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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220006</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220006</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Pharmacological Treatment Sequencing for Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
						<given-names>Fabiana G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address:: Fabiana G. Marcondes-Braga • Núcleo de Transplante Cardíaco do InCor – Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Bloco 1, 2º Andar. CEP 05403-000, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>fgmarcondes@yahoo.com.br</email> , <email>fgmarcondes@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author Contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research; Acquisition of data; Analysis and interpretation of the data; Statistical analysis; Obtaining financing; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Marcondes-Braga FG.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>Dra. Fabiana G. Marcondes-Braga: Advisory Board and speaker: Novartis; Astra Zeneca; Boehringher; Bayer.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Mar</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>31</fpage>
			<lpage>35</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction</kwd>
				<kwd>Drug Therapy</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="20"/>
				<page-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Important advances in knowledge about the treatment of heart failure (HF) have been made over the past three decades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In the 1980s, direct vasodilators, such as hydralazine and nitrate, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) were available. These drugs proved to be effective in the treatment of patients with different functional classes of HF. In CONSENSUS study, enalapril significantly reduced mortality, in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV; number needed to treat - NNT, 6. as well as in patients with NYHA class II in SOLVD study, NNT 22.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In the late 1990s, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and beta-blockers were revealed as two drug classes with an impact on mortality in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). In RALES study, spironolactone significantly reduced mortality in patients with NYHA class III-IV NNT 10, leading to early study discontinuation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Beta-blockers, in turn, changed the natural history of HFrEF, as three different drugs (carvedilol, metoprolol succinate, and bisoprolol) reduced the relative risk of overall death by approximately 35% compared to placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In the 2000s, several studies evaluated the effects of implantable devices such as implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), in patients with HFrEF, showing reduction in mortality rate and improvement in quality of life. The benefits of ICD were remarkable especially in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, while CRT mainly benefited patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 35%, wide QRS (&gt; 150 ms), and left bundle branch block morphology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In 2010, ivabradine, a new class of drug for the treatment of HFrEF was described. This drug acts on the sinus node, reducing heart rate (HR), and has been shown to significantly reduce hospitalizations and cardiovascular death in patients in sinus rhythm with LVEF lower or equal to 35% and HR higher or equal to 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In 2014, sacubitril/valsartan, a new class of drug comprising an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi) plus an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), was tested against enalapril in patients with HFrEF. A 20% reduction in cardiovascular death or hospitalization for HF was identified (NNT 21). Also, a 20% reduction in cardiovascular death as a single outcome. In subsequent analyses, sacubitril/valsartan also showed sudden death rate reduction, especially in patients with NYHA II HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
		<p>More recently, studies involving diabetic patients have revealed that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are able to reduce major cardiovascular events and hospitalizations for HF. Subsequent studies have shown that dapagliflozin (DAPA-HF study)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and empagliflozin (EMPEROR-Reduced study)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> significantly reduce cardiovascular death and hospitalization for HF (25% relative risk reduction) in patients with HFrEF (LVEF &lt; 40%), regardless the presence of diabetes. Patients in both studies were on guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT): approximately 95% on beta-blocker, 90-97% on ACEi/ARB/ ARNi, and 70% on mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist).</p>
