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<article article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220008</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220008</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Research Letter</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Personalized Treatment of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Ivabradine, Nitrate/Hydralazine, and Digoxin – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8684-9010</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Ivna Girard Cunha Vieira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9204-485X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bocchi</surname>
						<given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Ivna Girard Cunha Vieira Lima • Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>ivna_cunha@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author Contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lima IGCV, Bocchi EA; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Lima IGCV.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
					<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Mar</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>41</fpage>
			<lpage>49</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Hydralazine</kwd>
				<kwd>Nitrates</kwd>
				<kwd>Digoxin</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="20"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="16"/>
				<page-count count="9"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>In the last 30 years, treatment of chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has evolved considerably, and a significant reduction was achieved in mortality over time and hospitalization rates for chronic heart failure (CHF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Neurohormonal blockade has become key in the treatment of CHF, but with the discovery of new therapies such as sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), neprilysin inhibitors, resynchronization therapies, and new procedures, the number of treatment options in addition to standard therapy has increased considerably. However, it is known that the start of medications that reduce outcomes in CHF has historically been recommended following the order of publication of efficacy trials. Considering the many treatment options available today, a clinical question arises: is it possible to personalize additional treatments according to the patient’s clinical characteristics? This meta-analysis aims to look for populations of interest where ivabradine, hydralazine and nitrate, and digoxin could have incremental beneficial effects.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>This work aimed to identify, evaluate, and systematically summarize the available evidence of randomized clinical trials on ivabradine, hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate, and digoxin in adult patients with chronic HFrEF compared with placebo or optimized medication therapy regarding outcomes of total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and hospitalization for heart failure as determined by the Core Outcomes Measures in Effectiveness Trials; we searched for populations of interest where these drugs seemed to have better effectiveness.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Inclusion criteria</title>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Adults over 18 years old;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Patients with HFrEF of any etiology;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Randomized clinical trials;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Subanalyses of randomized clinical trials;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Date of publication: from 2012 on, due to the publication of studies on the effectivity of ivabradine;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>The original trials do not need to comply with the year of publication criterion.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Exclusion criteria</title>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction, acute or decompensated heart failure;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Pediatric population (&lt; 18 years old);</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Observational studies, case reports, or pre-published protocols;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Date of publication: prior to 2012, for post-hoc studies.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Search and sources of information</title>
				<p>Our search was performed using the PubMed (Medline) and Virtual Health Library (BVS) databases using MeSH and DeCS descriptors for each drug of interest; the inclusion of studies in this review underwent peer analysis. Preference was given to research domains.</p>
				<p>The search terms used in this review were:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Ivabradine – using (“Heart Failure”[Mesh]) AND “Ivabradine”[Mesh] in English and “insuficiência cardíaca” AND ivabradina in Portuguese.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Hydralazine and nitrate – using (“isosorbide-hydralazine combination” [Mesh] AND “Heart Failure”[Mesh] in English and “insuficiência cardíaca” AND hidralazina AND isossorbida in Portuguese.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Digoxin – using (“Digoxin”[Mesh]) AND “Heart Failure”[Mesh] in English and “insuficiência cardíaca” AND digoxina in Portuguese.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>Studies published in English and Portuguese were included in our research and a search for duplicates was initially performed for removing studies on both databases. In addition, data will be reported separately for each drug of interest. The original publication of each drug was added to the review for comparing relative risks; our search was performed using the Boolean operators “OR” and “AND.”</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Data collection</title>
				<p>Data were collected by selecting studies that approached subgroups of interest in order to identify populations where the treatment could have a different performance than that displayed in the initial publication. The information of interest collected from each publication was reported and stored as tables.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Risk of bias in each study</title>
				<p>A limitation of systematic reviews lies in the risk of bias of the selected studies; in this meta-analysis, all studies were analyzed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The criteria used in this review were: analysis of selection bias, blinding, performance, detection bias, incomplete data, and reporting bias.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Data summarization and synthesis</title>
				<p>In this meta-analysis, we used the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions as guideline. For dichotomous outcomes, the results were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For continuous outcomes, data were grouped and described as weighted mean differences and 95% CIs. The heterogeneity of trial results was assessed through a standard chi-squared test with a significance of p &lt; 0.10 and I<sup>2</sup> statistic with significance set at 50%. We used a Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model in our statistical analysis due to the large clinical and populational variability of the studies. Publication bias was assessed through a funnel plot. All analyses used Review Manager version 5.0 (Revman, Cochrane, Oxford, United Kingdom). p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. For evaluating the effect of the methodological character of studies on our results, the weight of these characteristics’ components in our meta-analysis was evaluated through a sensitivity analysis.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Qualitative analysis</title>
