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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220005</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220005</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Rapid Sequencing of Foundational Treatment for HFrEF: The Innovative Proposal of John McMurray and Milton Packer</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8706-2770</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cunha</surname>
						<given-names>Bianca Lopes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2945-7023</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marinho</surname>
						<given-names>Laura Leite da Escóssia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5982-8847</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vieira</surname>
						<given-names>Jefferson Luís</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart, Fortaleza, CE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Jefferson Luís Vieira • Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes – Av. Frei Cirilo, 3480. Postal Code 60.846-190, Messejana, Fortaleza, CE – Brazil E-mail: <email>jefvieira@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author Contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Cunha BL, Vieira JL; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cunha BL, Marinho LLE, Vieira JL.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>Dra. Laura Leite da Escóssia Marinho reports fees for serving as a speaker from Novartis. Dr. Jefferson Luís Vieira reports fees for serving on an adjudication committee from Academic Research Organization (ARO) at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein and fees for serving as a speaker from Boehringer Ingelheim-Lilly and Novartis.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Mar</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>27</fpage>
			<lpage>30</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists</kwd>
				<kwd>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors</kwd>
				<kwd>Neprilysin</kwd>
				<kwd>Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists</kwd>
				<kwd>Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
				<page-count count="4"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) involves implementing preventive measures, delaying disease progression, relieving symptoms and, above all, prolonging survival. The effectiveness of the drug arsenal for the management of HFrEF has been well established by several randomized clinical trials and is based on 4 foundational pillars of treatment: (1) β-blockers; (2) renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs); (3) sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is); and (4) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs).</p>
		<p>The conventional pharmacological approach presented by HFrEF treatment guidelines recommends sequential prescribing of the 4 foundational drug classes in the order in which they were tested in classic clinical trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Based on a 5-step protocol, physicians are instructed to initiate treatment with an ACEi/ARB, followed by a β-blocker and then an MRA. In step 4, replacement of the ACEi/ARB with an ARNI is considered and, finally, an SGLT2i can be added ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ). This approach advises prescribers to titrate the dose of each drug to the target dose used in large-scale trials before initiating the next recommended drug class ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2A</xref> ). In 2021, however, a perspective article written by John McMurray and Milton Packer, authors of most of the main trials in the field in the last decade, pointed out a series of limitations in the conventional approach and proposed a new sequence of pharmacological treatment for ambulatory HFrEF based on 3 steps ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2B</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> According to the new proposal, the conventional approach presents an algorithm based on the historical order of publication of the clinical trials, wrongly assuming that the most effective and well-tolerated drugs were developed first. Another point observed by the authors is that the conventional approach prioritizes the achievement of the target dose of a given drug before initiating treatment with the next one, which can delay the achievement of optimal medical therapy by more than 6 months. Indeed, if we look at participants in large-scale clinical trials and surveys, we will see that a substantial percentage of them were not receiving recommended medications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Even in recently completed trials, a meaningful proportion was not being treated with an MRA or an ARNI. In addition, proper sequencing of foundational drugs can improve safety and tolerability, as medications such as ARNIs can reduce the risk of renal insufficiency associated with ACEis/ARBs and both ARNIs and SGLT2is can mitigate the risk of hyperkalemia associated with the use of MRAs.