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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220020</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220020</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Pharmacological Primary Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiomyopathy: What is the Best Approach?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila</surname>
						<given-names>Mônica Samuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0207-3986</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Belfort</surname>
						<given-names>Deborah de Sá Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6502-5602</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Wanderley</surname>
						<given-names>Mauro Rogério de Barros</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Transplante Cardíaco – Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Transplante Cardíaco</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa Campo Grande</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Transplante Cardíaco – Santa Casa Campo Grande, Campo Grande, MS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Mônica Samuel Avila • Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, São Paulo, SP – Brazil Email: <email>mo_avila@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author Contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript, Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Avila MS, Belfort DSP, Wanderley Júnior MRB.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Mar</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>99</fpage>
			<lpage>107</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Pharmaceutical Preparations</kwd>
				<kwd>Primary Prevention</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="12"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="42"/>
				<page-count count="9"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Advances in oncology, such as better access to health care system, earlier cancer diagnosis, and new chemotherapies, have led to longer survival of oncologic patients over the last decades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, this population is vulnerable to cardiovascular drug-related adverse events like cardiomyopathy, which leads to heart failure and impairs survival and quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Among different classes of chemotherapeutic agents, anthracyclines (ANT) stand out as the most related to cardiomyopathy, which may affect cancer survivors in 9% of all cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The most widely recognized definition of cardiotoxicity is based on changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A decline of 10% to a value below 50% or a decline associated with heart failure symptoms during or after the use of a cardiotoxic agent suggests cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Once chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy is present, prompt heart failure treatment should be started with neuro-hormonal antagonists, such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), and betablockers. Despite contemporary heart failure treatment, up to 89% of patients with ANT-induced cardiotoxicity do not experience complete recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In order to avoid decreasing LVEF and exposing patients to the risk of irreversible cardiac dysfunction even with heart failure treatment, prevention of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity has been the focus of research in the last years.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Monitorization of cardiotoxicity</title>
				<p>The frequency of cardiovascular evaluation in monitorization of cardiotoxicity depends on both individual cardiovascular risk, which involves individual risk factors, and intrinsic chemotherapy risk. The following are known risk factors for cardiotoxicity: female sex; age below 18 years or over 65 years; comorbidities like systemic arterial hypertension or other previous cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, or renal insufficiency; high ANT cumulative dose; chemotherapy association, especially trastuzumab and ANT; genetic alterations such as trisomy 21; hemochromatosis; and mediastinal radiotherapy ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The incidence of cardiovascular events during the 10 days following ANT administration is less than 2% in the low-risk group and more than 5% in the high-risk group, leading to different protocols based on individual risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Assessment of cardiotoxicity risk</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Therapy-related factors</th>
									<th>Patient-related factors</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2"><bold>Low risk of cardiotoxicity</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Lower dose ANT (e.g. doxorubicin &lt; 200 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, epirubicin &lt; 300 mg/m<sup>2</sup>), lipossomal formulations</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">Age &gt; 18 and &lt; 50 years</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Trastuzumab without ANT</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2"><bold>Medium risk of cardiotoxicity</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Modest-dose ANT (doxorubicin 200 to 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup> or epirubicin 300 to 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="6">Age 50 to 64 years 1 to 2 CV risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance, smoking</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>ANT followed by trastuzumab</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Second- and third-generation Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Proteasome inhibitors</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Combination imune checkpoint inhibitors</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2"><bold>High risk of cardiotoxicity</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Simultaneous ANT and trastuzumab</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="6">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Age ≥ 65 years &gt; 2 CV risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance, smoking Diabetes</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Underlying CV disease: CAD, PAD, CMP, severe VHD, heart failure Reduced or low-normal LVEF (50% to 54%) pre-treatment Prior cancer therapy</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>High-dose ANT (doxorubicin ≥ 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup> or epirubicin ≥ 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Modest-dose ANT plus left chest radiation therapy</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Elevated cardiac troponin post-ANT prior to HER2-targeted therapy</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>High-dose radiation therapy to central chest including heart in radiation field ≥ 30 Gy</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors following previous ANT chemotherapy</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>ANT: anthracycline; Bcr, breakpoint cluster region; CAD, coronary artery disease; CMP, cardiomyopathy; CV, cardiovascular; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PAD: peripheral artery disease; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VHD: valvular heart disease. Adapted from Celutkiene et al.