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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220011</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220011</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Essential Therapy for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in 2022</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5774-2780</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Danzmann</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Cláudio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Brum</surname>
						<given-names>Joana Carolina Junqueira de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Kunst</surname>
						<given-names>Leticia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Braun</surname>
						<given-names>Priscila</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Garcia</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo Lima</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Canoas</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Misericórdia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital São Lucas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">PUC-RS</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Lucas da PUC-RS,Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre – Ambulatório de cirurgia cardiovascular, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Luiz Cláudio Danzmann • Rua Gonçalves Dias, 319/804. Postal Code 90130-61, Menino Deus, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil E-mail: <email>luiz.danzmann@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author Contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research: Danzmann LC, Brum JCJ, Braun P; Acquisition of data: Danzmann LC, Brum JCJ, Kunst L, Braun P; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Danzmann LC; Obtaining financing: Danzmann LC, Brum JCJ; Writing of the manuscript: Danzmann LC, Brum JCJ, Kunst L, Garcia EL.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>Dr. Luiz Cláudio Danzmann - speaker: Novartis, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer e Lilly.</p>
					<p>Dra. Joana Carolina Junqueira de Brum - speaker: Novartis.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Mar</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>55</fpage>
			<lpage>63</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>31</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a syndrome in which there is clinical evidence of heart failure (HF), left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥50%, and evidence of diastolic dysfunction and/or structural cardiac changes. The pathophysiology of HF with preserved LVEF is related to the primary morbidities responsible for cardiac and vascular aggression via a chronic proinflammatory state involving the endothelium. Currently, the foundation of management of HFpEF rests on 5 pillars: control of circulatory congestion, management of primary morbidities or etiologies, use of medications with proven clinical benefit, identification and management of secondary etiologies, and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. Essential therapy for HFpEF is founded on precise diagnosis, definition of etiology, estimation of severity, and use of medications with cardiovascular action of proven efficacy.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
				<kwd>Functional Residual Capacity</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="42"/>
				<page-count count="9"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex and heterogeneous clinical syndrome, in which affected populations have a diverse range of phenotypes, frequently associated with multiple comorbidities, and which, in summary, can be diagnosed in the presence of clinical evidence of heart failure (HF), left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥50%, and evidence of diastolic dysfunction and/or structural cardiac changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the vast majority of cases, effective interventions are targeted on the basis of the combination of phenotypes and morbidities present, since there are not yet any treatments that reduce adverse clinical outcomes as effectively as those available for HF with reduced LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The primary explanation for this phenomenon lies in the type of cardiovascular aggression involved, which in HFpEF is caused by the primary morbidities that are responsible for cardiac and, most importantly, vascular aggression, namely: diabetes, hypertension, obesity, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and anemia/iron deficiency. These diseases impose a chronic proinflammatory state that affects the endothelium, reducing nitric oxide bioavailability. This effect is associated with reduced protein kinase G activity in cardiomyocytes with consequent reduction of muscle elasticity, stimulating hypertrophy of these cells. In parallel, vascular cell adhesion molecules and E-selectin provoke interstitial migration of monocytes which are converted into fibroblasts and deposit collagen in the interstitial space, worsening the myocardium’s diastolic properties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The result of this process is an absence of myocyte necrosis and, therefore, no, or minimal, systolic dysfunction ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figure 1</xref> ). In this scenario, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone is much less important than in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), which partially explains the reduced efficacy of medications that modulate these systems in studies undertaken in populations with HFpEF.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Pathophysiology of heart failure according to left ventricle ejection fraction. cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Fpassive: resting tension; IL-6: interleukin 6; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; NO: nitric oxide; ONOO: peroxynitrite; PKG: protein kinase G; sCG: soluble guanylate cyclase; sST2: soluble ST2; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule; ROS: oxidative stress; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β. Adapted from Paulus et al.3</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0055-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Essential therapy</title>
				<p>Management of HFpEF is based on: 1- control of circulatory congestion with diuretics; 2- management of the primary morbidities or etiologies of the syndrome; 3- specific medications that have recently demonstrated clinical benefits; 4- identification and management of secondary etiologies, such as myocardiopathies, which can even provoke advanced states of HF;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and 5- cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Control of circulatory congestion</title>
				<p>Conventional studies comparing diuretics with placebo in congested patients with HFpEF are ruled out by bioethical considerations, for obvious reasons, but occult and variable congestion is common among these patients and other models of investigation provide evidence that is useful for designing management strategies. The Hong Kong study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> tested quality of life, functional capacity, and cardiac function indices in a population of 150 participants with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II-IV HF and LVEF&gt;45% before and after treatment with diuretics (furosemide or thiazide) in isolation or associated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) in a model without comparison with placebo. After 12 months of follow-up, use of the diuretic in isolation reduced the symptoms of HF and improved quality of life (QoL). The association with ACEi or ARB did not result in any additional clinical benefit.</p>
				<p>Also focused on the variable pattern of hypervolemia in HFpEF, CardioMEMS is sensor that can be implanted in the pulmonary artery to monitor pulmonary artery blood pressure, offering a potential guide for diuretic therapy. Analysis of data from the CHAMPION study with 119 patients with HFpEF (LVEF ≥40%, ≈50.6%) revealed a 46% reduction in HF-related hospitalizations in 6 months when compared with a traditionally-managed group, with no impact on mortality. Recently, the randomized study GUIDE-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> tested management of HF patients guided by pulmonary artery pressure. The outcomes mortality or HF events (hospital admissions or unplanned emergency visits because of HF) over 12 months were no different in the intervention group. However analysis of the pre-COVID-19 pandemic results demonstrated reductions in primary outcomes, primarily driven by the low rate of hospital admissions (28% reduction in relative risk, p = 0.007). Around 30% of the patients in the study had HFpEF and the reduction in primary outcomes remained consistent even when patients with EF ≥ 50% were analyzed, making the findings consistent with those of the CHAMPION trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Among other results, these findings provide the foundation for the class I recommendation with evidence level B for diuretic therapy for HFpEF associated with clinical congestion that is contained in the recently published 2021 Updated Brazilian Heart Failure Guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Management of comorbidities</title>
				<p>Control of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmia, and peripheral arterial disease has the potential actions of reducing pathophysiologic feedback and improving quality of life and functional capacity. The Brazilian Guidelines for Chronic and Acute HF, from 2018,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> rate management of morbidities as recommendation class I and evidence level C.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Medications for reduction of robust HF outcomes</title>
