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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220007</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220007</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Sequencing of Pharmacotherapy for Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Clinical Profile-Based Approach</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Luís</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UFRGS</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Serviço de Cardiologia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">HCPA</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Cardiologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Luís Beck-da-Silva • Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>lbneto@hcpa.edu.br</email> , <email>luisbeckdasilva@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author Contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Beck-da-Silva L.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>Participated in Board Meetings of Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis. Speaker for Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer and Viphor. Research support from Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, IONIS and AMGEN.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Mar</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>36</fpage>
			<lpage>40</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors</kwd>
				<kwd>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists</kwd>
				<kwd>Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="22"/>
				<page-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec>
			<title>A Brief History of Heart Failure (HF) Treatment</title>
			<p>Until 1987, HF treatment consisted in:</p>
			<list list-type="simple">
				<list-item>
					<p>- Recommendation of a low-sodium diet;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>- Diuretics for manifestations of congestion;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>- Digoxin;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>- Rest.</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p>None of these recommendations was based on clinical or epidemiological evidence, instead relying on the pathophysiological knowledge of the disease at the time, the pharmacological effect of medications, and good sense.</p>
			<p>In 1987, a new era of HF treatment began with the publication of the first large randomized clinical trial that tested a drug that could inhibit a hormonal axis involved in causing, maintaining, and increasing risk for this disease. This axis was the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and this drug was enalapril.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> At that moment, the addition of a drug to the clinical treatment of patients with HF could reduce relative risk of death by 50%.</p>
			<p>Subsequently, the history of HF treatment would change consistently. If inhibiting the RAAS generated such a significant and relevant response, the inhibition of the adrenergic system (knowingly activated in patients with HF) would be the next hypothesis to be tested. At that time, medical textbooks contraindicated the use of adrenergic blockers in patients with HF, since the rationale was that these would worsen ventricular performance and patients’ clinical picture. Scandinavian researchers pursued the hypothesis that an adrenergic blockade would be beneficial, and we all know the outcome of this chapter of HF treatment history. Multicenter randomized clinical trials ensued, testing ß-blockers in patients with HF and discovering the second drug class capable of changing the natural history of this disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In the last decades, there was significant progress in the pathophysiological understanding of HF and in the awareness of the utility of the inhibition of counterregulatory hormones with damaging effects in the disease. Additional inhibition of the RAAS was the new hypothesis after the confirmation of ß-blockers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Low-dose spironolactone, more through its hormonal effect than its diuretic effect, was the next drug to be proven beneficial to the prognosis of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>After the publication of RALES<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and the quick implementation of this knowledge on clinical practice, we went through a period of almost 20 years of apparent stagnation in the pharmacological treatment of HF. The most relevant innovations in this period either did not present an isolated effect on mortality<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> or provided benefits to specific subgroups only.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>For 2 decades, the basic treatment of patients with HF consisted in an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), a ß-blocker, and spironolactone.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>A new era in HF treatment</title>
			<p>A new, modern era in HF treatment begins with the arrival of new drugs with prognostic effects in the prognostic of patients with HF.</p>
			<p><bold>– Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI).</bold></p>
