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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220017</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220017</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Treatment of Heart Failure Based on Natriuretic Peptide Levels: A Question That Has Yet to be Solved?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7361-6795</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Taciana Queiroz Medeiros</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5845-1283</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lyra</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Carla Alves de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8726-9728</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nascimento</surname>
						<given-names>Joyce Santana do</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3425-0270</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dias</surname>
						<given-names>Luana do Amaral</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Procape</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Procape – Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco – Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE),Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Cecom</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cecom – Centro Cardiológico Ovídio Montenegro, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Real Hospital de Beneficência Portuguesa de Pernambuco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Real Hospital de Beneficência Portuguesa de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Carlos Eduardo Lucena Montenegro • Rua Aviador Severiano Lins, 182. Ap. 2301. Postal Code 51020-060, Boa Viagem, Recife, PE – Brazil E-mail: <email>ce_montenegro@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author Contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research: Montenegro CEL, Dias LA; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Montenegro CEL, Gomes TQM, Lyra ACAS, Nascimento JS, Dias LA.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Mar</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>80</fpage>
			<lpage>85</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Natriuretic Peptides</kwd>
				<kwd>Natriuretic Peptide, Brain</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="35"/>
				<page-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of death, hospitalization, and rehospitalization worldwide. In spite of advances in treatment with new medications, devices, and heart transplantation, the condition is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> One factor that likely contributes to this fact is the difficulty in titrating doses of drugs targeted at treating HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Many professionals who deal with this disease have difficulties in recognizing early stages of deterioration and are reluctant to increase medications due to concerns regarding possible side effects, such as hypotension or renal failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> There is also an endless search for a more objective parameter that can guide titration of medications.</p>
		<p>In recent years, especially after the revolution set in motion by the neurohumoral theory of HF, biomarkers such as natriuretic peptides (B-type natriuretic peptide [BNP] and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP]) have been used as more objective measures to diagnose and define prognosis of patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>BNP is a neurohormone predominantly secreted by the cardiac ventricle in response to pressure<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and/or volume overload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The precursor of BNP is proBNP, a biologically inactive prohormone of 108 amino acids, stored in secretory granules in the myocytes. ProBNP is cleaved by protease into BNP, which is a physiologically active peptide of 32 amino acids, and NT-proBNP, which is a biologically inert peptide of 76 amino acids. Compared with BNP, NT-proBNP has a longer peptide sequence (76 versus 32 amino acids) and a longer half-life (60 to 120 minutes versus 15 to 20 minutes) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> BNP and NT-proBNP are biomarkers used for diagnosis, prognosis, risk stratification, and management of patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> BNP is not only a gold standard biomarker in HF; it also plays a key role in maintaining circulatory homeostasis, and, as its name indicates, it has natriuretic properties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f01">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– NT-proBNP and BNP synthesis pathways from proBNP. Adapted from Kim et al.8</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0080-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>Multiple randomized clinical trials<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> have evaluated whether serial use of BNP could be useful to guide titration of medical therapy for HF, improving clinical outcomes in comparison to therapy guided only by symptoms. The trials were designed in a rather heterogeneous manner, and the results, especially those related to reduction of hospitalization and mortality, are controversial, depending on the BNP reduction strategy and the study population.</p>