				<p>There is a discrepancy between the LVEF cutoff point that medical societies use for diagnosis of HFpEF (≥50%) and those used in the designs of randomized clinical trials (RCT) that test the efficacy of drugs for this syndrome. The majority of RCTs allocate participants with LVEF exceeding 40 or 45%, i.e., they are grouped together with an HF population with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF), which constitutes a challenge for interpretation and potential extrapolation of the results. Regardless, the drugs for which RCTs had the most appropriate designs were sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i); sacubitril/valsartan; sprinolactone; and, to a lesser extent, angiotensin II receptor blockers ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> ) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Flow diagram of management of HFpEF. ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; Sac-Valsartan: sacubitril-valsartan; LP1a: glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists; Atrial Fib.: atrial fibrillation; AP: atrial pressure; ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0055-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Primary outcomes in phase III randomized clinical trials with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HFPEF</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Study/ Year of publication</th>
									<th>Drug</th>
									<th>Patients (n)</th>
									<th>LVEF (%)</th>
									<th>Outcome</th>
									<th>Treatment effect, RR (95%CI)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>ACEI/ARB</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CHARM- Preserved (2003)</td>
									<td align="center">Candesartan vs. Placebo</td>
									<td align="center">3023</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 40</td>
									<td align="center">Primary: composite of CV mortality or hospital admissions for HF</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>No difference in primary outcome or all causes mortality</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>MRA</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TOPCAT (2014)</td>
									<td align="center">Sprinolactone vs. Placebo</td>
									<td align="center">3445</td>
									<td align="center">≥ 45</td>
									<td align="center">Primary: composite of CV mortality or hospital admissions for HF</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Women: 0.89 (0.71-1.12)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Men: 0.89 (0.73-1.09)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TOPCAT- Americas (2014)</td>
									<td align="center">Sprinolactone vs. Placebo</td>
									<td align="center">1767</td>
									<td align="center">≥ 45</td>
									<td align="center">Primary: composite of CV mortality or hospital admissions for HF</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Women: 0.81 (0.63-1.05)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Men: 0.85 (0.67-1.08)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>ARNI</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PARAGON (2019)</td>
									<td align="center">Sacubitril Valsartan vs. Valsartan</td>
									<td align="center">4882</td>
									<td align="center">≥ 45</td>
									<td align="center">Primary: composite of CV mortality and total hospital admissions for HF</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Women: 0.73 (0.59-0.90)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Men: 1.03 (0.84-1.25)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>SGLT2i</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>EMPEROR-PRESERVED (2021)</td>
									<td align="center">Empaglifozin vs. Placebo</td>
									<td align="center">5988</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 40</td>
									<td align="center">Primary: composite of CV mortality and first hospital admissions for HF</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Women: 0.75 (0.61-0.92)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Men: 0.81 (0.69-0.96)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>SOLOIST- WHF (2021)</td>
									<td align="center">Sotaglifozin vs. Placebo</td>
									<td align="center">1222</td>
									<td align="center">All</td>
									<td align="center">Primary: composite of CV mortality, hospital admissions for HF, and urgent consultations for HF</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Women: 0.80 (0.51-1.25)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Men: 0.62 (0.47-0.82)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><italic>ARNI: Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; CV: Cardiovascular; EMPEROR-Preserved,: Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction; RR: relative risk; HF: heart failure; HFPEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; PARAGON: Prospective Comparison of ARNI With ARB on Global Outcomes in HFpEF; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; SOLOIST-WHF: Effect of Sotagliflozin on Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Post Worsening Heart Failure; TOPCAT: Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function HF With an Aldosterone Antagonist.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)</title>
				<p>This drug class has multiple and systemic effects that address several crucial points in the pathophysiology of HFpEF, with the following potential mechanisms: improved arterial blood pressure; increased natriuresis; improved cellular energy in cardiomyocytes; prevention of inflammation; reduced body weight; improved glucose control; prevention of myocardial remodeling; prevention of ischemia/reperfusion cellular injury; inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system; inhibition of Na+/H+ channels; reduction of hyperuricemia; reduction of epicardial fat; increased serum erythropoietin levels; reduced oxidative stress; improved vascular function; and preserved glomerular function, among others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Of investigations testing SGLT2i for populations with HFpEF, the SOLOIST-WHF RCT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> was designed to determine the efficacy of sotagliflozin, an SGLT<sub>1</sub> and SGLT<sub>2</sub> inhibitor to test the benefit of the drug for the composite outcome primary cardiovascular mortality and/or hospital admissions/urgent visits for HF. Only patients with type 2 diabetes, a diagnosis of HFrEF or HFpEF, and either a recent admission for HF or a need for IV diuretics for exacerbated HF were enrolled. The group allocated to receive the drug exhibited a significant reduction in the primary outcome, both in patients with reduced LVEF and in those with preserved EF (RR=0.67 (95% CI, 0.52–0.85, p&lt;0.001). These results were important and, even though the drug was tested in a specific population of diabetics with recent decompensated HF and follow-up was interrupted prematurely, the effect size of the intervention was striking and statistically significant.</p>
				<p>The PRESERVED HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> study was a small RCT that tested the efficacy of 10mg of dapagliflozin for 12 weeks for improving quality of life and the functional capacity of the participants with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II, III, and IV HF and LVEF≥45%. The results demonstrated that dapagliflozin improved the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire – Clinical Score (KCCQ-CS) by 5.8 points (95%CI 2.3-9.2, p = 0.001), which was the predefined primary outcome measure. Dapagliflozin also improved performance on the 6-minute walk test (mean effect size was 20.1 meters [95%CI 5.6-34.7, p = 0.007]). It is important to consider that this improvement in KCCQ-CS score was of a higher magnitude than other drugs previously tested for QoL in HF had achieved.</p>
				<p>Empagliflozin is one of the drugs in the class that has been most investigated to date and it was tested at a dosage of 10mg per day against placebo in the EMPEROR Preserved RCT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The study randomized 5988 participants with signs and symptoms of HF, with a HFmrEF + HFpEF profile (LVEF&gt;40%) and elevated serum natriuretic peptides levels. The composite primary outcome was cardiovascular mortality (CV) and/or hospital admissions for HF and secondary outcomes were hospital admissions for HF and progression of decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) over the course of the study follow-up period. The population was balanced in terms of sex (55% male), predominantly Caucasian (76%), hypertense (90%), and 49% diabetic. The study’s main finding was a 21% reduction in the relative risk of the composite primary outcome (RR=0.79 [95%CI 0.69–0.90], p &lt; 0.001). There was a 29% reduction in the secondary outcome of hospital admissions for HF (RR=0.71 [95%CI: 0.60–0.83], p &lt; 0.001) and the mean progressive decline in GFR was lower in the empagliflozin group (−1.25ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup> x -2.62 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0.001). The pre-specified analysis of primary outcome results by LVEF strata detected larger effect sizes from the drug in lower LVEF strata, but did not technically demonstrate a difference in interaction between groups that was significant from a statistical point of view (LVEF&lt;50% RR=0.71 [95%CI 0.57–0.88], LVEF≥50%-&lt;60%, RR= 0.80 [95%CI 0.64–0.99], LVEF≥60% RR=0.87 [95%CI 0.69–1.10], P for the interaction was NS). With regard to safety, a higher rate of genital and urinary tract infection and more episodes of uncomplicated hypotension were observed in the empagliflozin group. Publication of this study was a watershed moment for knowledge about HFpEF, since it was the first to demonstrate the efficacy of a drug for reduction of the classic primary outcomes of HF in patients with &gt; 40% LVEF and, although additional data are awaited from ongoing investigations with other SGLT2i, these results have disruptive potential with regard to management of the syndrome.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Sacubitril-valsartan</title>