				<p>Studies selected for assessing populations of interest were predominantly found in the search for ivabradine treatment; for this drug, all selected studies were post-hoc analyses of the original SHIFT study.</p>
				<p>We found 207 studies in this search, which were added to 37 studies retrieved from the BVS database. We removed 131 duplicate studies. After analyzing the titles, 99 studies were selected for screening; of these, 70 were excluded after going through the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Our of the 29 remaining studies, 9 were classified after complete reading and were included in the quantitative and qualitative analyses, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– PRISMA flow diagram for the selection of studies on ivabradine.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>We found 31 studies when searching for digoxin. After analyzing the titles, 16 studies were selected for screening; of these, 6 were excluded after going through the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Our of the 10 remaining studies, 3 were classified after complete reading and were included in the quantitative and qualitative analyses.</p>
				<p>We found 16 studies when searching for the combination of hydralazine and nitrate. After analyzing the titles, 12 studies were selected for screening; of these, 9 were excluded after going through the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Our of the 3 remaining studies, 2 were classified after complete reading and were included in the quantitative analysis.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Characteristics of studies</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> summarize the characteristics of the included studies. The evaluated criteria were: sample size, percentage of male patients, inclusion criteria of each study, percentage of beta-blocker use, percentage of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) use, percentage of diuretic use, and percentage of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist use.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Characteristics of the selected studies</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Trial (reference)</th>
									<th>Sample size (n)</th>
									<th>Mean age</th>
									<th>Male (%)</th>
									<th>Inclusion criteria</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Bouabdallaoui et al.<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1657</td>
									<td align="center">59.5 ± 11</td>
									<td align="center">66</td>
									<td align="center">HFrEF &lt; 35%, NYHA II–IV, with HR &gt; 77 bpm, sinus rhythm despite maximum tolerated beta-blocker dose.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bocchi et al.<sup>3</sup></td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">62 ± 11</td>
									<td align="center">65</td>
									<td align="center">HFrEF &lt; 35%, NYHA II–IV, with HR &gt; 70 bpm, sinus rhythm despite maximum tolerated beta-blocker dose. Patients with Chagas disease.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Komajda et al.<sup>4</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1979</td>
									<td align="center">62 ± 9.8</td>
									<td align="center">75</td>
									<td align="center">HFrEF &lt; 35%, NYHA II–IV, with HR &gt; 70 bpm, sinus rhythm despite maximum tolerated beta-blocker dose. Patients with diabetes.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bocchi et al.<sup>5</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1318</td>
									<td align="center">59.3 ± 11</td>
									<td align="center">77</td>
									<td align="center">HFrEF &lt; 35%, NYHA II–IV, with HR &gt; 70 bpm, sinus rhythm despite maximum tolerated beta-blocker dose. Patients using carvedilol.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Borer et al.<sup>6</sup></td>
									<td align="center">712</td>
									<td align="center">60 ± 12.2</td>
									<td align="center">77</td>
									<td align="center">NYHA IV HFrEF or EF &lt; 20% with HR &gt; 70 bpm, sinus rhythm despite maximum tolerated beta-blocker dose.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tavazzi L et al.<sup>7</sup></td>
									<td align="center">730</td>
									<td align="center">65.2 ± 9.5</td>
									<td align="center">81</td>
									<td align="center">HFrEF &lt; 35%, NYHA II–IV, with HR &gt; 70 bpm, sinus rhythm despite maximum tolerated beta-blocker dose. Patients with COPD.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Reil et al.<sup>8</sup></td>
									<td align="center">912</td>
									<td align="center">62 ± 10.6</td>
									<td align="center">69</td>
									<td align="center">HFrEF &lt; 35%, NYHA II–IV, with HR &gt; 70 bpm, sinus rhythm despite maximum tolerated beta-blocker dose. Patients with LBBB.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Swedberg K et al.<sup>9</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1624</td>
									<td align="center">60 ± 11.5</td>
									<td align="center">77.2</td>
									<td align="center">HFrEF &lt; 35%, NYHA II–IV, with HR &lt; 70 bpm, sinus rhythm beta-blocker dose.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mihai Gheorghiade et al.<sup>10</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1118</td>
									<td align="center">65 ± 11</td>
									<td align="center">81</td>
									<td align="center">Patients with EF &lt; 25% and HF diagnosis.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mihai Gheorghiade et al.<sup>11</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1127</td>
									<td align="center">63 ± 11</td>
									<td align="center">73</td>
									<td align="center">Patients with EF &lt; 45% with a diagnosis of NYHA III and IV HF.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Azimil Abdul-Rahim et al.<sup>12</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1195</td>
									<td align="center">64 ± 10.6</td>
									<td align="center">71.1</td>
									<td align="center">Patients with EF &lt; 45% were enrolled in an auxiliary study performed in parallel with the main trial.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Azimil Abdul-Rahim et al.<sup>13</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1933</td>
									<td align="center">64.2</td>
									<td align="center">73.6</td>
									<td align="center">Patients with diabetes, EF ≤ 45%, and sinus rhythm. HF diagnosis was based on current or past clinical symptoms (activity limitation, fatigue and dyspnea or orthopnea ), signs (edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, stertor, or gallop rhythm), or radiological evidence of pulmonary congestion.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mitchell JE et al.<sup>14</sup></td>
									<td align="center">183</td>
									<td align="center">61 ± 12</td>
									<td align="center">68</td>
									<td align="center">NYHA class III or IV for at least 3 months – subpopulation with AF. Evidence of left ventricular dysfunction in the 6 months prior to randomization and EF &lt; 35% or rest EF &lt; 45% with LVEDD &lt; 2.9 cm/m<sup>2</sup> of body surface area or &gt; 6.5 cm at echocardiography.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Taylor AL et al.<sup>15</sup></td>
									<td align="center">157</td>
									<td align="center">72 ± 5.7</td>
									<td align="center">52</td>
									<td align="center">NYHA III or IV for at least 3 months – subpopulation aged 65 years and older. Evidence of left ventricular dysfunction in the 6 months prior to randomization and EF &lt; 35% or rest EF &lt; 45% with LVEDD &lt; 2.9 cm/m<sup>2</sup> of body surface area or &gt; 6.5 cm at echocardiography.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Taylor AL et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1050</td>
									<td align="center">56 ± 12.7</td>
									<td align="center">55.8</td>