		<p>We emphasize that, in relation to use of BNP/NT-proBNP for diagnosis or prognostic definition of HF, there is no doubt as to their usefulness; in the most current guidelines and even in the recently published Universal Definition of Heart Failure, natriuretic peptides have been included as part of the diagnostic flowchart for HF, regardless of presentation phenotype ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f02">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Universal definition of heart failure, 2021. Adapted from Bozkurt et al.17</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0080-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>The following brief review attempts to summarize information about studies that have attempted to guide medical treatment of HF based on natriuretic peptide levels, as well as the clinical results presented to date.</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Trials in chronic HF</title>
			<p>Several studies have addressed the hypothesis that therapy guided by BNP or NT-proBNP would improve clinical outcomes in chronic HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Even though some of these studies demonstrated a reduction in clinical events, none of them, taken alone, was adequately powered to test the effect of this strategy on all-cause mortality.</p>
			<p>One of the first published studies addressing this issue, published in 2000, was promising, suggesting a benefit in terms of mortality and hospitalization due to HF. Troughton et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> demonstrated a reduction in total cardiovascular events (death, hospital admission, or decompensation of HF) (19 versus 54, p = 0.02), but their study had a small number of patients (69 patients) and a short-term follow-up.</p>
			<p>Larger randomized trials were published later, including the 2009 TIME-CHF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> a multicenter study of patients over 60 years of age, with a number of patients about 7 times greater than the study by Troughton et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> (499 patients). This trial showed no difference in BNP-guided versus symptom-guided therapy in relation to all-cause hospitalization-free survival (41% versus 40%, hazard ratio [HR] 0.91 [95% CI: 0.72 to 1.14]; p = 0.39) or quality of life of the patients included. There was only a reduction in all-cause hospitalization-free survival in the subgroup analysis of patients between 60 the ages of and 74 years and in hospitalization for HF (secondary outcome).</p>
			<p>In 2013, Schou et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> published another randomized clinical trial, with a total of 407 outpatients with HF, who were allocated to clinical management or clinical management and NT-proBNP monitoring, with 2.5 years of follow-up. In the event that NT-proBNP increased by more than 30%, a clinical checklist was performed, and treatment was modified. Patients had average age of 73 years and ejection fraction of 30%, and 85% of them were in NYHA functional class I or II. NT-proBNP monitoring did not improve the primary composite outcome (death or cardiovascular hospital admission) (HR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.71 to 1.29, p = 0.766), and it did not lead to a significant change in the pharmacological strategy.</p>
			<p>A meta-analysis published in 2014 by Troughton et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> compiled the majority of articles on the topic (11 randomized clinical trials), published between 2000 and 2012, and its primary outcome was analysis of all-cause mortality. In this meta-analysis, a reduction was observed in the primary outcome in the group whose treatment was guided by natriuretic peptide levels (HR 0.62 [0.45 – 0.86]; p = 0.004), but a survival benefit was only observed in younger patients (up to 75 years) (HR 0.62 [0.45 – 0.85]; p = 0.004) and not in older patients (≥ 75 years) (0.98 [0.75 – 1.27]; p = 0.96). Secondary outcomes, such as hospitalization due to HF (0.80 [0.67 – 0.94]; p = 0.009) or cardiovascular disease (0.82 [0.67 – 0.99]; p = 0.048) were significantly lower in BNP-guided patients.</p>
			<p>In contrast, the Cochrane database, in 2016, also published a systematic review with meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> on the topic, including 18 randomized controlled trials with 3660 participants (mean age range: 57 to 80 years). However, unlike the meta-analysis cited above, this one did not demonstrate any evidence for a decrease in all-cause mortality (HR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76 to 1.01; patients = 3169; studies = 15), even when examining subgroups under or over 75 years of age, or for mortality due to HF (HR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.54 to 1.30; patients = 853; studies = 6) using natriuretic peptide-guided treatment. There was only a reduction in HF admission in the BNP-guided treatment group (38% versus 26%, HR 0.70, 95% CI: 0.61 to 0.80; patients = 1928; studies = 10), but there was no evidence for reduced all-cause hospital admission (57% versus 53%, HR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.84 to 1.03; patients = 1142; studies = 6).</p>