				<p>The sacubitril-valsartan molecule is an inhibitor of both angiotensin and neprilysin that encompasses molecular portions of the neprilysin (neutral endopeptidase) inhibiting pro-drug AHU377 and the ARB valsartan in a single complex. AHU377 is metabolized by enzymatic cleavage into LBQ657, the active neprilysin inhibitor. Neprilysin degrades biologically active natriuretic peptides, including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide, but not the biologically inert NT-proBNP, which is not a substrate for this enzyme. By increasing active natriuretic peptide, neprilysin inhibition increases generation of myocardial cyclic guanosine 3’,5’-monophosphate, which improves myocardial relaxation and reduces hypertrophy. Natriuretic peptides also stimulate diuresis, natriuresis, and vasodilation and may have an additional anti-fibrotic effect and anti-sympathetic effects. However, neprilysin also contributes to degradation of angiotensin, which is the reason for the complex’s double action, inhibiting this enzyme and blocking angiotensin activity or generation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The functions performed by this molecule therefore act to partially antagonize the pathophysiologic components of HFpEF mentioned above, provoking natriuresis, vasodilation, and improved myocardial relaxation. In the mechanistic HFmrEF model, blocking angiotensin II provokes vasodilation, reduces stimulation of the sympathetic system, and has anti myocardial fibrosis potential.</p>
				<p>The PARAGON-HF study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> allocated 4822 participants aged ≥50 years, with NYHA HF functional class from II to IV, LVEF≥45%, elevated natriuretic peptide levels, and structural cardiac disease to take either sacubitril-valsartan (target dose of 97 mg of sacubitril with 103 mg of valsartan twice a day) or valsartan (target dose of 160 mg twice a day). The primary outcome was the classic endpoint for HF studies: a composite of hospitalizations for HF and CV mortality. Secondary outcomes were: change in NYHA class; deterioration of renal function, and changes on the Kansas City cardiomyopathy questionnaire (KCCQ) for symptoms and physical limitations. Exclusion criteria were history of LVEF &lt;40%; myocardial infarction, myocardial revascularization surgery, or any event within the 6 months prior to screening; acute decompensated HF requiring treatment; need for treatment with two or more of the following: ACEI, ARB, or renin inhibitor; systolic blood pressure (SBP) &lt;110 mmHg or SBP&gt;180 mmHg at screening; serum potassium &gt;5.2 mmol/L at screening or &gt;5.4 mmol/L at the end of each run-in period <italic>;</italic> GFR&lt;30 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>at screening or at the end of each run-in period, GFR &lt;25 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup> or &gt;35% reduction in GFR compared to GFR at screening.</p>
				<p>The study design employed the run-in screening model, by which all patients were given valsartan for the first time at half of the target dose, followed by sacubitril-valsartan at half of the target dose in order to only enroll participants who did not have any unacceptable side effects in either run-in phase. Subgroups of the total population were prespecified for the final analysis. The results did not demonstrate statistical significance for reduction of the primary outcome when the entire population of the trial was analyzed (RR: 0.87; 95%CI 0.75 - 1.01, p = 0.06). With regard to the secondary outcomes, NYHA class improved in 15.0% of the patients in the sacubitril-valsartan group and in 12.6% of those in the valsartan group (RR: 1.45; 95%CI, 1.13-1.86); renal function worsened in 1.4% and 2.7%, respectively (RR: 0.50; 95%CI, 0.33 to 0.77). In terms of safety, statistically significant adverse effects were: episodes of systolic pressure &lt; 90 mmHg (2.7% x 1.4%, p&lt;0.001)and angioedema ([0.6 x 0.2] p=0.02). With regard to the 12 prespecified subsets, the sacubitril-valsartan arm had significant benefits for reduction of the primary outcome in participants with LVEF≤ median (57%) (RR:0.78 [95%CI 0.64−0.95]) and females (RR:0.73 [95%CI 0.59-0.90]). On the basis that the benefit of sacubitril-valsartan for patients with LVEF equal to or less than the median is biologically plausible, since several post-hoc analyses of RCTs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> had already shown that drugs classically prescribed for HFrEF, such as sprinolactone and candesartan, had efficacy in patients with HF and LVEF of 40 to 55%, populations that have discrete impairment of systolic function and share mechanisms with populations with preserved LVEF, who are at greater risk of hospital admissions for heart failure, the regulatory agencies ANVISA (National Agency for Sanitary Vigilance [Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária]) in Brazil and FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in the United States approved sacubitril-valsartan for use in patients with HF and LVEF below normal.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists</title>
				<p>The largest and most important study to test mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) was the <italic>TOPCAT</italic> trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> This RCT randomized 3445 participants with symptoms and signs of HF and LVEF ≥45%, with endogenous creatinine clearance rate &gt;30ml/Kg and serum potassium &lt;5mEq/l, to test sprinolactone vs. placebo. One relevant feature of the study design was the additional eligibility criterion of either a hospital admission for HF or elevation of BNP≥100pg/mL/Nt pro-BNP≥ 360pg/mL. The overall result of the trial was negative for the primary outcome (RR 0.89 [95%CI 0.77–1.04], p= 0.14), but the rate of hospital admissions for HF was 17% lower in the sprinolactone group (RR 0.83 [95%CI 0.69–0.99], p= 0.04). A post-hoc analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> analyzing the efficacy of the drug among participants allocated from the Americas, who had a more congested profile (with eligibility criterion predominantly on the basis of elevated natriuretic peptides) and who also had more events along the time line of the investigation, found an 18% reduction in the primary outcome in the intervention group (RR:0.82 [95%CI 0.69–0.98] p=0.026), contextualizing the potentially better performance of the drug in more hypervolemic patients. The data described above support the current class IIa recommendation in the Brazilian HF Guidelines, since 2018,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> for sprinolactone for patients with HFpEF, with the main objective of reducing rates of hospital admissions for HF.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Angiotensin II receptor blockers</title>
				<p>Angiotensin II receptor blockers are an option for treatment of HFpEF primarily in scenarios in which hypertension is combined with congestion. The best RCT evidence for this drug class is from the CHARM-Preserved study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> This trial enrolled 3025 participants with signs and symptoms of HF, NYHA functional class II to IV, and LVEF&gt;40%, but without a need for an objective element of congestion, such as serum natriuretic peptides levels. Candesartan was tested with a target dose of 32mg per day vs. placebo. Approximately 60% of the final sample comprised patients with NYHA class II and around 65% had hypertension. The primary outcome of CV mortality and/or hospital admissions for HF was not different between the groups (RR: 0.89 [95%CI 0.77-1.03], p=0.118). The secondary outcome of number of individuals with at least one hospital admission for HF was lower in the candesartan group than in the placebo group (230 vs. 279; p=0.017) and the total number of admissions for HF followed the same pattern (402 x 566, p=0.014). In summary, this study provides the only evidence of positive results for ARB in patients with HFmrEF + HFpEF (LVEF&gt;40%). Since 2018, the Brazilian HF Guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> have given it a IIb recommendation for reduction of hospital admissions in patients with ICFE.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Medications without proven efficacy in clinical trials</title>
				<p>RCTs that tested beta blockers; calcium blockers; cardiac glycosides; phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors; ivabradine; vericiguat; and isosorbide were unable to prove benefit in terms of the outcomes CV mortality or hospital admissions for HF in populations with HFpEF. Currently, they are considered reasonable pharmacological options if prescribed for specific morbidities that cause or are associated with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Management of advanced HFpEF</title>
				<p>An advanced heart failure consensus<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> was recently published by the Heart Failure Association (HFA) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recognizing that not only patients with HFREF have advanced HF, widening the perspective on treatment and severity of HFPEF, providing that patients meet the criteria for disease severity. In this context, early recognition and referral of these patients is of fundamental importance, since more in-depth assessments and more advanced treatments, such as implantable devices, ventricular assist devices, and heart transplantation can be offered to this patient population in selected cases.</p>