<sup>11</sup></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A position paper of the European Society of Cardiology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> suggests monitorization using echocardiogram (including global longitudinal strain [GLS] and 3D LVEF) and biomarkers in order to identify subclinical markers of cardiotoxicity and consider cardioprotective medications. The frequency of evaluation depends on individual risk considering individual and chemotherapy factors. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> show the European Society of Cardiology protocol for ANT and trastuzumab, respectively.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A surveillance pathway using biomarkers and echocardiography for cancer patients receiving six cycles of anthracycline chemotherapy with timing based upon baseline cardiovascular risk. Pathways for low risk, medium risk and high risk are presented. ABVD, doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine; B, baseline pre-treatment; C, cycle of chemotherapy; M, months post-final cycle; R-CHOP, Cyclosphosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone with rituximab. *Optional additional assessment timepoints.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0099-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A suveveilance pathway using biomarkers and echocardiography for patients receiving neoadjuvant anthracycline (AC) chemotherapy (doxorubicin or epirubicin) and tratuzumab followed by 12 months of adjuvant tratuzumab for HER2+ early breast cancer with timing based upon baseline cardiovascular risk. Pathways for low risk, medium risk and high risk are presented. B, baseline pre-treatment; C, Chemotherapy or adjuvant trastuzumab; Cn, neoadjuvant cycle of tratuzubab; M, months post-fina cycle; PAPT, post-anthracycline chemotherapy pre-trastuzumab. *, **Optional additional assessment timepoints.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0099-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The Brazilian Cardio-oncology guideline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> suggests a slightly different approach ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref> ). Different intervals are also used depending on baseline LVEF. For ANT, if baseline LVEF is &gt; 55%, only echocardiogram is recommended after 3, 6, and 12 months. If LVEF is between 50% and 55%, in addition to echocardiogram, troponin and natriuretic peptides analysis is also recommended &lt; 72 hours after exposure to ANT. If LVEF is &lt; 50%, prompt heart failure treatment should be initiated and first image evaluation should be made after 45 days. For trastuzumab, if LVEF is &gt; 55%, echocardiogram should be done after 12 and 24 weeks and at the end of treatment. If LVEF is between 50% and 55%, in addition to echocardiogram, troponin and natriuretic peptides analysis is also recommended &lt; 72 hours after exposure. If LVEF is &lt; 50%, prompt heart failure treatment should be initiated and first image evaluation should be made after 12 weeks and 18 weeks and at the end of treatment.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Echocardiographic monitoring and analysis of biomarkers in patients using anthracyclines suggested by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.13 Echo: echocardiogram; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; QT: chemotherapy.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0099-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Echocardiographic monitoring and analysis of biomarkers in patients using anti-HER2 drugs suggested by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.13 Echo: echocardiogram; HF: heart failure; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; RF: risk factors.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0099-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Subclinical cardiotoxicity markers</title>
				<p>The actual definition of cardiotoxicity, although largely used in different trials, raises some concern, since LVEF reduction may represent a late stage of myocardial injury and, therefore, it only allows diagnosis in a point where full recovery is less likely. In order to improve detection of cardiotoxicity, there is a growing body of evidence on the use of elevated biomarkers<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and myocardial strain reduction<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> as subclinical cardiotoxicity markers, although there is not yet any formal recommendation for treatment based on them.</p>
				<p>Troponin is a complex of three regulatory proteins (troponin C, troponin I, and troponin T) that are integral to muscle contraction in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. Prolonged ischemia, trauma, inflammation, or cardiotoxic agents may result in injury of cardiac cells. This injury is accompanied by the destruction of cell membranes and organelles and the release of troponin and other proteins into the blood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> These proteins are the most studied biomarker in subclinical ANT-induced cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) elevation was described in one third of patients after high-dose ANT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and the degree of cTnI elevation was associated with the cumulative dose of ANT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> This biomarker is also associated with the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. In one cohort, patients with cTnI level over 0.5 ng/mL presented significant and persistent LVEF reduction, while patients with transient LVEF decrease had cTnI levels below 0.5 ng/Ml.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In another study, cTnI values persisting &gt; 0.08 ng/mL over a month after therapy were associated with 84% risk of cardiotoxicity, while cTnI below the reference range was associated with 1% risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In addition to troponins, other biomarkers have been studied in subclinical cardiotoxicity. Natriuretic peptides have controversial correlation with cardiotoxicity in the literature. Some evidence suggests an association between NT-proBNP level and cumulative dose of ANT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> However, in two cohorts, while troponin predicted cardiac toxicity, natriuretic peptides did not.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are also targets of research,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> but they are less used in clinical practice.</p>
