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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220004</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220004</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>HFREF Pharmacological Treatment Sequencing: The Traditional Approach</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5959-9359</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rossi</surname>
						<given-names>João Manoel</given-names>
						<suffix>Neto</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rossi</surname>
						<given-names>Raphael Machado</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Finger</surname>
						<given-names>Marco Aurelio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Casadei dos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia,São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: João Manoel Rossi Neto • Ambulatório de Disfunção Ventricular e Transplante de Coração – Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 04012-909, Ibirapeura, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>jmrossi@sti.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author Contributions</p>
					<p>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Rossi Neto JM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rossi RM, Finger MA, Santos CC.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>Dr. João Manoel Rossi Neto presented lectures for Novartis and Astra Zeneca. Dra. Carolina Casadei dos Santos presented lectures for Servier, Novartis, and Boehringer.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Mar</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>24</fpage>
			<lpage>26</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Medication Therapy Management</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Ventricular Ejection Fraction</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="20"/>
				<page-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec>
			<title>The traditional approach to sequencing</title>
			<p>This approach respects the historical introduction of drugs studied and proven by randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and has its use approved by all guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is important to note that all RCTs on heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) have used this sequencing approach, and when a new drug is tested, it is added to optimized standard therapy. This reinforces the need to maintain triple therapy with a beta-blocker (BB), an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), and a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA). Therefore, this triad is recommended as a key therapy for HFrEF unless drugs are contraindicated or not tolerated.</p>
			<p>Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNis; sacubitril/valsartan) should replace ACEis in patients who remain symptomatic despite the triad and may also be considered first-line therapy instead of ACEis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ). The maximum recommended doses (MRDs) of these drugs are described in the Brazilian Society of Cardiology guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Treatment algorithm for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; HF: heart failure; H-N: hydralazine-nitrate; HR: heart rate; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor.2; NYHA: New York Heart Association; TRC: terapia de ressincronização cardíaca.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0024-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) dapagliflozin and empagliflozin (both at starting and target doses of 10 mg once daily), when added to the described therapy ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ), reduced the risk of cardiovascular death and worsening heart failure (HF) in HFrEF, regardless of whether the patient had diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Therefore, these four drugs, ARNi or ACEi/ARB + BB + spironolactone + SGLT2i, are recommended in all guidelines following the steps described above.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Combination of medications that have had an impact on morbidity is also possible, and the choice of these additional therapies should consider the profile of each patient ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A period (3-6 months) for clinical and functional reassessment aims to optimize therapy in an environment favorable to a progressive increase in MRD/tolerated dose. Side effects should be observed, and possible strategies should be used to minimize or avoid these undesirable effects ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The most current evidence for MRD in the guidelines comes from the CHAMP-HF (Change the Management of Patients with Heart Failure)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> registry, in which the target dose of ACEi/ARNi/ARB and BB was associated with lower mortality, lower HF hospitalization, and fewer patient-reported outcomes, supporting the benefits of MRD in routine clinical practice. The initiation of sacubitril/valsartan, even at the target dose, did not lead to further discontinuation/dose reduction of other essential therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The 97/103 or 49/51 mg dose had a lower mortality/hospitalization rate for HF versus the 24/26 mg dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> High-dose BB showed better clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Titration protocol led to high-dose medical therapy and improved left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with recent-onset HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>The nontraditional approach to sequencing</title>