				<p>Hypervolemia appears to be the central pathophysiologic mechanism in patients with HFPEF without secondary causes and treatment of the symptoms of HFPEF prioritizes use of diuretics,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> which has already been covered in this article. Management of congestion in patients with advanced HFPEF can be challenging in certain situations because of the diversity of pathophysiologic mechanisms and comorbidities involved. In patients with uncontrolled arterial hypertension, concomitant vasodilation with blood volume adjustment should be performed with caution, primarily in patients with decompensated HFPEF, since sodium nitroprusside can trigger a more accentuated response in arterial blood pressure drop and systolic volume depression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In hypervolemia cases that are refractory to drug treatment, ultrafiltration should be considered as a useful resource.</p>
				<p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a prevalent condition in HFPEF, associated with disease severity and chronicity and worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Presence of PH can vary considerably between different phenotypes and may be influenced by the different stages of HFPEF severity, denoting the importance of invasive hemodynamic assessment in this population. We can classify PH according to increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥ 20mmHg, which can be classified a pre-capillary PH, post-capillary PH, or combined PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> This categorization is important, since patients with HFPEF with combined PH may benefit from treatment with pulmonary vasodilators.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Assessments of the contractile function of the right ventricle and of the PH of patients with advanced HF are of fundamental importance. Assessment with direct cardiac catheterization at rest and during exercise, when indicated, yields more trustworthy parameters of right ventricular function and PH. Even in advanced HF, we may see normal right ventricular function at rest, but then abnormal under exercise if the dilatation capacity of the pulmonary vasculature is lost in response to the increase in volume. Under normal conditions, the right ventricle is less resistant to changes in afterload and this mechanism is exacerbated in individuals with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Use of inotropics in decompensated HFPEF is still a gray area, with only small studies in patients with associated PH, and should be reserved for selected cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Use of levosimendan in these patients is being tested in an ongoing randomized study, the HELP RCT (NCT 03541603), which should provide further explanations.</p>
				<p>Treatments targeting PH with the aim of reducing right ventricle afterload have so far yielded disappointing results. In a small, randomized, double-blind study with 44 patients, sildenafil was associated with improvement in pulmonary pressure, right ventricular function, left ventricular relaxation, and pulmonary hydrostatic balance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Although the drug exhibited good tolerability, later randomized studies did not report the same findings, with positive results only reported by one observational study with no control group, which observed improvements in NYHA HF, TC6M, and NT-proBNP levels at 3 and 12 months in patients with combined PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Ongoing studies in this population, such as DYNAMIC (NCT02744339) which is investigating riociguat, SERENADE (NCT03153111), testing macitentan, and the VITALITY-HFpEF RCT (NCT03547583), which will assess vericiguat, will provide more answers. Long-stay ventricular assist devices (VAD) are part of the therapeutic arsenal for treatment of patients with advanced HF in patients with HFrEF, demonstrating improved morbidity and mortality statistics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> However, there are few studies reporting data on VADs implanted in patients with HFPEF, in the majority of cases in patients with hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> This is because of the peculiar and pathophysiologic characteristic of these patients, the majority of whom have increased myocardial rigidity, altered complacency and, in some situations, small left ventricular dimensions. These characteristics may favor complications linked to VAD, such as obstructions of cannulae, suction events, inadequate pump flow, and pump thrombosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> An additional myectomy at the time that the VAD is implanted may be a viable option, as has been performed in some cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A small proportion of patients with HFPEF meet the criteria for heart transplantation, although published data are scant. In this population, hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathies and selected cases of right ventricular dysfunction stand out. For individuals with severely symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (NYHA III-IV HF) with EF ≥ 50% (without obstruction of the LV outlet) and with impaired cardiopulmonary exercise testing results, with peak VO<sub>2</sub> ≤ 14 ml/mun/Kg or ≤ 50% of predicted, unfavorable hemodynamic profile, or acute hemodynamic deterioration, consideration of heart transplantation appears to be beneficial, with favorable post-transplant outcomes. In restrictive cardiomyopathies, after ruling out constrictive pericarditis, it is mandatory to conduct etiological assessment for adequate treatment of the underlying condition (amyloidosis, Anderson-Fabry, sarcoidosis, etc.) and assessment of involvement of other organs (amyloidosis, hemochromatosis) and it may even be necessary to plan post-transplant treatment, with a need for double transplant in some situations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Advanced treatments such as long-stay circulatory support and heart transplantation are applicable and more consolidated for HFPEF of secondary etiology, such as hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathies. This is why it always essential to identify the etiology.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in HFpEF</title>
				<p>In this group, exercise intolerance may be because of remodeling and ventricular rigidity, causing impairment of the Frank-Starling mechanism, which, associated with chronotropic deficit, are determinants of failure to raise cardiac output, thereby reducing maximum oxygen uptake. Garcia et al,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> observed the dynamics of patients with HFPEF vs. controls and identified lower oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) and reduced capacity to reduce heart rate after effort and this was associated with atrial remodeling and elevation of the estimated diastolic pressure of the LV. As a result, rehabilitation focused on aerobic activity has been tested with these patients. In a recent systematic review, Pandey, et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> demonstrated that patients with HFpEF who enrolled on a cardiac rehabilitation program improved their cardiorespiratory fitness (2ml/kg/min), quality of life (by seven points), and diastolic function after 12 weeks of intervention. Although there is no evidence of CV mortality reductions with exercise in this population, Kavanagh, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> have demonstrated that for each 1ml/kg/min unit increase in oxygen consumption, cardiovascular mortality drops by 10%.</p>
				<p>Alternative rehabilitation methods such as training of inspiratory musculature are already in use. Menezes MG, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> demonstrated that one acute session of high intensity inspiratory muscles training (80% of the maximum inspiratory effort) improved late arterial rigidity (60 min after the assessment) and diastolic function indices. Supplementing this from a practical point of view, Palau et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> allocated a sample of 26 patients with HFPEF to a program of 12 weeks’ inspiratory muscle training at 30% of maximum inspiratory effort or usual treatment, observing a significant improvement in maximum inspiratory pressure (p &lt; 0.001), peak VO<sub>2</sub> (p &lt; 0.001), oxygen consumption during exercise at the anaerobic threshold (p = 0.001), ventilatory efficiency (p = 0.007), metabolic equivalents (p &lt; 0.001), and the 6-minute walk test (p &lt; 0.001), in comparison to the control group.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Prospects for management of HFpEF</title>
				<p>The future of treatment of HFpEF lies in studies with designs that are more compatible with the real population, possibly with higher LVEF cutoff points, and respecting phenotypical characteristics, and in investing in molecules with activity on fibrosis, inflammation, improvement of mitochondrial function, anti-remodeling, optimizers of endothelial function, and in devices to regulate circulatory overload.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Essential therapy for HFpEF is intimately related to precise diagnosis, definition of etiology, and estimation of severity, and use of medications with cardiovascular action of proven efficacy. After this first step, treatment of morbidities, rational use of diuretic therapy, and physical training for stable patients is the foundation of management. Finally, use of drugs with cardiovascular activity of proven efficacy can benefit clinical outcomes, when well-chosen.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Terapia Fundamental da Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Preservada em 2022</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5774-2780</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Danzmann</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Cláudio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Brum</surname>