			<p>In addition to those mentioned, at least 11 reviews were performed on the effects of treatment guided by natriuretic peptides: three narrative reviews (De Vecchis et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> DeBeradinis et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Richards et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> ), one systematic review without meta-analysis ( Balion et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> ) and 6 reviews that included meta-analyses (Felker et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Porapakkham et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Savarese et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Li et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> De Vecchis et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Li et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Xin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> ). Of these meta-analyses, 4 reported that peptide-guided therapy reduced all-cause mortality in patients with HF, and the other 2 reported no effects on all-cause mortality. All-cause hospital admission was analyzed in 2 of the reviews, and no effects were reported. Four reviews reported a decrease in HF admissions favoring natriuretic peptide-guided treatment. Moreover, 2 reviews examined adverse events and reported no significant difference between groups.</p>
			<p>The meta-analysis by De Vecchis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> cited above included 6 randomized controlled trials (n = 1775 patients), comparing BNP-guided therapy versus symptom-guided therapy in outpatients with chronic HF. This review reported that guided therapy decreased a composite outcome of mortality and HF hospitalizations during the follow-up period (odds ratio [OR] 0.64; 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.95; p = 0.028); however, when analyzing all-cause mortality alone, without including it in a composite outcome, there was no significant difference.</p>
			<p>In the review with meta-analysis by Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> also cited above, which included 11 randomized clinical trials (2414 patients), there was a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR 0.83; 95% CI: 0.69 to 0.99; p = 0.035) and readmission due to HF (HR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.62 to 0.91; p = 0.004) in the BNP-guided therapy group. In subgroup analysis, readmissions due to HF were found to be lower, mainly in patients under 70 years of age (HR 0.45; 95% CI: 0.33 to 0.61; p = 0.000) or patients with higher baseline BNP (≥ 2114 pg/mL) (HR 0.53; 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.72). Moreover, in 2014, Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> concluded sensitivity analyses and showed that the reduction in all-cause mortality and admission due to HF was observed especially in patients with reduced ejection fraction.</p>
			<p>In 2017, the largest randomized and multicenter clinical trial to date was published, the GUIDE-IT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> which explored the same strategy as the previous ones but showed no difference between the groups in the primary outcome (time to first HF hospitalization or cardiovascular mortality) (32% versus 37%; HR 0.98; 95% CI: 0.79 to 1.22; p = 0.88), and the study was stopped early for futility, when 894 of 1100 patients were enrolled with a mean follow-up of 15 months. There was also no difference in the analysis of secondary outcomes (all-cause mortality, total HF hospitalizations, the individual components of the primary outcome, and adverse events) or NT-proBNP levels.</p>
			<p>Finally, another meta-analysis, published by Pufulete et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> in 2018, with 14 randomized clinical trials, studied the topic and found no significant difference in all-cause mortality (13 studies; HR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.75 to 1.01) or cardiovascular mortality (5 studies; OR 0.88, 95% CI: 0.67 to 1.16). For all-cause mortality, there was a significant interaction in the peptide-guided therapy group only when subgroups were evaluated. When analyzing the treatment strategy by age, there was a difference in the group under 75 years of age ( p = 0.034, 11 studies, HR 0.70, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.92 for patients &lt; 75 years; and HR 1.07, 95% CI: 0.84 to 1.37, for patients ≥ 75 years), and when the groups were analyzed by ejection fraction, the group with HF with reduced ejection fraction had a significant result (p = 0.026, 11 studies, HR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.71 to 0.99 for patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction; and HR 1.33, 95% CI: 0.83 to 2.11 for patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction). When evaluating adverse events, there was evidence that they were significantly more frequent with BNP-guided therapy versus symptom-guided therapy, mainly at the expense of renal failure and hypotension (5 studies; OR 1.29; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.60).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Trials in acute or acute decompensated heart failure</title>