				<p>Early identification of subclinical left ventricular dysfunction is also possible using GLS, which is an evaluation of two-dimensional speckle-tracking that allows for study of global and regional myocardial deformation to detect subtle alterations in systolic function, particularly related to ANT chemotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Evidence including a metanalysis of 21 studies and 1782 patients with cancer suggests that GLS can identify subclinical myocardial dysfunction, and it also has prognostic implication regarding chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity or heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The use of GLS could identify patients with higher risk of cardiotoxicity and improve cardiac surveillance.</p>
				<p>Following this rationale, the SUCCOUR Trial evaluated a GLS-based-approach to initiation of cardioprotection compared to standard care, to reduce the risk of future LVEF reduction, interruption of cancer therapy or cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> ANT-exposed patients with another risk factor for heart failure were enrolled to start cardioprotection with ACEI and betablocker after 10% reduction in LVEF to less than 55% or 5% reduction with symptoms of heart failure or after 12% relative reduction in GLS. Comparing both groups, there was no difference in final ejection fraction. However, at the final follow-up, 44 patients in the GLS-guided arm were treated with cardioprotective drugs versus only 20 patients in the ejection fraction-guided arm. As a result, 21 patients (13.7%) in the ejection fraction-guided arm compared to 9 patients (5.8%) in the GLS-guided arm met criteria for cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (p = 0.022), with a number needed to treat of 13. In a post-hoc analysis, the study also showed lower reduction in LVEF among GLS-guided patients (2.9%) compared to ejection fraction-guided patients (9.1%).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Primary prevention of chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy</title>
				<p>Non-pharmacological prevention, such as stopping smoking, consuming healthy diet, and adopting moderate aerobic exercise, should always be stimulated to reduce cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> It is also important to control weight, treat comorbidities, and, if possible, minimize cardiac radiation. Regarding pharmacological therapy, there are two approaches to primary prevention of ANT-induced cardiotoxicity: reducing the cardiotoxic effects of ANT and initiating a cardioprotective medication.</p>
				<p>The first approach is made possible by decreasing cumulative dose of the agent (&lt; 360 mg/m<sup>2</sup> of doxorubicin or equivalent dose of ANT analogues), using continuous infusion and giving preference to liposomal forms of the drug.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Preference should also be given to less cardiotoxic ANT analogues, such as epirubicin, idarubicin, and mitoxantrone.</p>
				<p>In the second approach, cardioprotective medications are initiated with the aim of reducing myocardial injury. So far, only dexrazoxane has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to avoid ANT cardiotoxicity in metastatic breast cancer patients who received &gt; 300 mg/m<sup>2</sup> of doxorubicin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Dexrazoxane is an iron chelator that changes topoisomerase 2β configuration, preventing ANT interaction and thus preventing its cardiotoxic effect. Different trials showed reduction of cardiovascular events and of the incidence of heart failure among breast cancer patients, and a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials on the efficacy of dexrazoxane in patients with breast cancer showed that dexrazoxane reduced the risk of clinical heart failure (risk ratio: 0.19; 95% confidence interval: 0.09 to 0.40; p &lt; 0.001) and cardiac events (risk ratio: 0.36; 95% confidence interval: 0.27 to 0.49; p &lt; 0.001) irrespective of previous ANT exposure. Furthermore, the rate of a partial or complete oncological response, overall survival, and progression-free survival were not affected by dexrazoxane.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Cardiovascular drugs, such as beta-blockers, ACEI, and BRA, showed controversial results and are not recommended as a routine in patients under chemotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Earlier small randomized studies suggested that carvedilol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> and nebivolol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> were protective against LVEF changes. In one of the first randomized clinical trials comparing placebo versus carvedilol in patients treated with high doses of ANT chemotherapy, Kalay et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> found a higher reduction in LVEF in the placebo group (69% to 53%) than in carvedilol (70% to 69%) (p &lt; 0.001). Differently, the PRADA Trial (Prevention of Cardiac Dysfunction during Adjuvant Breast Cancer Therapy)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> evaluated cardioprotection using metoprolol and candesartan in 130 patients and showed benefit of candesartan, with a less-pronounced decrease in LVEF compared to the metoprolol group and placebo. In 2021, the 2-year result of the PRADA trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> also showed that candesartan treatment was associated with a significant reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic volume compared with the non-candesartan group (p = 0.021) and attenuated decline in GLS (p = 0.046) at 2 years, but no difference was found in the metoprolol group, and there was no difference in cardiac troponins between groups.</p>
				<p>Cardinale et al studied cardioprotection using enalapril, an ACEI widely used in the management of heart failure, in 114 patients who developed positive troponin during ANT treatment compared to placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The enalapril group had significantly lower incidence of heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction. The same author evaluated 273 patients that received enalapril as primary prevention compared to enalapril only in patients who developed positive troponin during chemotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> There was no difference between groups, suggesting enalapril use could be triggered by troponin elevation.</p>