						<given-names>Joana Carolina Junqueira de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Kunst</surname>
						<given-names>Leticia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Braun</surname>
						<given-names>Priscila</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Garcia</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo Lima</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Lucas da PUC-RS,Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre – Ambulatório de cirurgia cardiovascular, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Luiz Cláudio Danzmann • Rua Gonçalves Dias, 319/804. CEP 90130-61, Menino Deus, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil E-mail: luiz.danzmann@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Danzmann LC, Brum JCJ, Braun P; Obtenção de dados: Danzmann LC, Brum JCJ, Kunst L, Braun P; Análise e interpretação dos dados, Análise estatística e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Danzmann LC; Obtenção de financiamento: Danzmann LC, Brum JCJ; Redação do manuscrito: Danzmann LC, Brum JCJ, Kunst L, Garcia EL.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Dr. Luiz Cláudio Danzmann - palestrante da Novartis, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer e Lilly.</p>
					<p>Dra. Joana Carolina Junqueira de Brum - palestrante da Novartis.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp) é uma síndrome associada a evidências clínicas de insuficiência cardíaca (IC), fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) ≥ 50% e evidências de disfunção diastólica e/ou alteração estrutural cardíaca. A fisiopatologia da IC com FEVE preservada está relacionada com as morbidades primárias geradoras de agressão cardíaca e vascular a partir de um estado pró-inflamatório crônico com ação no endotélio. Atualmente, a base do manejo da ICFEp gira em torno de cinco pilares: o controle da congestão circulatória, o enfrentamento das morbidades ou etiologias primárias, o uso medicações que demonstram benefício clínico, a identificação e manejo das etiologias secundárias e a reabilitação cardiopulmonar. A terapia fundamental da ICFEp está associada a um diagnóstico preciso, à definição etiológica, à estimativa da gravidade e ao uso de medicações de ação cardiovascular com eficácia comprovada.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Volume Sistólico</kwd>
				<kwd>Capacidade Residual Funcional</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp) é uma síndrome clínica complexa e heterogênea, cujas populações apresentam fenótipos diversos, frequentemente associados a múltiplas comorbidades. Resumidamente, a ICFEp pode ser diagnosticada na presença de evidências clínicas de insuficiência cardíaca (IC), fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) ≥ 50% e evidências de disfunção diastólica e/ou alteração estrutural cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Na vasta maioria dos casos, as intervenções eficazes são direcionadas de acordo com a associação entre os fenótipos e as morbidades, não existindo ainda tratamentos tão efetivos para redução de desfechos clínicos na IC com FEVE reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A principal justificativa desse fenômeno está no tipo de agressão cardiovascular (CV), que na ICFEp se dá pela ação das morbidades primárias geradoras de agressão cardíaca, mas sobretudo vascular, sendo: diabetes, hipertensão, obesidade, doença renal crônica, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e anemia/ferropenia.</p>
				<p>Essas doenças determinam um estado pró-inflamatório crônico com ação no endotélio, diminuindo a biodisponibilidade do óxido nítrico. Esse efeito se associa à redução da atividade da proteína quinase G nos cardiomiócitos com consequente redução da elasticidade do músculo e estimulação de hipertrofia dessas células. Em paralelo, moléculas de adesão de células vasculares e E-selectina determinam a migração intersticial de monócitos que se convertem em fibroblastos e depositam colágeno no espaço intersticial, piorando as propriedades diastólicas do miocárdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A resultante desse processo é uma ausência da necrose miocitária e, portanto, nenhuma ou mínima disfunção sistólica ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ). Nesse contexto, a estimulação do sistema nervoso simpático e renina-angiotensina-aldosterona é muito menos importante do que na insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr), o que explica parcialmente a menor eficácia dos medicamentos que modulam esses sistemas nos estudos realizados em populações com ICFEp.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Fisiopatologia da insuficiência cardíaca de acordo com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo. cGMP: monofosfato gaunisina cíclica; DPOC: doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica; F passivo: tensão em repouso; ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; IL-6: interleucina 6; ON: óxido nítrico; ONOO: peroxinitrito; PKG: proteína G quinase; sGC: guanilato ciclase solúvel; SRO: stress oxidativo; sST2: ST2 solúvel; TNF: fator de necrose tumoral; VCAM: molécula de adesão celular. Adaptado de Paulus et al.3</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0055-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>A terapia fundamental</title>
					<p>O manejo da ICFEp está baseado em: 1) controle da congestão circulatória com diuréticos; 2) enfrentamento das morbidades ou etiologias primárias da síndrome; 3) medicações específicas que demonstram benefício clínico recentemente; 4) identificação e manejo das etiologias secundárias, como as miocardiopatias, as quais podem inclusive determinar quadros de IC avançada;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e 5) reabilitação cardiopulmonar.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Controle da congestão circulatória</title>
					<p>Estudos convencionais comparando diurético a placebo em pacientes com ICFEp em participantes congestos são passíveis de obstrução bioética por motivos óbvios. Entretanto, a congestão oculta e variável é comum nesses pacientes, e outros modelos de investigação nos oferecem evidências úteis para a elaboração de estratégias de manejo. O estudo Hong Kong<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> testou a qualidade de vida (QoL), capacidade funcional e índices de função cardíaca em uma população de 150 participantes com IC classe II-IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA) e FEVE &gt; 45% antes e após o tratamento com diuréticos (furosemida ou tiazídico) isolados ou associados a inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina (IECA) ou bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II (BRA), em um modelo sem comparação com placebo. Após 12 meses de seguimento, o uso do diurético isolado reduziu sintomas de IC e melhorou a QoL. A associação com o IECA ou BRA não acrescentou benefício clínico adicional.</p>
					<p>Ainda com o foco no padrão variável de hipervolemia da ICFEp, o CardioMEMS, um sensor implantável na artéria pulmonar para monitorização da pressão arterial pulmonar, é um guia potencial para terapia diurética. A análise dos dados do estudo CHAMPION, com 119 pacientes com ICFEp (FEVE ≥ 40%, ≈ 50,6%), evidenciou uma redução de 46% das hospitalizações relacionadas à IC em 6 meses quando comparado com o grupo de manejo tradicional, sem impacto na mortalidade. Recentemente, o estudo randomizado GUIDE-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> testou o manejo dos pacientes com IC guiado pelas pressões da artéria pulmonar. Os desfechos de mortalidade ou eventos por IC (hospitalização ou visitas não planejadas à emergência por IC) em 12 meses não foram diferentes no grupo da intervenção. Porém, a análise dos resultados pré-pandemia da covid-19 demonstrou redução dos desfechos primários, principalmente guiada pela baixa taxa de hospitalização (28% de redução do risco relativo [RR], P = 0,007). Nesse estudo, cerca de 30% dos indivíduos possuíam ICFEp, e a redução dos desfechos primários foi consistente mesmo quando analisando os pacientes com FE ≥ 50%, sendo os achados consistentes com os achados do estudo CHAMPION.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esses, entre outros resultados, embasam a classe de recomendação I com nível de evidência B da terapia diurética para a ICFEp associada a congestão clínica, recentemente publicada na Atualização das Diretrizes Brasileiras de IC de 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Manejo das comorbidades</title>
					<p>O controle de obesidade, hipertensão, diabetes, isquemia miocárdica, arritmias e doença arterial periférica tem ação potencial em reduzir a retroalimentação fisiopatológica e melhorar a QoL e a capacidade funcional. Já na Diretriz Brasileira de IC Crônica e Aguda de 2018,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> o manejo das morbidades tem classe de recomendação I e nível de evidência C.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Medicamentos para redução de desfechos robustos em IC</title>
					<p>Existe uma discrepância entre o ponto de corte da FEVE que as sociedades médicas utilizam para o diagnóstico de ICFEp (≥ 50%) e o dos desenhos dos ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) que testam a eficácia de fármacos para essa síndrome. A maioria dos ECRs aloca participantes a partir da FEVE de 40 ou 45%, ou seja, se agrega a população de IC com fração de ejeção levemente reduzida (ICFElr) às análises, fato que se impõe como um desafio para a interpretação e potencial extrapolação dos resultados. De qualquer forma, os fármacos cujos ECRs demonstraram desenho mais adequado foram os inibidores do cotransportador sódio-glucose 2 (iSGLT2); o sacubitril-valsartan; a espironolactona; e, de maneira menos relevante, os BRA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Fluxograma do manejo da ICFEp. aGLP1: agonistas do peptídeo glucagon-like 1; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; Fib. Atrial: fibrilação atrial; ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; IECA: inibidores da enzima da conversão da angiotensina; iSGLT2: inibidores do cotransportador sódio-glicose 2; PA: pressão atrial; Sac-Valsartana: sacubitril-valsartana.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0055-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Desfechos primários em estudos clínicos randomizados fase III com desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com ICFEp</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Estudo/ano de Publicação</th>
