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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220014</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220014</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Clinical Profile-Based Pharmacological Sequencing for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mesquita</surname>
						<given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Correia</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Barbetta</surname>
						<given-names>Letícia Mara dos Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Cardiovascular</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Cardiovascular do Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Educação e Treinamento Edson Bueno</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UnitedHealth Group</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Educação e Treinamento Edson Bueno – UnitedHealth Group, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">PROCEPI-DASA</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">PROCEPI-DASA, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">6ª enfermaria Santa Casa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Evandro Tinoco Mesquita • Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro - R. Marquês de Paraná, 303. Postal Code 24033-900, Centro, Niterói, RJ – Brazil E-mail: <email>etmesquita@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author Contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Mesquita ET, Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS; Acquisition of data: Correia ETO; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Mar</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>72</fpage>
			<lpage>75</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>07</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists</kwd>
				<kwd>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors</kwd>
				<kwd>Adrenergic Beta-Antagonists</kwd>
				<kwd>Digoxin</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
				<page-count count="4"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart failure (HF) is classically categorized into phenotypes according to left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), one of them being HF with preserved EF (HFpEF; EF ≥ 50%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In the past decades, a myriad of drug therapies that reduce mortality and hospitalization rates for HF with reduced EF have emerged. However, although HFpEF accounts for about 50% of HF cases, to this date, only empagliflozin was shown to reduce HF hospitalization, and no drug reduced the risk for cardiovascular death in randomized clinical trials (RCTs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> One hypothesis that may explain the lack of therapies that reduce hard outcomes in HFpEF is the variety of phenotypes that constitute HFpEF as a syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Thus, in this paper, we discuss evidence from RCTs and post-hoc analyses of RCTs that may help improve HFpEF outcomes, aid clinicians, and pave the way for future RCTs.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical phenotypes of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</title>
				<p>HFpEF is a clinical syndrome arising from the interaction of multiple comorbidities that leads to an inflammatory state that produces cardiac and extracardiac abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Because of the diversity of comorbidities that can lead to HFpEF, this clinical syndrome is highly heterogenous, which may explain why RCTs investigating a one-size-fits-all treatment have failed to reduce cardiovascular mortality among patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Previous studies using machine-learning techniques have identified different phenogroups consisting of a combination of clinical features (pulmonary hypertension, lung congestion, atrial fibrillation, skeletal muscle weakness, and chronotropic incompetence),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> . In addition to different clinical characteristics, these phenogroups have prognostic particularities and appear to respond differently to medical therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Therefore, classifying patients with HFpEF into phenogroups according to their clinical features could constitute a key aspect to guide medical therapy.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Interaction of cardiometabolic risk factors that produce a complex combination of clinical features with consequent unique phenotypes of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0072-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Evidence-based drug therapies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</title>
				<p>As mentioned before, although there is a variety of drugs that improve outcomes for HF with reduced EF, this is not the case with HFpEF. One key step of HFpEF management is to treat etiologies and comorbidities (eg, hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, obesity, anemia, chronic kidney disease, etc).