for HF. In economic terms, home use of dobutamine is associated with significant cost savings. Regarding milrinone, as it exceeds the cost of dobutamine in the United States, a study from the United States showed that there was no cost reduction after 6 months due to the cumulative costs of the medication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Brazilian studies could assist in its incorporation by the SUS.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The number of patients with advanced HF is increasing, and an elevated proportion of these patients will not be candidates for advanced therapies. Treatment strategies should be encouraged and systematically organized to ensure comfort and quality of life for these patients. We have described a case where, aiming to humanize care in the terminal stage, home use of continuous intravenous inotrope allowed hospital discharge, control of HF symptoms, and comfort for the patient together with his family members in the home environment.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Implementação do Uso Domiciliar de Inotrópico Intravenoso Contínuo como Terapia Paliativa em Paciente com Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada no Sistema Único de Saúde: Relato de Caso</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8920-6464</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mendes</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Paula Chedid</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zambonato</surname>
						<given-names>Rita</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2022-7512</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hastenteufel</surname>
						<given-names>Laura C. T.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Orlandin</surname>
						<given-names>Letícia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Clausell</surname>
						<given-names>Nadine</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1523-4286</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Goldraich</surname>
						<given-names>Livia Adams</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Programa de Cuidados Paliativos- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Programa de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Ana Paula Chedid Mendes • Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Serviço de Cardiologia – Rua Marquês de Paraná, 303. CEP 24033-900, Niterói, RJ – Brasil E-mail: anapchedid@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Mendes APC, Zambonato R, Hastenteufel LCT, Orlandin L, Clausell N, Goldraich LA; Redação do manuscrito: Mendes APC, Hastenteufel LCT; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Mendes APC, Zambonato R, Hastenteufel LCT, Clausell N, Goldraich LA.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Milrinona</kwd>
				<kwd>Dobutamina Cuidados Paliativos</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O tratamento contemporâneo baseado em evidências modificou a história natural da insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Contudo, com o atual envelhecimento da população com IC e o número elevado de comorbidades, há uma grande proporção de indivíduos inelegíveis a terapias avançadas e que potencialmente se beneficiam de cuidados paliativos. Dessa forma, estratégias para alívio dos sintomas e melhora da qualidade de vida ganham prioridade em detrimento de intervenções que objetivam desfechos a médio e longo prazos. Para um subgrupo de pacientes com IC avançada em atenção paliativa, a terapia domiciliar com inotrópico contínuo pode ser considerada e integrada aos cuidados paliativos gerais.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato de Caso</title>
				<p>Paciente masculino de 77 anos estava em acompanhamento no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre por IC com fração de ejeção reduzida grave de etiologia isquêmica e de longa data. Apesar da terapia intervencionista com angioplastia, tratamento otimizado com medicamentos para IC e dispositivos elétricos, evoluiu com progressão da doença, caquexia e reinternações frequentes. O paciente apresentava risco proibitivo para transplante cardíaco em função da idade, do quadro grave de desnutrição e da insuficiência renal. Em umas das internações, evoluiu com dependência de inotrópico intravenoso para controle de sintomas em repouso. Diversas tentativas para retirar gradualmente a medicação inotrópica foram realizadas sem sucesso, por recorrência de dispneia, fadiga, hipotensão sintomática e outros sintomas associados ao baixo débito cardíaco e à congestão pulmonar.</p>
				<p>Em avaliação conjunta, as equipes multidisciplinares especialistas em HF avançada e transplante e em cuidados paliativos do hospital estabeleceram com o paciente os objetivos de cuidados paliativos e medidas que priorizassem melhora na qualidade de vida. O médico da equipe dos cuidados paliativos elaborou junto com o paciente as Diretivas Antecipadas de Vontade, anexada ao prontuário. Para melhor controle de sintomas e para promover desospitalização, foi discutida a possibilidade do uso domiciliar de inotrópico intravenoso contínuo. O paciente e a família concordaram com o uso da medicação, cientes dos potenciais riscos e benefícios, e foram obtidos pareceres favoráveis dos Conselhos Regional de Medicina e de Enfermagem. Foi organizado um protocolo em conjunto com o Programa de Atenção Domiciliar (PAD) do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, vinculado à Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre, para que o paciente seguisse acompanhamento através de visitas domiciliares no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O medicamento inotrópico foi custeado e fornecido pelo PAD em caráter de excepcionalidade. Foram fornecidas orientações sobre utilização do medicamento e da bomba de infusão, progressão da doença, controle dos sintomas e situações de emergência. Equipes de enfermagem, farmácia, nutrição, fisioterapia, psicologia e serviço social participaram do planejamento da desospitalização com inotrópico ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Capacitação da equipe do Programa de Atenção Domiciliar do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição sobre uso domiciliar de medicações inotrópicas em pacientes com IC avançada, realizada em Julho de 2017.