			<p>Recently, nontraditional sequencing approaches (NTSAs) have been proposed. Quadruple therapy should be started as soon as possible, simultaneously, at low doses, using late titration over a short-term period of 4 weeks to 43 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Despite the strategy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> having a strong theoretical and logical foundation, targeting several different pathophysiological steps in a quick sequence, and seeking to break clinical inertia/treat HFrEF with the utmost urgency,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> the NTSA has never been actually tested. There is no RCT to support this proposal, nor is there full agreement on how quickly and in what order this sequencing should be done or whether this strategy will increase patient compliance. There are only the opinions of renowned investigators, retrospective analyses, and statistical models.</p>
			<p>The NTSA can make clinical evaluation difficult, cause side effects (despite the claim to reduce these effects), favor the inertia of therapeutic optimization (“My patient is stable with underdosage”), and cause the continuous risks of sudden death and disease progression to be “forgotten”.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Some investigators may have more laboratory experience and do not deal with treatment barriers on a day-to-day basis; there is a large difference between the “theoretical” patient and the “real” patient.</p>
			<p>For these reasons, the NTSA has not yet been explicitly incorporated into current HFrEF guidelines, and RCTs are expected to verify its effectiveness and safety.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The treatment of HFrEF can be laborious and require dedication of a multidisciplinary team to achieve the therapeutic goals of the guidelines, not always available to clinicians working alone in their offices. In this case, the introduction of multiple drugs at the same time may not be the ideal strategy.</p>
			<p>Worryingly, there is still inertia in the adoption of recommended treatments, whether because of cost, fear of possible side effects, or ignorance regarding the benefit of therapeutic optimization.</p>
			<p>Changing the HFrEF treatment sequence is nothing new and has been discussed in the past,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> with a warning that there is no winner or loser in this fight against HFrEF.</p>
			<p>Drugs that reduce morbidity and mortality in HFrEF should be prescribed using published guidelines as a source of knowledge dissemination and standardized continuing medical education. This will avoid confusion for physicians, risk of increased side effects, or use of doses lower than those indicated in guidelines.</p>
			<p>In short, the most important task is to ensure access to all evidence-based therapies for all patients with HFrEF.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Sequenciamento do Tratamento Farmacológico da ICFER: A Abordagem Tradicional</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5959-9359</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rossi</surname>
						<given-names>João Manoel</given-names>
						<suffix>Neto</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rossi</surname>
						<given-names>Raphael Machado</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Finger</surname>
						<given-names>Marco Aurelio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Casadei dos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: João Manoel Rossi Neto • Ambulatório de Disfunção Ventricular e Transplante de Coração – Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-909, Ibirapeura, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: jmrossi@sti.com.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito: Rossi Neto JM; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Rossi RM, Finger MA, Santos CC.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Dr. João Manoel Rossi Neto apresentou palestras para Novartis e Astra Zeneca. Dra. Carolina Casadei dos Santos apresentou palestras para Servier, Novartis e Boehringer</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Conduta do Tratamento Medicamentoso</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Volume Sistólico</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec>
				<title>A abordagem tradicional de sequenciamento</title>
				<p>Essa abordagem respeita a introdução histórica dos medicamentos estudados e comprovados por estudos clínicos randomizados (ECR) e tem seu uso aprovado por todas as diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> É importante ressaltar que todos os ECR na insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER) utilizaram esse sequenciamento e, quando um novo medicamento era testado, ele era adicionado à terapia padrão otimizada, o que reforça a necessidade da manutenção da terapia tripla com betabloqueador (BB), inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (iECA)/bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina (BRA) e antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides. Portanto, essa tríade é recomendada como terapia fundamental para ICFER, a menos que os medicamentos sejam contraindicados ou não tolerados.</p>
