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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220003</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220003</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Treatment of Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction in 2022: The Essential Pillars</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1761-8662</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bonatto</surname>
						<given-names>Marcely Gimenes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Coiradas</surname>
						<given-names>Andressa de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Lídia Ana Zytynski</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label> 1 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Serviço de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante de Coração</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Casa de Curitiba</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Serviço de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante de Coração , Hospital Santa Casa de Curitiba , Curitiba , PR – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label> 2 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Rocio</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital do Rocio , Curitiba , PR – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label> 3 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná , Curitiba , PR – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">Mailing Address: Marcely Gimenes Bonatto • Av. Silva Jardim 2939, apt 81. Postal Code 80240-020, Curitiba, PR – Brazil E-mail: <email>marcelybonatto@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author Contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research: Bonatto MG; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Bonatto MG, Coiradas AO; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Moura LAZ.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>Dra. Marcely Gimenes Bonatto: speaker Novartis e Astra Zeneca.</p>
					<p>Dra. Lídia Ana Zytynski Moura: speaker Novartis e Astra Zeneca.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Mar</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>15</fpage>
			<lpage>23</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>31</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Pharmacological treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF) has undergone changes over the years as discoveries have been made related to new systems involved in its pathophysiology and, consequently, of new therapeutic targets. For this treatment, certain drug classes have become essential and should be used in combinations with the objective of reducing the disease’s high rates of morbidity and mortality. They are therefore considered the pillars of treatment for patients with HFREF. These drug classes act on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists), on the autonomic nervous system (beta blockers), on the natriuretic peptides system (neprilysin and angiotensin receptor inhibitors), and on the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors). <sup>1</sup> This article will present an analytical summary of the pathophysiologic foundations and the scientific evidence that demonstrates the benefit of these medications, specifically in terms of their impact on the results of clinical trials.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers</kwd>
				<kwd>Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists</kwd>
				<kwd>Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="14"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="45"/>
				<page-count count="9"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that constitutes a global health problem with ever growing prevalence. It is characterized by interactions between myocardial injury and compensatory neurohumoral mechanisms, with consequent long-term harmful effects on cardiac structure and function. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Despite advances in treatment approaches, 1-year hospital admission rates remain at around 31.9% and annual mortality is 7.2%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Initially, treatment of this disease was based on a hemodynamic model that attempted to increase myocardial contractility (inotropics and digitalis) and reduce preload (diuretics) and afterload (direct vasodilators). Although this model achieved symptomatic improvements for patients, it did not significantly reduce disease progression or mortality.</p>
			<p>Years later, with the discovery of neuro-hormonal mechanisms involved in its pathophysiology, understanding of the disease changed and adoption of neuro-hormonal modulation as a therapeutic target yielded considerable improvements in morbidity and mortality. During that period, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), beta blockers (BB), and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) constituted what is known as “triple therapy”. In 2014, with development of Sacubitril/Valsartan, an additional system was included in treatment of the disease: the natriuretic peptide system, yielding superior results to blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) only. Recently, a new drug class, SGLT-2 inhibitors, has demonstrated important clinical effects for treatment of the disease with reductions in morbidity, mortality, and hospitalizations when combined with standard treatment, comprising a “quadruple therapy” for treatment of HFREF ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– The pillars of treatment for HFREF.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0015-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Data from the Brazilian national health system (SUS) show that there were 3,085,359 hospitalizations for HF from 2008 to 2019 – the equivalent of one third of the total number of cardiovascular hospitalizations during the period. A reduction was observed in the number of clinical hospitalizations, but spending on care for patients with HF increased by 32%, with HF responsible for the majority of costs related to clinical hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The therapeutic proposals described in this article are considered the essential pillars of treatment of HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF) and are founded scientifically in the most important studies of HFREF, targeting clinical applicability in a simple and concise manner, to improve treatment of patients with this diagnosis.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System (RAAS) – ACEI, ARB, and MRA</title>
				<p>The RAAS is activated early and intensely in HFREF. In patients with ventricular dysfunction causing reduced cardiac output, there is sympathetic activation with peripheral vasoconstriction and reduced renal perfusion, stimulating renin production which metabolizes angiotensinogen produced in the liver into angiotensin I.</p>
				<p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is responsible for transforming angiotensin I into angiotensin II. This, in turn, is a potent vasoconstrictor, provoking increased arterial blood pressure, increased afterload, sympathetic activation, tachycardia, and renal vasoconstriction with retention of salt and water, with increased preload and, as a result, recovery of cardiac output.</p>
				<p>However, over time, this stimulation transitions from compensatory to harmful, provoking cellular hypertrophy and myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis and stimulating disease progression.</p>
				<p>Modulators of this system include the RAAIs, which act to inhibit conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II and the ARBs which act to selectively block the AT1 angiotensin II receptor. The ARBs do not interfere in bradykinin degradation, reducing one of the most intolerable side effects of the IECAs, which is coughing.</p>