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This may reduce not only disease progression but also HF hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Regarding disease-modifying therapies, only empagliflozin is supported by robust evidence from an RCT to justify its use for HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, post-hoc analyses of RCTs indicate that other drug therapies may also reduce outcomes in HFpEF. This is mainly illustrated by the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) trial, in which spironolactone did not reduce the primary outcome in patients with HFpEF compared with placebo, although it was effective among patients with elevated natriuretic peptides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Also, surprisingly, patients in the Americas experienced an 18% risk reduction in the primary outcome, whereas in Russia and Georgia, spironolactone did not improve prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A post-hoc analysis of the CardioMEMS Heart Sensor Allows Monitoring of Pressure to Improve Outcomes in NYHA Class III Heart Failure Patients (CHAMPION) trial also showed that changes in diuretic and vasodilator therapies according to pulmonary artery pressure reduced by 46% the incidence ratio of HF hospitalization in HFpEF with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Therefore, this may indicate that diuretics may not only control HF symptoms but also reduce HF hospitalization. Finally, although the Prospective Comparison of ARNI with ARB Global Outcomes in HF with Preserved Ejection Fraction (PARAGON-HF) trial showed no benefit of sacubitril-valsartan for HFpEF, a prespecified analysis of this RCT showed that sacubitril-valsartan reduced the primary outcome in women with HFpEF due to a reduction in HF hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> , we detail phase III RCTs that have investigated pharmacological therapies for HFpEF.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Phase III randomized controlled trials of pharmacological therapies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Study</th>
									<th>Drug</th>
									<th>LVEF Range</th>
									<th>Other Inclusion Criteria</th>
									<th>All-Cause Mortality</th>
									<th>CV Mortality</th>
									<th>CV Death or HF Hospitalization</th>
									<th>HF Hospitalization</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>PEP-CHF</td>
									<td align="center">Perindopril</td>
									<td align="center">LV wall motion index ≥ 1.4</td>
									<td align="center">Symptomatic HF treated with diuretics, diastolic dysfunction, age ≥ 70 years</td>
									<td align="center">1.09 (0.75-1.58)</td>
									<td align="center">0.98 (0.63-1.53)</td>
									<td align="center">NR</td>
									<td align="center">0.86 (0.61-1.20)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CHARM-Preserved</td>
									<td align="center">Candesartan</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 40%</td>
									<td align="center">NYHA class II-IV, history of CV hospitalization</td>
									<td align="center">NR</td>
									<td align="center">0.99 (0.80-1.22)</td>
									<td align="center">0.89 (0.77-1.03)</td>
									<td align="center">0.85 (0.72-1.01)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>I-PRESERVE</td>
									<td align="center">Irbesartan</td>
									<td align="center">≥ 45%</td>
									<td align="center">NYHA class III-IV or NYHA class II with HF hospitalization in the past 6 months, age ≥ 60 years</td>
									<td align="center">1.00 (0.88-1.14)</td>
									<td align="center">1.01 (0.86-1.18)</td>
									<td align="center">0.96 (0.84-1.09)</td>
									<td align="center">0.95 (0.81-1.10)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PARAGON-HF</td>
									<td align="center">Sacubitril-valsartan</td>
									<td align="center">≥ 45%</td>
									<td align="center">NYHA class II-IV, left atrial enlargement or LV hypertrophy and elevated BNP ≥ 300 pg/mL or NT-proBNP ≥ 900 pg/mL or HF hospitalization in the past 9 months</td>
									<td align="center">0.97 (0.84-1.13)</td>
									<td align="center">0.95 (0.79-1.16)</td>
									<td align="center">0.87 (0.75-1.01)</td>
									<td align="center">0.85 (0.72-1.00)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TOPCAT</td>
									<td align="center">Spironolactone</td>
									<td align="center">≥ 45%</td>
									<td align="center">≥ 1 HF sign and ≥ 1 HF symptom, HF hospitalization within the past 12 months, or BNP ≥ 100 pg/mL or NT-proBNP ≥ 360 pg/mL, age ≥ 50 years</td>
									<td align="center">0.91 (0.77-1.08)</td>
									<td align="center">0.90 (0.73-1.12)</td>
									<td align="center">0.89 (0.77-1.04)</td>
									<td align="center">0.83 (0.69-0.99)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>EMPEROR-Preserved</td>
									<td align="center">Empagliflozin</td>
									<td align="center">≥ 40%</td>
									<td align="center">NYHA class II-IV, 18 years or older, NT-proBNP &gt; 300 pg/mL or NT-proBNP &gt; 900 pg/mL for patients with HF and AF</td>
									<td align="center">1.00 (0.87-1.15)</td>
									<td align="center">0.91 (0.76-1.09)</td>
									<td align="center">0.79 (0.69-0.90)</td>
									<td align="center">0.73 (0.61-0.88)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DIG-PEF</td>
									<td align="center">Digoxin</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 45%</td>
									<td align="center">SR</td>
									<td align="center">0.99 (0.76-1.28)</td>
									<td align="center">1.00 (0.73-1.36)</td>
									<td align="center">0.88 (0.70-1.11)</td>
									<td align="center">0.79 (0.59-1.04)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><italic>AF: atrial fibrillation; CV: cardiovascular; HF: heart failure; LV: left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association; S: sinus rhythm</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical profile-based pharmacological sequencing for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</title>