									<td align="center">Afro-descendants with NYHA class III or IV HF for at least 3 months – evidence of left ventricular dysfunction in the 6 months prior to randomization and EF &lt; 35% or rest EF &lt; 45% with LVEDD &lt; 2.9 cm/m<sup>2</sup> of body surface area or &gt; 6.5 cm at echocardiography.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><italic>HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; HR: heart rate; EF: ejection fraction; AF: atrial fibrillation; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Characteristics of the selected studies</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Trial (reference)</th>
									<th>Beta-blocker use (%)</th>
									<th>ACEI use (%)</th>
									<th>Diuretic use (%)</th>
									<th>Spironolactone use (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Bouabdallaoui, Nadia et al.<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">86.1</td>
									<td align="center">89.7</td>
									<td align="center">---</td>
									<td align="center">63.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bocchi et al.<sup>3</sup></td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">56</td>
									<td align="center">94</td>
									<td align="center">83</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Komadja et al.<sup>4</sup></td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">91</td>
									<td align="center">86</td>
									<td align="center">---</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bocchi et al.<sup>5</sup></td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">77</td>
									<td align="center">88</td>
									<td align="center">70</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Borer et al.<sup>6</sup></td>
									<td align="center">87</td>
									<td align="center">78</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">---</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tavazzi L et al.<sup>7</sup></td>
									<td align="center">68</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">91</td>
									<td align="center">---</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Reil et al.<sup>8</sup></td>
									<td align="center">89.9</td>
									<td align="center">77</td>
									<td align="center">90.6</td>
									<td align="center">---</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Swedberg K et al.<sup>9</sup></td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">78.6</td>
									<td align="center">82.1</td>
									<td align="center">62.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mihai Gheorghiade et al.<sup>10</sup></td>
									<td align="center">---</td>
									<td align="center">95</td>
									<td align="center">88</td>
									<td align="center">---</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mihai Gheorghiade et al.<sup>11</sup></td>
									<td align="center">---</td>
									<td align="center">95</td>
									<td align="center">84</td>
									<td align="center">---</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Azimil Abdul-Rahim et al.<sup>12</sup></td>
									<td align="center">---</td>
									<td align="center">90.5</td>
									<td align="center">70.4</td>
									<td align="center">7.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Azimil Abdul-Rahim et al.<sup>13</sup></td>
									<td align="center">---</td>
									<td align="center">94.9</td>
									<td align="center">84.7</td>
									<td align="center">7.8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mitchell JE et al.<sup>14</sup></td>
									<td align="center">83</td>
									<td align="center">89</td>
									<td align="center">94</td>
									<td align="center">38</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Taylor AL et al.<sup>15</sup></td>
									<td align="center">76.4</td>
									<td align="center">63.7</td>
									<td align="center">89.2</td>
									<td align="center">37.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Taylor AL et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
									<td align="center">74.1</td>
									<td align="center">69.4</td>
									<td align="center">88</td>
									<td align="center">40.2</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Risk of bias</title>
				<p>All studies included in this meta-analysis were post-hoc analyses of the original SHIFT, DIG, and A-HEFT studies. The risk of selection bias was considered high in all studies, since these are trials of populations of interest; blinding bias was also considered high in all studies.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Synthesis of results</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Ivabradine results</title>
				<p>We found 9 randomized clinical trials for the composite outcome of death or hospitalization for heart failure (HF), and subpopulations of interest were: populations with Chagas disease, left bundle branch block (LBBB), advanced CHF, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart rate (HR) over 77 beats per minute (bpm), who used less than 50% of the maximum beta-blocker dose, patients with diabetes, and those using carvedilol or not.</p>
				<p>In total, the number of events for the composite outcome of death or hospitalization for HF was 2423 for the ivabradine group and 3346 for the control group; ivabradine significantly reduced the composite outcome with an OR of 0.77 (Z = 8.32 p &lt; 0.0001 and 95% CI 0.72–0.82) and calculated heterogeneity of I<sup>2</sup> = 0%. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> )</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Forest plot for the composite outcome of death and hospitalization regarding ivabradine and analysis of study bias. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The number of events considering the cardiovascular death outcome was 1288 for the ivabradine group and 1727 for the control group; ivabradine significantly reduced this outcome with an OR of 0.83 (Z = 2.91 p = 0.004 and 95% CI 0.73–0.94) and calculated heterogeneity of I<sup>2</sup> =53%. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> )</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Forest plot for the cardiovascular death outcome regarding ivabradine and analysis of study bias. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Considering the hospitalization for CHF outcome, the number of events in the ivabradine group was 1621, in comparison with 2380 in the control group. There was a significant difference between groups, with an OR = 0.72 (Z = 8.99, p = &lt;0.00001 and 95% CI 0.67–0.78) and calculated heterogeneity of I<sup>2</sup> = 0%. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> )</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Forest plot for the composite outcome of hospitalization for CHF regarding ivabradine and analysis of study bias. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Digoxin results</title>
				<p>For the composite outcome of death or hospitalization for HF, we found 3 randomized clinical trials, and the study of advanced HF was added twice due to information related to patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III and IV HF and ejection fraction &lt; 25%.</p>
				<p>In total, the number of events for the composite outcome of death or hospitalization for HF was 1495 for the digoxin group and 1748 for the control group; digoxin significantly reduced the composite outcome with an OR of 0.76 (Z = 2.41 p &lt; 0.02 and 95% CI 0.61–0.95) and calculated heterogeneity of I<sup>2</sup> = 81%. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref> )</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Forest plot for the composite outcome regarding digoxin. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>For the cardiovascular death outcome, the number of events was 2029 in the digoxin group and 1998 in the control group, with no significant difference between groups OR = 1.02 (Z = 0.57 p = 0.57 and 95% CI 0.95–1.10) and calculated heterogeneity of I<sup>2</sup> = 0%. The original study (DIG Trial) was included in this analysis. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref> )</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f06">