				<p>Activation of angiotensin II also stimulates release of aldosterone by the suprarenal glands, provoking retention of salt and water (increasing the volume of blood in circulation) and increasing arterial blood pressure. These responses are initially important to restore cardiac output, but as time passes they lead to hypervolemia, symptoms of congestion, increased filling pressures, direct cellular injury by increased oxidative stress, collagen in the extracellular matrix, and myocardial and vascular hypertrophy and fibrosis, resulting in progression of cardiac remodeling.</p>
				<p>Modulation of the effects of aldosterone is achieved using MRA antagonists. The only MRA available in Brazil is sprinolactone, a drug with strong antimineralocorticoid activity, moderate antiandrogenic activity, and mild steroidogenesis inhibition. This drug acts to competitively inhibit sodium-aldosterone-dependent potassium exchange channels, provoking natriuresis with a high concentration of sodium and retention of potassium. Use of MRAs is very important in HFREF to reduce mortality, morbidity, and hospital admissions and is complementary to blocking the RAAS with ACEI or ARB. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>These medications were tested in a series of clinical studies that demonstrated their importance in treatment of HFREF with benefits in terms of reduction of morbidity and mortality and improved patient quality of life. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> : ACEI; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> :ARB; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> :MRA).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Principal studies investigating use of ICEI in HFREF</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">ACEI studies</th>
									<th>CONSENSUS <sup>8</sup></th>
									<th>SOLVD treatment <sup>9</sup></th>
									<th>SOLVD prevention <sup>10</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Year</td>
									<td align="center">1987</td>
									<td align="center">1991</td>
									<td align="center">1992</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intervention</td>
									<td align="center">Enalapril x placebo</td>
									<td align="center">Enalapril x placebo</td>
									<td align="center">Enalapril x placebo</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Period (follow-up)</td>
									<td align="center">1985-1986 (188 days)</td>
									<td align="center">1986-1989 (4.4 months)</td>
									<td align="center">1986-1990 (37.4 months)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Nº of patients</td>
									<td align="center">253</td>
									<td align="center">2569</td>
									<td align="center">2737</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Characteristics of the population</td>
									<td align="center">NYHA IV HF with cardiomegaly</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>NYHA I - IV HF</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>LVEF ≤ 35%</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>NYHA I and II HF</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>LVEF ≤ 35%</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Primary outcome</td>
									<td align="center">Death from all causes</td>
									<td align="center">Death from all causes</td>
									<td align="center">Death from all causes</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Results</td>
									<td align="center">Enalapril demonstrated a 40% reduction in total mortality in 6 months and 31% in 12 months in relation to placebo</td>
									<td align="center">Enalapril demonstrated a 16% reduction in total mortality and 26% in death or hospital admissions for HF in relation to placebo</td>
									<td align="center">Enalapril was not different to placebo for mortality, but reduced risk of death or hospital admission for HF by 20%</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><italic>ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; HF: Heart failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Principal studies investigating ARB in in HFREF</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">ARB studies</th>
									<th>ELITE II <sup>11</sup></th>
									<th>Val-HeFT <sup>12</sup></th>
									<th>CHARM- Added <sup>13</sup></th>
									<th>CHARM- Alternative <sup>14</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Year</td>
									<td align="center">2000</td>
									<td align="center">2001</td>
									<td align="center">2003</td>
									<td align="center">2003</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intervention</td>
									<td align="center">Losartan x captopril</td>
									<td align="center">Valsartan x placebo</td>
									<td align="center">Candesartan x placebo</td>
									<td align="center">Candesartan x placebo</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Period (follow-up)</td>
									<td align="center">1997-1998 (18.5 months)</td>
									<td align="center">1997-1999 (23 months)</td>
									<td align="center">1999-1999 (41 months)</td>
									<td align="center">1999-2001 (33.7 months)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Nº of patients</td>
									<td align="center">3152</td>
									<td align="center">5010</td>
									<td align="center">2548</td>
									<td align="center">2028</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Characteristics of the population</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>NYHA II-IV HF</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>LVEF ≤ 40%</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>&gt; 60 years</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>NYHA II-IV HF</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>LVEF &lt; 40%</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>93% taking ACEI</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>NYHA II-IV HF</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>LVEF ≤ 40%</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>All patients taking ACEI</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>NYHA II-IV HF</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>LVEF ≤40%</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>No patients taking ACEI</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Primary outcome</td>
									<td align="center">Death from all causes</td>
									<td align="center">Death from all causes</td>
									<td align="center">Cardiovascular death and hospital admissions for HF</td>
									<td align="center">Cardiovascular death and hospital admissions for HF</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Results</td>
									<td align="center">There were no significant differences in mortality from all causes or sudden death between the two treatment groups.</td>
									<td align="center">18% reduction in the composite outcome (death, cardiac arrest with resuscitation, hospital admissions for HF, need for IV vasodilators or inotropics) and improvement in quality of life in relation to placebo, especially in the subset not taking ACEI or beta blockers.</td>
									<td align="center">Addition of Candesartan reduced the primary outcome by 15% in relation to placebo, in patients with HFREF already taking ACEI.</td>
									<td align="center">Candesartan reduced the primary outcome by 23% in relation to placebo.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><italic>ARB: Angiotensin Receptor Blocker; HF: Heart failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction; IV: intravenous.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Principal studies investigating use of MRA in HFREF</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">MRA Studies</th>
									<th>RALES <sup>15</sup></th>
									<th>EPHESUS <sup>16</sup></th>
									<th>EMPHASIS-HF <sup>17</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Year</td>
									<td align="center">1999</td>
									<td align="center">2003</td>
									<td align="center">2010</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intervention</td>
									<td align="center">Sprinolactone x placebo</td>
									<td align="center">Eplerenone x placebo</td>
									<td align="center">Eplerenone x placebo</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Period (follow-up)</td>
									<td align="center">1995-1996 (2 years)</td>
									<td align="center">1999-2001 (1 year and 4 months)</td>