</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f01">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Algorithm for pharmacological treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction adapted from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; NYHA: New York Heart Association. Adapted from Marcondes-Braga FG, et al.2</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0027-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f02">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Conventional approach and rapid sequencing approach proposed by McMurray and Packer for the initiation of foundational drugs in outpatients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor. Adapted from McMurray JJV, Packer M5</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0027-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>The new rapid sequencing strategy is based on the individual impact of each drug, even at low doses, with the goal of rapidly implementing the 4 medications within 4 weeks of initiating therapy. Step 1 recommends the simultaneous initiation of a β-blocker and an SGLT2i. β-blockers are the most effective drug class in the treatment of HFrEF, particularly at reducing all-cause mortality, while SGLT2is may reduce the risk of decompensation associated with the initiation of β-blocker therapy due in part to their early diuretic effect. Step 2 proposes the initiation of an ARNI within 1-2 weeks of Step 1, without the need to wait 2-4 weeks for the initiation of a new drug class as recommended by the conventional approach. The new strategy warns that, in patients with a systolic blood pressure &lt;100 mm Hg, it may be prudent to try an ACEi or an ARB before initiation of an ARNI. Finally, 1-2 weeks later, Step 3 suggests the initiation of an MRA if potassium and renal function were favorable.</p>
		<p>Despite the theoretical arguments presented for the adoption of this new therapeutic approach to HFrEF, practical barriers need to be discussed before this protocol can be implemented in clinical practice. First, the rapid sequencing approach has never been properly tested in a randomized clinical trial. Instead, the available evidence of benefit and safety favors the conventional approach, in which the addition of new drugs is studied in patients previously receiving standard care.8 The update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society HF guidelines, for example, considers the use of rapid sequencing a reasonable alternative, but it recognizes that there is no robust evidence favoring one approach over the other.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The clinical setting also plays a key role in the adoption of rapid sequencing. It is easier to initiate a series of new drugs in hospitalized patients assisted by a multidisciplinary team focused on quality of care than in outpatients. However, the authors of the new strategy recognize that rapid sequencing is safer and more appropriate for outpatients, and that caution is warranted in patients hospitalized for HF decompensation.</p>
		<p>Finally, a practical barrier to rapid sequencing is the cost of initiating all 4 drugs at once, especially in populations that depend primarily on the public health system, as in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In general, ACEis/ARBs, β-blockers and MRAs are usually cheaper and more accessible than new drugs such as ARNIs and SGLT2is. However, drug shortages in several health care units require frequent adjustments and replacements of patients’ therapeutic regimens. It is not uncommon for the public sector, for example, to receive patients who have discontinued all medications a few months after discharge because they cannot afford ARNIs/SGLT2is or because a certain cardioselective β-blocker is not available from the public health network in their hometown.</p>
		<p>As a common point, these and other proposals for a pharmacological approach to HFrEF support that all patients with chronic HFrEF should be treated with all 4 foundational drugs, since each one acts on a specific pathophysiological pathway. Therefore, one of the main reasons for not using the treatment based on the “4 pillars” is related solely to therapeutic inertia. In the United States, it is estimated that less than 5%-10% of patients are receiving all 4 drugs, and the number of patients receiving these drugs at the target dose is even lower. Considering that each of the foundational drugs has proven to reduce HFrEF-related morbidity and mortality within 30 days of initiating treatment, every passing visit without the initiation of at least one additional drug could result in more hospitalizations and deaths, in addition to increasing tolerability to these medications. Therefore, more important than deciding whether the conventional or rapid sequencing approach should be used, we believe that there is an urgent need for strategies to increase medication prescribing according to current evidence, especially on an outpatient basis.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This article is part of the completion of medical residency by Bianca Lopes Cunha , from Hospital Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Sequência Rápida no Tratamento Fundamental da ICFER: A Proposta Inovadora de Milton Packer e John Mcmurray</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8706-2770</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cunha</surname>