						<label>Figure 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Forest plot for the cardiovascular death outcome regarding digoxin. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf06.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>For the hospitalization for CHF outcome, the number of events in the digoxin group was 1936, in comparison with 2547 in the control group. There was a significant difference between groups, with an OR = 0.67 (Z = 7.47, p &lt; 0.00001 and 95% CI 0.60–0.74) and calculated heterogeneity of I<sup>2</sup> = 47%. The original study (DIG Trial) was included in this analysis. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 7</xref> )</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f07">
						<label>Figure 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Forest plot for the outcome of hospitalization for HF regarding digoxin. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf07.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Hydralazine/nitrate results</title>
				<p>We found 2 populations of interest for the study of the outcomes of this drug combination: patients with atrial fibrillation and patients aged 65 years or older. The weight of these studies was small in comparison with the original A-HEFT study included in the analysis, thus our results may have been influenced by the greater number of patients in the original study.</p>
				<p>The total number of events for the composite outcome of death or hospitalization for HF was 235 for the hydralazine/nitrate group and 324 for the control group; the combination of hydralazine and nitrate significantly reduced the composite outcome with an OR of 0.62 (Z = 4.49 p &lt; 0.0001 and 95% CI 0.50–0.76) and calculated heterogeneity of I<sup>2</sup> = 0%. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 8</xref> )</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f08">
						<label>Figure 8</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Forest plot for the composite outcome regarding the combination of hydralazine and nitrate. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf08.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>For the cardiovascular death outcome, the number of events was 47 in the hydralazine/nitrate group and 84 in the control group; the combination of hydralazine and nitrate significantly reduced the composite outcome with an OR of 0.54 (Z = 3.22 p &lt; 0.001 and 95% CI 0.37–0.79) and calculated heterogeneity of I<sup>2</sup> = 0%. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 9</xref> )</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f09">
						<label>Figure 9</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Forest plot for the cardiovascular death outcome regarding the combination of hydralazine and nitrate. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf09.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>For the hospitalization for CHF outcome, the number of events in the hydralazine/nitrate group was 148, as opposed to 218 in the control group, with a significant difference between groups: OR = 0.62 (Z = 4.0, p = &lt; 0.0001 and 95% CI 0.49–0.78) and calculated heterogeneity I<sup>2</sup> = 47%. The original study (A-HEFT Trial) was included in this analysis. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 10</xref> )</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figure 10</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Forest plot for the outcome of hospitalization for HF regarding the combination of hydralazine and nitrate. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf10.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion and limitations</title>
			<p>We performed a meta-analysis of post-hoc studies of randomized trials, searching for subpopulations of interest where the drugs ivabradine, hydralazine/nitrate, and digoxin could have better performances than in the general population of the initial SHIFT (ivabradine), A-HEFT (hydralazine and nitrate), and DIG (digoxin) trials. This was an attempt to find an improved manner of personalizing the current treatment of chronic HFrEF.</p>
			<p>For the composite outcome of death or hospitalization for CHF, ivabradine had a similar effect measure in most subgroups. On the other hand, the performance of this drug was superior in patients with diabetes, those who did not tolerate more than 50% of the maximum beta-blocker dose, patients with LBBB, patients who did not use carvedilol, or those with HR over 77 bpm than in the general population. This showed a potential benefit of the medication related to the control of HR, which is an important marker of risk of death in patients with HFrEF. It is important to note that, for the cardiovascular death outcome, we found a heterogeneity &gt; 50% among studies.</p>
			<p>A consistent reduction was observed in the hospitalization for HF outcome in patients who used digoxin; in the population with advanced HF (patients with NYHA class III and IV HF and ejection fraction &lt; 25%), the performance of this drug was superior than in the original study. However, when considering cardiovascular mortality, our analysis could not find a subpopulation where this medication showed benefits or a superior performance when compared to the DIG trial. The possible benefit in hospitalization found with the use of digitalis compounds in patients with advanced HF may stem from multiple mechanisms; one possible explanation is the positive inotropic mechanism of glycosides, in addition to the control of HR. On the other hand, it is important to highlight that the benefit of this treatment may have been dampened by possible side effects related to medication toxicity; safety outcomes were not assessed in this study.</p>
			<p>For the combination of hydralazine and nitrate, beneficial effects had large CIs in both identified populations, leading to speculations regarding a possible effect of chance on our findings. However, in the afro-descendant population included in the A-HEFT trial (used for comparison), this drug combination was able to reduce the composite outcome of death and hospitalization in a consistent manner when compared to the control group, favoring this recommendation as stated by previous guidelines.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The aim of this meta-analysis was not to substitute the classical indications of drugs as already stated by guidelines, but instead to find subpopulations of interest; to the best of our knowledge, this search strategy is innovative.</p>
			<p>Considering the composite outcome, the performance of ivabradine was superior in patients with diabetes, those who did not tolerate more than 50% of the maximum beta-blocker dose, patients with LBBB, those who did not use carvedilol, or those with HR over 77 bpm than in the general population. For the hospitalization outcome, the performance of digoxin was superior in the population with advanced HF (NYHA class III and IV and ejection fraction &lt; 25%) than in the original study. Finally, for the combination of hydralazine and nitrate and composite outcome, the studied populations showed similar beneficial effects to the original study.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Carta Científica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Tratamento Personalizado para Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Reduzida: Ivabradina, Nitrato/Hidralazina e Digoxina - Revisão Sistemática e Metanálise</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8684-9010</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Ivna Girard Cunha Vieira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9204-485X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bocchi</surname>
						<given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Ivna Girard Cunha Vieira Lima • Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: ivna_cunha@hotmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Lima IGCV, Bocchi EA; Obtenção de dados, Análise e interpretação dos dados e Análise estatística: Lima IGCV.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Hidralazina</kwd>