				<p>As reviewed above, in addition to etiologic treatment, there are 3 drug therapies that may benefit patients with HFpEF based on RCTs (empagliflozin), post-hoc analyses of RCTs (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists), and indirect evidence from RCTs (diuretics).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Also, personalizing HFpEF treatment according to clinical presentation and presence of risk factors, similar to what is done in other syndromes, could benefit patients with HFpEF and seems to be a better option than focusing on a one-size-fits-all treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> , we suggest a pharmacological approach to treat patients with HFpEF according to their clinical presentation and risk factors, similar to that described by Shah et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> but in light of new evidence from RCTs and post-hoc analyses reviewed in this paper.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Pharmacological strategy for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction according to clinical profile and risk factors. Clinical phenotypes and table adapted from Shah et al.3</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Lung Congestion</th>
									<th>Chronotropic Incompetence</th>
									<th>Pulmonary Hypertension</th>
									<th>Skeletal Muscle Weakness</th>
									<th>Atrial Fibrillation</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Obesity</td>
									<td align="center">Diuretics/MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/caloric restriction</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/caloric restriction/atrial pacing</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/caloric restriction/PDE</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/caloric restriction/exercise training</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/caloric restriction/cardioversion or rate control/anticoagulation</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes</td>
									<td align="center">Diuretics/MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/caloric restriction</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/caloric restriction/atrial pacing</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/caloric restriction/PDE</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/caloric restriction/exercise training</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/caloric restriction/cardioversion or rate control/anticoagulation</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hypertension</td>
									<td align="center">Diuretics/MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women), ACEi or ARB</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women), ACEi or ARB/atrial pacing</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women), ACEi or ARB/PDE</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women), ACEi or ARB/exercise training</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women), ACEi or ARB/cardioversion or rate control/anticoagulation</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Kidney Dysfunction</td>
									<td align="center">Diuretics/MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/ultrafiltration if needed</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/ultrafiltration if needed/atrial pacing if needed</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/ultrafiltration if needed/PDE</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/ultrafiltration if needed/exercise training</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women)/ultrafiltration if needed/cardioversion or rate control/anticoagulation</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CAD</td>
									<td align="center">Diuretics/MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women), ACEi or ARB/revascularization</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women), ACEi or ARB/revascularization/atrial pacing if needed</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women), ACEi or ARB/revascularization/PDE</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women), ACEi or ARB/revascularization/exercise training</td>
									<td align="center">MRA/SGLT2i/ARNI (for women), ACEi or ARB/revascularization/cardioversion or rate control/anticoagulation</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><italic>ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; CAD: coronary artery disease; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; PDE: phosphodiesterase inhibitor; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Perspectives</title>
				<p>The heterogeneity of HFpEF as a syndrome may explain why all RCTs have failed to observe a significant reduction in cardiovascular mortality in this population. New RCTs selecting a specific population of patients with HFpEF with a unique set of clinical features and risk factors might reveal effective medical therapies to be adopted by HF guidelines. For instance, Park et al. demonstrated that, for patients with HF with EF &gt; 40% and a global longitudinal strain &lt; 14%, the use of beta-blocker therapy was associated with improved survival, while for those with a global longitudinal strain &gt; 14%, the same was not true.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, the characterization of HFpEF phenotypes is under development, and there is still room for future large-scale multicenter studies using novel biomarkers and imaging techniques to better recognize HFpEF phenotypes.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Although HFpEF accounts for about 50% of HF cases, there is a lack of therapies that reduce cardiovascular death. Shifting from a one-size-fits-all approach to a clinical profile-based pharmacological strategy may be the key to produce a significant reduction in hard outcomes in HFpEF. However, although conceptually sound, this therapeutic model still needs to be validated by RCTs.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Sequenciamento Farmacológico na Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Preservada: Uma Abordagem Baseada em Fenótipos Clínicos</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mesquita</surname>