									<td align="center">2006-2010 (21 months)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Nº of patients</td>
									<td align="center">1663</td>
									<td align="center">6642</td>
									<td align="center">2737</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Characteristics of the population</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>NYHA III or IV HF</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>LVEF ≤ 35%</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Recent AMI (3-14 days)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>LVEF ≤40%</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Symptoms of HF or DM</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>NYHA II HF</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>LVEF ≤ 30%</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Primary outcome</td>
									<td align="center">Death from all causes</td>
									<td align="center">Death from all causes</td>
									<td align="center">Cardiovascular death and hospital admissions for HF</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Results</td>
									<td align="center">Sprinolactone was superior to placebo, reducing the primary outcome by 30%, cardiovascular deaths by 31%, and hospital admissions for cardiovascular causes by 30%.</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Eplerenone was superior to placebo, reducing the primary outcome by 15%.</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>There was a 21% reduction in sudden death from cardiac causes in the eplerenone group.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Eplerenone was superior to placebo, reducing the primary outcome by 34%. It also reduced total mortality and sudden deaths.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p><italic>MRA: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; HF: Heart failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; DM: diabetes mellitus.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Autonomic nervous system (ANS) – beta blockers</title>
				<p>Activation of the ANS is one of the body’s first responses after cardiac output reduces, increasing production and release of catecholamines. This results in increases in heart contractility and rate, systemic vasoconstriction, reduced venous complacency, thereby maintaining higher cardiac output. The parasympathetic system is thus attenuated while the sympathetic system is hyperactivated. Over the long term, sympathetic hyperactivity can increase myocardial O2 demand, predisposing to ventricular arrhythmia and activating hypertrophy and apoptosis signaling pathways, linked or not to the RAAS, and setting up a vicious circle of HF exacerbation. Prolonged activation of this system leads to reduction of beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart, reducing its capacity for chronotropism. The concentration of norepinephrine is directly proportional to the severity of cardiac dysfunction and inversely proportional to survival. Its major role in the pathophysiology and progression of HFREF makes ANS a target of treatment for the disease. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>One of the most important pillars of HF treatment is beta blockers, which modify the natural history of the disease and can reduce cardiovascular mortality by 30%, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> with reduction of morbidity and reverse remodeling of the LV. They should be initiated as early as possible in patients diagnosed with HF with reduced ejection fraction who are sTable and euvolemic.</p>
				<p>Studies that have investigated the effects of this therapy in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction can be consulted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> .</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Principal studies investigating beta blockers in HFREF and their effects in this population</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Beta blocker studies</th>
									<th>US CARVEDILOL <sup>20</sup></th>
									<th>CIBIS II <sup>21</sup></th>
									<th>MERIT-HF <sup>22</sup></th>
									<th>COPERNICUS <sup>23</sup></th>
									<th>SENIOR <sup>24</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Year</td>
									<td align="center">1996</td>
									<td align="center">1999</td>
									<td align="center">1999</td>
									<td align="center">2001</td>
									<td align="center">2005</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intervention</td>
									<td align="center">Carvedilol x placebo</td>
									<td align="center">Bisoprolol x placebo</td>
									<td align="center">Metoprolol succinate x placebo</td>
									<td align="center">Carvedilol x placebo</td>
									<td align="center">Nebivolol x placebo</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Period (follow-up)</td>
									<td align="center">1993-1995 (12 months)</td>
									<td align="center">2001-2003 (1.3 years)</td>
									<td align="center">1997-1998 (1 year)</td>
									<td align="center">1997-2000 (10.4 months)</td>
									<td align="center">2000-2002 (21 months)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Nº of patients</td>
									<td align="center">1094</td>
									<td align="center">2647</td>
									<td align="center">3991</td>
									<td align="center">2289</td>
									<td align="center">2128</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Characteristics of the population</td>
									<td align="center">Symptomatic HF for at least 3 months LVEF ≤ 35%</td>
									<td align="center">Ambulatory, NYHA III-IV LVEF ≤ 35%</td>
									<td align="center">NYHA II-IV LVEF ≤ 40%</td>
									<td align="center">HF CF IV for 2 months LVEF &lt; 25% Euvolemia Optimized clinical treatment</td>
									<td align="center">Age ≥ 70 years History of hospital admissions in the last year with discharge diagnosis of HF LVEF ≤ 35%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Primary outcome</td>
									<td align="center">Death from all causes</td>
									<td align="center">Death from all causes</td>
									<td align="center">Death from all causes and death from all causes + hospital admissions from all causes</td>
									<td align="center">Death from all causes</td>
									<td align="center">Death from all causes or cardiovascular hospital admissions</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Results</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Carvedilol reduced the primary outcome in 65% of the patients.</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>There was also a 27% reduction in the risk of hospital admissions for cardiovascular causes and a 38% reduction in the combined risk of hospital admissions or death</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Bisoprolol reduced the primary outcome by 32% compared with placebo, in addition to reducing hospital admissions for any cause by 20% and cardiovascular mortality by 29%.</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Metoprolol reduced the primary outcome by 34%, cardiovascular mortality by 38%, cardiac sudden death by 41%, and mortality due to HF progression by 49%.</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>The study was terminated because of the large clinical benefit of metoprolol compared with placebo.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Carvedilol reduced the primary outcome by 35% Carvedilol reduced the combined risk of death or hospital admissions for any cause by 27% and the combined risk of death or hospital admissions for HF by 31%.</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Nebivolol proved effective for treatment of HF in elderly patients, achieving a 14% reduction in cardiovascular events compared with placebo.</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>There was no difference in mortality from all causes.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p><italic>HF: Heart failure; FC: functional class; HF: Heart failure; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Natriuretic peptides system (NPS) –NRAI</title>