				<kwd>Nitratos</kwd>
				<kwd>Digoxina</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Nos últimos 30 anos, o tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca crônica com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER) evoluiu consideravelmente. Devido a esses avanços, houve uma redução significativa na mortalidade ao longo do tempo e na taxa de hospitalização por insuficiência cardíaca crônica (ICC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O bloqueio neuro-hormonal se tornou uma peça-chave no tratamento da ICC; no entanto, com o surgimento de novas terapias, como os inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2 (iSGLT2), inibidores da neprilisina, ressincronizadores e novos procedimentos, o número de opções disponíveis de tratamentos adicionais à terapia padrão aumentou consideravelmente. Porém, sabe-se que, historicamente, a iniciação de medicamentos que reduzem os desfechos na ICC é recomendada conforme a publicação dos estudos clínicos de eficácia. Atualmente, diante de várias opções, surgiu a seguinte pergunta clínica: é possível personalizar o tratamento adicional a partir das características clínicas do paciente? Esta metanálise visa a identificar populações de interesse nas quais os medicamentos poderiam ter um efeito benéfico incremental com a introdução dos remédios ivabradina, hidralazina e nitrato e digoxina.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar, avaliar e resumir sistematicamente as evidências disponíveis de estudos clínicos randomizados (ECRs) dos medicamentos ivabradina, hidralazina/dinitrato de isossorbida e digoxina em pacientes adultos com ICFER quando comparados ao placebo ou à terapia medicamentosa otimizada em relação aos desfechos de mortalidade total, mortalidade cardiovascular e hospitalização por insuficiência cardíaca (IC), conforme determinado pela <italic>Core Outcomes Measures in Effectiveness Trials</italic> . Foram buscadas populações de interesse nas quais essas drogas parecem ser mais efetivas.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Critérios de inclusão</title>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Adultos com mais de 18 anos.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Paciente com ICFER de qualquer etiologia.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>ECRs.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Subanálises de ECRs.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Data da publicação a partir de 2012, devido à publicação dos estudos de efetividade da droga de interesse ivabradina.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Os estudos originais não obedecem ao critério de ano de realização do estudo.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Critérios de exclusão</title>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Pacientes com IC com fração de ejeção preservada aguda ou crônica descompensada.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>População pediátrica com menos de 18 anos.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Estudos clínicos observacionais, relatos de casos ou protocolos pré-publicados.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Data de publicação antes de 2012, para os trabalhos <italic>post-hoc</italic> .</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Busca e fontes de informação</title>
				<p>Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados PubMed (MEDLINE) e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS) através de termos do Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) e Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) para cada droga de interesse. A escolha dos trabalhos incluídos nesta revisão foi analisada por pares. A preferência de escolha foi por domínios de pesquisas. Os termos buscados foram:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Ivabradina – Onde foram usados (“Heart Failure”[Mesh]) AND “Ivabradine”[Mesh]; em português: “insuficiência cardíaca” AND ivabradina.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Hidralazina e Nitrato – Onde foram usados (“isosorbide-hydralazine combination”[Mesh]) AND “Heart Failure”[Mesh]; em português: “insuficiência cardíaca” AND hidralazina AND isossorbida.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Digoxina – Onde foram usados (“Digoxin”[Mesh]) AND “Heart Failure”[Mesh]; em português: “insuficiência cardíaca” AND digoxina.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>Apenas trabalhos em inglês e português foram incluídos na pesquisa. A busca por duplicatas foi realizada incialmente para remover trabalhos presentes nas duas bases de dados. Os dados serão reportados separadamente para cada droga de interesse. O estudo original de cada droga foi adicionado na revisão para comparação dos riscos relativos; a busca foi realizada através dos operadores booleanos “OR” e “AND”.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Processo de coleta de dados</title>
				<p>A coleta de dados foi realizada através da seleção de estudos que contemplassem subgrupos de interesse para a identificação de populações nas quais o tratamento pudesse ter um desempenho diferente daquele do trabalho inicial. As informações de interesse retiradas de cada trabalho foram reportadas e armazenadas através de tabelas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Risco de viés em cada estudo</title>
				<p>Uma limitação das revisões sistemáticas está relacionada ao risco de viés dos estudos selecionados. Nesta metanálise, todos os estudos foram analisados através do instrumento de risco de viés da Cochrane ( <italic>risk of bias tool</italic> ). Os critérios utilizados foram: análise de viés de seleção, análise quanto ao cegamento, análise de desempenho, viés de detecção, avaliação de dados incompletos e viés de relato.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Medidas de resumo e síntese dos dados</title>
				<p>Para esta metanálise, usamos como diretriz o manual da Cochrane para revisões sistemáticas das intervenções. Para os desfechos dicotômicos, os resultados foram expressos como <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) e os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Para os desfechos contínuos, foram descritos dados agrupados com a diferença média ponderada e IC95%. A heterogeneidade dos resultados entre os estudos foi avaliada através do teste do qui-quadrado padrão, com significância definida em p &lt; 0,10, e da estatística I<sup>2</sup>, com significância fixada em I<sup>2</sup>&gt; 50%. Utilizou-se o modelo de efeitos aleatórios de Mantel-Haenszel para a análise estatística devido à ampla variabilidade clínica e populacional dos estudos. O viés de publicação foi avaliado pelo gráfico do funil. Todas as análises foram realizadas no <italic>software</italic> Revman versão 5.0 (Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, Reino Unido). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Para avaliar o efeito do caráter metodológico dos estudos sobre os resultados desta metanálise, o peso ( <italic>weight</italic> ) dos componentes dessas características em nossa metanálise foi avaliado pela análise de sensibilidade.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise qualitativa</title>
					<p>Os estudos selecionados para a avaliação das populações de interesse foram, em sua maioria, identificados durante a busca por tratamentos com ivabradina. Para esse medicamento, todos os estudos selecionados eram análises <italic>post-hoc</italic> do estudo original SHIFT.</p>