		<p>Two other drug classes have also been tested recently. Vericiguat, a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, has been shown to reduce cardiovascular death and hospitalization for HF in patients NYHA class II/III reporting recent hospitalization, while omecamtiv mercabil, a selective cardiac myosin activator, has reduced the primary outcome in GALACTIC study. However, none of these drugs has been approved for use in Brazil yet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Finally, intravenous iron was shown to reduce hospitalizations for HF in patients hospitalized for decompensated HF in the AFFIRM-HF study, . No impact on mortality was observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
		<p>
			<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> illustrates this historical sequence and major studies that have revealed the effects of these drugs on HFrEF patients.</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f01">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Evolution of the treatment of heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction. ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; VAD: long-term ventricular assist device; ARNi: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; sGC: soluble guanylate cyclase.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0031-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>Recently, an analysis comparing conventional therapy (ACEi and beta-blocker) with comprehensive therapy (ARNi/beta-blocker/mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist/SGLT2i), involving data from three large HFrEF studies (15,880 patients), has concluded that comprehensive therapy can provide 6.3 additional years of life. Even by adding a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist to conventional therapy, comprehensive therapy can provide up to 3.1 additional years of life to the population with HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In view of the new evidence, SGLT2is were considered first-line therapy to reduce mortality in HFrEF together with the established therapies, which act on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Given that all drug classes mentioned herein have an early effect on mortality – as of 14 days in the SOLVD study (enalapril), 28 days in the COPERNICUS study (carvedilol), 30 days in the EPHESUS study (eplerenone), 30 days in the PARADIGM study (sacubitril/valsartan), 28 days in the DAPA-HF study (dapagliflozin), and 28 days in the EMPEROR-Reduced study (empagliflozin)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> –, early use of quadruple therapy is now recommended by different societies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Thus, contemporary treatment of HFrEF involves the early use of therapies that are proven to reduce mortality in optimized doses.</p>
		<p>Cardiac societies have updated their guidelines over the past 2 years and were unanimous in considering the drugs that reduce mortality in HFrEF as first-line therapy with a class I recommendation.</p>
		<p>The US society guideline suggests starting beta-blockers and ACEi/ARB/ARNi, emphasizing a preference for ARNi, then adding mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist and SGLT2i if NYHA class II-IV. The European society guideline does not determine the sequence of therapies but establishes that the four drugs should be started early (ARNi/ACEi + beta-blocker + mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist + SGLT2i). According to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology heart failure guideline, the use of drugs with impact on mortality is also considered class I recomendation. It reinforces the importance of combining SGLT2i with triple therapy and replacing ACEi with ARNi in NYHA class II patients early. It is also highlighted that symptomatic patients deserve to receive therapy with 4 drugs in optimized doses as soon as possible. The concept of waiting 3-6 months with triple therapy to add or substitute one of them has been considered outdated. Starting treatment with ARNi instead of ACEi is also discussed in the document. This proposal is considered a class IIa recommendation because it is based on studies with surrogate instead of hard outcomes (PARADIGM study).</p>
		<p>Thus, although there are slight differences between the guidelines regarding the initial approach to patients with HFrEF, they all highlight the importance of using four different classes of drug at optimized doses as early as possible, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> .</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f02">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Use of first-line treatment of HFrEF according to different guidelines. AHA: American Heart Association; SBC: Brazilian Society of Cardiology; ESC: European Society of Cardiology; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ALDO ANT: aldosterone antagonist; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; ARNi: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; NYHA: New York Heart Association; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; K: potassium.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0031-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>However, considering that the new drugs were not evaluated incrementally and there is no direct comparison between them, the most appropriate sequencing is yet to be established. Therefore, clinical cardiologists must define how and in which sequence to use the new therapies for HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Based on this gap, different groups have proposed different strategies for sequencing therapies for HF. The conventional strategy follows a historical sequence in which drugs are introduced according to the temporal discovery of the benefits of each therapy in HF: start with ACEi, add beta-blocker and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, replace ACEi with ARNi if symptomatic, and, finally, add SGLT2i. In this strategy, each added therapy must be optimized to the maximum dose before initiating subsequent therapy.</p>