										<th>Droga</th>
										<th>Pacientes (n)</th>
										<th>FEVE (%)</th>
										<th>Desfecho</th>
										<th>Efeito tratamento, RR (IC95%)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>IECA/BRA</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>CHARM- Preserved (2003)</td>
										<td align="center">Candesartan vs. placebo</td>
										<td align="center">3.023</td>
										<td align="center">&gt; 40</td>
										<td align="center">Primário: composto de morte CV ou hospitalização por IC</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>Sem diferença em desfecho primário ou morte por todas as causas</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>MRA</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TOPCAT (2014)</td>
										<td align="center">Espironolactona vs. placebo</td>
										<td align="center">3.445</td>
										<td align="center">≥ 45</td>
										<td align="center">Primário: composto de morte CV ou hospitalização por IC</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>Mulheres: 0,89 (0,71-1,12)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Homens: 0,89 (0,73-1,09)</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TOPCAT- Americas (2014)</td>
										<td align="center">Espironolactona vs. placebo</td>
										<td align="center">1.767</td>
										<td align="center">≥ 45</td>
										<td align="center">Primário: composto de morte CV ou hospitalização por IC</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>Mulheres: 0,81 (0,63-1,05)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Homens: 0,85 (0,67-1,08)</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>ARNI</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PARAGON (2019)</td>
										<td align="center">Sacubitril-valsartana vs. valsartana</td>
										<td align="center">4.882</td>
										<td align="center">≥ 45</td>
										<td align="center">Primário: composto de morte CV e total de hospitalização por IC</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>Mulheres: 0,73 (0,59-0,90)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Homens: 1,03 (0,84-1,25)</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>iSGLT2</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>EMPEROR-Preserved (2021)</td>
										<td align="center">Empaglifozina vs. placebo</td>
										<td align="center">5.988</td>
										<td align="center">&gt; 40</td>
										<td align="center">Primário: composto de morte CV e primeira hospitalização por IC</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>Mulheres: 0,75 (0,61-0,92)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Homens: 0,81 (0,69-0,96)</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>SOLOIST-WHF (2021)</td>
										<td align="center">Sotaglifozina vs. placebo</td>
										<td align="center">1.222</td>
										<td align="center">Todos</td>
										<td align="center">Primário: composto de morte CV, hospitalização por IC e consultas de urgência por IC</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>Mulheres: 0,80 (0,51-1,25)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Homens: 0,62 (0,47-0,82)</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p><italic>ARNI: inibidor de receptor angiotensina-neprilisina; BRA: bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina; CHARM-Preserved: Candesartan in Heart Failure-Preserved; CV: cardiovascular; EMPEROR-Preserved: Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; IC95%: intervalo de confiança de 95%; ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; iSGLT2: inibidor de cotransportador sódio-glicose 2; MRA: antagonista receptor de mineralocorticoide; PARAGON: Prospective Comparison of ARNI With ARB on Global Outcomes in HFpEF; RR: risco relativo; SOLOIST-WHF: Effect of Sotagliflozin on Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Post Worsening Heart Failure; TOPCAT: Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function HF With an Aldosterone Antagonist; TOPCAT-Americas: Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function HF With an Aldosterone Antagonist-Americas.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Inibidores do cotransportador sódio-glicose 2 (iSGLT2)</title>
					<p>Os iSGLT2 são uma classe de fármacos que tem efeito múltiplo e sistêmico, enfrentando vários pontos cruciais da fisiopatologia da ICFEp, sendo os seguintes mecanismos potenciais: melhora da pressão arterial; aumento da natriurese; melhora da energia celular no cardiomiócito; prevenção da inflamação; diminuição do peso corporal; melhora do controle da glicose; prevenção do remodelamento miocárdico; prevenção da lesão do tipo isquemia/reperfusão celular; inibição do sistema nervoso simpático; inibição dos canais Na+/H+; redução da hiperuricemia; redução da gordura epicárdica; aumento dos níveis séricos da eritropoietina; redução do stress oxidativo; melhora da função vascular; preservação da função glomerular; entre outras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Entre as investigações de iSGLT2 para populações com ICFEp, o ECR SOLOIST-WHF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> foi desenhado para verificar a eficácia da sotagliflozina, um inibidor do SGLT1 e SGLT2 para testar o benefício da droga no desfecho combinado primário de mortalidade CV e ou hospitalização/busca de serviço de urgência por IC. Foram alocados somente participantes diabéticos tipo 2, com diagnóstico de ICFEr ou ICFEp, com internação recente por IC ou que tivessem necessitado de diurético intravenoso para IC piorada. O grupo que recebeu a medicação obteve uma redução significativa do desfecho primário, tanto em pacientes com FEVE reduzida quanto com FEVE preservada (RR = 0,67, intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 0,52–0,85, p &lt; 0,001). Os resultados foram importantes, e, mesmo tendo sido testado numa população específica de diabéticos com descompensação recente da IC e ter tido o seu seguimento precocemente interrompido, o tamanho do efeito da intervenção foi impactante e estatisticamente significativo.</p>
					<p>O estudo PRESERVED-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> foi um ECR pequeno que testou a eficácia de 10mg de dapagliflozina por 12 semanas na QoL e a capacidade funcional da dapagliflozina em participantes com IC e classe funcional II, III e IV da NYHA e FEVE ≥ 45%. Os resultados demonstraram que a dapagliflozina melhorou o <italic>Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire – Clinical Score</italic> (KCCQ-CS) em 5,8 pontos (IC95% 2,3-9,2, p = 0,001), atendendo ao desfecho primário predefinido. A dapagliflozina também melhorou o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) (média do efeito de 20,1 metros: IC95% 5,6-34,7, p = 0,007). É importante considerar que essa melhora no escore KCCQ-CS alcançou uma dimensão superlativa em relação a outros fármacos já testados para QoL em IC.</p>
					<p>A empagliflozina, um dos fármacos da classe mais investigado até o momento, foi testada na dose de 10mg por dia contra placebo no ECR EMPEROR-Preserved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O estudo randomizou 5.988 participantes com sinais e sintomas de IC, com padrão de ICFElr + ICFEp (FEVE &gt; 40%) e elevado nível sérico de peptídeos natriuréticos. O desfecho combinado primário foi mortalidade CV e/ou hospitalização por IC, e os desfechos secundários foram hospitalização por IC e a progressão do declínio da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) ao longo do seguimento do estudo. A população foi equilibrada em relação ao sexo (55% masculino), predominando caucasianos (76%) e hipertensos (90%) e com taxa de diabéticos de 49%. O resultado principal do estudo foi a redução de 21% do RR para o desfecho combinado primário (RR = 0,79, IC95% 0,69–0,90, p &lt; 0,001). A redução do desfecho secundário de hospitalização por IC foi de 29% (RR = 0,71, IC95% 0,60–0,83, p &lt; 0,001), e a média da queda progressiva da TFG foi menor no grupo da empagliflozina (−1,25mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>x -2,62 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0,001). A análise preestabelecida dos resultados por faixa de FEVE no desfecho primário observou um tamanho de efeito maior da medicação nas faixas de FEVE mais baixas, mas tecnicamente não demonstrou diferença de interação entre os grupos significativa sob o ponto de vista estatístico (FEVE &lt; 50% RR = 0,71, IC95% 0,57–0,88; FEVE ≥ 50%- &lt; 60%, RR = 0,80, IC95% 0,64–0,99; FEVE ≥ 60% RR = 0,87, IC95% 0,69–1,10; P <italic>de interação</italic> = NS). Em termos de segurança, foi observada uma taxa maior de infecção genital e do trato urinário e mais episódios de hipotensão não complicadas no grupo da empagliflozina. A publicação desse estudo foi um marco no avanço do conhecimento em ICFEp, pois foi o primeiro a verificar eficácia na redução de desfechos primários clássicos em IC de um fármaco para pacientes com &gt; 40% de FEVE, e, apesar de se estar aguardando dados adicionais de investigações em andamento com outros iSGLT2, esses resultados têm potencial disruptivo para o manejo da síndrome.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sacubitril-valsartana</title>