					<p>A busca resultou em 207 estudos, aos quais foram adicionados outros 37 estudos retirados da BVS. Um total de 131 duplicatas foram removidas. Após a leitura dos títulos, 99 artigos foram selecionados para <italic>screening</italic> , dos quais 70 foram excluídos após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Em seguida, foi realizada a leitura completa dos 29 artigos restantes, resultando na classificação e inclusão de nove artigos para análise quantitativa e qualitativa, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> .</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Diagrama PRISMA para seleção dos estudos da droga ivabradina.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A busca por estudos com digoxina resultou em 31 artigos. Após a leitura dos resumos, 16 artigos foram selecionados para <italic>screening</italic> , dos quais seis foram excluídos após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Após a leitura completa dos 10 artigos restantes, três foram classificados e incluídos para análise quantitativa.</p>
					<p>Foram encontrados 16 estudos que abordavam a combinação hidralazina/nitrato. Após a leitura do título, 12 artigos foram selecionados para <italic>screening</italic> , dos quais nove foram excluídos após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Dos três artigos restantes, dois foram classificados e incluídos para análise quantitativa após a leitura completa.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Características dos estudos</title>
					<p>Nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">2</xref> , estão apresentadas as características resumidas dos estudos incluídos. Os critérios avaliados foram os seguintes: tamanho amostral, porcentagem de pacientes do gênero masculino, critérios de inclusão de cada estudo, porcentagem de uso de betabloqueador, porcentagem de uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (iECA), porcentagem de uso de diuréticos e porcentagem de uso de antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides (ARM).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Característica dos estudos selecionados</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Estudo (referência)</th>
										<th>Tamanho da amostra (n)</th>
										<th>Idade média</th>
										<th>Sexo masculino (%)</th>
										<th>Critérios de inclusão</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Bouabdallaoui et al.<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.657</td>
										<td align="center">59.5 +/- 11</td>
										<td align="center">66</td>
										<td align="center">ICFER &lt; 35%, NYHA II–IV, FC &gt; 77 bpm e ritmo sinusal apesar de dose máxima tolerada de betabloqueador.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bocchi et al.<sup>3</sup></td>
										<td align="center">20</td>
										<td align="center">62 +/- 11</td>
										<td align="center">65</td>
										<td align="center">ICFER &lt; 35%, NYHA II–IV, FC &gt; 70 bpm e ritmo sinusal apesar de dose máxima tolerada de betabloqueador. Chagásicos.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Komajda et al.<sup>4</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.979</td>
										<td align="center">62 +/- 9.8</td>
										<td align="center">75</td>
										<td align="center">ICFER &lt; 35%, NYHA II–IV, FC &gt; 70 bpm e ritmo sinusal apesar de dose máxima tolerada de betabloqueador. Diabéticos.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bocchi et al.<sup>5</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.318</td>
										<td align="center">59.3 +/- 11</td>
										<td align="center">77</td>
										<td align="center">ICFER &lt; 35%, NYHA II–IV, FC &gt; 70 bpm, ritmo sinusal apesar de dose máxima tolerada de betabloqueador. Em uso de carvedilol.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Borer et al.<sup>6</sup></td>
										<td align="center">712</td>
										<td align="center">60 +/- 12.2</td>
										<td align="center">77</td>
										<td align="center">ICFER, NYHA IV ou FE &lt; 20%, FC &gt; 70 bpm e ritmo sinusal apesar de dose máxima tolerada de betabloqueador.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tavazzi et al.<sup>7</sup></td>
										<td align="center">730</td>
										<td align="center">65.2 +/- 9.5</td>
										<td align="center">81</td>
										<td align="center">ICFER &lt; 35%, NYHA II–IV, FC &gt; 70 bpm e ritmo sinusal apesar de dose máxima tolerada de betabloqueador. Com DPOC.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Reil et al.<sup>8</sup></td>
										<td align="center">912</td>
										<td align="center">62 +/- 10.6</td>
										<td align="center">69</td>
										<td align="center">ICFER &lt; 35%, NYHA II–IV, FC &gt; 70bpm e ritmo sinusal apesar de dose máxima tolerada de betabloqueador. BRE.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Swedberg et al.<sup>9</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.624</td>
										<td align="center">60 +/- 11.5</td>
										<td align="center">77.2</td>
										<td align="center">ICFER &lt; 35%, NYHA II– V, FC &gt; 70 bpm e ritmo sinusal dose de betabloqueador.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Gheorghiade et al.<sup>10</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.118</td>
										<td align="center">65+/- 11</td>
										<td align="center">81</td>
										<td align="center">Pacientes com FE &lt; 25% e diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Gheorghiade et al.<sup>11</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.127</td>
										<td align="center">63 +/- 11</td>
										<td align="center">73</td>
										<td align="center">Pacientes com FE &lt; 45%, diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca e NYHA III e IV.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Abdul-Rahim et al.<sup>12</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.195</td>
										<td align="center">64 +/- 10.6</td>
										<td align="center">71.1</td>
										<td align="center">Pacientes com FE &gt; 45% foram inscritos em um estudo auxiliar realizado paralelamente ao estudo principal.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Abdul-Rahim et al.<sup>13</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.933</td>
										<td align="center">64.2</td>
										<td align="center">73.6</td>
										<td align="center">Pacientes diabéticos com FE ≤ 45% e em ritmo sinusal. O diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca baseou-se em sintomas clínicos atuais ou passados (limitação de atividade, fadiga e dispneia ou ortopedia), sinais (edema, pressão venosa jugular elevada, estertores ou ritmo galope) ou evidência radiológica de congestão pulmonar.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Mitchell et al.<sup>14</sup></td>
										<td align="center">183</td>
										<td align="center">61 +/- 12</td>
										<td align="center">68</td>
										<td align="center">NYHA III ou IV por pelo menos 3 meses – subpopulação com FA. Evidências de disfunção ventricular esquerda nos 6 meses anteriores à randomização e FE &lt; 35% ou FE em repouso &lt; 45%, com DDfVE &gt; 2,9 cm/m<sup>2</sup>da área da superfície corporal ou &gt; 6,5 cm por ecocardiografia.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Taylor et al.<sup>15</sup></td>
										<td align="center">157</td>
										<td align="center">72 +/- 5.7</td>
										<td align="center">52</td>
										<td align="center">NYHA III ou IV por pelo menos 3 meses – subpopulação com mais de 65 anos. Evidências de disfunção ventricular esquerda nos 6 meses anteriores à randomização e uma fração de ejeção &lt; 35% ou uma FE de repouso &lt; 45%, com DDfVE &gt; 2,9 cm/m<sup>2</sup>da área da superfície corporal ou &gt; 6,5 cm por ecocardiografia.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Taylor et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.050</td>
										<td align="center">56 +/- 12.7</td>
										<td align="center">55.8</td>
										<td align="center">Afrodescendentes com classe funcional da NYHA III ou IV por pelo menos 3 meses – evidências de disfunção ventricular esquerda nos 6 meses anteriores à randomização e FE &lt; 35% ou FE em repouso &lt; 45%, DDfVE &gt; 2,9 cm/m<sup>2</sup>da área da superfície corporal ou &gt; 6,5 cm por ecocardiografia.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p><italic>Bpm: batimentos por minuto; DDfVE: diâmetro diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo; FA: fibrilação atrial; FC: frequência cardíaca; FE: fração de ejeção; ICFER: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Características dos estudos selecionados</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Estudo (referência)</th>