				<p>The largest randomized trial evaluating carvedilol versus placebo in cardiotoxicity, the CECCY trial (Carvedilol Effect in Preventing Chemotherapy Induced Cardiotoxicity),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> included 200 patients with breast cancer and use of ANT, and it showed no difference in LVEF between both groups. There was a slight decrease in left ventricle diastolic diameter in the carvedilol group. However, the rate of events was lower than calculated (14.5% in the carvedilol group and 13.5% in the placebo group), which may have interfered the results. Interestingly, in this study, patients in the carvedilol arm had lower troponin values than in the placebo arm, raising the possibility of subclinical cardiotoxicity protection. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the main trials evaluating cardioprotective medications in primary prevention.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Summary of the most important clinical trials in primary prevention of cardiotoxicity.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Study</th>
									<th>Patients</th>
									<th>Chemotherapy regimen</th>
									<th>Cardioprotective drug</th>
									<th>Primary outcome</th>
									<th>Follow-up (months)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Cardinale<sup>35</sup> 2006</td>
									<td align="center">114</td>
									<td align="center">Epirubicin Idarubicin Daunorubicin</td>
									<td align="center">Enalapril</td>
									<td align="center">Cardiotoxicity incidence: Control: 43% Enalapril: 0% p &lt; 0.001</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Kalay<sup>31</sup> 2006</td>
									<td align="center">50</td>
									<td align="center">Doxorubicin Epirubicin</td>
									<td align="center">Carvedilol</td>
									<td align="center">LVEF change pre/post chemotherapy Placebo: 68.9%/52.3%; p &lt; 0.001 Carvedilol: 70.5%/69.7%; p = 0.3</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Georgakopoulos<sup>38</sup> 2010</td>
									<td align="center">125</td>
									<td align="center">Doxorubicin</td>
									<td align="center">Metoprolol Enalapril</td>
									<td align="center">No change in LVEF</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bosch<sup>39</sup> 2013</td>
									<td align="center">201</td>
									<td align="center">Idarubicin Daunorubicin</td>
									<td align="center">Carvedilol Enalapril</td>
									<td align="center">Mean change in LVEF reduction (%) Control: 3.1; p = 0.035 Enalapril + carvedilol: 0.17%; p = ns</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Kaya<sup>40</sup> 2013</td>
									<td align="center">45</td>
									<td align="center">Doxorubicin Epirubicin</td>
									<td align="center">Nebivolol</td>
									<td align="center">LVEF change pre/post chemotherapy Placebo: 66.6%/57.5%; p = 0.001 Nebivolol: 65.6%/63.8%; p = 0.5</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Gulati<sup>33</sup> 2016</td>
									<td align="center">126</td>
									<td align="center">Epirubicin</td>
									<td align="center">Metoprolol Candesartan</td>
									<td align="center">Mean change in LVEF reduction (%) Placebo: 2.6 Candesartan: 0.8; p = 0.026 Metoprolol: 1.6%; p = ns</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pituskin<sup>41</sup> 2017</td>
									<td align="center">94</td>
									<td align="center">Trastuzumab</td>
									<td align="center">Bisoprolol Perindopril</td>
									<td align="center">No change in LVEF</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Avila<sup>37</sup> 2018</td>
									<td align="center">200</td>
									<td align="center">Doxorubicin</td>
									<td align="center">Carvedilol</td>
									<td align="center">No change in LVEF</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Guglin<sup>42</sup> 2019</td>
									<td align="center">468</td>
									<td align="center">Trastuzumab</td>
									<td align="center">Lisinopril Carvedilol</td>
									<td align="center">Cardiotoxicity rate Placebo 47% versus lisinopril 37% versus carvedilol 31%</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><italic>ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>When to start cardioprotective medications?</title>
				<p>Current guidelines recommend assessment of cardiac toxicity using LVEF measurement. If, during treatment, a patient presents LVEF &lt; 50%, cardioprotective medications should be started.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> If LVEF drops below 40%, in addition to cardioprotective medications, antineoplastic treatment should be suspended temporarily based on discussion with the cardiologist and the oncologist ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figures 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">6</xref> ). However, if the patient develops a GLS reduction (absolute ≥ 5% or relative ≥ 15%) or troponin elevation, there is, to date, no formal recommendation for suspension of chemotherapy agents, and cardioprotective medications may be considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Flowchart of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology for the management of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction induced by anthracyclines. chemo: chemotherapy; HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0099-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f06">
						<label>Figure 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Flowchart of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology13 for the management of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction induced by anti-HER2 therapy. chemo: chemotherapy; HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0099-gf06.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Regarding pharmacological cardioprotection, current evidence suggests that cardiovascular medications in all patients without stratification do not result in clinical benefit. However, an effort to identify subclinical myocardial damage should be made in order to recognize the subgroup that could benefit from intensive surveillance and cardioprotective medications. More sensitive and reproducible biomarkers such as troponin should be studied in association with GLS to precociously treat cardiovascular dysfunction related to chemotherapy and reduce morbidity and mortality in this population.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding:There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Prevenção Primária Farmacológica de Cardiotoxicidade por Quimioterápicos: Qual a Melhor Abordagem?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila</surname>
						<given-names>Mônica Samuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0207-3986</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Belfort</surname>
						<given-names>Deborah de Sá Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6502-5602</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Wanderley</surname>