				<p>The natriuretic peptides (NP) are biomarkers produced by the atria and ventricles when there is ventricular wall stress and myocardial fibers are stretched. Natriuretic peptides, and type B (BNP) in particular, have a complex set of effects, affecting kidneys, blood vessels, heart, endocrine functions, cell growth, and cardiac remodeling. In the renal system, they induce increased glomerular filtration and reduced tubular reabsorption of sodium and water, protecting the kidney and increasing natriuresis. In the cardiovascular system, they provoke vasodilation and have anti-remodeling effects via local regulation of collagen synthesis, with reduction of cellular hypertrophy and fibrosis. They therefore act to antagonize the effects provoked by sympathetic activation and by the RAAS as the body seeks to achieve homeostasis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Since elevated levels reflect increased filling pressure and ventricular wall stress, natriuretic peptides – particularly BNP and NT-proBNP – can be used in differential diagnosis of dyspnea. Highly elevated levels make a diagnosis of HF likely and low levels have a high negative predictive power for ruling out the disease. However, it is important to consider body mass index, renal function, and atrial fibrillation rhythm when interpreting these values. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
				<p>This potential to promote counter-regulation of the sympathetic system and the RAAS, with desirable effects in HFREF (especially vasodilation and natriuresis), prompted development of SACUBITRIL/VALSARTAN, a new class of drug (neprilysin and angiotensin receptor inhibitors - NARI) that combines Sacubitril, an inhibitor of neprilysin (the enzyme responsible for degradation of endogenous BNP), with valsartan (an angiotensin II receptor blocker). The PARADIGM study <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> compared this drug with RAAS block using enalapril, demonstrating an important reduction in the clinical outcomes mortality and sudden death and also a reduction in hospitalizations for HF and improved quality of life. The PROVE HF study <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> correlated the reduction in NT-ProBNP with the capacity to provoke reverse remodeling. After 12 months taking Sacubitril/valsartan, a 9.4% mean improvement was observed in ejection fraction in relation to baseline with important reverse remodeling in LV and LA dimensions. Several studies have demonstrated an important impact of the process of ventricular function recovery on reduction of hospitalizations, cardiovascular mortality, sudden death, and overall mortality among patients taking this drug class.</p>
				<p>Studies that have investigated the effects of this treatment in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> .</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Principal studies investigating NARI in HFREF</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">NARI studies</th>
									<th>PARADIGM-HF <sup>28</sup></th>
									<th>PIONEER- HF <sup>30</sup></th>
									<th>PROVE-HF <sup>31</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Year</td>
									<td align="center">2014</td>
									<td align="center">2019</td>
									<td align="center">2019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intervention</td>
									<td align="center">Sacubitril/Valsartan x Enalapril</td>
									<td align="center">Sacubitril/Valsartan x Enalapril</td>
									<td align="center">To evaluate whether variation in NT-proBNP in patients with HFREF treated with Sacubitril/valsartan correlated with variation in cardiac volume and function.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Period (follow-up)</td>
									<td align="center">2009-2012 (27 months)</td>
									<td align="center">2016-2018 (2 months)</td>
									<td align="center">2016-2018 (12 months)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Nº of patients</td>
									<td align="center">8442</td>
									<td align="center">887</td>
									<td align="center">794</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Characteristics of the population</td>
									<td align="center">NYHA II-IV HF LVEF ≤ 35% BNP 150 ≥ or NTproBNP ≥ 600pg/ml; or BNP ≥ 100pg/ml or NTproBNP ≥ 400pg/ml if admitted to hospital for HF less than 1 year previously</td>
									<td align="center">LVEF ≤ 40% NT-proBNP ≥ 1600pg/ml or BNP ≥ 400 pg/ml Primary diagnosis of decompensated HF, including signs and symptoms of volume overload</td>
									<td align="center">NYHA II-IV HF LVEF ≤ 40%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Primary outcome</td>
									<td align="center">Cardiovascular mortality or first hospital admissions for HF</td>
									<td align="center">Mean time-proportional change in NT-proBNP concentration from outset to weeks 4 and 8</td>
									<td align="center">Correlation between variation in concentration of NT-proBNP and cardiac remodeling</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Results</td>
									<td align="center">The study was terminated prematurely because of the important benefit of sacubitril/valsartan observed, with a 20% reduction in the composite primary outcome, 20% reduction in cardiovascular death, and 21% reduction in hospitalizations.</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>The mean reduction in NT-proBNP was significantly higher in the Sacubitril/valsartan group than in the enalapril group (-46.7% and -25.3%, respectively).</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>There was a 46% reduction in the composite exploratory outcome of death, hospital re-admissions for HF, implantation of left ventricular assist devices, or heart transplantation.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">The reduction in NT-proBNP concentration was correlated with improvement in markers of cardiac volume and function at 6 and 12 months.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p><italic>NARI: Neprilysin and Angiotensin Receptor Inhibitor; HF: Heart failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction. NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide; HFREF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors – Dapaglifozin and Empagliflozin</title>
				<p>Although SGLT2 inhibitors have been primarily used in treatment of diabetes mellitus because of their mechanism of inhibition of glucose resorption in the proximal convoluted tubule, provoking glycosuria and consequent reduction of glycemic levels, studies of cardiovascular outcomes have demonstrated clinical benefits in studies with SGLT2 inhibitors, reducing hospitalizations for HF and cardiovascular death. It should be noted that these benefits were observed in patients with and without DM. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The mechanisms that confer the optimistic results of this drug class in patients with HF are not yet fully explained. Mechanisms that can be listed include improved left ventricle parietal tension due to reduced preload (thanks to natriuresis and osmotic diuresis) and afterload (due to improved endothelial function and reduced arterial blood pressure), improved metabolism bioenergetics of the cardiomyocytes, reduced cardiac necrosis and fibrosis, changes to cytokines, and reduced epicardial fat. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Studies that have investigated the effects of this treatment in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction can be seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref> .</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Principal studies of SGLT2 inhibitors in HFREF</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">SGLT-2 inhibitors</th>
									<th>DAPA-HF <sup>36</sup></th>
									<th>EMPERROR - REDUCED <sup>37</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Year</td>
									<td align="center">2019</td>
									<td align="center">2020</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intervention</td>
									<td align="center">Dapaglifozin x placebo</td>
									<td align="center">Empagliflozin x placebo</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Period (follow-up)</td>
									<td align="center">2017-2018 (18.2 months)</td>
									<td align="center">2017-2019 (16 months)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Nº of patients</td>