			<p>Seeing the importance of natriuretic peptides for diagnosis and prognosis in patients with acute HF, it was expected that other studies would attempt to establish treatment strategies guided by natriuretic peptides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Carubelli et al. evaluated the strategy of using NT-proBNP (&gt; 3000 ng/L before discharge) in 280 patients in order to intensify drug therapy for acute HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> One of the groups had intensified drug therapy, mainly based on increased dose of diuretics (without a pre-specified NT-proBNP target), versus another group of patients who were discharged without any adjustments in therapy. The study was unable to demonstrate a difference in the results, and, when compared with only clinical evaluation, there was no evidence of improved prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Within this same context, Stienen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> conducted a prospective randomized controlled study with the intention of evaluating the impact of hospital treatment following the pre-defined NT-proBNP reduction guideline (&gt; 30% reduction from admission to discharge) versus conventional treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> The study population had NT-proBNP levels &gt; 1700 ng/L. The primary composite outcome comprised all-cause mortality, HF readmissions within 180 days, and death within 180 days of discharge. Secondary endpoints comprised all-cause mortality at 180 days, HF readmissions at 180 days, and a composite of all-cause mortality and HF readmissions at 90 days.</p>
			<p>This study’s Kaplan-Meier curve ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> ) demonstrates that all-cause mortality or HF readmission at 180 days after randomization occurred in 72 patients (36%) in the NT-proBNP-guided group and in 73 patients (36%) in the conventional therapy group (HR for NT-proBNP-guided therapy 0.96; 95% CI: 0.72 to 1.37; p = 0.99). In relation to secondary outcomes, there was also no statistical significance between the groups, in this context, demonstrating that guided therapy did not improve prognosis. It is worth highlighting that patients with NT-proBNP reduction of 30% had more cardiovascular events than patients in the control group, where treatment was not guided by the NT-proBNP value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival curve for the study group.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0080-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>In relation to adequate control of congestion in acute HF, several studies have demonstrated the relationship between residual congestion and increased morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> O’Neill et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> evaluated the correlation between hemodynamic measurements (through pulmonary artery catheter) and BNP levels in patients with severe acute HF, in measurements upon admission, with 12 and 36 hours of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Serum BNP concentrations were not able to predict hemodynamic changes in these patients.</p>
			<p>In contrast, retrospective analysis of the DOSE-AHF study, which involved hospitalized patients with diagnosis of acute HF, evaluated the relationship between 3 markers of decongestion in 72 hours: weight loss, fluid loss, and percentage reduction in serum NT-proBNP levels, in addition to symptomatic clinical improvement of dyspnea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> They also determined the relationship between each marker of decongestion and clinical outcomes at 60 days, such as death, first rehospitalization, and emergency department visit. The mean age of the patients was 66 years; mean ejection fraction was 35%, and 27% of the participants had ejection fraction ≥ 50%. Of the 3 measures of congestion improvement assessed, only reduced NT-proBNP was associated with dyspnea relief (r = 0.13; p = 0.04). However, reductions in the 3 measures were associated with improvement in time to death, first rehospitalization, and emergency department visit at 60 days (4 lbs of weight loss [HR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.85 to 0.97], 1000 mL of fluid loss [HR 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90 to 0.99], and 10% reduction in NT-proBNP [HR 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91 to 0.99]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Summarizing the data presented herein, the authors’ impression is that this is a question that can be answered in several ways. The highly controversial data regarding HF therapy guided by natriuretic peptide levels in patients with chronic HF allow us to speculate that there is some applicability for their use in clinical practice, perhaps not routinely, but in a more specific niche of patients (bedridden patients, for example, where clinical assessment may be more impaired) and perhaps not taken alone, but in association with other markers of congestion, such as weight loss, urinary output, or even some that have been less tested, such as pulmonary ultrasound or bioimpedance. Trials in acute HF are already more uniform in not recommending this strategy for these patients. In conclusion, our impression is that the HF treatment strategy guided by BNP/NT-proBNP levels should not be used as a single strategy to guide HF treatment, based on the data that are currently available, but we cannot assert that this is a question that has already been solved, and new evidence may lead us to reevaluate our impression.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Tratamento da Insuficiência Cardíaca Baseada em Níveis de Peptídeos Natriuréticos: Uma Questão ainda não Resolvida?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7361-6795</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Taciana Queiroz Medeiros</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5845-1283</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lyra</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Carla Alves de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8726-9728</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nascimento</surname>