						<given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Correia</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Barbetta</surname>
						<given-names>Letícia Mara dos Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Cardiovascular do Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">PROCEPI-DASA, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">6ª enfermaria Santa Casa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Evandro Tinoco Mesquita • Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro - R. Marquês de Paraná, 303. CEP 24033-900, Centro, Niterói, RJ – Brasil E-mail: etmesquita@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito: Mesquita ET, Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS; Obtenção de dados: Correia ETO; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides</kwd>
				<kwd>Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina</kwd>
				<kwd>Antagonistas Adrenérgicos Beta</kwd>
				<kwd>Digoxina</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) tradicionalmente é categorizada em fenótipos de acordo com a fração de ejeção (FE) do ventrículo esquerdo, sendo que um desses fenótipos é a IC com FE preservada (ICFEp; FE ≥ 50%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nas últimas décadas, surgiram uma infinidade de tratamentos medicamentosos que reduzem as taxas de mortalidade e hospitalização por IC com FE reduzida. No entanto, embora a ICFEp represente cerca de 50% dos casos de IC, até o momento, apenas a empagliflozina demonstrou reduzir a hospitalização por IC e nenhum medicamento reduziu o risco de morte cardiovascular em ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Uma hipótese que pode explicar a falta de tratamentos que reduzam os desfechos concretos na ICFEp é a variedade de fenótipos que constituem a ICFEp como síndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Considerando esse cenário, neste artigo, discutimos evidências de ECRs e análises post-hoc de ECRs que podem ajudar a melhorar os desfechos de ICFEp, auxiliar os médicos e preparar o caminho para futuros ECRs.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Fenótipos clínicos de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada</title>
					<p>A ICFEp é uma síndrome clínica resultante da interação de múltiplas comorbidades que levam a estados inflamatórios e produzem anormalidades cardíacas e extracardíacas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Devido à diversidade de comorbidades que podem levar à ICFEp, essa síndrome clínica é altamente heterogênea, o que, portanto, pode explicar por que os ECRs que investigam um tratamento único não conseguiram reduzir a mortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes com ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores, que usaram técnicas de aprendizado de máquina, identificaram diferentes fenogrupos que consistem em uma combinação de características clínicas (hipertensão pulmonar, congestão pulmonar, fibrilação atrial, fraqueza muscular esquelética e incompetência cronotrópica),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> . Além das características clínicas diferentes, esses fenogrupos têm prognóstico diferente e também parecem responder de modo diferente aos tratamentos clínicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Portanto, classificar os pacientes com ICFEp em fenogrupos, de acordo com suas características clínicas, pode constituir um aspecto fundamental para orientar o tratamento clínico.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Interação de fatores de risco cardiometabólicos que produzem uma combinação complexa de características clínicas constituindo fenótipos únicos de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0072-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tratamentos medicamentosos baseados em evidências para insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada</title>
					<p>Como mencionado anteriormente, embora haja uma variedade de medicamentos que melhoram os desfechos para IC com FE reduzida, isso não ocorre para ICFEp. Uma etapa fundamental do manejo da ICFEp é tratar etiologias e comorbidades (p. ex., hipertensão, diabetes, doença arterial coronariana, obesidade, anemia, doença renal crônica, etc.).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Isso pode não apenas reduzir a progressão da doença, mas também reduzir a hospitalização por IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em relação às terapias modificadoras da doença, apenas a empagliflozina tem evidências robustas de um ECR para justificar seu uso para tratar ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, análises post-hoc de ECRs indicam que outros tratamentos medicamentosos também podem reduzir os desfechos na ICFEp. Isso é ilustrado principalmente pelo ensaio clínico TOPCAT, no qual a espironolactona não reduziu o desfecho primário em pacientes com ICFEp em comparação com placebo, embora tenha sido eficaz entre pacientes com peptídeos natriuréticos elevados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Além disso, surpreendentemente, os pacientes das Américas apresentaram uma redução de risco de 18% do desfecho primário, enquanto na Rússia e na Geórgia, a espironolactona não melhorou o prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Uma análise post-hoc do ensaio clínico CHAMPION também mostrou que mudanças nas terapias diuréticas e vasodilatadoras, de acordo com a pressão da artéria pulmonar, reduziram em 46% a taxa de incidência de internação por IC em ICFEp com classe III da New York Heart Association (NYHA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Portanto, isso pode indicar que os diuréticos não apenas controlam os sintomas da IC, mas também podem reduzir a hospitalização por IC. Finalmente, embora o ensaio clínico PARAGON-HF não tenha mostrado benefício do sacubitril-valsartana para ICFEp, uma análise pré-especificada desse ECR mostrou que o sacubitril-valsartana reduziu o desfecho primário em mulheres com ICFEp, devido à redução da hospitalização por IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> , detalhamos os ECRs de fase III que investigaram tratamentos farmacológicos para ICFEp.