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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220023</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220023</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Symptomatic Acute Myopericarditis after Pfizer Vaccine against COVID-19</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4359-4465</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Giublin</surname>
						<given-names>Ivana Tabalipa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9095-3598</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hartmann</surname>
						<given-names>Camila</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7063-918X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mangili</surname>
						<given-names>Otavio Celeste</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8378-6226</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Shiozaki</surname>
						<given-names>Afonso Akio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3328-3583</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Lídia Ana Zytynski</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Marcelino Champagnat</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Marcelino Champagnat, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Uningá</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Maringá</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Professor Associado de Cardiologia da Uningá, Maringá, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Diagnósticos Hospital Paraná</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unitom</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">DASA</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Maringá</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Diagnósticos Hospital Paraná (Unitom/DASA), Maringá, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Ivana Tabalipa Giublin • Avenida Presidente Affonso Camargo, 1.399. Postal Code 80050-370, Cristo Rei, Curitiba, PR - Brazil E-mail: <email>ivanagiublin@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author Contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the study, data acquisition, manuscript drafting: Giublin IT; critical revision for important intellectual content: Hartmann C, Moura LAZ; supervision as principal investigator: Mangili OC, Shiozaki AA, Moura LAZ.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflicts of Interest</p>
					<p>The authors declare no relevant conflicts of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Mar</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>120</fpage>
			<lpage>122</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
				<kwd>Pericarditis</kwd>
				<kwd>COVID-19 Vaccines</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="11"/>
				<page-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Cases of myocarditis and pericarditis have been reported in diverse parts of the world since vaccination against the new coronavirus began with messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, mainly those produced by Pfizer-BioNTech.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The pathophysiology of this vaccine-induced pathology is not yet fully understood, but it may be related to the active component of the vaccine (the mRNA sequence that encodes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein) or to the immune system response that is triggered after vaccination<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . What is known so far is that it is a rare adverse event in view of the number of people who have already been immunized with these components, and the vast majority of cases reported in the literature have a benign course, with good evolution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> We report a case of myopericarditis in a young adult who presented symptoms 2 days after receiving the second dose of the Pfizer vaccine against COVID-19.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case Report</title>
			<p>JASD, a male, 18-year-old patient, with a history of leukemia treated in childhood, developed intense chest pain, radiating to the left upper limb, as well as back pain, 2 days after receiving the second dose of the Pfizer vaccine against COVID-19. Upon hospitalization for investigation in his hometown, his electrocardiogram showed ST-segment elevation in the inferolateral wall, and there were changes in troponin I levels (6.33; reference value: 0 to 0.5) and CK-MB mass (98.4; reference value: 0 to 7.0). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed, demonstrating the presence of late enhancement (edema/necrosis), with non-coronary and mesoepicardial enhancement in the entire lateral wall, as well as in the apical portion of the inferior, septal, and apex walls of the left ventricle, suggestive of myocarditis. Additionally, areas of edema and delayed enhancement were observed over the posterior pericardium, although there was no pericardial thickening. After 48 hours of hospitalization, the patient presented a new worsening of chest pain, tachycardia, and an increase in myocardial necrosis markers, leading to the decision to perform resonance imaging again for therapeutic definition. The second examination demonstrated the appearance of new areas of late enhancement, in the middle and basal portions of the inferior and inferoseptal walls, as well as an increase in the segments with hypersignal with myocardial edema, indicating extension of the areas of myocardial necrosis resulting from clearly active myocarditis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> ). The decision was made to initiate pulse therapy with 1 g of methylprednisolone daily and to transfer the patient to the cardiological intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital, due to the risk of progression to fulminant myocarditis. In this unit, the previously initiated therapeutic regimen (enalapril, bisoprolol, colchicine, and methylprednisolone) was maintained. Troponin I measured on admission to this hospital was significantly altered (416.5; reference value in this hospital: less than 19.8), and there was a slight change in the inflammatory marker (C-reactive protein: 7.9; reference value: less than 5.0). Electrocardiogram showed changes in ventricular repolarization in the inferior wall and slow progression of the R wave, as well as ST-segment elevation in the anterior wall. The transthoracic echocardiogram was normal. The patient had transient episodes of pulmonary congestion, bradycardia, and elevated lactate levels, but all of these were easy to manage and resolve. He did not have any new episodes of chest pain after admission to this hospital, and he evolved with a drop in C-reactive protein and troponin I. After completing pulse therapy with corticosteroids for a 3-day period, resonance imaging was repeated to reassess the extent of injury, which showed improvement in relation to the last exam that had been performed in his hometown. The patient evolved with clinical stability and significant improvement. He was discharged after 6 days, with a prescription for bisoprolol, enalapril, spironolactone, and colchicine. He was further instructed to avoid physical exertion for a minimum period of 6 months, to undergo outpatient Holter, and to return early to the assistant cardiologist in his hometown.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showing late enhancement. Image 1: first exam; image 2: exam performed 48 hours later.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0120-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showing late enhancement. Image 1: first exam; image 2: exam performed 48 hours later.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0120-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Repeated case descriptions seem to suggest a new adverse event associated with mRNA vaccines, namely, post-vaccination myocarditis and pericarditis, which had not been observed in the initial studies published by the pharmaceutical company in December 2020.11 The occurrence seems to be more common in young male adults. In the initial clinical trials of mRNA vaccines, systemic adverse reactions were also observed more frequently in this population, probably due to increased immunogenicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A systematic review that evaluated cardiac complications in this scenario, including 43 case reports and 26 series, identified that myocarditis/myopericarditis and pericarditis were the most common adverse events among the 243 complications reported, and they were observed more after the Pfizer mRNA vaccine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The majority of patients are previously healthy, and the symptoms are typical of myocarditis and pericarditis due to other causes, with chest pain being the most reported symptom, followed by fever. They generally start within a week of the second dose of the vaccine. Electrocardiographic changes (such as ST-segment changes) are present in the vast majority of cases, as are increased troponin and increased inflammatory markers (such as C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate). The type of troponin used has been heterogeneous among the studies. A transthoracic echocardiogram with a normal result was common in several reports, but there were always changes on cardiac resonance imaging (in most cases, late enhancement with gadolinium, indicating myocardial necrosis/fibrosis). Before concluding diagnosis of post-vaccination myocarditis, the vast majority of patients underwent other exams to rule out other etiologies, including infection caused by the novel coronavirus. The most common situation is that patients present a mild condition with rapid recovery and short length of hospital stay.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As pharmacological treatment, they receive doses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine, and corticosteroids. Some patients require intravenous immunoglobulin, acetylsalicylic acid, beta-blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Most of the clinical information available on myocarditis after mRNA vaccination has been published in the form of case reports and series, making further studies necessary in order to establish these patients’ long-term prognosis.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Although reports of myocarditis and pericarditis related to mRNA vaccines are becoming increasingly frequent in the literature, they are still considered rare in view of the number of individuals who are receiving these vaccines. Furthermore, the majority of cases have had a quick recovery, with good clinical evolution. Therefore, in spite of the real possibility of post-vaccination myocarditis, it is still recommended to maintain the immunization schedule as a strategy to face the pandemic, seeing that the benefits of vaccination continue to outweigh the risks.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgements</title>
			<p>The authors would like to thank Dr. Otavio Celeste Mangili for referring the patient and the rest of the assisting team that accompanied the patient in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. Thanks to the members of the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit at Hospital Marcelino Champagnat for providing medical services to the community and contributing to the development of a service of excellence. The authors would also like to thank the team responsible for admissions to the ward for working together on behalf of patients. Special thanks to the patients who place their trust in the hospital’s multidisciplinary team, to take care of their health, making continuous improvement possible.</p>