						<given-names>Mauro Rogério de Barros</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Transplante Cardíaco – Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Transplante Cardíaco – Santa Casa Campo Grande, Campo Grande, MS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Mônica Samuel Avila • Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, São Paulo , SP – Brasil Email: mo_avila@hotmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, Obtenção de dados, Análise e interpretação dos dados, Redação do manuscrito and Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Avila MS, Belfort DSP, Wanderley Júnior MRB.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Preparações Farmacêuticas</kwd>
				<kwd>Prevenção Primária</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Avanços na oncologia, tais como melhor acesso ao sistema de saúde, diagnóstico precoce de câncer e novas quimioterapias, têm levado ao aumento da sobrevida dos pacientes oncológicos ao longo das últimas décadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, essa população é vulnerável a eventos adversos relacionados a medicamentos cardiovasculares, como a cardiomiopatia, que leva à insuficiência cardíaca e prejudica a sobrevida e a qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Dentre as diferentes classes de quimioterápicos, as antraciclinas (ANT) se destacam como as mais relacionadas à cardiomiopatia, que pode acometer sobreviventes de câncer em 9% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A definição mais amplamente reconhecida da cardiotoxicidade é baseada em alterações na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Um declínio de 10% para um valor abaixo de 50% ou um declínio associado a sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca durante ou após o uso de um agente cardiotóxico sugere a cardiotoxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Uma vez que a cardiomiopatia induzida por quimioterapia esteja presente, o tratamento imediato da insuficiência cardíaca deve ser iniciado com antagonistas neuro-hormonais, tais como inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina (BRA) e betabloqueadores. Apesar do tratamento contemporâneo para insuficiência cardíaca, até 89% dos pacientes com cardiotoxicidade induzida por ANT não apresentam recuperação completa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Com a finalidade de evitar a redução da FEVE e a exposição dos pacientes ao risco de disfunção cardíaca irreversível, que pode acontecer mesmo com tratamento para insuficiência cardíaca, a prevenção da cardiotoxicidade induzida por quimioterapia tem sido um foco de pesquisa nos últimos anos.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Monitorização da cardiotoxicidade</title>
					<p>A frequência da avaliação cardiovascular na monitorização da cardiotoxicidade depende tanto do risco cardiovascular individual, que envolve fatores de risco individuais, quanto do risco intrínseco da quimioterapia. São fatores de risco conhecidos para cardiotoxicidade: sexo feminino; idade inferior a 18 anos ou superior a 65 anos; comorbidades como hipertensão arterial sistêmica ou outra doença cardiovascular prévia; diabetes, obesidade ou insuficiência renal; alta dose cumulativa de ANT; associação de quimioterápicos, especialmente trastuzumabe e ANT; alterações genéticas como trissomia 21; hemocromatose; e radioterapia mediastinal ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A incidência de eventos cardiovasculares durante os 10 dias após a administração de ANT é inferior a 2% no grupo de baixo risco e superior a 5% no grupo de alto risco, levando a diferentes protocolos baseados no risco individual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Avaliação do risco de cardiotoxicidade</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Fatores relacionados à terapia</th>
										<th>Fatores relacionados ao paciente</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="2"><bold>Baixo risco de cardiotoxicidade</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ANT de dose mais baixa (por exemplo, doxorrubicina &lt; 200 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, epirrubicina &lt; 300 mg/m<sup>2</sup>), formulações lipossômicas</td>
										<td align="center" rowspan="2">Idade &gt; 18 e &lt; 50 anos</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Trastuzumabe sem ANT</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="2"><bold>Médio risco de cardiotoxicidade</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ANT em dose modesta (doxorrubicina 200 a 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup>ou epirrubicina 300 a 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
										<td align="center" rowspan="6">Idade de 50 a 64 anos 1 a 2 fatores de risco CV, como hipertensão, dislipidemia, obesidade, resistência à insulina, tabagismo</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ANT seguida de trastuzumabe</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Inibidores da tirosina quinase do VEGF</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Inibidores de tirosina quinase Bcr-Abl de segunda e terceira geração</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Inibidores de proteassoma</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Inibidores de checkpoint imunológico combinados</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="2"><bold>Alto risco de cardiotoxicidade</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ANT e trastuzumabe simultâneas</td>
										<td align="center" rowspan="6">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>Idade ≥ 65 anos Mais de 2 fatores de risco CV, como hipertensão, dislipidemia, obesidade, resistência à insulina, tabagismo Diabetes</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Doença CV subjacente: DAC, DAP, CMP, doença cardíaca valvular, heart failure FEVE reduzida ou baixa-normal (50% a 54%) no pré-tratamento Terapia prévia para câncer</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Dose alta de ANT (doxorrubicina ≥ 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup>ou epirrubicina ≥ 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ANT em dose modesta mais radioterapia do tórax esquerdo</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Troponina cardíaca elevada pós-ANT antes da terapia direcionada a HER2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Radioterapia de alta dose no tórax central, incluindo coração no campo de radiação ≥ 30 Gy</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Inibidores de tirosina quinase do VEGF após quimioterapia ANT anterior</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p><italic>ANT: antraciclinas; Bcr: região do cluster do ponto de interrupção; CMP: cardiomiopatia; CV: cardiovascular; DAC: doença arterial coronariana; DAP: doença arterial periférica; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; HER2: receptor 2 do fator de crescimento epidérmico humano; VEGF: fator de crescimento endotelial vascular. Adaptado de Čelutkienė et al.