					<p>A molécula sacubitril-valsartana é um inibidor da angiotensina e da neprilisina que compreende as porções moleculares da pró-droga inibidora de neprilisina (endopeptidase neutra) AHU377 e o BRA valsartana em um único composto. O AHU377 é metabolizado por clivagem enzimática em LBQ657, o inibidor ativo da neprilisina. A neprilisina degrada peptídeos natriuréticos biologicamente ativos, incluindo o peptídeo natriurético atrial (ANP), o peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP) e o peptídeo natriurético tipo C, mas não a porção N-terminal do peptídeo natriurético tipo B (NT-proBNP) biologicamente inerte, que não é um substrato para essa enzima. Aumentando o peptídeo natriurético ativo, a inibição da neprilisina aumenta a geração de guanosina 3’5’ monofosfato cíclico miocárdico, que melhora o relaxamento miocárdico e reduz a hipertrofia. Os peptídeos natriuréticos também estimulam a diurese, a natriurese e a vasodilatação, podendo ter efeito antifibrótico adicional e efeitos antissimpáticos. No entanto, a neprilisina também contribui para a degradação da angiotensina, que é a justificativa para compostos de dupla ação que inibem essa enzima e bloqueiam a ação ou geração de angiotensina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As funções desempenhadas por essa molécula, portanto, atuam antagonizando parcialmente os componentes fisiopatológicos da ICFEp já comentados, provocando natriurese, vasodilatação e melhora do relaxamento miocárdico. Já no modelo mecanístico da ICFElr, o bloqueio da angiotensina II promove a vasodilatação, diminui a retroestimulação do sistema simpático e tem potencial antifibrose miocárdica.</p>
					<p>O estudo PARAGON-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> alocou 4.822 participantes com idade ≥ 50 anos, IC classe funcional entre II e IV da NYHA, FEVE ≥ 45%, nível elevado de natriurético peptídeos e doença cardíaca estrutural para receber sacubitril-valsartana (dose-alvo de 97 mg de sacubitril com 103 mg de valsartana duas vezes ao dia) ou valsartana (dose-alvo de 160 mg duas vezes ao dia). O desfecho primário foi o clássico dos estudos de IC: um composto de hospitalizações por IC e mortalidade CV. Os desfechos secundários foram mudança de classe da NYHA, piora da função renal e mudança no KCCQ-CS para sintomas e limitações físicas. Os critérios de exclusão foram histórico de FEVE &lt; 40%; infarto miocárdico; cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica ou qualquer evento dentro de 6 meses anteriores à triagem; IC descompensada aguda requerendo terapia; necessidade de tratamento com dois ou mais dos seguintes: IECA, BRA ou inibidor de renina; pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) &lt; 110 mmHg ou PAS &gt; 180 mmHg na triagem; potássio sérico &gt; 5,2 mmol/L na triagem ou &gt; 5,4 mmol/L ao fim de cada período de <italic>run-in;</italic> TFG &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>na triagem ou ao fim de cada período de <italic>run-in</italic> ; e TFG &lt; 25 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>ou redução da TFG &gt; 35% comparada àquela na triagem.</p>
					<p>O desenho do estudo foi idealizado no modelo triagem chamado <italic>run-in</italic> , no qual todos os pacientes receberam valsartana pela primeira vez na metade da dose-alvo, seguida por sacubitril-valsartana na metade da dose-alvo para incluir somente os participantes que não tivessem efeitos colaterais inaceitáveis em ambas as fases de <italic>run-in</italic> . Foram preestabelecidos subgrupos na população geral para a análise final. Os resultados obtidos não demonstraram significância estatística na redução de desfecho primário, quando considerada a população total do estudo (RR: 0,87, IC95% 0,75-1,01, p = 0,06). Em relação aos desfechos secundários, a classe NYHA melhorou em 15,0% nos pacientes no grupo sacubitril-valsartana e em 12,6% naqueles no grupo valsartana (RR: 1,45, IC95% 1,13-1,86); a função renal piorou em 1,4% e 2,7%, respectivamente (RR: 0,50, IC95% 0,33-0,77). Em termos de segurança, os efeitos adversos estatisticamente significativos foram episódios de pressão sistólica &lt; 90mmHg (2,7% x 1,4%, p &lt; 0,001) e angioedema (0,6 x 0,2; p = 0,02). Entre os 12 subgrupos preestabelecidos, o braço do sacubitril-valsartana teve benefício significativo na redução do desfecho primário em participantes com FEVE ≤ mediana (57%) (RR: 0,78, IC95% 0,64−0,95) e do sexo feminino (RR: 0,73, IC95% 0,59-0,90). Levando em consideração que o benefício do sacubitril-valsartana em pacientes com FEVE igual ou abaixo da mediana tem plausibilidade biológica, pois várias análises em modelo <italic>post-hoc</italic> de ECRs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> já haviam mostrado eficácia de drogas classicamente prescritas para a ICFEr, como a espironolactona e candesartana em pacientes com IC e FEVE de 40 a 55%, em populações que têm discreta alteração da função sistólica e que também compartilham mecanismos relativo às populações com FEVE preservada, as quais estão em maior risco de hospitalização para IC, as agências reguladoras Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) do Brasil e a <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> (FDA) dos EUA aprovaram o sacubitril-valsartana para o uso em pacientes com IC e FEVE abaixo do normal.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides</title>
					<p>O maior e mais importante estudo que testou os antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides (AMC) foi o TOPCAT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Esse ECR randomizou 3.445 participantes com sintomas e sinais de IC e FEVE ≥ 45%, com taxa de depuração da creatinina endógena &gt; 30 mL/kg e potássio sérico &lt; 5 mEq/L, testando espironolactona <italic>versus</italic> placebo. Um ponto relevante do desenho do estudo foi que o critério adicional de elegibilidade poderia ser ou uma internação hospitalar por IC ou a elevação de BNP ≥ 100 pg/mL ou NT-proBNP ≥ 360 pg/mL. O resultado geral do estudo foi negativo para o desfecho primário (RR 0,89, IC95% 0,77–1,04, p= 0,14), porém a taxa de hospitalização por IC foi 17% menor no grupo da espironolactona (RR 0,83, IC95% 0,69–0,99, p = 0,04). Uma análise <italic>post-hoc</italic>
 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> que analisou a eficácia da droga nos participantes alocados desde as Américas, os quais tinham um perfil mais congesto (com critério de elegibilidade pelos peptídeos natriuréticos elevados predominantemente) e os quais inclusive tiveram mais eventos na linha do tempo da investigação, verificou uma redução de 18% no desfecho primário no grupo intervenção (RR: 0,82, IC95% 0,69–0,98, p = 0,026), contextualizando o potencial melhor desempenho da droga em pacientes mais hipervolêmicos. O conjunto dos dados acima mencionados embasaram a recomendação classe IIa pelas atual Diretriz Brasileira de IC, de 2018,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> do uso de espironolactona para pacientes com ICFEp, com o objetivo principal de reduzir as taxas de hospitalização por IC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II</title>
					<p>Os BRA são alternativas ao tratamento da ICFEp, principalmente no contexto que alia hipertensão e congestão. A melhor evidência em ECRs nesta classe de medicamento foi do estudo CHARM-Preserved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Esse estudo incluiu 3.025 participantes com sinais e sintomas de IC, classe funcional II a IV da NYHA e FEVE &gt; 40%, mas sem necessidade de um elemento objetivo de congestão, como o nível sérico de peptídeos natriuréticos. Foi testado o candesartan com dose-alvo de 32 mg por dia <italic>versus</italic> placebo. Aproximadamente 60% da amostra final foi composta por pacientes com classe II da NYHA, e em torno de 65% eram hipertensos. O desfecho principal de mortalidade CV e/ou hospitalização por IC não foi diferente entre os grupos (RR: 0,89, IC95% 0,77-1,03, p = 0,118). O desfecho secundário de número de indivíduos com pelo menos uma hospitalização por IC foi menor no grupo candesartan do que no grupo placebo (230 vs. 279; p = 0,017), e o número total de internações por IC também seguiu esse padrão (402 vs. 566, p = 0,014). Em resumo, esse estudo é a única evidência de resultado positivo de um BRA em pacientes com ICFElr + ICFEp (FEVE &gt; 40%). A Diretriz Brasileira de IC<sup>8</sup>confere grau de recomendação IIb para redução de hospitalização em pacientes com ICFE desde 2018.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Medicamentos sem eficácia comprovada em ensaios clínicos</title>
					<p>Os ECRs que testaram betabloqueadores, bloqueadores do cálcio, digitálicos, inibidores da fosfodiesterase-5, ivabradina, vericiguat e isossorbida não obtiveram êxito em comprovar benefício sobre os desfechos de mortalidade CV e hospitalização por IC em populações com ICFEp. Até o momento, são opções farmacológicas razoáveis quando prescritas para morbidades específicas geradoras ou associadas à IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Manejo na ICFEp avançada</title>
					<p>Recentemente, foi publicado o consenso de IC avançada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> pela <italic>Heart Failure Association</italic> (HFA) e pela <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC), reconhecendo que não apenas os pacientes com ICFEr possuem IC avançada, ampliando, assim, a visão de tratamento e gravidade na ICFEp, contanto que esses pacientes preencham os critérios de severidade da doença. Nesse contexto, o reconhecimento e encaminhamento precoce desses pacientes é fundamental, uma vez que avaliações mais aprofundadas e terapias mais avançadas, como dispositivos implantáveis, dispositivos de assistência ventricular e transplante cardíaco, podem ser oferecidos em casos selecionados para essa população de doentes.</p>