						<given-names>Joyce Santana do</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3425-0270</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dias</surname>
						<given-names>Luana do Amaral</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Procape – Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco – Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cecom – Centro Cardiológico Ovídio Montenegro, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Real Hospital de Beneficência Portuguesa de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Carlos Eduardo Lucena Montenegro • Rua Aviador Severiano Lins, 182. Ap. 2301. CEP 51020-060, Boa Viagem, Recife, PE – Brasil E-mail: ce_montenegro@yahoo.com.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Montenegro CEL, Dias LA; Análise e interpretação dos dados, Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Montenegro CEL, Gomes TQM, Lyra ACAS, Nascimento JS, Dias LA.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Peptídeos Natriuréticos</kwd>
				<kwd>Peptídeo Natriurético Encefálico</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma das principais causas de morte, hospitalização e re-hospitalização em todo o mundo. Apesar dos avanços no tratamento com novas drogas, dispositivos e transplante cardíaco, essa condição ainda está associada a uma importante morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Um dos fatores que provavelmente contribui para esse fato é a dificuldade de titulação de doses de medicamentos direcionados para IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Muitos profissionais que lidam com a doença, têm dificuldade em reconhecer estágios de deterioração precoces e são relutantes em aumentar medicações por conta do receio de possíveis efeitos colaterais, como hipotensão ou insuficiência renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Há também uma eterna busca de um parâmetro, mais objetivo, que possa guiar a titulação das medicações.</p>
			<p>Nos últimos anos, principalmente depois da revolução causada pela teoria neuro-humoral da IC, biomarcadores como os peptídeos natriuréticos (BNP: peptídeo natriurético do tipo B; NT-proBNP: fração N-terminal do peptídeo natriurético do tipo B) têm sido usados como medida mais objetiva para diagnosticar e definir prognóstico de pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O BNP é um neurohormônio secretado predominantemente pelo ventrículo cardíaco em resposta à sobrecarga de pressão<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e/ou volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O precursor do BNP é o proBNP, um pró-hormônio biologicamente inativo de 108 aminoácidos, armazenado em grânulos de secreção nos miócitos. O proBNP é clivado por uma protease em BNP (um peptídeo de 32 aminoácidos fisiologicamente ativo) e NT-proBNP, um peptídeo de 76 aminoácidos biologicamente inerte. Comparado com o BNP, o NT-proBNP é uma sequência peptídica mais longa (76 versus 32 aminoácidos) e com uma meia-vida mais longa (60 a 120 minutos versus 15 a 20 minutos)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ). O BNP e NT-proBNP são biomarcadores usados no diagnóstico, prognóstico, estratificação de risco e manejo de pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O BNP não é apenas um biomarcador padrão ouro na IC, ele também desempenha um papel fundamental na manutenção da homeostase circulatória, tendo, como seu próprio nome diz, propriedades natriuréticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01002">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Vias de síntese de NT-proBNP e BNP a partir de proBNP. Adaptado de Kim et al.8</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0080-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Vários ensaios clínicos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> randomizados avaliaram se o uso seriado de BNP poderia ser útil para guiar a titulação da terapêutica medicamentosa da IC, melhorando os desfechos clínicos em comparação à terapia somente guiada por sintomas. Os estudos foram desenhados de forma bem heterogênea e os resultados, principalmente no que tange à redução de hospitalizações e mortalidade, são controversos, a depender da estratégia de redução do BNP e da população estudada.</p>
			<p>Salientamos que no que tange ao uso do BNP/NT-proBNP para o diagnóstico de IC ou para definição prognóstica, não há dúvidas sobre sua utilidade, inclusive foi posto, nas diretrizes mais atuais e até mesmo na recentemente publicada <italic>Universal Definition of Heart Failure</italic> , que os peptídeos natriuréticos fazem parte do fluxograma diagnóstico da IC, independente do seu fenótipo de apresentação ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02002">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Definição universal da IC, 2021. Adaptado de Bozkurt et al.17</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0080-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>A breve revisão a seguir tenta resumir as informações sobre os estudos que tentaram guiar o tratamento medicamentoso da IC baseados nos níveis dos peptídeos natriuréticos e os resultados clínicos apresentados até a data atual.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Ensaios em IC crônica</title>