		<p>Recently, professors John McMurray and Milton Packer have proposed a rapid three-step sequencing in which initial treatment includes beta-blocker and SGLT2i, followed by ARNi and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. One of their reasons for choosing this sequence is the early reduction in mortality caused by all drugs. Therefore, the faster they are started, the greater the benefit, which occurs regardless of previous therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The authors venture a proposal of optimization within 4 weeks, which may be quite challenging considering that patients with HF tend to be more hypotensive, present with renal dysfunction, and develop volume oscillations, which must be managed with caution.</p>
		<p>Thus, the most appropriated strategy for the initial management of HFrEF patients is the personalized treatment, focusing on the use of quadruple therapy as early as possible.</p>
		<p>In my point of view, pharmacologycal treatment sequencing may be guided by HFrEF patients profile. Patients with HFrEF may present with different clinical profiles that include hypertension, hypotension, congestion, renal dysfunction, hyperkalemia, and diabetes, among others. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> shows a proposal for the initial management of patients with HFrEF considering these different profiles</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f03">
				<label>Figure 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– A proposal of clinical management of patients with HFrEF according to individual characteristics. HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; ARNi: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0031-gf03.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>In sum, the current first-line HF treatment includes four different drugs that have an important impact on mortality reduction. Tailored treatment seems to be the best strategy for the initial management of these patients.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
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				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Fabiana G. Marcondes-Braga • Núcleo de Transplante Cardíaco do InCor – Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Bloco 1, 2º Andar. CEP 05403-000, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: fgmarcondes@yahoo.com.br, fgmarcondes@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa; Obtenção de dados; Análise e interpretação dos dados; Análise estatística; Obtenção de financiamento; Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Marcondes-Braga FG.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Dra. Fabiana G. Marcondes-Braga - Comitê consultivo e Palestras: Novartis; Astra Zeneca; Boehringher; Bayer.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida</kwd>
				<kwd>Tratamento Farmacológico</kwd>
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		<body>
			<p>Ao longo das últimas três décadas, houve um importante avanço no conhecimento sobre o tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca (IC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Na década de 80, estavam disponíveis vasodilatadores diretos, como hidralazina e nitrato, e inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina II (iECAs). Esses medicamentos se mostraram eficazes no tratamento de pacientes com IC em diferentes classes funcionais. No estudo CONSENSUS, o uso de enalapril conferiu redução significativa de mortalidade, com número necessário para tratar (NNT) de 6 para pacientes com classe funcional IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA), assim como em pacientes com NYHA II apresentando NNT de 22 no estudo SOLVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>No final da década de 90, os antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides (ARM) e os betabloqueadores foram revelados como duas classes de drogas com impacto sobre a mortalidade em pacientes com IC com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER). No estudo RALES, o uso de espironolactona demonstrou redução significativa de mortalidade em pacientes com NYHA III-IV e NNT de 10, sendo necessária a interrupção precoce do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em relação aos betabloqueadores, seu uso na ICFER mudou a história natural da doença, uma vez que três betabloqueadores distintos (carvedilol, succinato de metoprolol e bisoprolol) demonstraram redução de cerca de 35% no risco relativo de morte geral em comparação ao placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Nos anos 2000, uma série de estudos avaliaram o impacto de dispositivos implantáveis como o cardioversor desfibrilador implantável (CDI) e a terapia de ressincronização cardíaca (TRC), demonstrando impacto tanto na redução da mortalidade quanto na melhora da qualidade de vida em pacientes selecionados. Os benefícios do uso de CDI foram marcantes especialmente em pacientes com cardiomiopatia isquêmica, enquanto a TRC beneficiou principalmente pacientes