					<p>A hipervolemia parece ser o mecanismo fisiopatológico central nos pacientes com ICFEp sem causa secundária, e o tratamento dos sintomas na ICFEp consiste prioritariamente no uso de diuréticos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> já abordados neste artigo. O manejo da congestão no paciente com ICFEp avançada pode ser desafiador em certas situações em função da diversidade de mecanismos fisiopatológicos e comorbidades envolvidas. Nos pacientes com hipertensão arterial não controlada, a vasodilatação concomitante com o ajuste de volemia deve ser realizada com cautela, principalmente nos pacientes com ICFEp descompensada, uma vez que o nitroprussiato de sódio pode desencadear uma resposta mais acentuada na redução da pressão arterial e na depressão do volume sistólico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Em situações de hipervolemia refratária ao tratamento medicamentoso, a ultrafiltração deve ser pensada com um recurso útil.</p>
					<p>A hipertensão pulmonar (HP) é uma condição prevalente na ICFEp, associada com a severidade e cronicidade da doença e pior prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A presença de HP pode variar consideravelmente entre os diferentes fenótipos e pode ser influenciada pelos diferentes estágios de severidade da ICFEp, denotando a importância da avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva nessa população. Podemos classificar a HP através do aumento da pressão arterial pulmonar média ≥ 20 mmHg, podendo ser classificada como HP pré-capilar, pós-capilar isolada ou HP combinada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Essa categorização é importante, visto que os pacientes com ICFEp com HP combinada podem se beneficiar de tratamentos com vasodilatadores pulmonares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Avaliações de função contrátil do ventrículo direito e de HP nos pacientes com IC avançada são de fundamental importância. Nesse sentido, a avaliação com cateterismo cardíaco direito em repouso e no exercício, quando indicado, nos traz parâmetros mais fidedignos da função ventricular direita e HP. Mesmo na IC avançada, podemos ter função ventricular direita normal ao repouso, mas presente ao exercício se a capacidade de dilatação da vasculatura pulmonar for perdida em resposta ao aumento de volume. Em condições normais, o ventrículo direito é menos resistente às alterações de pós-carga, e esse mecanismo encontra-se exacerbado nos indivíduos com ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> O uso de inotrópicos na ICFEp descompensada é ainda uma incógnita, tendo apenas pequenos estudos em pacientes com HP associada, estando reservado a casos selecionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> O uso do levosimendan nesses pacientes está sendo avaliado em um estudo randomizado em andamento, o RCT HELP (NCT 03541603), e nos trará maiores esclarecimentos.</p>
					<p>Os tratamentos direcionados para a HP no intuito de reduzir a pós-carga do ventrículo direito mostraram resultados ainda bastante desapontadores. Em um estudo pequeno com 44 pacientes, randomizado e duplo-cego, o sildenafil foi associado com melhora das pressões pulmonares, função ventricular direita, relaxamento ventricular esquerdo e balanço hídrico pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Apesar da boa tolerabilidade do medicamento, estudos randomizados posteriores não foram lineares com os mesmos achados, tendo dados positivos apenas de um estudo observacional sem grupo controle, que evidenciou melhora na classificação funcional da NYHA, no TC6 e nos níveis de NT-proBNP em 3 e 12 meses em pacientes com HP combinada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Estudos em andamento nessa população, como o DYNAMIC (NCT02744339), que avaliará o riociguat, o SERENADE (NCT03153111), com o macitentan, e o ECR VITALITY-HFpEF (NCT03547583), que estudará o vericiguat, vão nos trazer maiores respostas. Dispositivos de assistência ventricular (DAV) de longa permanência fazem parte do arsenal terapêutico no tratamento de pacientes com IC avançada e de pacientes com ICFEr, demonstrando melhora de morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Entretanto, há pequenos estudos reportando dados de DAVs implantados em pacientes com ICFEp, sendo a maioria dos casos em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e restritiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Isso se deve à característica peculiar e fisiopatológica desses pacientes que apresentavam, em sua maioria, aumento da rigidez do miocárdio, alteração de complacência e, em algumas situações, dimensões ventriculares esquerdas pequenas. Tais características podem propiciar complicações associadas aos DAVs como obstruções de cânulas, eventos de sucção, inadequado fluxo de bomba e trombose de bomba.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> A miomectomia adicional no momento do implante do DAV pode ser uma alternativa viável, como realizada em alguns casos de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Uma pequena parcela dos pacientes com ICFEp atingem critérios para transplante cardíaco, uma vez que há escassos dados na literatura. Nessa população, se destacam as cardiomiopatias hipertróficas e restritivas, casos selecionados de disfunção ventricular direita. Em indivíduos com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica severamente sintomáticos (classe funcional NYHA III-IV) com fração de ejeção (FE) ≥ 50% (sem obstrução da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo [VE]) e com alteração no teste cardiopulmonar com volume de oxigênio (VO<sub>2</sub>) de pico ≤ 14 mL/min/kg ou ≤ 50% do predito, perfil hemodinâmico desfavorável ou deterioração hemodinâmica aguda, a consideração de transplante cardíaco parece ter benefício com desfechos pós-transplante favoráveis. Nas cardiomiopatias restritivas, após a exclusão de pericardite constritiva, são mandatórias avaliação etiológica para um adequado tratamento das condição de base (amiloidose, Anderson-Fabry, sarcoidose etc.), avaliação de envolvimento de outros órgãos (amiloidose, hemocromatose) ou mesmo pode ser necessário o planejamento do tratamento posterior ao transplante, podendo haver indicação de transplante duplo em algumas situações.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Tratamentos avançados, como suporte circulatório de longa permanência e transplante cardíaco, são aplicáveis e mais sedimentados na ICFEp de etiologia secundária, como nas cardiomiopatias hipertróficas e restritivas. Por esse motivo, a busca da etiologia sempre é fundamental.</p>
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				<sec>
					<title>Reabilitação cardiopulmonar na ICFEp</title>
					<p>A intolerância ao exercício neste grupo ocorre pelo remodelamento e rigidez ventricular, determinando reduções do mecanismo de Frank Starling que, associado ao déficit cronotrópico, são determinantes para não elevar o débito cardíaco, reduzindo, assim, o consumo máximo de oxigênio. Garcia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> observaram a dinâmica dos pacientes com ICFEp <italic>versus</italic> controles e identificaram menor VO<sub>2</sub>e diminuição da capacidade de reduzir a frequência cardíaca pós-esforço, associados a remodelamento atrial e elevação da estimativa da pressão diastólica do VE. Nesse sentido, a reabilitação com foco em atividade aeróbica tem sido testada para esses pacientes. Em recente revisão sistemática, Pandey et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> demostraram que pacientes com ICFEp que ingressam em programa de reabilitação cardíaca melhoram a aptidão cardiorrespiratória (2 mL/min/kg), a QoL em sete pontos e a função diastólica após 12 semanas de intervenção. Apesar de não haver evidências de diminuição da mortalidade CV com exercício nessa população, Kavanagh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> já demostraram que, para cada aumento de uma unidade de consumo de oxigênio de 1 mL/min/kg, se reduz 10% de mortalidade CV.</p>
					<p>Métodos alternativos de reabilitação, como o treinamento da musculatura inspiratória, já são uma realidade. Menezes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> demostraram que uma sessão aguda de treinamento dos músculos inspiratórios com alta intensidade (80% da forca inspiratória máxima) determina melhora da rigidez arterial tardia (após 60 min de avaliação) e dos índices de função diastólica. Complementando, do ponto de vista prático, Palau et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> verificaram, em uma amostra de 26 pacientes com ICFEp com programa desenhado para 12 semanas de treinamento muscular inspiratório a 30% da força inspiratória máxima <italic>versus</italic> pacientes com tratamento usual, uma melhora significativa da pressão inspiratória máxima (p &lt; 0,001), VO<sub>2</sub>pico (p &lt; 0,001), consumo de oxigênio no exercício no limiar anaeróbio (p = 0,001), eficiência ventilatória (p = 0,007), equivalentes metabólicos (p &lt; 0,001) e TC6 (p &lt; 0,001) em relação ao grupo controle.</p>
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					<title>Perspectivas no manejo da ICFEp</title>
					<p>O futuro do tratamento da ICFEp está nos estudos que tenham desenhos mais compatíveis com a população real, possivelmente com pontos de corte de FEVE mais elevados, respeitando as caraterísticas fenotípicas e investindo em moléculas com atuação na fibrose, inflamação, melhora da função mitocondrial, antirremodelamento, otimizadores da função endotelial e em dispositivos reguladores da sobrecarga circulatória.</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>O fundamental no tratamento da ICFEp em 2022 está intimamente vinculado a um diagnóstico preciso, à definição etiológica e à estimativa da gravidade. A partir desse primeiro passo, o tratamento das morbidades, a utilização racional de terapia diurética e o treinamento físico para os pacientes estáveis é a base do manejo. Por fim, a utilização das medicações de ação CV com comprovada eficácia pode acrescentar benefício nos desfechos clínicos, quando bem selecionadas.</p>
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					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
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					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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