			<p>Unequivocal evidence has been established by at least 2 large-scale studies with enalapril, which showed that interfering with the renin-angiotensin system reduces mortality in patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This approach was reinforced by studies with ACEI and ARB in patients with HF and/or left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Subsequently, the new hypothesis considered for HF treatment was inhibiting the degradation of natriuretic peptides (BNP) and other vasoactive peptides with potentially “compensatory” effects through neprilysin inhibition and observing the clinical effect. By inhibiting BNP degradation, the increase in circulating BNP results in more vasodilation and natriuresis mediated by endogenous BNP. The PARADIGM-HF study tested a neprilysin inhibitor called sacubitril in association with valsartan, a known ARB, in direct comparison with enalapril in the treatment of patients with HF. This large multicenter, randomized clinical trial with over 7000 patients established the superiority of sacubitril/valsartan over enalapril, thus cementing the importance of the simultaneous inhibition of neprilysin and the RAAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> When compared to enalapril, the relative risk reduction with sacubitril/valsartan was 20% for cardiovascular mortality and 20% for hospitalizations due to HF; both effects were demonstrated at statistically significant evidence levels (p &lt; 0.00001). When performing a putative comparison with placebo, the estimated benefits of sacubitril/valsartan were a 30–35% reduction in cardiovascular death and a 45–50% reduction in hospitalizations for HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p><bold>– Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i).</bold></p>
			<p>This innovative drug class, initially tested as antidiabetic drugs,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> became a recent innovation in the pharmacological treatment of HF.</p>
			<p>Two studies (DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced) demonstrated a 30% reduction in the risk of hospitalization for HF when patients were treated with dapagliflozin or empagliflozin when compared to placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The benefit of these drugs was observed both in patients with diabetes and HF and those without diabetes but with a similar degree of HF.</p>
			<p>Moreover, SGLT2i were demonstrated to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death or total mortality in clinical trials with patients with chronic HF, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>After the publication of these pivotal studies, the benefits of SGLT2i to survival were supported by a meta-analysis of studies with patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction, as well as a meta-analysis of studies with patients with diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p>With this evidence, SGLT2i became the fourth pillar of the clinical treatment of HF, together with ACEI/ARNI, ß-blockers, and spironolactone.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Sequencing of HF Treatment</title>
				<p>With the emergence of 5 drug classes, distributed on 4 main pillars, with consistent effects on the increase in patient survival, the concept of sequencing was created. Based on expert opinions and comparative analyses of clinical trials, here we discuss “how to make” an increasingly more complex prescription.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Option 1: historical sequencing</title>
				<p>Historical sequencing aims to reproduce, in the patient’s prescription, the historical order in which medications were studied. It thus begins with an ACEI, followed by ß-blockers and spironolactone. Subsequently, the ACEI would be swapped by an ARNI, and an SGLT2i would be added to the prescription.</p>
				<p>In this option,</p>
				<list list-type="simple">
					<list-item>
						<p>✓ each drug dose is increased to its maximum before moving on to the next drug class;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>✓ many visits are required;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>✓ reaching optimal treatment may take 6 or more months;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>✓ the benefit is delayed.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>An argument against this sequencing method is that foundational drugs already reduce mortality in small initial doses, in an independent manner, and a significant beneficial effect is observed in less than 30 days. Therefore, delaying the start of a new therapeutic class would not be justified.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Historical sequencing of HF treatment. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; SGLT2i: sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0036-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Option 2: Packer and McMurray sequencing</title>
				<p>The sequencing strategy recently proposed by Milton Packer and John McMurray<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> proposes that HF treatment be initiated with a ß-blocker and an SGLT2i. Subsequently, an ARNI or spironolactone would be added to the prescription. In case of hypotension, the ARNI would be postponed; in case of hyperkalemia, spironolactone should be postponed. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> .</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Sequencing of HF treatment according to Packer and McMurray. *Adapted from M. Packer and J.J.V. McMurray. European Journal of Heart Failure (2021).20 ARNI: Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0036-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The reasons given by the authors are based in part on pathophysiological reasoning, where the adrenergic system is the first to be activated in the neurohormonal cascade of HF and thus should be the first to be inhibited; and in part on clinical and epidemiological reasoning based on clear evidence of prevention of sudden death by ß-blockers. The authors recognize the need to achieve clinical euvolemia for the safe start of ß-blockers and argue that the concomitant start of SGLT2i, a drug class that affects the SGLT2 in the proximal tubule of the nephron (thus having a diuretic effect), would compensate for the risk of worsening congestion attributable to ß-blockers.</p>
				<p>The arguments of caution regarding the Packer e McMurray sequencing method are basically the following:</p>
				<list list-type="simple">
					<list-item>