com FEVE ≤ 35%, QRS largo (&gt; 150 ms) e morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Em 2010, outra classe de drogas foi descrita no tratamento da ICFER: a ivabradina. Esse medicamento age sobre o nó sinusal, reduzindo a frequência cardíaca (FC), e mostrou redução significativa de hospitalizações e morte cardiovascular em pacientes em ritmo sinusal com FEVE menor ou igual a 35% e FC maior ou igual a 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Em 2014, o sacubitril-valsartana, uma nova classe de drogas composta por um inibidor da neprilisina (INRA) associado a um bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II (BRA), foi testado em comparação ao enalapril em pacientes com ICFER. Identificou-se redução de morte cardiovascular ou hospitalização por IC em 20% dos pacientes com NNT de 21, além de uma redução de 20% de morte cardiovascular como desfecho isolado. Em análises subsequentes, o uso de sacubitril-valsartana também demonstrou redução de morte súbita na população de pacientes com ICFER, FEVE &lt; 40% e, em sua maioria, classe NYHA II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Mais recentemente, estudos com pacientes diabéticos revelaram que inibidores do cotransportador sódio-glicose 2 (iSGLT2) são capazes de reduzir eventos cardiovasculares maiores, assim como reduzir hospitalizações por IC. Estudos subsequentes envolvendo especificamente pacientes com ICFER, diabéticos ou não, utilizando dapagliflozina (DAPA-HF)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e empagliflozina (EMPEROR-Reduced)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstraram redução de morte cardiovascular e hospitalização por IC de forma significativa (25% RRR) em pacientes com ICFER e FEVE &lt; 40% em vigência de terapia otimizada (cerca de 95% em uso de betabloquedor, 90-97% em uso de iECA/BRA/INRA e 70% em uso de ARM).</p>
			<p>Outras duas classes de drogas também foram testadas recentemente. O vericiguat, um estimulador da guanilato ciclase solúvel, demonstrou redução de morte cardiovascular e hospitalização por IC em pacientes com ICFER NYHA II/III e hospitalização recente; enquanto o omecamtiv mercabil, um ativador seletivo da miosina cardíaca, demonstrou redução do desfecho primário. No entanto, nenhum dos medicamentos possui uso liberado no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Finalmente, o uso de ferro endovenoso mostrou reduzir hospitalizações por IC quando utilizado em pacientes internados por IC descompensada no estudo AFFIRM-HF, sem impacto sobre a mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ilustra essa sequência histórica e os principais estudos que revelaram o efeito desses medicamentos.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01002">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Evolução do tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) com fração de ejeção reduzida. iECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina II; CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implantável; TRC: terapia de ressincronização cardíaca; DAV: dispositivos de assistência ventricular de longa permanência; iSGLT2: inibidores do co-transportador de sódio-glicose 2; GCs: guanilato ciclase solúvel.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0031-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Recentemente, uma análise comparando a terapia convencional (iECA e betabloqueador) com a terapia mais completa (INRA/betabloqueador/ARM/iSGLT2), envolvendo dados de pacientes de três grandes estudos sobre ICFER (15.880 pacientes), concluiu que a terapia mais completa pode proporcionar 6,3 anos adicionais de vida. Mesmo adicionando o ARM terapia tradicional, a terapia mais completa pode conferir até 3,1 anos adicionais de vida à população de pacientes com ICFER.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Diante das novas evidências, os iSGLT2 foram incluídos na terapia fundamental para reduzir a mortalidade na ICFER junto às terapias já consagradas, que agem sobre o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e o sistema nervoso simpático.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Considerando que o impacto sobre a mortalidade de todas as classes de drogas aqui citadas ocorre precocemente – a partir de 14 dias no estudo SOLVD (enalapril), 28 dias no estudo COPERNICUS (carvedilol), 30 dias no estudo EPHESUS (eplerenone), 30 dias no estudo PARADIGM (sacubitril-valsartana), 28 dias no estudo DAPA-HF (dapagliflozina) e 28 dias no EMPEROR-Reduced (empagliflozina)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> –, o uso precoce da terapia quádrupla passa a ser preconizada pelas diferentes Sociedades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Assim, o tratamento contemporâneo da ICFER envolve a otimização precoce das terapias que comprovadamente reduzem a mortalidade.</p>
			<p>Nos últimos 2 anos, as Sociedades atualizaram suas diretrizes e foram unânimes em considerar como terapia fundamental da IC, com classe de recomendação I, as terapias que reduzem a mortalidade na ICFER.</p>