										<th>Uso de betabloqueador (%)</th>
										<th>Uso de iECA (%)</th>
										<th>Uso de diurético (%)</th>
										<th>Uso de espironolactona (%)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Bouabdallaoui et al.<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">86,1</td>
										<td align="center">89,7</td>
										<td align="center">---</td>
										<td align="center">63,1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bocchi et al.<sup>3</sup></td>
										<td align="center">90</td>
										<td align="center">56</td>
										<td align="center">94</td>
										<td align="center">83</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Komajda et al.<sup>4</sup></td>
										<td align="center">90</td>
										<td align="center">91</td>
										<td align="center">86</td>
										<td align="center">---</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bocchi et al.<sup>5</sup></td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">77</td>
										<td align="center">88</td>
										<td align="center">70</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Borer et al.<sup>6</sup></td>
										<td align="center">87</td>
										<td align="center">78</td>
										<td align="center">90</td>
										<td align="center">---</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tavazzi et al.<sup>7</sup></td>
										<td align="center">68</td>
										<td align="center">80</td>
										<td align="center">91</td>
										<td align="center">---</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Reil et al.<sup>8</sup></td>
										<td align="center">89.9</td>
										<td align="center">77</td>
										<td align="center">90,6</td>
										<td align="center">---</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Swedberg et al.<sup>9</sup></td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">78,6</td>
										<td align="center">82,1</td>
										<td align="center">62,1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Gheorghiade et al.<sup>10</sup></td>
										<td align="center">---</td>
										<td align="center">95</td>
										<td align="center">88</td>
										<td align="center">---</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Gheorghiade et al.<sup>11</sup></td>
										<td align="center">---</td>
										<td align="center">95</td>
										<td align="center">84</td>
										<td align="center">---</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Abdul-Rahim et al.<sup>12</sup></td>
										<td align="center">---</td>
										<td align="center">90,5</td>
										<td align="center">70,4</td>
										<td align="center">7,6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Abdul-Rahim et al.<sup>13</sup></td>
										<td align="center">---</td>
										<td align="center">94,9</td>
										<td align="center">84,7</td>
										<td align="center">7,8</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Mitchell et al.<sup>14</sup></td>
										<td align="center">83</td>
										<td align="center">89</td>
										<td align="center">94</td>
										<td align="center">38</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Taylor et al.<sup>15</sup></td>
										<td align="center">76,4</td>
										<td align="center">63,7</td>
										<td align="center">89,2</td>
										<td align="center">37,6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Taylor et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
										<td align="center">74,1</td>
										<td align="center">69,4</td>
										<td align="center">88</td>
										<td align="center">40,2</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Risco de viés</title>
					<p>Todos os estudos incluídos nesta metanálise foram análises <italic>post-hoc</italic> dos estudos originais SHIFT, DIG e A-HEFT. Tanto o risco de viés de seleção, devido aos estudos incluírem populações de interesse, quanto o viés de cegamento foram considerados alto em todos os estudos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Síntese dos resultados</title>
					<sec>
						<title>Resultados ivabradina</title>
						<p>Para o desfecho combinado de morte ou hospitalização por IC, foram identificados nove ECRs. As subpopulações de interesse encontradas foram: população chagásica, com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) e ICC avançada; população com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, com frequência cardíaca (FC) acima de 77 batimentos por minuto (bpm) e em uso de menos de 50% da dose máxima de betabloqueador; diabéticos; e aqueles que estavam ou não em uso de carvedilol.</p>
						<p>No total, o número de eventos para o desfecho combinado de morte ou hospitalização por IC foi de 2.423 para o grupo ivabradina e 3.346 para o grupo controle. A ivabradina reduziu significativamente o desfecho composto, com OR = 0,77 (Z = 8,32, p &lt; 0,0001 e IC95% 0,72-0,82). A heterogeneidade calculada foi de I<sup>2</sup>= 0% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f02002">
								<label>Figura 2</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot do desfecho combinado de morte e hospitalização para ivabradina e análise de viés dos estudos. IC 95%: 95% intervalo de confiança. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf02-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>No total, o número de eventos para o desfecho de morte por causa cardiovascular foi de 1.288 para o grupo ivabradina e 1.727 para o grupo controle. A ivabradina reduziu significativamente o desfecho, com OR = 0,83 (Z = 2,91, p = 0,004 e IC95% 0,73-0,94). A heterogeneidade calculada foi de I<sup>2</sup>= 53% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f03002">
								<label>Figura 3</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot do desfecho de morte por causa cardiovascular para ivabradina e análise de viés dos estudos. IC 95%: 95% intervalo de confiança. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf03-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>Para o desfecho de hospitalização por ICC, o total de eventos identificados para o grupo ivabradina foi de 1.621 em comparação a 2.380 no grupo controle, com diferença significativa entre os grupos (OR = 0,72; Z = 8,99, p = &lt; 0,00001 e IC95% 0,67-0,78). A heterogeneidade calculada foi de I<sup>2</sup>= 0% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f04002">
								<label>Figura 4</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot para o desfecho combinado de hospitalização por ICC para ivabradina e análise de viés dos estudos. IC 95%: 95% intervalo de confiança; ICC: insuficiência cardíaca crônica. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf04-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Resultados digoxina</title>
						<p>Para o desfecho combinado de morte ou hospitalização por IC, foram encontrados três ECRs, sendo adicionado o trabalho de IC avançada duas vezes devido a informações relacionadas a pacientes com classe funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA) III e IV e fração de ejeção &lt; 25%.</p>
						<p>No total, o número de eventos para o desfecho combinado de morte ou hospitalização por IC foi de 1.495 para o grupo digoxina e 1.748 para o grupo controle. A digoxina reduziu significativamente o desfecho composto, com OR = 0,76 (Z = 2,41, p = 0,02 e IC95% 0,61-0,95). A heterogeneidade calculada foi de I<sup>2</sup>= 81%. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 5</xref> )</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f05002">