<sup>11</sup></italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Um posicionamento da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> sugere a monitorização com ecocardiograma (incluindo <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global [GLS] e FEVE tridimensional) e biomarcadores para identificar marcadores subclínicos de cardiotoxicidade e considerar medicamentos cardioprotetores. A frequência da avaliação depende do risco individual, considerando fatores individuais e quimioterápicos. As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">2</xref> mostram o protocolo da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia para ANT e trastuzumab, respectivamente.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Uma via de vigilância usando biomarcadores e ecocardiografia para pacientes recebendo seis ciclos de quimioterapia com antraciclina com tempo baseado no risco cardiovascular basal. Apresentam-se caminhos para risco baixo, risco médio e risco alto. ABVD: doxorrubicina, bleomicina, vimblastina, dacarbazina; B: linha de base pré-tratamento; C: ciclo de quimioterapia; M: meses após o ciclo final; R-CHOP: ciclofosfamida, doxorrubicina, vincristina, prednisona com rituximabe. *Pontos de tempo de avaliação adicionais opcionais.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0099-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Uma via de vigilância usando biomarcadores e ecocardiografia para pacientes recebendo quimioterapia neoadjuvante com antraciclina (ANT) (doxorrubicina ou epirrubicina) e trastuzumabe, seguida por 12 meses de trastuzumabe adjuvante para câncer de mama HER2+ precoce com tempo baseado no risco cardiovascular basal. Apresentam-se caminhos para risco baixo, risco médio e risco alto. B: pré-tratamento inicial; C: ciclo de quimioterapia ou trastumuzabe adjuvante; Cn: ciclo neoadjuvante de trastumuzabe; M: meses após o ciclo final; PAPT: quimioterapia pós-antraciclina pré-trastuzumabe. *,**Pontos de tempo de avaliação adicionais opcionais.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0099-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A Diretriz Brasileira de Cardio-oncologia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> sugere uma abordagem um pouco diferente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">4</xref> ). Também são usados intervalos diferentes a depender da FEVE basal. Para ANT, se a FEVE basal for &gt; 55%, apenas o ecocardiograma é recomendado, após 3, 6 e 12 meses. Se a FEVE estiver entre 50% e 55%, além do ecocardiograma, também é recomendada a análise de troponina e dos peptídeos natriuréticos em um período inferior a 72 horas após a exposição à ANT. Se a FEVE for &lt; 50%, o tratamento imediato da insuficiência cardíaca deve ser iniciado e a primeira avaliação de imagem deve ser feita após 45 dias. Para trastuzumabe, se a FEVE for &gt; 55%, o ecocardiograma deve ser feito após 12 e 24 semanas e ao final do tratamento. Se a FEVE estiver entre 50% e 55%, além do ecocardiograma, também é recomendada a análise de troponina e peptídeos natriuréticos num período inferior a 72 horas após a exposição. Se a FEVE for &lt; 50%, o tratamento imediato da insuficiência cardíaca deve ser iniciado e a primeira avaliação de imagem deve ser realizada após 12 semanas, 18 semanas e ao final do tratamento.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Monitoramento ecocardiográfico e análise de biomarcadores em pacientes em uso de antraciclinas, sugerido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.13 ECO: ecocardiograma; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do peptídeo natriurético tipo B; QT: quimioterapia.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0099-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Monitoramento ecocardiográfico e análise de biomarcadores em pacientes em uso de fármacos anti-HER2, sugerido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.13 ECO: ecocardiograma; FR: fatores de risco; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do peptídeo natriurético tipo B</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0099-gf04-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Marcadores de cardiotoxicidade subclínica</title>
					<p>A própria definição de cardiotoxicidade, embora amplamente utilizada em diferentes ensaios, suscita alguma preocupação, uma vez que a redução da FEVE pode representar uma fase tardia da lesão miocárdica e, portanto, só permite o diagnóstico em um ponto em que a recuperação total é menos provável. Para melhorar a detecção da cardiotoxicidade, há um crescente corpo de evidências sobre o uso de biomarcadores elevados<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e redução do <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> como marcadores de cardiotoxicidade subclínica, embora ainda não haja uma recomendação formal para tratamento baseado neles.</p>
					<p>A troponina é um complexo de três proteínas reguladoras (troponina C, troponina I e troponina T) que são essenciais para a contração muscular no músculo esquelético e no músculo cardíaco. Isquemia prolongada, trauma, inflamação ou agentes cardiotóxicos podem resultar em lesão das células cardíacas. Essa lesão é acompanhada pela destruição das membranas e organelas celulares e pela liberação de troponina e outras proteínas no sangue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Essas proteínas são o biomarcador mais estudado na cardiotoxicidade subclínica induzida por ANT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A elevação da troponina I cardíaca (cTnI) foi descrita em um terço dos pacientes após alta dose de ANT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e o grau de elevação de cTnI foi associado à dose cumulativa de ANT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Esse biomarcador também está associado ao grau de disfunção ventricular esquerda. Em uma coorte, pacientes com nível de cTnI acima de 0,5 ng/mL apresentaram redução significativa e persistente da FEVE, enquanto pacientes com diminuição transitória da FEVE apresentaram níveis de cTnI abaixo de 0,5 ng/mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, valores de cTnI que persistiram acima de 0,08 ng/mL por mais de um mês após a terapia foram associados a 84% de risco de cardiotoxicidade, enquanto cTnI abaixo do intervalo de referência foi associado a 1% de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Além das troponinas, outros biomarcadores têm sido estudados na cardiotoxicidade subclínica. Os peptídeos natriuréticos apresentam uma correlação controversa com a cardiotoxicidade na literatura. Algumas evidências sugerem uma associação entre os níveis de NT-proBNP e a dose cumulativa de ANT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No entanto, em duas coortes, enquanto a troponina previu toxicidade cardíaca, os peptídeos natriuréticos não previram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Os marcadores de inflamação e a disfunção endotelial também são alvos de pesquisas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> mas são menos utilizados na prática clínica.</p>