				<p>Vários estudos abordaram a hipótese que a terapia guiada pelo BNP ou NT-proBNP melhorariam os resultados clínicos na IC crônica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Embora alguns desses estudos tenham demonstrado uma redução nos eventos clínicos, nenhum deles isoladamente teve poder adequado para testar o efeito desta estratégia na mortalidade por todas as causas.</p>
				<p>Um dos primeiros estudos abordando essa questão, publicado em 2000, foi promissor, sugerindo benefício em termos de mortalidade e internação por IC. Troughton et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> demonstraram a redução de eventos cardiovasculares totais (morte, internação hospitalar ou descompensação de IC) (19 versus 54, p = 0,02) mas seu estudo tinha um pequeno número de pacientes (69 pacientes) e um acompanhamento de curto prazo.</p>
				<p>Ensaios randomizados maiores foram publicados posteriormente, destacando-se entre eles o TIME-CHF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> de 2009, um estudo multicêntrico, em pacientes com idade superior aos 60 anos, com um número de pacientes cerca de 7 vezes maior que o estudo de Troughton et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> (499 pacientes). Este ensaio não demonstrou diferença na terapia guiada por BNP versus terapia guiada por sintomas na sobrevida livre de hospitalizações por todas as causas (41% versus 40%, RR 0,91 [intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,72 a 1,14]; p = 0,39) ou na qualidade de vida dos pacientes incluídos. Apenas houve redução na sobrevida livre de hospitalizações por todas as causas na análise de subgrupo com idade entre 60 e 74 anos e nas hospitalizações por IC (desfecho secundário).</p>
				<p>Em 2013, foi publicado, por Schou et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> um outro ensaio clínico randomizado, com um total de 407 pacientes ambulatoriais com IC e que foram alocados para manejo clínico ou manejo clínico e monitoramento de NT-proBNP, com acompanhamento por 2,5 anos. E, caso o NT-proBNP aumentasse mais de 30%, uma lista de verificação clínica era realizada e o tratamento era modificado. Os pacientes tinham em média 73 anos, fração de ejeção de 30% e 85% deles eram classe funcional I ou II (NYHA). O monitoramento de NT-proBNP não melhorou o desfecho composto primário (morte ou internação cardiovascular) (RR 0,96, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,71 a 1,29, p = 0,766) e não induziu uma mudança significativa na estratégia farmacológica.</p>
				<p>Uma metanálise, publicada em 2014, por Troughton et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> compilou a maioria dos artigos sobre o tema (11 ensaios clínicos randomizados), publicados entre 2000 e 2012, e teve como desfecho primário a análise de mortalidade por todas as causas. Nesta metanálise, foi observada uma redução do desfecho primário no grupo cujo tratamento era guiado pelos níveis de peptídeos natriuréticos (RR 0,62 [intervalo de confiança: 0,45 a 0,86]; p = 0,004) mas o benefício de sobrevida foi observado apenas em pacientes mais jovens (até 75 anos) (RR 0,62; intervalo de confiança: 0,45 a 0,85; p = 0,004) e não nos pacientes mais velhos (≥ 75 anos) (0,98 [0,75 – 1,27]; p = 0,96). Desfechos secundários, como hospitalização por IC (0,80 [0,67 – 0,94]; p = 0,009) ou doença cardiovascular (0,82 [0,67 – 0,99]; p = 0,048), foram significativamente menores em pacientes guiados por BNP.</p>
				<p>Porém, o banco de dados da Cochrane, em 2016, também publicou uma revisão sistemática com metanálise<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> sobre o assunto, que incluiu 18 ensaios clínicos randomizados com 3.660 participantes (intervalo de idade média: 57 a 80 anos). Mas, diferente da metanálise citada anteriormente, esta não demonstrou evidência para diminuição de mortalidade por todas as causas (RR 0,87, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,76 a 1,01; pacientes = 3.169; estudos = 15), mesmo ao examinar subgrupos com menos ou mais de 75 anos de idade, nem para mortalidade por IC (RR 0,84, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,54 a 1,30; pacientes = 853; estudos = 6) usando o tratamento guiado por peptídeos natriuréticos. Houve apenas redução na admissão por IC no grupo com tratamento guiado por BNP (38% versus 26%, RR 0,70, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,61 a 0,80; pacientes = 1.928; estudos = 10), mas não houve evidência para redução da admissão por todas as causas (57% versus 53%, RR 0,93, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,84 a 1,03; pacientes = 1.142; estudos = 6).</p>
				<p>Além das citadas, pelo menos 11 revisões foram realizadas sobre os efeitos do tratamento guiado por peptídeos natriuréticos: três revisões narrativas (De Vecchis et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> DeBeradinis et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Richards et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> ), uma revisão sistemática sem metanálise (Balion et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> ) e 6 revisões que incluíram metanálises (Felker et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Porapakkham et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Savarese et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Li et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> De Vecchis et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Li et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Xin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> ). Dessas metanálises, 4 relataram que a terapia guiada pelos peptídeos reduziu a mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com IC e as outras duas não relataram nenhum efeito para a mortalidade por todas as causas. A admissão hospitalar por todas as causas foi analisada em 2 das revisões e nenhum efeito foi relatado. Quatro revisões relataram diminuição das admissões por IC favorecendo o tratamento guiado por peptídeos natriuréticos. Além disso, 2 revisões examinaram eventos adversos e não relataram diferença significativa entre os grupos.</p>