									<td align="center">4744</td>
									<td align="center">3730</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Characteristics of the population</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>NYHA II-IV HF</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>LVEF ≤ 40% with or without DM2</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>NTproBNP ≥ 600pg/ml; or NTproBNP ≥ 400pg/ml if admitted to hospital for HF within 1 year.</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>If AF or atrial flutter &gt; NTproBNP ≥ 900pg/ml</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>NYHA II-IV HF</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>LVEF ≤ 40% with or without DM2</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>NT-proBNP ≥ 2500pg/ml if EF 36-40%;</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>NT-proBNP ≥ 1000pg/ml if FE 31-35%;</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>NT-proBNP ≥ 600pg/ml if FE ≤30%;</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Primary outcome</td>
									<td align="center">Worsening of HF (urgent care requiring hospital admission or use of IV therapy) or cardiovascular death</td>
									<td align="center">Cardiovascular death or hospital admissions for HF</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Results</td>
									<td align="center">Dapaglifozin reduced the primary outcome by 26% and reduced mortality from all causes by 17% irrespective of DM2</td>
									<td align="center">Empagliflozin reduced the primary outcome by 25% compared with placebo. Effects were similar in patients with or without DM2.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p><italic>SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; HF: Heart failure; NYHA: AF: atrial fibrillation; New York Heart Association; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction; IV: intravenous; DM2: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> summarizes the benefits of each drug class according to the scientific evidence on the principal outcomes sought in treatment for HFREF: reduction of mortality, reduction of sudden death, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> improvement of symptoms and quality of life, reduction of hospital admissions, and promotion of reverse remodeling. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Benefits of pharmacological treatment of HFREF by drug classes. ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; MRA: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NARI: Neprilysin and angiotensin receptor inhibitor; SGLT2I: SGLT2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0015-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In view of this evidence, it is important to understand that pharmacological treatment of HFREF should be given using a combination of different drugs that act on different systems, achieving the greatest reduction of risk possible. There is evidence that treatment with a combination of NARI, beta blocker, MRA, and SGLT2I is capable of provoking important reductions in events (cardiovascular death or hospital admissions for HF) and increases in survival when compared with treatment using only ACEI or ARB in conjunction with a beta blocker. It is estimated that this benefit can be translated into an increase in event-free life of 2.7-8.3 years and increased life expectancy of 1.4 to 6.3 years, depending on the age of the individual. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Drugs used in treatment of HFREF and their initial and target doses are summarized <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Drugs used in HFREF treatment</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Drug</th>
									<th>Initial dose</th>
									<th>Target dose</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>ACEI</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Captopril</td>
									<td align="center">6.25mg – 3x/day</td>
									<td align="center">50mg – 3x/day</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Enalapril</td>
									<td align="center">2.5mg – 2x/day</td>
									<td align="center">10 - 20mg – 2x/day</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ramipril</td>
									<td align="center">1.25 - 2.5mg – 1x/day</td>
									<td align="center">10mg – 1 x/day</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Lisinopril</td>
									<td align="center">2.5 - 5mg – 1x/day</td>
									<td align="center">20 - 40mg – 1x/day</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Perindopril</td>
									<td align="center">2mg – 1x/day</td>
									<td align="center">8 - 16mg – 1x/day</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>ARB</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Candesartan</td>
									<td align="center">4 - 8mg – 1x/day</td>
									<td align="center">32mg – x/day</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Losartan</td>
									<td align="center">25 - 50mg – 1x/day</td>
									<td align="center">100 -150mg – 2 x/day</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Valsartan</td>
									<td align="center">40 - 80mg – 1x/day</td>
									<td align="center">320mg – 1x/day</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>MRA</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sprinolactone</td>
									<td align="center">25mg – 1x/day</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>25mg – 1x/day</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>50mg – 1x/day in refractory HF cases</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>NARI</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sacubitril/Valsartan</td>
									<td align="center">24/26mg – 2x/day</td>
									<td align="center">97/103mg – 2x/day</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Beta blocker</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Carvedilol</td>
									<td align="center">3.125mg -2x/day</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>25mg – 2x/day</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>50mg-2x/day se &gt; 85kg</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Metoprolol succinate</td>
									<td align="center">25mg – 1x/day</td>
									<td align="center">200mg – 1x/day</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bisoprolol</td>
									<td align="center">1.25mg -1x/day</td>
									<td align="center">10mg – 1x/day</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>SGLT2 inhibitors</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dapaglifozin</td>
									<td align="center">10mg – 1x/day</td>
									<td align="center">10mg – 1x/day</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Empagliflozin</td>
									<td align="center">10mg – 1x/day</td>
									<td align="center">10mg – 1x/day</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p><italic>ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; MRA: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NARI: Neprilysin and angiotensin receptor inhibitor; SGLT2I: SGLT2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Pharmacological treatment of HFREF has been changing over recent years, involving new systems and with discovery of new classes of medications, having an important impact on clinical outcomes. Understanding of the individual benefits and the potential for synergy of these drugs, targeting the greatest reduction in morbidity and mortality, is essential to choosing the best treatment.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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					<article-title>Randomized Trial of Empagliflozin in Nondiabetic Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>77</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>243</fpage>
					<lpage>255</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.008.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B45">
				<label>45</label>