					<p>A identificação precoce da disfunção ventricular esquerda subclínica também é possível por meio do GLS, que é uma avaliação do speckle-tracking bidimensional que permite o estudo da deformação miocárdica regional e global para detectar alterações sutis na função sistólica, principalmente relacionadas à quimioterapia com ANT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Evidências incluindo uma metanálise de 21 estudos e 1.782 pacientes com câncer sugerem que o GLS pode identificar disfunção miocárdica subclínica, e também tem implicação prognóstica quanto à cardiotoxicidade induzida por quimioterapia ou insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O uso do GLS poderia identificar pacientes com maior risco de cardiotoxicidade e melhorar a vigilância cardíaca.</p>
					<p>Seguindo esse raciocínio, o ensaio SUCCOUR avaliou uma abordagem baseada em GLS para iniciar cardioproteção em comparação com o tratamento padrão, para reduzir o risco de redução futura da FEVE, interrupção da terapia do câncer ou disfunção cardíaca relacionada à terapia para câncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Foram inscritos pacientes expostos a ANT com outro fator de risco de insuficiência cardíaca para iniciar cardioproteção com IECA e betabloqueador após redução de 10% na FEVE para um valor menor que 55%, redução de 5% com sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca ou após redução relativa de 12% no GLS. Comparando os dois grupos, não houve diferença na fração de ejeção final. No entanto, no seguimento final, 44 pacientes no braço guiado por GLS foram tratados com medicamentos cardioprotetores versus apenas 20 pacientes no braço guiado por fração de ejeção. Como resultado, 21 pacientes (13,7%) no braço guiado por fração de ejeção em comparação com 9 pacientes (5,8%) no braço guiado por GLS preencheram os critérios para disfunção cardíaca relacionada à terapia do câncer (p = 0,022), com número necessário para tratar de 13. Em uma análise post-hoc, o estudo também mostrou menor redução da FEVE entre os pacientes guiados por GLS (2,9%) em comparação aos pacientes guiados por fração de ejeção (9,1%).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Prevenção primária da cardiomiopatia induzida por quimioterapia</title>
					<p>A prevenção não farmacológica, como parar de fumar, ter uma dieta saudável e adotar exercícios aeróbicos moderados, deve ser sempre estimulada para reduzir o risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Também é importante controlar o peso, tratar as comorbidades e, se possível, minimizar a radiação cardíaca. Em relação à terapia farmacológica, existem duas abordagens para a prevenção primária da cardiotoxicidade induzida pela ANT: reduzir os efeitos cardiotóxicos da ANT e iniciar um medicamento cardioprotetor.</p>
					<p>A primeira abordagem é viabilizada pela diminuição da dose cumulativa do agente (&lt; 360 mg/m<sup>2</sup>de doxorrubicina ou dose equivalente de análogos de ANT), utilizando-se infusão contínua e dando preferência às formas lipossomais do fármaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Também deve-se dar preferência a análogos de ANT menos cardiotóxicos, como epirrubicina, idarrubicina e mitoxantrona.</p>
					<p>Na segunda abordagem, os medicamentos cardioprotetores são iniciados com o objetivo de reduzir a lesão miocárdica. Até o momento, apenas o dexrazoxano foi aprovado pela Food and Drug Administration dos Estados Unidos para evitar a cardiotoxicidade da ANT em pacientes com câncer de mama metastático que receberam dosagem superior a 300 mg/m<sup>2</sup>de doxorrubicina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> O dexrazoxano é um quelante de ferro que altera a configuração da topoisomerase 2β, prevenindo a interação da ANT e assim prevenindo seu efeito cardiotóxico. Diversos ensaios mostraram redução de eventos cardiovasculares e da incidência de insuficiência cardíaca em pacientes com câncer de mama, e uma revisão sistemática e metanálise de estudos randomizados e não randomizados sobre a eficácia do dexrazoxano em pacientes com câncer de mama mostrou que o dexrazoxano reduziu o risco de insuficiência cardíaca (razão de risco: 0,19; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,09 a 0,40; p &lt; 0,001) e eventos cardíacos (razão de risco: 0,36; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,27 a 0,49; p &lt; 0,001) independentemente da exposição prévia a ANT. Além disso, a taxa de resposta oncológica parcial ou completa, a sobrevida global e a sobrevida livre de progressão não foram afetadas pelo dexrazoxano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Medicamentos cardiovasculares, como betabloqueadores, IECA e BRA, apresentaram resultados controversos e não são recomendados como rotina em pacientes em quimioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Pequenos estudos randomizados anteriores sugeriram que carvedilol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> e nebivolol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> podem proteger contra alterações da FEVE. Em um dos primeiros ensaios clínicos randomizados comparando placebo versus carvedilol em pacientes tratados com altas doses de quimioterapia com ANT, Kalay et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> encontraram maior redução da FEVE no grupo placebo (69% a 53%) do que no carvedilol (70% a 69%) (p &lt; 0,001). Diferentemente, o ensaio PRADA (Prevention of Cardiac Dysfunction during Adjuvant Breast Cancer Therapy)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> avaliou a cardioproteção com metoprolol e candesartana em 130 pacientes e mostrou benefício da candesartana, com diminuição menos pronunciada da FEVE em comparação ao grupo de metoprolol e placebo. Em 2021, o resultado de 2 anos do ensaio PRADA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> também mostrou que o tratamento com candesartana foi associado a uma redução significativa no volume diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo em comparação com o grupo sem candesartana (p = 0,021) e declínio atenuado no GLS (p = 0,046) em 2 anos, mas nenhuma diferença foi encontrada no grupo metoprolol, e não houve diferença nas troponinas cardíacas entre os grupos.</p>
					<p>Cardinale et al. estudaram a cardioproteção com enalapril, um IECA amplamente utilizado no manejo da insuficiência cardíaca, com 114 pacientes que desenvolveram troponina positiva durante o tratamento com ANT em comparação ao placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> O grupo enalapril teve incidência significativamente menor de insuficiência cardíaca e disfunção ventricular assintomática. O mesmo autor avaliou 273 pacientes que receberam enalapril como prevenção primária em comparação com enalapril apenas em pacientes que desenvolveram troponina positiva durante a quimioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Não houve diferença entre os grupos, sugerindo que o uso de enalapril pode ser desencadeado pela elevação da troponina.</p>