						<p>✓ many patients, especially treatment-naïve ones, are initially congested, thus not being candidates for the use of ß-blockers as initial drugs;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>✓ Most of them will require diuretics to reach the desired euvolemia, since the diuretic effect of SGLT2i is, at best, discrete;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>✓ In this time window while we cannot start a ß-blocker, why not initiate treatment with a vasodilator (ARNI or ACEI) to offer this immediate benefit to patients? The Packer and McMurray sequencing method does not contemplate this frequent clinical scenario;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>✓ From a clinical and epidemiological standpoint, the hypothesis of using a ß-blocker as the initial approach in the pharmacological treatment of HF was specifically tested by CIBIS III. This clinical trial compared an approach that started therapy with enalapril (ACEI) to one that started therapy with bisoprolol (ß-blocker). In this trial, although the result was neutral, therapy starting with a ß-blocker presented an increase (RR = 1.25) in hospitalizations for HF (not statistically significant).</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>Therefore, starting with a ß-blocker was not a superior strategy and showed a trend of increase in hospitalizations.</p>
				<p>Considering these favorable and unfavorable aspects of a fixed suggestion of drug sequencing when initiating clinical treatment of HF, it is important to note that the authors themselves postulated that “safety and tolerance improve with appropriate class sequencing”.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> With this aim, we seek to describe what would be an appropriate sequencing of drug classes, which would certainly adapt its priorities to the patient’s clinical profile.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Option 3: sequencing based on clinical profiles</title>
				<p>The start and sequencing of foundational drugs for the appropriate treatment of patients with HF should follow some basic premises that are highly grounded in epidemiological and clinical evidence. These are:</p>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>Five drug classes must occupy the 4 foundational pillars of HF treatment: a. ACEI or ARNI; b. ß-blocker; c. spironolactone; d. SGLT2i;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>The magnitude of the benefit provided by each drug class does not depend on treatment with other classes. A modern example of this evidence is the fact that, among patients in the DAPA-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and EMPEROR Reduced studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> the subgroups who used ARNI or not had similar benefits (for a composite outcome of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for HF: RR = 0.68 [95%CI 0.53–0.89] with ARNI and RR = 0.75 [95%CI 0.68–0.84] without ARNI);</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>The foundational drugs reduce morbidity and mortality already in their low initial doses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Benefits are relevant and noticeable within the first 30 days. An example is the great separation of survival curves in the COPERNICUS study, noticeable at 4 weeks, with a mean dose of 6.5 mg twice a day;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>The addition of a new drug class provides greater benefit than an increase in dose of an already employed drug.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>Considering these fundamental premises, we believe that the same result cannot be obtained by using the same drug sequence in all patients. Therefore, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> expresses the choices made by this author for prioritizing drugs based on patients’ clinical profiles.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Sequencing of HF treatment based on clinical profiles. SGLT2i: sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors; ECC: endogenous creatinine clearance.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0036-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Take-home messages</title>
			<list list-type="simple">
				<list-item>
					<p>✓ The pharmacological treatment of HF is based on 4 pillars according to the prognostic effect of drugs considered foundational.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>✓ Efforts must be made to prioritize the benefit of all drugs with the concept that “a little of each drug is better than a lot of fewer drugs.”</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>✓ It is recommended that all 4 classes of foundational drugs be initiated in the short-term (4–6 weeks).</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>✓ We advise that the start and sequencing of HF treatment be done by respecting the clinical profile of each patient in order to increase tolerance, safety, and therapeutic success.</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of Enalapril on Mortality in Severe Congestive Heart Failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med. 1987;316(23):1429-35. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198706043162301.</mixed-citation>
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					<article-title>Effects of Enalapril on Mortality in Severe Congestive Heart Failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS)</article-title>
					<source>N Engl J Med</source>
					<year>1987</year>
					<volume>316</volume>
					<issue>23</issue>
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				<mixed-citation>2. Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilbert EM, et al. The Effect of Carvedilol on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(21):1349-55. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199605233342101.</mixed-citation>
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				<mixed-citation>3. CIBIS-II Investigators Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9146):9-13.</mixed-citation>