				<p>O inibidor da neprilisina e do receptor de angiotensina (INRA = sacubitril/valsartana) deve substituir os iECA em pacientes que permanecem sintomáticos apesar da tríade. Além disso, pode ser considerado como terapia de primeira linha no lugar dos iECA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ). As doses máximas recomendadas (DMR) desses medicamentos estão descritas na diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Algoritmo de tratamento da ICFER. BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; CDI: cardioversor desfibrilador implantável; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; H-N: combinação de hidralazina e nitrato; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; iECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; INRA: inibidor da neprilisina e do receptor de angiotensina; iSGLT2: inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2; NYHA: New York Heart Association; TRC: terapia de ressincronização cardíaca.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0024-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Os inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2 (iSGLT2), dapagliflozina e empagliflozina (ambos com dose inicial e alvo de 10 mg 1x/dia), adicionados à terapia descrita ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ), reduziram o risco de morte cardiovascular e piora da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) na ICFER, independentemente de os pacientes terem ou não diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Desse modo, esses quatro medicamentos (4M), INRA ou iECA/BRA + BB + espironolactona + iSGLT2, são recomendados em todas as diretrizes seguindo os passos já descritos acima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Podemos, também, associar medicações que tiveram impacto na morbidade, sendo que a escolha dessas terapias adicionais deve levar em consideração o perfil de cada paciente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Um período de 3 a 6 meses para reavaliação clínica e funcional tem o objetivo de otimizar a terapêutica em um ambiente propício para o aumento progressivo das DMR/toleradas, além de observar os efeitos colaterais e elaborar possíveis estratégias para minimizar/evitar esses efeitos indesejáveis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A evidência mais atual para DMR pelas diretrizes vem do registro <italic>Change the Management of Patients with Heart Failure</italic> (CHAMP-HF),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> no qual a dose alvo de iECA/BRA/ARNI e BB foi associada a menor mortalidade, hospitalização por IC e resultados relatados pelos pacientes, apoiando os benefícios da DMR na prática clínica de rotina. O início de sacubitril/valsartana, mesmo na dose alvo, não resultou em maior descontinuação/redução da dose de outras terapias essenciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A dose de 97/103 ou 49/51 mg teve menor mortalidade/taxa de hospitalização por IC em comparação à dose de 24/26 mg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> BB em altas doses mostrou melhor resultado clínico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A titulação protocolar resultou em altas doses da terapia médica e melhora da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo em pacientes com ICFER de início recente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>A abordagem não tradicional do sequenciamento</title>
				<p>Recentemente, abordagens de sequenciamento não tradicionais (ASNTs) foram propostas, nas quais os 4M deveriam ser iniciados o mais rápido possível, simultaneamente, em baixas doses e com titulação tardia por um curto período (de 4 semanas a 43 dias).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Apesar de a estratégia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> ter fundamento teórico lógico forte, visando a várias etapas fisiopatológicas diferentes em uma sequência rápida e buscando romper a inércia clínica/tratar a ICFER com máxima urgência,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> essas abordagens nunca foram realmente testadas. Não há nenhum ECR para apoiar essa proposta, como também não há uma concordância plena sobre a rapidez e em que ordem esse sequenciamento deveria ser feito ou se essa estratégia irá aumentar a aderência dos pacientes; há apenas opiniões de investigadores renomados, análises retrospectivas e modelos estatísticos.</p>
				<p>As estratégias não tradicionais podem dificultar a avaliação clínica, causar efeitos colaterais (apesar da alegação de redução desses efeitos), favorecer a inércia da otimização terapêutica (“meu paciente está estável” com subdoses) e causar o “esquecimento” dos riscos contínuos de morte súbita ou progressão da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Alguns investigadores possuem mais experiência laboratorial e, consequentemente, não lidam com as barreiras do tratamento no dia a dia; há uma grande diferença entre o paciente “no papel” e o paciente “na realidade”.</p>
				<p>Por esses motivos, as abordagens de sequenciamento não tradicional ainda não foram incorporadas nas diretrizes atuais de ICFER de forma explícita, e aguardamos ECRs para verificar sua eficácia e segurança.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>O tratamento da ICFER pode ser trabalhoso e exigir dedicação de equipe multiprofissional para alcançar os objetivos terapêuticos das diretrizes, o que nem sempre é possível para os clínicos que vivem uma situação de solidão no consultório. Nesse caso, a introdução de múltiplos medicamentos ao mesmo tempo pode não ser a estratégia ideal.</p>
				<p>De forma preocupante, ainda há inércia na adoção dos tratamentos recomendados, seja pelos custos, pelo medo de possíveis efeitos colaterais ou pela ignorância em relação ao benefício da otimização terapêutica.</p>
				<p>A modificação da sequência de tratamento da ICFER não é novidade e já foi discutida no passado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> alertando que não há um vencedor ou perdedor nessa luta contra a ICFER.</p>
				<p>Temos que prescrever os medicamentos que reduzem a morbimortalidade na ICFER, utilizando as diretrizes publicadas como fonte de disseminação de conhecimento e educação médica continuada padronizada, evitando confusões para os médicos, risco de aumento de efeitos colaterais ou utilização de doses menores do que as indicadas.</p>
				<p>Resumindo, a tarefa mais importante é garantir acesso a todas as terapias baseadas em evidências para todos os pacientes com ICFER.</p>
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					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
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					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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