						<given-names>Bianca Lopes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2945-7023</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marinho</surname>
						<given-names>Laura Leite da Escóssia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5982-8847</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vieira</surname>
						<given-names>Jefferson Luís</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Jefferson Luís Vieira • Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes – Av. Frei Cirilo, 3480. CEP 60.846-190, Messejana, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil E-mail: jefvieira@yahoo.com.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa Obtenção de dados, Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito: Cunha BL, Vieira JL; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Cunha BL, Marinho LLE, Vieira JL.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Dra. Laura Leite da Escóssia Marinho recebeu honorários como palestrante da Novartis. Dr. Jefferson Luís Vieira recebeu honorários por participar de um comitê da Academic Research Organization (ARO) no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein e como palestrante da Boehringer Ingelheim-Lilly e Novartis.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta</kwd>
				<kwd>Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina</kwd>
				<kwd>Neprilisina</kwd>
				<kwd>Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides</kwd>
				<kwd>Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>O tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER) envolve medidas de prevenção, retardo na progressão da doença, alívio de sintomas e, sobretudo, aumento de sobrevida. A eficácia do arsenal farmacológico no manejo da ICFER já está bem estabelecida através de inúmeros ensaios clínicos randomizados e envolve quatro pilares fundamentais de tratamento: (1) β-bloqueadores; (2) antagonistas do sistema renina-angiotensina, incluindo inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (iECA), bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina (BRA) ou inibidores da neprilisina e dos receptores de angiotensina (INRA); (3) inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2 (iSGLT2); e (4) antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides (ARM).</p>
			<p>A abordagem farmacológica convencional apresentada pelas diretrizes de tratamento da ICFER recomenda a prescrição sequencial das quatro classes de drogas fundamentais na ordem em que foram testadas nos ensaios clínicos clássicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Seguindo um protocolo de cinco etapas, os médicos são orientados a iniciar o tratamento com IECA/BRA, seguido de β-bloqueador e, depois, ARM. No quarto passo, avalia-se a substituição de iECA/BRA por INRA e, finalmente, podemos adicionar os iSGLT2 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ). Essa abordagem aconselha que se titule cada droga para a dose alvo usada nos grandes estudos antes de iniciar a próxima classe farmacológica recomendada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2A</xref> ). Em 2021, no entanto, um artigo de perspectivas escrito por John McMurray e Milton Packer, responsáveis por boa parte dos principais estudos na área na última década, apontou uma série de limitações na abordagem convencional, propondo uma nova sequência de tratamento farmacológico para a ICFER ambulatorial baseada em três passos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2B</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> De acordo com a nova proposta, a abordagem convencional apresenta um algoritmo baseado na ordem histórica de publicação dos ensaios clínicos, assumindo erroneamente que drogas desenvolvidas primeiro seriam mais eficazes e mais bem toleradas. Outro ponto observado pelos autores é que a abordagem convencional prioriza a dose alvo de um determinado fármaco antes que o próximo seja introduzido, o que pode atrasar em mais de 6 meses a obtenção do tratamento máximo otimizado. De fato, ao analisarmos os levantamentos e os participantes de grandes ensaios clínicos, observamos que um percentual expressivo deles não recebia as medicações recomendadas;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> mesmo em ensaios mais recentes, uma proporção significativa não era tratada com ARM nem INRA. Além disso, o sequenciamento adequado das drogas fundamentais pode melhorar a segurança e a tolerabilidade, uma vez que medicações como os INRA podem reduzir o risco de insuficiência renal associado a iECAs/BRAs. Além disso, tanto os INRA quanto os iSGLT2 podem mitigar o risco de hipercalemia associado ao uso de ARM.