				<p>A metanálise de De Vecchis et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> incluiu seis ensaios clínicos randomizados (n = 1.775 pacientes) na comparação de terapia guiada por BNP versus terapia guiada por sintomas em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC crônica. Esta revisão relatou que a terapia guiada diminuiu um resultado composto de mortalidade e hospitalizações por IC durante o período de acompanhamento (OR 0,64; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,43 a 0,95; p = 0,028), mas ao analisar mortalidade por todas as causas isoladamente, sem estar inclusa num desfecho composto, não houve diferença significativa.</p>
				<p>Na revisão com metanálise de Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> também supracitada, em que foram incluídos 11 ensaios clínicos randomizados (2.414 pacientes), houve um risco menor de mortalidade por todas as causas (RR 0,83; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,69 a 0,99; p = 0,035) e reinternação por IC (RR, 0,75; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,62 a 0,91; p = 0,004) no grupo de terapia guiada por BNP. Na análise de subgrupo, viu-se que a reinternação por IC foi menor principalmente nos pacientes com menos de 70 anos (RR, 0,45; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,33 a 0,61; p = 0,000) ou com BNP basal mais alto (≥ 2114 pg/mL) (RR, 0,53; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,39 a 0,72). Além disso, Li et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> em 2014, concluiu análises de sensibilidade e mostrou que a redução na mortalidade por todas as causas e a admissão por IC foi observada especialmente em pacientes com fração de ejeção reduzida.</p>
				<p>Em 2017 foi publicado o maior ensaio clínico randomizado e multicêntrico até então, o GUIDE-IT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> que explorou a mesma estratégia dos anteriores mas não demonstrou diferença entre os grupos no desfecho primário (tempo até a primeira internação por IC ou mortalidade cardiovascular) (32% versus 37%, RR 0,98; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,79 a 1,22; p = 0.88) e o estudo foi interrompido precocemente por futilidade, quando 894 dos 1.100 pacientes foram inscritos com acompanhamento médio de 15 meses. Também não houve diferença na análise dos desfechos secundários (mortalidade por todas as causas, total de hospitalizações por IC, os componentes individuais do desfecho primário e eventos adversos) ou níveis de NT-proBNP.</p>
				<p>Por fim, mais uma metanálise, publicada por Pufulete et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> em 2018, com 14 ensaios clínicos randomizados, estudou sobre o assunto e não viu diferença significativa na mortalidade por todas as causas (13 estudos; RR 0,87, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,75 a 1,01) ou mortalidade cardiovascular (5 estudos; OR 0,88, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,67 a 1,16). Para mortalidade por todas as causas, houve interação significativa no grupo com terapia guiada por peptídeos apenas quando se avaliou os subgrupos. Ao analisar a estratégia de tratamento por idade, houve diferença no grupo menor que 75 anos (p = 0,034, 11 estudos; RR 0,70, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,53 a 0,92, pacientes &lt; 75 anos e RR 1,07, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,84 a 1,37, pacientes ≥ 75 anos), e quando se analisou os grupos por fração de ejeção, grupo com IC com fração de ejeção reduzida teve resultado significativo (p = 0,026, 11 estudos; RR 0,84, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,71 a 0,99, pacientes com IC com fração de ejeção reduzida; e RR 1,33, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,83 a 2,11, pacientes com IC com fração de ejeção preservada). Ao avaliar os eventos adversos, foi evidenciado que os mesmos foram significativamente mais frequentes com terapia guiada por BNP versus terapia guiada por sintomas, principalmente às custas de insuficiência renal e hipotensão (5 estudos; OR 1,29, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 1,04 a 1,60).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Ensaios em IC aguda ou agudamente descompensada</title>