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Ensaios clínico randomizados e controlados de fase III de tratamentos farmacológicos para insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Estudo</th>
										<th>Medicamento</th>
										<th>Intervalo de FEVE</th>
										<th>Outros critérios de inclusão</th>
										<th>Mortalidade por todas as causas</th>
										<th>Mortalidade por DCV</th>
										<th>Morte por DCV ou hospitalização por IC</th>
										<th>Hospitalização por IC</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>PEP-CHF</td>
										<td align="center">Perindopril</td>
										<td align="center">Índice de mobilidade da parede do VE ≥ 1,4</td>
										<td align="center">IC sintomática tratada com diurético, disfunção diastólica, idade ≥ 70 anos</td>
										<td align="center">1,09 (0,75-1,58)</td>
										<td align="center">0,98 (0,63-1,53)</td>
										<td align="center">NR</td>
										<td align="center">0,86 (0,61-1,20)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>CHARM-Preserved</td>
										<td align="center">Candesartan</td>
										<td align="center">&gt; 40%</td>
										<td align="center">NYHA II-IV, história de DCV hospitalização</td>
										<td align="center">NR</td>
										<td align="center">0,99 (0,80-1,22)</td>
										<td align="center">0,89 (0,77-1,03)</td>
										<td align="center">0,85 (0,72-1,01)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>I-PRESERVE</td>
										<td align="center">Irbesartana</td>
										<td align="center">≥ 45%</td>
										<td align="center">NYHA III-IV ou NYHA II com IC hospitalização anterior a 6 meses, idade ≥ 60 anos</td>
										<td align="center">1,00 (0,88-1,14)</td>
										<td align="center">1,01 (0,86-1,18)</td>
										<td align="center">0,96 (0,84-1,09)</td>
										<td align="center">0,95 (0,81-1,10)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PARAGON-HF</td>
										<td align="center">Sacubitril-valsartana</td>
										<td align="center">≥ 45%</td>
										<td align="center">NYHA II-IV, atrial esquerdo aumento ou hipertrofia do VE e BNP elevado ≥ 300 pg/mL ou NT-proBNP ≥ 900 pg/mL ou internação por IC nos últimos 9 meses</td>
										<td align="center">0,97 (0,84-1,13)</td>
										<td align="center">0,95 (0,79-1,16)</td>
										<td align="center">0,87 (0,75-1,01)</td>
										<td align="center">0,85 (0,72-1,00)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TOPCAT</td>
										<td align="center">Espironolactona</td>
										<td align="center">≥ 45%</td>
										<td align="center">≥ 1 sinal de IC e ≥ 1 Sintoma de IC, hospitalização por IC nos últimos 12 meses, ou BNP ≥ 100 pg/mL ou NT-proBNP ≥ 360 pg/mL, idade ≥ 50 anos</td>
										<td align="center">0,91 (0,77-1,08)</td>
										<td align="center">0,90 (0,73-1,12)</td>
										<td align="center">0,89 (0,77-1,04)</td>
										<td align="center">0,83 (0,69-0,99)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>EMPEROR-Preserved</td>
										<td align="center">Empagliflozina</td>
										<td align="center">≥ 40%</td>
										<td align="center">NYHA II-IV, 18 anos ou mais, NT-proBNP &gt; 300 pg/mL ou NT-proBNP &gt; 900 pg/mL para pacientes com IC e FA</td>
										<td align="center">1,00 (0,87-1,15)</td>
										<td align="center">0,91 (0,76-1,09)</td>
										<td align="center">0,79 (0,69-0,90)</td>
										<td align="center">0,73 (0,61-0,88)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>DIG-PEF</td>
										<td align="center">Digoxina</td>
										<td align="center">&gt; 45%</td>
										<td align="center">RS</td>
										<td align="center">0,99 (0,76-1,28)</td>
										<td align="center">1,00 (0,73-1,36)</td>
										<td align="center">0,88 (0,70-1,11)</td>
										<td align="center">0,79 (0,59-1,04)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p><italic>DCV: doença cardiovascular; FA: fibrilação atrial; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; NT-proBNP: peptídeo natriurético do tipo N-terminal pró-B; NYHA: New York Heart Association; RS: ritmo sinusal; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sequenciamento farmacológico baseado em perfil clínico para insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada</title>
					<p>Conforme analisado acima, além do tratamento da etiologia, temos três tratamentos medicamentosos que podem beneficiar pacientes com ICFEp, com base em ECRs (empagliflozina), análise post-hoc de ECRs (antagonistas do receptor mineralocorticoide, ARM) e evidências indiretas de ECRs (diuréticos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Além disso, personalizar o tratamento da ICFEp de acordo com a apresentação clínica e a presença de fatores de risco, de modo semelhante a outras síndromes, pode beneficiar os pacientes com ICFEp em vez de apenas focar em um tratamento único para todos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> , sugerimos uma abordagem farmacológica para tratar pacientes com ICFEp de acordo com sua apresentação clínica e fatores de risco, semelhante à descrita por Shah et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> mas à luz de novas evidências de ECRs e análises post-hoc revisadas neste artigo.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Estratégia farmacológica para insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada, de acordo com perfil clínico e fatores de risco. Fenótipos clínicos e tabela adaptados de Shah et al.3</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