					<p>O maior estudo randomizado que avaliou carvedilol versus placebo em cardiotoxicidade, o ensaio CECCY (Carvedilol Effect in Preventing Chemotherapy Induced Cardiotoxicity),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> incluiu 200 pacientes com câncer de mama e uso de ANT, e não mostrou diferença na FEVE entre os dois grupos. Houve discreta diminuição do diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo no grupo carvedilol. No entanto, a taxa de eventos foi inferior à calculada (14,5% no grupo carvedilol e 13,5% no grupo placebo), o que pode ter interferido nos resultados. Vale observar que, neste estudo, os pacientes no braço de carvedilol apresentaram valores de troponina mais baixos do que no braço do placebo, levantando a possibilidade de proteção da cardiotoxicidade subclínica. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os principais estudos avaliando medicações cardioprotetoras na prevenção primária.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Resumo dos ensaios clínicos mais importantes sobre a prevenção primária da cardiotoxicidade</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Estudo</th>
										<th>Pacientes</th>
										<th>Regime de quimioterapia</th>
										<th>Medicamento cardioprotetor</th>
										<th>Desfecho primário</th>
										<th>Acompanhamento (meses)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Cardinale<sup>35</sup>2006</td>
										<td align="center">114</td>
										<td align="center">Epirrubicina Idarrubicina Daunorrubicina</td>
										<td align="center">Enalapril</td>
										<td align="center">Incidêndica de cardiotoxicidade Controle: 43% Enalapril: 0% p &lt; 0,001</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Kalay<sup>31</sup>2006</td>
										<td align="center">50</td>
										<td align="center">Doxorrubicina Epirrubicina</td>
										<td align="center">Carvedilol</td>
										<td align="center">Alteração da FEVE pré/pós quimioterapia Placebo: 68,9%/52,3%; p &lt; 0,001 Carvedilol: 70,5%/69,7%; p = 0,3</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Georgakopoulos<sup>38</sup>2010</td>
										<td align="center">125</td>
										<td align="center">Doxorrubicina</td>
										<td align="center">Metoprolol Enalapril</td>
										<td align="center">Nenhuma alteração na FEVE</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bosch<sup>39</sup>2013</td>
										<td align="center">201</td>
										<td align="center">Idarrubicina Daunorrubicina</td>
										<td align="center">Carvedilol Enalapril</td>
										<td align="center">Alteração média na redução da FEVE (%) Controle: 3,1; p = 0,035 Enalapril + carvedilol: 0,17%; p = ns</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Kaya<sup>40</sup>2013</td>
										<td align="center">45</td>
										<td align="center">Doxorrubicina Epirrubicina</td>
										<td align="center">Nebivolol</td>
										<td align="center">Alteração da FEVE pré/pós quimioterapia Placebo: 66,6%/57,5%; p = 0,001 Nebivolol: 65,6%/63,8%; p = 0,5</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Gulati<sup>33</sup>2016</td>
										<td align="center">126</td>
										<td align="center">Epirrubicina</td>
										<td align="center">Metoprolol Candesartana</td>
										<td align="center">Alteração média na redução da FEVE (%) Placebo: 2,6 Candesartana: 0.8; p = 0,026 Metoprolol: 1.6%; p = ns</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Pituskin<sup>41</sup>2017</td>
										<td align="center">94</td>
										<td align="center">Trastuzumabe</td>
										<td align="center">Bisoprolol Perindopril</td>
										<td align="center">Nenhuma alteração na FEVE</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Avila<sup>37</sup>2018</td>
										<td align="center">200</td>
										<td align="center">Doxorrubicina</td>
										<td align="center">Carvedilol</td>
										<td align="center">Nenhuma alteração na FEVE</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Guglin<sup>42</sup>2019</td>
										<td align="center">468</td>
										<td align="center">Trastuzumabe</td>
										<td align="center">Lisinopril Carvedilol</td>
										<td align="center">Taxa de cardiotoxicidade Placebo 47% versus lisinopril 37% versus carvedilol 31%</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p><italic>FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Quando iniciar os medicamentos cardioprotetores?</title>
					<p>As diretrizes atuais preconizam a avaliação da cardiotoxicidade usando a medição da FEVE. Se, durante o tratamento, o paciente apresentar FEVE &lt; 50%, devem ser iniciados medicamentos cardioprotetores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Se a FEVE cair abaixo de 40%, além de iniciar os medicamentos cardioprotetores, o tratamento antineoplásico deve ser suspenso temporariamente com base na discussão com o cardiologista e o oncologista ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figuras 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">6</xref> ). No entanto, se o paciente apresentar redução de GLS (absoluta ≥ 5% ou relativa ≥ 15%) ou elevação de troponina, não há, até o</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05002">
							<label>Figura 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Algoritmo da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia13 para manejo da insuficiência cardíaca e disfunção ventricular induzidas por antraciclinas. FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; QT: quimioterapia.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0099-gf05-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f06002">
							<label>Figura 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Algoritmo da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia13 para manejo da insuficiência cardíaca e da disfunção ventricular induzidas por terapia anti-HER2. FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; QT: quimioterapia.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0099-gf06-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>momento, recomendação formal para suspensão dos agentes quimioterápicos, podendo ser considerados medicamentos cardioprotetores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Com respeito à cardioproteção farmacológica, as evidências atuais sugerem que os medicamentos cardioprotetores em todos os pacientes sem estratificação não se traduzam em benefício clínico. No entanto, deve ser feito um esforço para identificar o dano miocárdico subclínico com a finalidade de reconhecer o subgrupo que pode se beneficiar de vigilância intensiva e medicamentos cardioprotetores. Biomarcadores mais sensíveis e reprodutíveis, como a troponina, devem ser estudados em associação com GLS para tratar precocemente a disfunção cardiovascular relacionada à quimioterapia e reduzir a morbimortalidade nessa população.</p>
			</sec>
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		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento:O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>