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01002">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Algoritmo de tratamento farmacológico da insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida, adaptado da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; iECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; INRA: inibidores da neprilisina e dos receptores de angiotensina; iSGLT2: inibidores do cotransportador de sódio e glicose do tipo 2; NYHA: New York Heart Association. Adaptado de Marcondes-Braga FG, et al.2</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0027-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02002">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Abordagens de manejo convencional e sequência rápida propostas por Packer e McMurray para a introdução de medicamentos fundamentais em pacientes ambulatoriais com insuficiência cardíaca e fração de ejeção reduzida. ARM: antagonistas do receptor mineralocorticoide; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; iECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; INRA: inibidores da neprilisina e dos receptores de angiotensina; iSGLT2: inibidores do cotransportador de sódio e glicose do tipo 2. Adaptado de McMurray JJV, Packer M5</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0027-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>A nova estratégia proposta é baseada no impacto individual de cada droga, mesmo em doses baixas, visando a uma sequência rápida de introdução das quatro medicações em até 4 semanas. O primeiro passo preconiza o início simultâneo de um β-bloqueador e um iSGLT2; β-bloqueadores são considerados a classe mais eficaz no tratamento de ICFER, principalmente no que diz respeito à redução de mortalidade geral, enquanto os iSGLT2 podem reduzir o risco de descompensação associado ao início da terapia β-bloqueadora devido, em parte, ao seu efeito diurético precoce. A segunda etapa propõe a adição de INRA em até 1 a 2 semanas após a primeira etapa, sem necessidade de esperar 2 a 4 semanas para a introdução de um novo fármaco, como recomenda a abordagem convencional. A nova proposta adverte que se a pressão arterial sistólica do paciente for inferior a 100 mmHg, pode ser prudente tentar iECA ou BRA antes de iniciar INRA. Finalmente, após 1 a 2 semanas, o terceiro passo sugere a inclusão de um ARM se o potássio e a função renal forem favoráveis.</p>
			<p>Apesar dos argumentos teóricos expostos para a adoção dessa nova abordagem terapêutica da ICFER, a implementação desse protocolo envolve barreiras práticas que precisam ser discutidas antes de sua adoção na prática clínica. Em primeiro lugar, essa sequência rápida nunca foi devidamente testada em um ensaio clínico randomizado; em vez disso, a evidência de benefício e segurança disponível favorece a abordagem convencional, em que o acréscimo de novas drogas é estudado em pacientes que já recebiam o tratamento padrão previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A atualização das diretrizes de insuficiência cardíaca da Canadian Cardiovascular Society, por exemplo, considera razoável o uso da sequência rápida, mas reconhece que não há evidência robusta que favoreça uma abordagem em detrimento da outra.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O cenário clínico também exerce um papel fundamental na adoção da sequência rápida; é mais fácil iniciar uma série de novos medicamentos no paciente hospitalizado e cercado de uma equipe multidisciplinar focada na qualidade do atendimento do que no paciente ambulatorial. No entanto, os próprios autores da nova proposta reconhecem que a sequência rápida é mais segura e apropriada para pacientes ambulatoriais, sendo recomendada cautela em indivíduos hospitalizados por descompensação da insuficiência cardíaca.</p>
			<p>Finalmente, um entrave prático da sequência rápida é o custo de introduzir os quatro medicamentos de uma vez só, especialmente em populações que dependem prioritariamente do sistema público de saúde, como no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em geral, o uso de IECAs/BRAs, β-bloqueadores e ARMs costuma ser mais barato e acessível do que o de drogas novas como os INRAs e os iSGLT2; entretanto, o desabastecimento e a falta de medicamentos em diversas unidades de saúde exigem frequentes ajustes e substituições do esquema terapêutico dos doentes. Não é incomum, por exemplo, recebermos um paciente que abandonou todos os medicamentos poucos meses após a alta porque não podia pagar os INRA/iSGLT2 ou porque um determinado β-bloqueador cardiosseletivo não estava disponível na rede pública da sua cidade.</p>
			<p>O ponto em comum entre essas e outras propostas de abordagem farmacológica é que todos os pacientes com ICFER crônica deveriam receber as quatro medicações fundamentais, uma vez que cada uma atua em uma via fisiopatológica específica. Desse modo, um dos principais motivos para a não utilização do tratamento baseado nos “quatro pilares” está relacionado unicamente à inércia terapêutica. De fato, estima-se que o percentual de pacientes recebendo todos os quatro medicamentos nos EUA é inferior a 5-10%, e o número de pessoas que está recebendo esses medicamentos na dose alvo é ainda menor. Se considerarmos que cada medicação fundamental provou reduzir a morbimortalidade da ICFER em até 30 dias após o início do tratamento, cada consulta que passa sem o acréscimo de pelo menos uma droga adicional pode resultar em mais hospitalizações e mortes, além de aumentar a tolerabilidade a essas drogas. Dessa forma, mais importante do que decidir entre a abordagem convencional ou de sequência rápida, é elaborar estratégias que aumentem a prescrição de medicações de acordo com as evidências atuais, o que é urgentemente necessário, especialmente no nível ambulatorial.</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Este artigo é parte de trabalho de conclusão de residência médica de Bianca Lopes Cunha pelo Hospital Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>