								<label>Figura 5</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot do desfecho combinado para digoxina. IC 95%: 95% intervalo de confiança. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf05-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>Para o desfecho de morte cardiovascular, o total de eventos foi de 2.029 para o grupo digoxina e 1.998 para o grupo controle, sem diferença significativa entre os grupos (OR = 1,02; Z = 0,57, p = 0,57 e IC95% 0,95-1,10). A heterogeneidade calculada foi de I<sup>2</sup>=0%. Nessa análise, o trabalho original (DIG Trial) foi incluído ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Figura 6</xref> ).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f06002">
								<label>Figura 6</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot do desfecho de morte por causa cardiovascular para digoxina. IC 95%: 95% intervalo de confiança. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf06-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>Para o desfecho de hospitalização por ICC, o total de eventos para o grupo digoxina foi de 1.936 em comparação a 2.547 no grupo controle, com diferença significativa entre os grupos (OR = 0,67; Z = 7,47, p = &lt; 0,00001 e IC95% 0,60-0,74). A heterogeneidade calculada foi de I<sup>2</sup>= 47%. Nessa análise, o estudo original (DIG Trial) foi incluído ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07002">Figura 7</xref> ).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f07002">
								<label>Figura 7</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot do desfecho de hospitalização por IC para digoxina. IC 95%: 95% intervalo de confiança.; IC: insuficiência cardíaca. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf07-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Resultados hidralazina e nitrato</title>
						<p>Para as avaliações dos desfechos, foram identificadas duas populações de interesse para a combinação medicamentosa hidralazina e nitrato: pacientes com fibrilação atrial e pacientes com mais de 65 anos. O peso desses estudos foi pequeno em relação ao estudo original A-HEFT, incluído na análise; logo, os resultados encontrados podem ter sido influenciados pelo maior número de pacientes do trabalho original.</p>
						<p>No total, o número de eventos para o desfecho combinado de morte ou hospitalização por IC foi de 235 para o grupo hidralazina e nitrato e de 324 para o grupo controle. A combinação hidralazina e nitrato reduziu significativamente o desfecho composto, com OR = 0,62 (Z = 4,49, p &lt; 0,0001 e IC95% 0,50-0,76). A heterogeneidade calculada foi de I<sup>2</sup>= 0% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08002">Figura 8</xref> ).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f08002">
								<label>Figura 8</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot do desfecho combinado para hidralazina e nitrato. IC 95%: 95% intervalo de confiança. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf08-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>Para o desfecho de morte cardiovascular, o total de eventos foi de 47 para o grupo hidralazina e nitrato e 84 para o grupo controle. A combinação hidralazina e nitrato reduziu significativamente o desfecho composto, com OR = 0,54 (Z = 3,22, p &lt; 0,001 e IC95% 0,37-0,79). A heterogeneidade calculada foi de I<sup>2</sup>= 0% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09002">Figura 9</xref> ).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f09002">
								<label>Figura 9</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot do desfecho de morte cardiovascular para hidralazina e nitrato. IC 95%: 95% intervalo de confiança. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf09-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>Para o desfecho de hospitalização por ICC, o total de eventos para o grupo hidralazina e nitrato foi de 148 em comparação a 218 no grupo controle, com diferença significativa entre os grupos (OR = 0,62; Z = 4,0, p = &lt; 0,0001 e IC95% 0,49-0,78). A heterogeneidade calculada foi de I<sup>2</sup>= 47%. Nessa análise, o estudo original (A-HEFT) foi incluído ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10002">Figura 10</xref> ).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f10002">
								<label>Figura 10</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot do desfecho de hospitalização por IC para hidralazina e nitrato. IC 95%: 95% intervalo de confiança.; IC: insuficiência cardíaca. M-H: Mantel-Haenszel.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0041-gf10-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão e limitações</title>
				<p>Nós realizamos uma metanálise de ensaios <italic>post-hoc</italic> de ECRs, buscando subpopulações de interesse nas quais as drogas ivabradina, hidralazina e nitrato e digoxina pudessem ter um desempenho melhor do que na população geral dos ensaios iniciais SHIFT (ivabradina), A-HEFT (hidralazina e nitrato) e DIG (digoxina), a fim de tentar encontrar uma melhor forma de personalização do tratamento para ICFER atualmente.</p>
				<p>Para o desfecho combinado de morte ou hospitalização por ICC, a droga ivabradina teve uma medida de efeito semelhante na maioria dos subgrupos. No entanto, em pacientes diabéticos, que não toleravam mais do que 50% da dose máxima de betabloqueador; pacientes com BRE; pacientes que não usavam carvedilol; e pacientes com FC acima de 77 bpm, o desempenho do medicamento foi melhor do que na população geral. Isso demonstra um potencial efeito benéfico da ivabradina em relação ao controle da FC, um importante marcador de risco de morte em pacientes com ICFER. É importante ressaltar que, para o desfecho de morte cardiovascular, foi identificada uma heterogeneidade acima de 50% entre os estudos.</p>
				<p>Para a droga digoxina, houve uma redução consistente no desfecho de hospitalização por IC em pacientes que utilizaram o medicamento, sendo que, na população com IC avançada, que engloba pacientes com NYHA III e IV e FE &lt; 25%, o desempenho da droga foi melhor do que no estudo original. No entanto, para a mortalidade por causa cardiovascular, nosso estudo não conseguiu identificar nenhuma subpopulação na qual o medicamento tenha apresentado benefício ou desempenho superior ao do estudo DIG. O possível benefício em hospitalização encontrado com o uso dos digitálicos em pacientes com IC avançada pode ser decorrente de múltiplos mecanismos; uma possível explicação é o mecanismo inotrópico positivo dos glicosídeos, além do controle da FC. Porém, é importante salientar que o benefício do tratamento pode ter sido atenuado por possíveis efeitos colaterais relacionados à toxicidade da medicação; os desfechos de segurança não foram avaliados no presente estudo.</p>
				<p>Para a combinação hidralazina e nitrato, nas duas populações identificadas, os efeitos benéficos apresentaram um grande intervalo de confiança, levando à consideração de um possível efeito do acaso nos achados. No entanto, na população afrodescendente incluída no ensaio A-HEFT, utilizado para comparação, a combinação de drogas conseguiu reduzir o desfecho combinado de morte e hospitalização de maneira consistente em relação ao grupo controle, favorecendo essa recomendação já publicada em diretrizes previamente.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>O objetivo desta metanálise não é substituir as indicações clássicas das drogas já publicadas em diretrizes, mas encontrar subpopulações de interesse. Até onde sabemos, essa estratégia de busca é inovadora.</p>
				<p>A ivabradina, em relação ao desfecho combinado, apresentou melhor desempenho em pacientes diabéticos, que não toleravam mais do que 50% da dose máxima de betabloqueador; pacientes com BRE; pacientes que não utilizavam carvedilol; e pacientes com FC acima de 77 bpm do que na população geral. Para a digoxina, em relação ao desfecho de hospitalização, a população com IC avançada, que engloba pacientes com NYHA III e IV e FE &lt; 25%, obteve maior benefício com o medicamento do que a população do estudo original. Finalmente, para a combinação hidralazina e nitrato em relação ao desfecho combinado, as populações estudadas obtiveram efeito benéfico semelhante ao do estudo original.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento:O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>