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0123-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>O paciente recebeu alta com infusão contínua de milrinone 0,27 mcg/kg/min e permaneceu por cerca de 20 dias em casa acompanhado pelas equipes do PAD e do hospital de origem em visitas domiciliares. Não foram registradas intercorrências e o paciente, mesmo diante de sua limitação, permaneceu confortável e capaz de realizar atividades que lhe proporcionavam prazer, como sentar-se na varanda, estar próximo dos amigos da vizinhança e do convívio e afeto diário dos filhos. A família, participativa de toda a construção do cuidado, demonstrou muita satisfação com o tratamento domiciliar. Após esse período, o paciente reinternou por progressão da IC e evoluiu para óbito durante a internação.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O presente relato descreve a implementação do uso de inotrópico intravenoso domiciliar como estratégia para melhorar a qualidade de vida em paciente com IC avançada em cuidados paliativos no âmbito do SUS. Esta é considerada uma iniciativa pioneira no Brasil, e não são conhecidos outros relatos no cenário nacional.</p>
				<p>A prevalência da IC e os progressos em sua terapia têm aumentado a proporção de pacientes vivendo com a doença e com suas consequências a longo prazo. Desta forma, vem aumentando também a proporção de pacientes com doença em estágio avançado e com necessidade de atenção paliativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essa mudança na epidemiologia da IC é acompanhada por um aumento do uso de inotrópico domiciliar em países desenvolvidos, como ponte para terapia avançada (transplante cardíaco e dispositivos de assistência circulatória mecânica) ou como estratégia integrada aos cuidados paliativos. Entre 2010 e 2014, ocorreu um aumento de 63% e 44% no número de beneficiários do Medicare (EUA) que receberam milrinone ou dobutamina, respectivamente, para uso domiciliar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar de no Brasil ainda existirem muitas limitações (econômicas, sociais, estruturais e legais) para a alta hospitalar com infusão de inotrópico contínuo, reportamos um caso de sucesso do uso de inotrópico contínuo domiciliar no âmbito do SUS com o objetivo de desospitalização, alívio dos sintomas e melhora da qualidade de vida em paciente com IC avançada em cuidados paliativos.</p>
				<p>Em 2021, as atualizações da Diretriz Brasileira de IC recomendaram a terapia inotrópica ambulatorial intravenosa contínua como tratamento paliativo para o controle de sintomas em pacientes com IC avançada que não são elegíveis para dispositivos de assistência circulatória mecânica ou transplante cardíaco (classe IIb).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A seleção dos pacientes com potencial benefício do uso inotrópico paliativo é baseada em aspectos clínicos, socias e econômicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> propõe os principais aspectos para a avaliação e o planejamento do uso de inotrópico intravenoso contínuo em domicílio. A utilização destes medicamentos em ambiente domiciliar deverá ser considerada para os pacientes que após o início do inotrópico, ainda em âmbito hospitalar, apresentarem melhora hemodinâmica e sintomática, com falhas nas tentativas de suspensão dos mesmos. Por outro lado, seu uso é contra indicado na presença de arritmias incontroláveis e refratárias. Os benefícios e as complicações devem ser discutidos com o paciente e seus familiares. O início da terapia com inotrópico contínuo domiciliar deve estar de acordo com os desejos e objetivos do paciente, e o plano para alta hospitalar deve envolver uma equipe multidisciplinar e profissionais com experiência em cuidados paliativos, assim como garantir treinamento e educação do paciente, familiares e cuidadores. A estrutura domiciliar deve ser avaliada quanto à rede de eletricidade, telefonia e proximidade a uma equipe de atenção em saúde.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Recomendações de avaliação e planejamento para uso de inotrópico intravenoso contínuo em domicílio</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="100%">
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>- Indicação apropriada e esgotamento de outras possibilidades terapêuticas</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>- Avaliação biopsicossocial do paciente (condições de moradia, capacidade de autocuidado, presença de cuidador)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>- Esclarecimento ao paciente e cuidador sobre riscos e benefícios da medicação, e concordância com a terapia</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>- Discussão das preferências, metas e valores do paciente com elaboração de Diretivas Antecipadas de Vontade</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>- Verificação dos aspectos éticos e legais de cada região</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>- Estabilidade clínica em uso do inotrópico, iniciado no contexto intra-hospitalar</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>- Disponibilidade