										<th>Congestão pulmonar</th>
										<th>Incompetência cronotrópica</th>
										<th>Hipertensão pulmonar</th>
										<th>Fraqueza muscular esquelética</th>
										<th>Fibrilação atrial</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Obesidade</td>
										<td align="center">Diuréticos/ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Restrição calórica</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Restrição calórica/Estimulação atrial</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Restrição calórica/PDE</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Restrição calórica/Exercícios físicos</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Restrição calórica/Cardioversão ou controle de frequência/Anticoagulação</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Diabetes</td>
										<td align="center">Diuréticos/ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Restrição calórica</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Restrição calórica/Estimulação atrial</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Restrição calórica/PDE</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Restrição calórica/Exercícios físicos</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Restrição calórica/Cardioversão ou controle de frequência/Anticoagulação</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hipertensão</td>
										<td align="center">Diuréticos/ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres), IECA ou BRA</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres), IECA ou BRA/Estimulação atrial</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres), IECA ou BRA/PDE</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres), IECA ou BRA/Exercícios físicos</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres), IECA ou BRA/Cardioversão ou controle de frequência/Anticoagulação</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Disfunção renal</td>
										<td align="center">Diuréticos/ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Ultrafiltração se necessário</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Ultrafiltração se necessário/Estimulação arial se necessário</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Ultrafiltração se necessário/PDE</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Ultrafiltração se necessário/ Exercícios físicos</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres)/Ultrafiltração se necessário/Cardioversão ou controle de frequência/Anticoagulação</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>DAC</td>
										<td align="center">Diuréticos/ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres), IECA ou BRA/Revascularização</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres), IECA ou BRA/Revascularização/Estimulação atrial se necessário</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres), IECA ou BRA/Revascularização/PDE</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres), IECA ou BRA/Revascularização/Exercícios físicos</td>
										<td align="center">ARM/iSGLT2/IRAN (para mulheres), IECA ou BRA/Revascularização/Cardioversão ou controle de frequência/Anticoagulação</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p><italic>ARM: antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; DAC: doença arterial coronariana; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IRAN: inibidor do receptor da angiotensina-neprilisina; iSGLT2: inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2; PDE: inibidores de fosfodiesterase.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Perspectivas</title>
					<p>A heterogeneidade da ICFEp como síndrome pode explicar por que todos os ensaios clínicos falharam em produzir uma redução significativa da mortalidade cardiovascular nessa população. Novos ensaios clínicos que incluam uma população específica de pacientes com ICFEp com um conjunto único de características clínicas e fatores de risco podem revelar tratamentos clínicos eficazes a serem adotados pelas diretrizes de IC. Por exemplo, Park et al. demonstraram que, para pacientes com IC com FE &gt; 40% e strain longitudinal global &lt; 14%, o uso de betabloqueador associou-se à melhora da sobrevida, enquanto para aqueles com strain longitudinal global &gt; 14%, isso não foi verdadeiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, a caracterização dos fenótipos da ICFEp está em desenvolvimento e ainda há espaço para futuros estudos multicêntricos em larga escala, utilizando novos biomarcadores e técnicas de imagem, para melhor reconhecer os fenótipos de ICFEp.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>Embora a ICFEp represente cerca de 50% dos casos de IC, faltam tratamentos que produzam redução da morte cardiovascular. Mudar de uma abordagem única para uma estratégia farmacológica baseada em perfil clínico pode ser essencial para produzir uma redução significativa de desfechos concretos na ICFEp. No entanto, embora conceitualmente sólido, esse modelo terapêutico ainda precisa ser validado por ECRs.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>