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					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial</article-title>
					<source>Lancet</source>
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					<volume>353</volume>
					<issue>9146</issue>
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			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Effect of Metoprolol CR/XL in Chronic Heart Failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2001-7.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<article-title>Effect of Metoprolol CR/XL in Chronic Heart Failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF)</article-title>
					<source>Lancet</source>
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		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Sequenciamento do Tratamento Farmacológico da Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Reduzida (ICFER): Abordagem Baseada em Perfis Clínicos</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Luís</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Cardiologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Luís Beck-da-Silva • Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: lbneto@hcpa.edu.br, luisbeckdasilva@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Beck-da-Silva L.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Participou de reuniões do conselho da Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis. Palestrante para Novartis,</p>
					<p>Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer e Viphor. Apoio à pesquisa da Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, IONIS e AMGEN.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose</kwd>
				<kwd>Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta</kwd>
				<kwd>Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec>
				<title>Uma Breve História do Tratamento da IC</title>
				<p>O tratamento da Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC) até 1987 era:</p>
				<list list-type="simple">
					<list-item>
						<p>- Recomendação de dieta hipossódica;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>- Diuréticos para as manifestações de congestão;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>- Digoxina;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>- Descanso.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>Nenhuma destas recomendações acima possuía embasamento epidemiológico-clínico e eram, sim, baseadas no conhecimento fisiopatológico da doença à época, no efeito farmacológico das medicações e em bom-senso.</p>
				<p>Em 1987 inicia-se uma nova era do tratamento da IC com a publicação do primeiro ensaio clínico randomizado de grande monta que se preocupou em testar uma droga que teria a capacidade de inibir um eixo hormonal envolvido na causação, manutenção e incremento de risco da doença. Este eixo era o Sistema Renina-Angiotensina-Aldosterona (SRAA) e a droga era o enalapril.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Naquele momento, a adição de uma droga ao tratamento clínico de pacientes com IC era capaz de reduzir o risco relativo de morte em 50%.</p>
				<p>Subsequentemente, a história do tratamento da IC mudaria consistentemente. Se inibir o SRAA gerou uma resposta tão significativa e relevante, inibir o sistema adrenérgico, sabidamente ativado nos pacientes com IC, seria a próxima hipótese a ser testada. À época, os livros-texto de Medicina contraindicavam o uso de bloqueadores adrenérgicos em paciente com IC, pois a lógica era de que eles piorariam o desempenho ventricular e o quadro clínico dos pacientes. Pesquisadores escandinavos persistiram na hipótese de que o bloqueio adrenérgico seria benéfico e sabemos o desfecho deste capítulo da história do tratamento da IC. Sucederam-se ensaios clínicos randomizados multicêntricos testando ß-bloqueadores em pacientes com IC e descobrimos a segunda classe de drogas capazes de mudar a história natural da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A progressão do entendimento fisiopatológico e a noção crescente de inibir hormônios contra regulatórios com efeito nocivo sobre a doença progredia. A inibição adicional do SRAA foi a nova hipótese após a confirmação dos ß-bloqueadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A espironolactona, em dose baixa, explorando mais seu efeito hormonal do que seu efeito diurético, foi a próxima droga com benefício sobre o prognóstico da IC definitivamente comprovado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Após a publicação do RALES<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e a rápida implementação deste conhecimento na prática clínica, vivemos um período de quase 20 anos de aparente estagnação no tratamento farmacológico da IC. As inovações mais relevantes deste período ou não apresentavam efeito isolado sobre a mortalidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> ou beneficiavam apenas subgrupos específicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Por duas décadas, o tratamento básico dos pacientes com IC constituía-se em um inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) ou bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina (BRA), um ß-bloqueador e espironolactona.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Nova era no Tratamento da IC</title>
				<p>Uma nova era contemporânea no tratamento da IC se inicia com a chegada de novas drogas com efeito no prognóstico dos pacientes com IC.</p>
				<p><bold>– Inibidores da Neprilisina e Receptores da Angiotensina (INRA). <italic>Angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI)</italic>
</bold></p>