		</ack>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Academic Affiliation</p>
				<p>This study is not affiliated with any postgraduate programs.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethical Approval and Informed Consent</p>
				<p>This article does not contain human or animal studies conducted by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Miopericardite Aguda Sintomática após Vacina da Pfizer contra COVID-19</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4359-4465</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Giublin</surname>
						<given-names>Ivana Tabalipa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9095-3598</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hartmann</surname>
						<given-names>Camila</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7063-918X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mangili</surname>
						<given-names>Otavio Celeste</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8378-6226</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Shiozaki</surname>
						<given-names>Afonso Akio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3328-3583</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Lídia Ana Zytynski</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Marcelino Champagnat, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Professor Associado de Cardiologia da Uningá, Maringá, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Diagnósticos Hospital Paraná (Unitom/DASA), Maringá, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Ivana Tabalipa Giublin • Avenida Presidente Affonso Camargo, 1.399. CEP 80050-370, Cristo Rei, Curitiba, PR - Brasil E-mail: ivanagiublin@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, Obtenção de dados, Redação do manuscrito: Giublin IT; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Hartmann C, Moura LAZ; Supervisão como investigador principal: Mangili OC, Shiozaki AA, Moura LAZ.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesse pertinente.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
				<kwd>Pericardite</kwd>
				<kwd>Vacinas contra COVID-19</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Casos de miocardite e pericardite têm sido relatados em diversos lugares do mundo desde que se iniciou a vacinação contra o novo coronavírus com vacinas de RNA mensageiro (mRNA), principalmente as produzidas pela Pfizer-BioNTech.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A fisiopatologia dessa patologia induzida pela vacina ainda não é totalmente conhecida, mas pode estar relacionada com o componente ativo da vacina (a sequência de mRNA que codifica a proteína spike do SARS-CoV-2) ou à resposta do sistema imunológico que é desencadeada após a vacinação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O que se sabe até o momento é que é um evento adverso raro diante do número de pessoas que já foram imunizadas com estes componentes e a grande maioria dos casos relatados na literatura são de curso benigno, apresentando boa evolução.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A seguir, relatamos um caso de miopericardite em um adulto jovem que apresentou sintomas dois dias após a segunda dose da vacina da Pfizer contra a COVID-19.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato de Caso</title>
				<p>Paciente JASD, do sexo masculino, 18 anos, com história de leucemia tratada na infância, iniciou quadro de dor torácica intensa, com irradiação para membro superior esquerdo e dorsalgia, dois dias após receber a segunda dose da vacina da Pfizer contra a COVID-19. Após internamento para investigação em sua cidade de origem, seu eletrocardiograma demonstrou supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em parede ínfero-lateral e houve alteração nos níveis de troponina I (6,33; valor de referência: 0 a 0,5) e de CK-MB massa (98,4; valor de referência: 0 a 7,0). Foi realizada ressonância magnética cardíaca, que demonstrou presença de realce tardio (edema/necrose) com padrão não coronariano e mesoepicárdico, em toda parede lateral bem como na porção apical das paredes inferior, septal e ápex do ventrículo esquerdo, sugestiva de miocardite. Além disso, observaram-se áreas de edema e de realce tardio sobre o pericárdio posterior, embora não houvesse espessamento pericárdico. Após 48 horas de internamento, o paciente apresentou nova piora da dor torácica, taquicardia e aumento dos marcadores de necrose miocárdica, optando-se por realizar nova ressonância para definição terapêutica. O novo exame demonstrou surgimento de novas áreas de realce tardio, nas porções média e basal das paredes inferior e ínfero-septal, e aumento dos segmentos com hipersinal com edema miocárdico indicando extensão das áreas de necrose miocárdica consequente à miocardite em franca atividade ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">2</xref> ). Optou-se por iniciar pulsoterapia com metilprednisolona 1 g ao dia e transferir o paciente para continuidade dos cuidados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Cardiológica de hospital terciário, por risco de evolução para miocardite fulminante. Nesta nova unidade, foi mantido o esquema terapêutico previamente iniciado (enalapril, bisoprolol, colchicina e metilprednisolona). A troponina I realizada na admissão a este hospital estava bastante alterada (416,5; valor de referência neste hospital: inferior a 19,8) e havia leve alteração de marcador inflamatório (proteína C reativa de 7,9; valor de referência: inferior a 5,0). O eletrocardiograma demonstrava alteração da