				<mixed-citation>45. Vaduganathan M , Claggett BL , Jhund PS , Cunningham JW , Ferreira JP , Zannad F , et al . Estimating Lifetime Benefits of Comprehensive Disease-modifying Pharmacological Therapies in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Comparative Analysis of Three Randomised Controlled Trials . Lancet . 2020 ; 396 ( 10244 ): 121 - 8 . doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30748-0.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Vaduganathan</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Claggett</surname>
							<given-names>BL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jhund</surname>
							<given-names>PS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cunningham</surname>
							<given-names>JW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ferreira</surname>
							<given-names>JP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zannad</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Estimating Lifetime Benefits of Comprehensive Disease-modifying Pharmacological Therapies in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Comparative Analysis of Three Randomised Controlled Trials</article-title>
					<source>Lancet</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>396</volume>
					<issue>10244</issue>
					<fpage>121</fpage>
					<lpage>128</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30748-0.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Terapia da Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Reduzida em 2022: Os Pilares Fundamentais</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1761-8662</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bonatto</surname>
						<given-names>Marcely Gimenes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Coiradas</surname>
						<given-names>Andressa de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Lídia Ana Zytynski</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante de Coração, Hospital Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Rocio, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Marcely Gimenes Bonatto • Av. Silva Jardim 2939, apt 81. CEP 80240-020, Curitiba, PR – Brasil E-mail: marcelybonatto@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Bonatto MG; Obtenção de dados e Redação do manuscrito: Bonatto MG, Coiradas AO; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Moura LAZ.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Dra. Marcely Gimenes Bonatto: palestrante Novartis e Astra Zeneca.</p>
					<p>Dra. Lídia Ana Zytynski Moura: palestrante Novartis e Astra Zeneca.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O tratamento farmacológico da insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) sofreu modificações ao longo dos anos com a descoberta de novos sistemas envolvidos na fisiopatologia e, portanto, de novos alvos terapêuticos. Nesse tratamento, algumas classes de medicações se tornaram fundamentais, devendo ser utilizadas em associação com o objetivo de reduzir a alta morbimortalidade da doença; portanto, são consideradas pilares no tratamento de pacientes com ICFEr. Essas classes medicamentosas atuam no sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina e antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides), no sistema nervoso autônomo (betabloqueadores), no sistema de peptídeos natriuréticos (inibidores de neprilisina e dos receptores de angiotensina) e no cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2 (inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2). O embasamento fisiopatológico e a evidência científica que demonstra o benefício dessas medicações especificamente pelo impacto nos resultados dos ensaios clínicos são sumarizados de forma analítica neste artigo.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Bloqueadores do Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina II</kwd>
				<kwd>Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides</kwd>
				<kwd>Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma síndrome clínica complexa que representa um problema de saúde mundial, cada vez mais frequente. Caracteriza-se pela interação entre lesão miocárdica e mecanismos neuro-humorais compensatórios, com consequentes efeitos deletérios à estrutura e ao funcionamento cardíaco a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar dos avanços no tratamento, as taxas de hospitalização em 1 ano permanecem em torno de 31,9%, com a mortalidade anual de 7,2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O tratamento da doença inicialmente baseou-se em um modelo hemodinâmico, no qual buscava-se aumento da contratilidade miocárdica (inotrópicos e digital) e redução de pré-carga (diuréticos) e pós-carga (vasodilatadores diretos). Apesar de oferecer melhora sintomática aos pacientes, esse modelo de tratamento não reduziu significativamente a progressão e a mortalidade da doença.</p>
				<p>Anos mais tarde, com a descoberta do mecanismos neuro-hormonais envolvidos na fisiopatologia, o entendimento da doença mudou, e o uso da modulação neuro-hormonal como alvo terapêutico trouxe expressiva melhora de morbimortalidade. Nesse período, inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina II (BRA), betabloqueadores (BB) e antagonistas do receptor mineralocorticoide (ARM) formaram o que chamamos de “terapia tripla”. Em 2014, com a descoberta de sacubitril/valsartana, um novo sistema passou a integrar o tratamento da doença: o sistema de peptídeo natriurético com resultados superiores ao bloqueio isolado do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA). Recentemente, uma nova classe de medicações, os inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2 (iSGLT-2), demonstraram efeitos clínico importantes no tratamento da doença com redução de morbidade, mortalidade e hospitalizações quando associados ao tratamento padrão, formando, portanto, uma “terapia quádrupla” para o tratamento da ICFER ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Os pilares do tratamento da ICFEr. BRA: bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina II; IECA: inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina; INRA: inibidores da neprilisina e receptores da angiotensina; SRAA: sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0015-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Dados do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) revelaram que, no período de 2008 a 2019, houve 3.085.359 hospitalizações por IC – correspondendo a um terço do total das hospitalizações cardiovasculares desse intervalo de tempo. Foi observada redução no número de hospitalizações clínicas; porém, os gastos por assistência aos pacientes com IC aumentaram em 32%, considerando a IC responsável pela maior parte dos custos relacionados às hospitalizações clínicas das doenças cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As propostas terapêuticas descritas neste artigo são consideradas como pilares fundamentais para o tratamento da IC com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr), embasados cientificamente nos estudos mais importantes de ICFEr, visando facilitar a aplicabilidade clínica de forma simples e concisa e melhorando o tratamento dos pacientes com esse diagnóstico.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) – IECA, BRA e MRA</title>
					<p>O SRAA atua de forma precoce e intensa na ICFEr. Na vigência de disfunção ventricular levando à redução de débito cardíaco, ocorre ativação simpática com vasoconstrição periférica e redução da perfusão renal, estimulando a produção de renina que metaboliza o angiotensinogênio produzido no fígado em angiotensina I.</p>
					<p>A enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) é responsável pela transformação da angiotensina I em angiotensina II. Esta, por sua vez, é um potente vasoconstrictor, levando a aumento da pressão arterial, aumento da pós-carga, ativação simpática, taquicardia, vasoconstricção renal com retenção de sal e água com aumento da pré-carga e, assim, restauração do débito cardíaco.</p>
					<p>Entretanto, com o tempo, esse estímulo passa de compensatório a deletério, promovendo hipertrofia celular, apoptose e fibrose miocárdica, estimulando, assim, a progressão da doença.</p>
					<p>A modulação desse sistema inclui os IECAs, que agem inibindo a conversão da angiotensina I em angiotensina II, e os BRAs, que agem no bloqueio seletivo do receptor AT1 da angiotensina II. Os BRAs não interferem na degradação de bradicinina, reduzindo um dos efeitos colaterais mais indesejados dos IECAs, que é a tosse.</p>