				<p>Sabemos da inequívoca evidência estabelecida por pelo menos dois estudos de larga escala com enalapril que mostraram que a interferência com o sistema renina-angiotensina reduz a mortalidade em pacientes com IC e fração de ejeção reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Esta abordagem foi reforçada por ensaios com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina e bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina (BRA) em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e/ou disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo após um infarto agudo do miocárdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Subsequentemente, a nova hipótese considerada no tratamento da IC foi o de inibir a degradação dos peptídeos natriuréticos (BNP) e outras peptídeos vasoativos com efeitos potencialmente “compensatórios” através da inibição da Neprilisina e observar seu efeito clínico. Ao inibirmos a degradação do BNP, teremos mais BNP circulante e consequentemente mais vasodilatação e natriurese mediados pelo BNP endógeno. O estudo PARADIGM-HF veio a testar um inibidor da Neprilisina, nomeado sacubitril, associado a valsartana, um conhecido BRA, na comparação direta com enalapril no tratamento de pacientes com IC. Este grande ensaio clínico multicêntrico, randomizado, com mais de 7000 pacientes estabeleceu a superioridade de sacubitril/valsartana sobre o enalapril, estabelecendo assim a importância da inibição simultânea da Neprilisina em adição à inibição do SRAA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Quando comparado com enalapril, a magnitude da redução de risco relativo com sacubitril/valsartana foi de 20% para mortalidade cardiovascular e 20% para hospitalizações por insuficiência cardíaca, sendo ambos os efeitos demonstrados em nível de evidência estatisticamente significativo (p &lt; 0,00001). Quando realizada uma suposta comparação com placebo, os benefícios estimados de sacubitril/valsartana são uma redução de 30 a 35% na morte cardiovascular e uma redução de 45 a 50% nas hospitalizações por IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p><bold>– Inibidores do co-transportador sódio–glicose 2 (ISGLT2). <italic>Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i).</italic>
</bold></p>
				<p>Esta inovadora classe de drogas, inicialmente testadas como drogas antidiabéticas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> vêm a ser uma recente inovação no tratamento farmacológico da IC.</p>
				<p>Dois estudos (DAPA-HF e EMPEROR-Reduced) demonstraram uma redução de 30% no risco de hospitalizações por IC quando os pacientes foram tratados com dapagliflozina ou empagliflozina comparados a placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O benefício destas drogas se deu tanto em pacientes diabéticos com IC bem como em pacientes não diabéticos com IC em magnitude semelhante.</p>
				<p>Além disso, os ISGLT2 demonstraram reduzir o risco de morte cardiovascular ou mortalidade total em ensaios clínicos de pacientes com IC crônica, diabetes tipo 2 e doença renal crônica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Após a publicação destes estudos pivotais, o benefício na sobrevida foi apoiado por uma meta-análise de estudos em pacientes com IC e fração de ejeção reduzida e uma meta-análise de estudos em pacientes com diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Com estas evidências, os ISGLT2 passam a ser um quarto pilar no tratamento clínico da IC, ao lado de IECA/ARNI, ß-bloqueadores e espironolactona.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Sequenciamento do Tratamento da IC</title>
					<p>Com o advento de cinco classes de drogas, distribuídas em quatro grandes pilares, com efeito consistente no incremento de sobrevida dos pacientes, surge o conceito de sequenciamento. Apoiado em opiniões de especialista e em análises comparativas de ensaios clínicos discutiremos aqui “como fazer” uma prescrição cada vez mais prolixa.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Opção 1: sequenciamento histórico</title>
					<p>O sequenciamento histórico procura reproduzir na prescrição do paciente a ordem histórica na qual os medicamentos foram sendo estudados. Iniciando-se, portanto, com IECA, seguido de ß-bloqueadores e seguido de espironolactona. Subsequentemente trocar-se-ia IECA por ARNI e por fim adicionar-se-ia um ISGLT2.</p>
					<p>Nesta opção:</p>
					<list list-type="simple">
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ incrementa-se até a máxima dose tolerada de cada droga antes de passar para a próxima classe de drogas;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ requer grande número de visitas;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ Pode levar 6 meses ou mais para atingir o tratamento ótimo;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ Ocorre atraso de benefício.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Um argumento contra esta forma de sequenciamento, é de que as drogas fundamentais reduzem mortalidade já em doses baixas iniciais, de forma independente, e de que há efeito benéfico significativo já em menos de 30 dias. Assim sendo, não haveria justificativa para retardar o início de uma classe terapêutica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> .</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Sequenciamento histórico do tratamento de IC. IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; ISGLT2: inibidor do co-transportador sódio–glicose 2.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0036-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Opção 2: sequenciamento de Packer e McMurray</title>
					<p>O sequenciamento recentemente proposto por Milton Packer e John McMurray,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> propõe que o tratamento de IC seja iniciado com um ß-bloqueador e um ISGLT2. Subsequentemente seriam adicionados ou ARNI ou espironolactona. Na presença de hipotensão, ARNI seria postergado e se hiperkalemia, espironolactona seria postergada. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> .</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Sequenciamento do tratamento de IC por Packer e McMurray. *Adaptado de M. Packer and J.J.V. McMurray. European Journal of Heart Failure (2021).20</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0036-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>As razões expostas pelos autores baseiam-se em parte em um arrazoado fisiopatológico, de que o sistema adrenérgico é o primeiro a ser ativado na cascata neuro-hormonal da IC e, portanto, deve ser o primeiro a ser inibido, e em parte por um arrazoado epidemiológico clínico baseado na evidência clara de prevenção de morte súbita demonstrada pelos ß-bloqueadores. Os autores reconhecem a necessidade de alcançar euvolemia necessária para o início seguro dos ß-bloqueadores e argumentam que o início concomitante de ISGLT2, uma classe com efeito no co-transportador de sódio-glicose no túbulo proximal do néfron e, portanto, com efeito diurético, compensaria o risco de piora da congestão atribuível aos ß-bloqueadores.</p>