de medicamento inotrópico e bomba de infusão</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>- Acesso venoso apropriado, preferencialmente cateter central de inserção periférica (PICC)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>- Serviço de assistência domiciliar para avaliação do paciente e troca de infusões do medicamento</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>- Orientações detalhadas e expressas sobre uso do medicamento (diluição, ajuste de dose, compatibilidades e estabilidade) e seus efeitos adversos</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>- Orientações sobre como proceder em caso de intercorrências (telefones de contato, serviço de emergência de referência, possibilidade de substituição em caso de falta do medicamento, rede elétrica para funcionamento da bomba de infusão)</p>
											</list-item>
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							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p><italic>PICC: p <italic>eripherally inserted central catheter</italic> .</italic></p>
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				<p>Independente da indicação principal de ponte para transplante/suporte mecânico ou paliação, a maioria dos estudos mostra uma melhora na classe funcional da New York Heart Association com o uso inotrópico ambulatorialmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estudo publicado em 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> revelou uma mortalidade de 50% em 1 ano para pacientes em uso de dobutamina domiciliar em cuidados paliativos, o que representou resultado um pouco melhor do que em séries anteriormente publicadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Arritmias, infecções e hospitalizações são as complicações mais frequentes durante a terapia inotrópica domiciliar. Em uma coorte de 197 pacientes em uso de inotrópico em domicílio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> 17% tiveram um ou mais choques pelo cardiodesfibrilador implantável, sendo que em 82% eram choques apropriados. O risco de choques não esteve associado com a dose do inotrópico e 29% dos pacientes tiveram uma ou mais infecções durante o acompanhamento, bacteremia sendo o tipo mais comum de infecção. Além disso, 57% tiveram uma ou mais hospitalizações, e as causas mais comuns de hospitalizações foram agravamento dos sintomas de IC (41%), infecções (20%) e arritmias (12%).</p>
				<p>Apesar das possíveis complicações, a melhora de classe funcional e controle dos sintomas são pontos fundamentais para considerar o tratamento. Além disso, as práticas no seguimento do cuidado podem minimizar as complicações. A mortalidade está tendendo a uma diminuição e isso pode estar relacionado ao uso de doses mais baixas dos inotrópicos em estudos mais recentes. Portanto, deve-se buscar a alta hospitalar com a dose mínima necessária para controle dos sintomas e melhora hemodinâmica; garantir acompanhamento regular com a equipe multidisciplinar dos cuidados paliativos e da IC; controlar fatores relacionados ao risco para arritmia, como monitorização de eletrólitos e considerar início de amiodarona, como sugerido em alguns protocolos de estudos internacionais; e, por fim, estar ciente da diminuição da resposta do inotrópico ao longo do tempo por taquifilaxia e considerar titulação da dose de acordo com sintomas e alteração do quadro clínico.</p>
				<p>No Brasil, a medicação inotrópica intravenosa para uso domiciliar não é fornecida pela rede pública. No presente relato, o fornecimento do medicamento foi realizado pelo Grupo Hospitalar Conceição que conta com um PAD vinculado à Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre. Em um estudo retrospectivo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> a análise de custos do uso de dobutamina domiciliar em pacientes com IC avançada em cuidados paliativos indicou uma redução significativa de custos em 3, 6 e 12 meses, decorrente principalmente da diminuição de internações por IC. Além do custo diário do medicamento, foram analisados: internação por IC; inserção do cateter venoso; custo relacionado à troca do cateter; uso de trombolítico para desobstrução do cateter; e custos com a enfermagem domiciliar.</p>
				<p>A literatura internacional tem demonstrado resultados favoráveis com uso da terapia inotrópica domiciliar com melhora do estado funcional e redução em hospitalizações por IC. No cenário econômico, o uso de dobutamina domiciliar está associada à redução significativa de custos. Quanto ao milrinone, por exceder o valor da dobutamina nos EUA, um estudo estadunidense demonstrou não haver redução de custos após os 6 meses de uso contínuo, devido aos gastos cumulativos com o medicamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estudos nacionais poderiam auxiliar na incorporação pelo SUS.</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>O número de pacientes com IC avançada está aumentando e uma proporção elevada desses pacientes não será candidata a terapias avançadas. Portanto, estratégias de terapia paliativa deverão ser encorajadas e sistematicamente organizadas para garantir conforto e qualidade de vida a esses pacientes. Descrevemos um caso de paciente com IC avançada em fase final de vida, em que a utilização domiciliar de inotrópico intravenoso contínuo permitiu a alta hospitalar, o controle dos sintomas da IC e o conforto do paciente junto aos seus familiares no ambiente domiciliar, estando de acordo com suas DAV e visando o cuidado humanizado e centrado no paciente.</p>
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					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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