					<p>A ativação da angiotensina II também estimula a liberação de aldosterona pelas glândulas suprarrenais, que promove retenção de sal e água (aumento do volume sanguíneo circulante) e aumento de pressão arterial, respostas que inicialmente são importantes para a restauração do débito cardíaco, mas que, com o passar do tempo, levam a hipervolemia, sintomas de congestão, aumento das pressões de enchimento, lesão celular direta por aumento do estresse oxidativo, depósito de colágeno na matriz extracelular, hipertrofia e fibrose miocárdica e vascular, resultando em progressão do remodelamento cardíaco.</p>
					<p>A modulação dos efeitos da aldosterona é realizada através dos antagonistas ARM. No Brasil, o único ARM disponível é a espironolactona, uma droga com ação antimineralocorticoide forte, antiandrogênica moderada e inibidora da esteroidogênese leve. Esse fármaco age inibindo de forma competitiva os canais de troca sódio-potássio dependentes de aldosterona, provocando natriurese com alta concentração de sódio e retenção de potássio. O uso de ARM na ICFEr é muito importante na redução da mortalidade, morbidade e hospitalização, sendo complementar ao bloqueio do SRAA promovido com IECA ou BRA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Essas medicações foram testadas em uma série de estudos clínicos que demostraram sua importância no tratamento da ICFEr com benefícios em redução da morbidade e mortalidade e melhora na qualidade de vida dos pacientes ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabelas 1</xref> , <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">3</xref> ).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Principais estudos avaliando uso de IECA na ICFEr</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Estudos IECA</th>
										<th>CONSENSUS<sup>8</sup></th>
										<th>SOLVD-Treatment<sup>9</sup></th>
										<th>SOLVD-Prevention<sup>10</sup></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Ano</td>
										<td align="center">1987</td>
										<td align="center">1991</td>
										<td align="center">1992</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Intervenção</td>
										<td align="center">Enalapril x placebo</td>
										<td align="center">Enalapril x placebo</td>
										<td align="center">Enalapril x placebo</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Período (seguimento)</td>
										<td align="center">1985-1986 (188 dias)</td>
										<td align="center">1986-1989 (4,4 meses)</td>
										<td align="center">1986-1990 (37,4 meses)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>N.º pacientes</td>
										<td align="center">253</td>
										<td align="center">2.569</td>
										<td align="center">2.737</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Características da população</td>
										<td align="center">IC NYHA IV com cardiomegalia</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>IC NYHA I-IV</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>FEVE ≤ 35%</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>IC NYHA I e II</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>FEVE ≤ 35%</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Desfecho primário</td>
										<td align="center">Morte por todas as causas</td>
										<td align="center">Morte por todas as causas</td>
										<td align="center">Morte por todas as causas</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Resultados</td>
										<td align="center">Enalapril mostrou redução de mortalidade total de 40% em 6 meses e 31% em 12 meses em relação ao placebo.</td>
										<td align="center">Enalapril mostrou redução de 16% na mortalidade total e 26% em morte ou hospitalização por IC em relação ao placebo.</td>
										<td align="center">Enalapril sem diferença em relação ao placebo quanto à mortalidade, porém reduziu em 20% o risco morte ou internação por IC.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p><italic>FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Principais estudos avaliando uso de BRA na ICFEr</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Estudos BRA</th>
										<th>ELITE II<sup>11</sup></th>
										<th>Val-HeFT<sup>12</sup></th>
										<th>CHARM- Added<sup>13</sup></th>
										<th>CHARM- Alternative<sup>14</sup></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Ano</td>
										<td align="center">2000</td>
										<td align="center">2001</td>
										<td align="center">2003</td>
										<td align="center">2003</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Intervenção</td>
										<td align="center">Losartana x captopril</td>
										<td align="center">Valsartana x placebo</td>
										<td align="center">Candesartana x placebo</td>
										<td align="center">Candesartana x placebo</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Período (seguimento)</td>
										<td align="center">1997-1998 (18,5 meses)</td>
										<td align="center">1997-1999 (23 meses)</td>
										<td align="center">1999-1999 (41 meses)</td>
										<td align="center">1999-2001 (33,7 meses)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>N.º pacientes</td>
										<td align="center">3.152</td>
										<td align="center">5.010</td>
										<td align="center">2.548</td>
										<td align="center">2.028</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Características da população</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>IC NYHA II-IV</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>FEVE ≤ 40%</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>&gt; 60 anos</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>IC NYHA II-IV</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>FEVE &lt; 40%</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>93% em uso de IECA</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>IC NYHA II-IV</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>FEVE ≤ 40%</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Todos os pacientes em uso de IECA</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>IC NYHA II-IV</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>FEVE ≤ 40%</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Nenhum paciente em uso de IECA</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Desfecho primário</td>
										<td align="center">Morte por todas as causas</td>
										<td align="center">Morte por todas as causas</td>
										<td align="center">Morte cardiovascular e hospitalização por IC</td>
										<td align="center">Morte cardiovascular e hospitalização por IC</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Resultados</td>
										<td align="center">Não houve diferenças significativas na mortalidade por todas as causas ou morte súbita entre os dois grupos de tratamento.</td>
										<td align="center">Redução de 18% no desfecho combinado (morte, parada cardíaca com ressuscitação, hospitalização por IC e necessidade de inotrópico ou vasodilatadores EV) e melhoria de qualidade de vida em relação ao placebo, especialmente no subgrupo sem uso de IECA ou betabloqueadores.</td>
										<td align="center">A adição de Candesartana reduziu em 15% a ocorrência do desfecho primário em relação ao placebo, em pacientes com ICFEr já em uso de IECA.</td>
										<td align="center">Candesartana reduziu em 23% a ocorrência do desfecho primário em relação ao placebo.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p><italic>BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; EV: endovenoso; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3002">
							<label>Tabela 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Principais estudos avaliando uso de ARM na ICFEr</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Estudos ARM</th>
										<th>RALES<sup>15</sup></th>
										<th>EPHESUS<sup>16</sup></th>
										<th colspan="2" rowspan="1">EMPHASIS-HF<sup>17</sup></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Ano</td>
										<td align="center">1999</td>
										<td align="center">2003</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">2010</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Intervenção</td>