repolarização ventricular em parede inferior e progressão lenta de onda R mais supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em parede anterior. O ecocardiograma transtorácico estava normal. O paciente apresentou episódios transitórios de congestão pulmonar, bradicardia e elevação de lactato, porém todos de fácil manejo e resolução. Manteve-se sem novos episódios de dor torácica desde a admissão neste hospital e evoluiu com queda da proteína C reativa e da troponina I. Após finalizar a pulsoterapia com corticoide por um período de 3 dias, repetiu-se a ressonância para reavaliar a extensão da lesão, que demonstrou melhora em relação à última que tinha sido realizada na cidade de origem. O paciente evoluiu com estabilidade clínica e melhora importante. Recebeu alta hospitalar após 6 dias, com prescrição de bisoprolol, enalapril, espironolactona e colchicina. Foi também orientado a evitar esforço físico por um período mínimo de 6 meses, realizar Holter ambulatorial e retornar precocemente ao cardiologista assistente em sua cidade de origem.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ressonância magnética cardíaca evidenciando realce tardio (imagem 1: primeiro exame; imagem 2: exame realizado 48 horas após).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0120-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ressonância magnética cardíaca evidenciando realce tardio (imagem 1: primeiro exame; imagem 2: exame realizado 48 horas após).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0120-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Descrições repetidas de casos parecem sugerir um novo evento adverso associado às vacinas de mRNA, a miocardite e pericardite pós-vacinal, que até então não tinham sido observadas nos estudos iniciais publicados pela farmacêutica em dezembro de 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A ocorrência parece ser mais comum em adultos jovens do sexo masculino. Nos ensaios clínicos iniciais das vacinas de mRNA, reações adversas sistêmicas também foram mais observadas nessa população, provavelmente devido ao aumento da imunogenicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Uma revisão sistemática que avaliou as complicações cardíacas neste cenário e incluiu 43 relatos de casos e 26 séries, identificou que a miocardite/ miopericardite e pericardite foram os eventos adversos mais comuns entre as 243 complicações relatadas, sendo mais observadas após a vacina de mRNA da Pfizer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A maioria dos pacientes são previamente hígidos e os sintomas são típicos de miocardite e pericardite por outras causas, sendo a dor torácica o sintoma mais relatado, seguido de febre. Geralmente se iniciam dentro de uma semana após a segunda dose da vacina. Alterações eletrocardiográficas (como alterações do segmento ST) estão presentes na grande maioria dos casos, assim como o aumento de troponina e de marcadores inflamatórios (como proteína C reativa e velocidade de hemossedimentação). O tipo de troponina utilizado foi heterogêneo entre os estudos. O ecocardiograma transtorácico com resultado normal foi comum em diversos relatos, mas havia sempre alteração de imagem na ressonância cardíaca (na maioria das vezes presença de realce tardio com gadolíneo, indicando necrose/fibrose miocárdica). Antes de fechar o diagnóstico de miocardite pós-vacinal, a grande maioria dos pacientes foi submetida a outros exames para descartar outras etiologias, incluindo a própria infecção causada pelo novo coronavírus. O mais comum é que os pacientes apresentem um quadro leve e de rápida recuperação, com período breve de internação hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Como tratamento farmacológico, recebem doses de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais, colchicina e corticoide. Alguns pacientes necessitam de imunoglobulina intravenosa, ácido acetilsalicílico, betabloqueadores e inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina devido à disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A maioria das informações clínicas disponíveis sobre miocardite pós-vacinação por mRNA estão publicadas na forma de relatos de casos e séries, havendo necessidade de mais estudos para estabelecer o prognóstico a longo prazo desses pacientes.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Apesar dos relatos de miocardite e pericardite relacionados à vacina de mRNA serem cada vez mais frequentes na literatura, ainda são considerados raros diante da quantidade de indivíduos que estão recebendo estas vacinas. Além disso, a maioria dos casos teve recuperação rápida, com uma boa evolução clínica. Sendo assim, apesar da possibilidade real de um quadro de miocardite pós-vacinal, as recomendações continuam sendo as de manter o esquema de imunização como estratégia de enfrentamento da pandemia, visto que os benefícios da vacinação continuam a superar os riscos.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimentos</title>
				<p>Agradecimento ao Dr. Otavio Celeste Mangili pelo encaminhamento do paciente e ao restante da equipe assistente que acompanha o paciente em Maringá. Agradecimento aos membros da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Cardiológica do Hospital Marcelino Champagnat por seus serviços médicos prestados à comunidade e por contribuírem para o desenvolvimento de um serviço de excelência. Agradecimento também à equipe responsável pelos internamentos em enfermaria pelo trabalho em conjunto em prol do paciente. Agradecimento especial aos pacientes que depositam sua confiança na equipe multidisciplinar do hospital para cuidado com sua saúde, possibilitando um aperfeiçoamento contínuo.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Aprovação Ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>