					<p>Os argumentos de cautela ao sequenciamento de Packer e McMurray são basicamente os seguintes:</p>
					<list list-type="simple">
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ grande parcela de pacientes, particularmente aqueles virgens de tratamento, apresentam-se inicialmente congestos e, portanto, não seriam candidatos ao início de ß-bloqueador como droga inicial;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ grande parcela necessitará diuréticos para alcançar a euvolemia desejada, visto que o efeito diurético dos ISGLT2 é, no máximo, discreto;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ neste lapso de tempo enquanto não pudermos iniciar ß-bloqueador, por que não iniciar um vasodilatador (ARNI ou IECA) para oferecermos este benefício de imediato aos pacientes? O sequenciamento de Packer e McMurray não contempla este frequente cenário clínico;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ do ponto de vista epidemiológico clínico, a hipótese de usar ß-bloqueador como abordagem inicial para o tratamento farmacológico da IC foi especificamente testada no CIBIS III. Este ensaio clínico comparou uma abordagem de início de terapia com enalapril (IECA) com uma abordagem de início de terapia com bisoprolol (ß-bloqueador). Vimos neste ensaio, que, embora o resultado tenha sido neutro, a terapia iniciada com ß-bloqueador apresentou um aumento (RR=1,25) não estatisticamente significativo de hospitalizações por IC.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Portanto, o início com ß-bloqueador não foi superior e teve tendência a aumento de hospitalizações.</p>
					<p>Feitas estas considerações a favor e contra a uma sugestão fixa de sequenciamento de drogas para o início de tratamento clínico de IC, salienta-se que os próprios autores postulam que: “segurança e tolerância melhoram com o sequenciamento apropriado de classes”.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Com este intuito, procura-se a seguir discorrer sobre o que seria o sequenciamento apropriado de classes e isto seria certamente adaptando prioridades a cada perfil clínico apresentado pelo paciente.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Opção 3: sequenciamento baseado em perfis clínicos</title>
					<p>O início e o sequenciamento das drogas fundamentais para o tratamento apropriado do paciente com IC deve seguir algumas premissas básicas altamente fundamentadas em evidências epidemiológico-clínicas. São elas:</p>
					<list list-type="order">
						<list-item>
							<p>Existem cinco classes de drogas que devem completar quatro pilares fundamentais do tratamento: a. IECA ou ARNI; b. ß-bloqueador; c. Espironolactona; d. ISGLT2</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>A magnitude do benefício de cada classe de drogas é independente do tratamento com outras classes. Um exemplo contemporâneo desta evidência é a de que dentre os pacientes dos estudos DAPA-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e EMPEROR Reduced,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> os sub-grupos em uso de ARNI ou sem ARNI tiveram benefícios semelhantes (Para desfecho composto de mortes cardiovasculares ou hospitalização por IC: RR = 0,68 [IC95% 0,53-0,89] com ARNI e RR = 0,75 [IC95% 0,68-0,84] sem ARNI).</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>As drogas fundamentais reduzem morbi-mortalidade já em doses baixas iniciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Benefícios são relevantes e perceptíveis já nos primeiros 30 dias. Um exemplo é a grande separação nas curvas de sobrevida no estudo COPERNICUS visível já em 4 semanas e com dose média de 6,5 mg 2x/dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>A adição de uma nova classe de drogas provê maior benefício que o aumento de dose de uma droga já em uso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Consideradas estas premissas fundamentais, acredita-se que não se obtenha o mesmo resultado com a mesma sequência de drogas em todos os pacientes. Portanto, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref> expressa opções deste autor por drogas mais prioritárias ou menos com base no perfil clínico dos pacientes.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Sequenciamento do tratamento de IC baseado em perfis clínicos. ISGLT2: Inibidores do co-transportador sódio–glicose 2; DCE: depuração de creatinina endógena.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0036-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Mensagens para casa</title>
				<p>O tratamento farmacológico da IC é baseado em quatro pilares com base no efeito prognóstico de drogas consideradas fundamentais.</p>
				<p>Esforços devem ser feitos para priorizar o benefício de todas as drogas com o conceito que é “melhor um pouco de cada droga do que muito de poucas drogas”.</p>
				<p>É recomendável que se inicie as quatro classes de drogas fundamentais em curto prazo (4-6 semanas).</p>
				<p>Recomenda-se que o início e o sequenciamento do tratamento sejam feitos respeitando perfis clínicos de cada paciente a fim de aumentar tolerância, segurança e sucesso terapêutico.</p>
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					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
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					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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