				<p>Tendo em vista a importância dos peptídeos natriuréticos para o diagnóstico e prognóstico nos pacientes com IC aguda, era esperado que outros estudos tentassem estabelecer estratégias de tratamento guiadas pelos peptídios natriuréticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Carubelli et al. avaliaram a estratégia de usar NT-proBNP (&gt; 3000 ng/L antes da alta) em 280 pacientes, a fim de intensificar a terapia medicamentosa para IC aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Um dos grupos intensificou a terapêutica medicamentosa, principalmente a base de aumento de dose de diuréticos (sem um alvo pré-especificado de NT-proBNP), versus outro grupo de pacientes que receberam alta sem quaisquer ajustes na terapia. O estudo não foi capaz de demonstrar diferença nos resultados e em comparação apenas com a avaliação clínica não foi evidenciada melhora do prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Dentro deste mesmo contexto, Stienen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> conduziram estudo prospectivo randomizado controlado com intenção de avaliar o impacto do tratamento hospitalar seguindo a orientação de redução pré-definida de NT-proBNP (&gt; 30% de redução da admissão à alta) versus tratamento convencional. A população estudada tinha níveis de NT-proBNP &gt; 1700 ng/L. O desfecho primário composto compreendia mortalidade por todas as causas, reinternações por IC em 180 dias e morte até 180 dias da alta. Os desfechos secundários foram mortalidade por todas as causas em 180 dias, readmissões por IC em 180 dias e um composto de mortalidade por todas as causas e readmissões por IC em 90 dias.</p>
				<p>A curva de Kaplan-Meier do estudo de Stienen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref> ) demonstra que a mortalidade por todas as causas ou readmissão por IC em 180 dias após a randomização ocorreu em 72 pacientes (36%) no grupo guiado por NT-proBNP e em 73 pacientes (36%) no grupo de terapia convencional (hazard ratio para terapia guiada por NT-proBNP, 0,96; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,72 a 1,37; p = 0,99). Em relação aos desfechos secundários também não houve significância estatística entre os grupos, nesse contexto, demonstrando que a terapia guiada não melhorou prognóstico. Relevante ressaltar que os pacientes com NT-proBNP reduzido em 30% tiveram mais eventos cardiovasculares que os pacientes que estavam no grupo controle, onde o tratamento não foi guiado pelo valor do NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Curva de Kaplan-Meier de sobrevida acumulada de acordo com o grupo estudado.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0080-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Em relação ao controle adequado da congestão na IC aguda, vários estudos demonstraram a relação entre congestão residual e o aumento de morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> O’Neill et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> avaliaram a correlação entre medidas hemodinâmicas (através de cateter de artéria pulmonar) e os níveis de BNP em pacientes com IC aguda grave, em aferições à admissão, com 12 e 36 h de seguimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> As concentrações séricas de BNP não foram capazes de predizer mudanças hemodinâmicas nesses pacientes.</p>
				<p>Em contrapartida, uma análise retrospectiva do estudo DOSE-AHF, que envolveu pacientes hospitalizados com diagnóstico de IC aguda, avaliou a relação entre 3 marcadores de descongestão em 72 horas: perda de peso, perda de líquido e percentual de redução nos níveis séricos de NT-proBNP, além de melhora clínica sintomática de dispneia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Foi determinada ainda a relação entre cada marcador de descongestão e desfechos clínicos em 60 dias, como morte, primeira re-hospitalização e atendimento em emergência. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 66 anos, a fração de ejeção de 35% e 27% dos participantes tinham fração de ejeção ≥ 50%. Das 3 medidas avaliadas de avaliação de melhora de congestão, apenas a redução de NT-proBNP foi associada ao alívio da dispneia (r = 0.13; p = 0.04). No entanto, reduções nas 3 medidas foram associadas com melhora do tempo até a morte, primeira reinternação e visita ao departamento de emergência em 60 dias (4 lbs de perda de peso [hazard ratio, 0.91; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,85 a 0,97], 1000 ml de perda de líquido [hazard ratio, 0,94; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,90 a 0,99] e redução de 10% de NT-proBNP [hazard ratio 0,95; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,91 a 0,99]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>Sumarizando os dados aqui apresentados, a impressão dos autores é de que esta é uma pergunta que pode ser respondida de várias formas. Os dados bastante controversos em relação à terapia da IC guiada por níveis de peptídeos natriuréticos em pacientes com IC crônica permitem que especulemos que haja alguma aplicabilidade para o seu emprego na prática clínica. Talvez não de forma rotineira, mas sim em um nicho mais específico de pacientes (pacientes acamados, por exemplo, onde a avaliação clínica pode estar mais prejudicada) e talvez não isoladamente, mas em associação a outros marcadores de congestão como perda de peso, débito urinário ou até alguns menos testados como ultrassom pulmonar ou bioimpedância. Os ensaios em IC aguda já são mais uniformes em não recomendar essa estratégia para esses pacientes. Finalizando, a nossa impressão é de que a estratégia de tratamento da IC guiada por níveis de BNP/NT-proBNP não deve ser usada como estratégia única para guiar o tratamento da IC, baseado nos dados atualmente disponíveis, mas não podemos cravar que isso é uma questão já resolvida e novas evidências podem nos fazer reavaliar essa impressão.</p>
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					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
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					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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