			<p>A sociedade americana sugere iniciar betabloqueadores e iECA/BRA/INRA, salientando preferência pelos INRA, associando ARM e iSGLT2 se classe funcional NYHA II-IV e respeitando as contraindicações específicas. A diretriz da sociedade europeia não faz distinção ao sequenciamento entre as terapias, mas estabelece que as quatro classes de drogas devem ser iniciadas precocemente (INRA/iECA + betabloqueador + ARM + iSGLT2). A sociedade brasileira também estabelece como recomendação de classe I o uso dos medicamentos com impacto na mortalidade. Ainda, acrescenta a importância de associar iSGLT2 à terapia tripla e de substituir iECA por INRA em pacientes NYHA II precocemente, sugerindo que essa otimização deve ser realizada para pacientes sintomáticos o mais breve possível, diferente da proposta da diretriz anterior que sugeria reavaliação após 3-6 meses de tratamento com a terapia tripla. A diretriz brasileira também estabelece que é possível iniciar o tratamento para ICFER com INRA em vez de iECA, porém atribui recomendação IIa para essa proposta por ser baseada em estudos com desfechos substitutos e não duros, como ocorreu no estudo PARADIGM.</p>
			<p>Assim, percebemos que, embora haja diferenças discretas entre as diretrizes em relação à abordagem inicial do paciente com ICFER, todas apontam para a importância do uso de quatro classes de drogas distintas em doses otimizadas o mais cedo possível, conforme exposto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> .</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02002">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Uso do tratamento fundamental da ICFER segundo as diferentes diretrizes. AHA: American Heart Association; SBC: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia; ESC: European Society of Cardiology; iECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina II; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II; Betabloq: betabloqueadores; Ant. Aldo: antagonista de aldosterona; iSGLT2: inibidores do co-transportador de sódio-glicose 2; INRA: inibidor da neprilisina e bloqueador dos receptores de angiotensina II.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0031-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>No entanto, considerando que as novas drogas não foram avaliadas de forma incremental ou em comparação direta entre elas, não há um posicionamento definitivo sobre o sequenciamento mais apropriado. Assim, o cardiologista clínico deve definir como e em qual sequência utilizar as novas terapias para IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Com base nessa lacuna, diferentes grupos têm proposto estratégias distintas de sequenciamento das terapias para IC. A estratégia convencional segue uma sequência histórica em que as medicações são introduzidas de acordo com a descoberta temporal dos benefícios de cada terapia na IC: iniciar com iECA, acrescentar betabloqueador e ARM, trocar iECA por INRA se sintomático e, por fim, acrescentar iSGLT2. Nessa estratégia, cada terapia adicionada deve ser otimizada até a dose máxima antes de se iniciar a terapia subsequente.</p>
			<p>Recentemente, os professores John McMurray e Milton Packer propuseram um sequenciamento rápido em três etapas, no qual o tratamento inicial incluiria betabloqueador e iSGLT2, seguidos por INRA e ARM. Entre as justificativas dos autores para esse sequenciamento, está o fato de todos os medicamentos reduzirem a mortalidade precocemente. Portanto, quanto mais rápido forem iniciados, maior o benefício, que ocorre independentemente das terapias prévias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Os autores arriscam propor uma otimização em 4 semanas, o que, de certa forma, pode ser bastante desafiador, considerando que pacientes com IC tendem a ser mais hipotensos, apresentar disfunção renal e apresentar oscilações de volemia, as quais precisam ser manejadas com cautela.</p>
			<p>Assim, o que parece mais plausível para o manejo inicial do paciente com ICFER é o tratamento personalizado com foco na utilização da terapia quádrupla em dose otimizada o mais cedo possível.</p>
			<p>Assim, no meu ponto de vista, a escolha da terapia a ser adicionada pode ser feita de acordo com o perfil do paciente com ICFER. Entre os diferentes perfis que o paciente com ICFER pode apresentar, estão os seguintes: hipertensão, hipotensão, congestão, disfunção renal, hipercalemia, diabetes, entre outros. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref> apresenta uma proposta para o manejo inicial de pacientes com ICFER levando em consideração os diferentes perfis.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03002">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Manejo clínico de pacientes com ICFER de acordo com características individuais. ICFER: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; iECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina II; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II; Betabloq: betabloqueadores; Ant. Aldo: antagonista de aldosterona; iSGLT2: inibidores do co-transportador de sódio-glicose 2; INRA: inibidor da neprilisina e bloqueador dos receptores de angiotensina II.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0031-gf03-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>De forma resumida, podemos dizer que o tratamento fundamental da IC atualmente inclui o uso de quatro medicamentos diferentes que possuem importante impacto na redução da mortalidade. O tratamento personalizado parece ser a melhor estratégia para o manejo inicial desses pacientes.</p>
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					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
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					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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