										<td align="center">Espironolactona x Placebo</td>
										<td align="center">Eplerenone x placebo</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">Eplerenone x placebo</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Período(seguimento)</td>
										<td align="center">1995-1996 (2 anos)</td>
										<td align="center">1999-2001 (1 ano e 4 meses)</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">2006-2010 (21 meses)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>N.º pacientes</td>
										<td align="center">1.663</td>
										<td align="center">6.642</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">2.737</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Características da população</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>IC NYHA III ou IV</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>FEVE ≤ 35%</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>IAM recente (3-14 dias)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>FEVE ≤ 40%</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Sintomas de IC ou DM</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>IC NYHA II</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>FEVE ≤ 30%</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Desfecho primário</td>
										<td align="center">Morte por todas as causas</td>
										<td align="center">Morte por todas as causas</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">Morte cardiovascular e hospitalização por IC</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Resultados</td>
										<td align="center">Espironolactona foi superior ao placebo, reduzindo o desfecho primário em 30%, mortes cardiovasculares em 31% e hospitalização por causa cardiovascular em 30%.</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>Eplerenone foi superior ao placebo, reduzindo o desfecho primário em 15%.</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Houve redução de 21% de morte súbita por causas cardíacas no grupo eplerenone.</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">Eplerenone foi superior ao placebo, reduzindo o desfecho primário em 34%. Reduziu também mortalidade total e morte súbita.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3002">
									<p><italic>ARM: antagonista do receptor de mineralocorticoide; DM: diabetes melito; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IAM: infarto agudo do miocárdio; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sistema nervoso autônomo (SNA) – betabloqueadores</title>
					<p>A ativação do sistema nervoso autônomo (SNA) é uma das primeiras respostas do organismo após a diminuição do débito cardíaco, aumentando a produção e liberação de catecolaminas. Dessa forma, há um aumento da contratilidade, da frequência cardíaca e da vasoconstrição sistêmica e uma diminuição da complacência venosa, mantendo, assim, um débito cardíaco mais adequado. Ocorre, portanto, uma atenuação do sistema parassimpático e uma hiperativação simpática. A longo prazo, a hiperatividade simpática pode aumentar a demanda miocárdica de O<sub>2</sub>, predispondo a arritmias ventriculares e ativando vias de sinalização de hipertrofia e apoptose, ligadas ou não ao SRAA, estabelecendo o círculo vicioso de agravamento da IC. A ativação prolongada desse sistema leva à redução de receptores beta-adrenérgicos no coração, reduzindo sua capacidade de cronotropismo. A concentração de norepinefrina é diretamente proporcional à gravidade da disfunção cardíaca e inversamente proporcional à sobrevida. Devido a seu grande papel na fisiopatologia e na progressão da ICFEr, o SNA é um alvo de tratamento da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Um dos pilares mais importantes no tratamento da IC, os BB, modificou a história natural da doença, possibilitando redução da mortalidade cardiovascular em 30%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> assim como redução da morbidade e remodelamento reverso do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). Devem ser iniciados em pacientes ao diagnóstico de IC com fração de ejeção reduzida, estáveis e euvolêmicos o mais precocemente possível.</p>
					<p>Os estudos que avaliaram os efeitos dessa terapêutica nos pacientes com IC com fração reduzida podem ser consultados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref> .</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4002">
							<label>Tabela 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Principais estudos avaliando uso de betabloqueadores na ICFEr e seus efeitos nesta população</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Estudos betabloqueadores</th>
										<th>US CARVEDILOL<sup>20</sup></th>
										<th>CIBIS II<sup>21</sup></th>
										<th>MERIT-HF<sup>22</sup></th>
										<th>COPERNICUS<sup>23</sup></th>
										<th>SENIOR<sup>24</sup></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Ano</td>
										<td align="center">1996</td>
										<td align="center">1999</td>
										<td align="center">1999</td>
										<td align="center">2001</td>
										<td align="center">2005</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Intervenção</td>
										<td align="center">Carvedilol x placebo</td>
										<td align="center">Bisoprolol x placebo</td>
										<td align="center">Succinato de metoprolol x placebo</td>
										<td align="center">Carvedilol x placebo</td>
										<td align="center">Nebivolol x placebo</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Período (seguimento)</td>
										<td align="center">1993-1995 (12 meses)</td>
										<td align="center">2001-2003 (1,3 anos)</td>
										<td align="center">1997-1998 (1 ano)</td>
										<td align="center">1997-2000 (10,4 meses)</td>
										<td align="center">2000-2002 (21 meses)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>N.º pacientes</td>
										<td align="center">1.094</td>
										<td align="center">2.647</td>
										<td align="center">3.991</td>
										<td align="center">2.289</td>
										<td align="center">2.128</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Características da população</td>
										<td align="center">IC sintomática há pelo menos 3 meses FEVE ≤ 35%</td>
										<td align="center">Ambulatorial, NYHA III-IV FEVE ≤ 35%</td>
										<td align="center">NYHA II-IV FEVE ≤ 40%</td>
										<td align="center">IC CF IV por 2 meses FEVE &lt; 25% Euvolemia Tratamento clínico otimizado</td>
										<td align="center">Idade ≥ 70 anos História de hospitalização no último ano com diagnóstico da alta de IC FEVE ≤ 35%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Desfecho primário</td>
										<td align="center">Morte por todas as causas</td>
										<td align="center">Morte por todas as causas</td>
										<td align="center">Morte por todas as causas e morte por todas as causas + hospitalização por todas as causas</td>
										<td align="center">Morte por todas as causas</td>
										<td align="center">Morte por todas as causas ou hospitalização cardiovascular</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Resultados</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>Carvedilol reduziu o desfecho primário em 65% dos pacientes.</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Houve também redução de 27% no risco de hospitalização por causas cardiovasculares, bem como uma redução de 38% no risco combinado de hospitalização ou morte.</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">Bisoprolol reduziu em 32% o desfecho primário em comparação com placebo, além de reduzir em 20% hospitalização por qualquer causa e em 29% a mortalidade cardiovascular.</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>Metoprolol reduziu em 34% o desfecho primário, em 38% a mortalidade cardiovascular, em 41% a morte súbita cardíaca e em 49% a mortalidade por progressão da IC.</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>O estudo foi interrompido devido a grande benefício clínico observado com metoprolol em comparação com placebo.</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">Carvedilol reduziu o desfecho primário em 35%. Carvedilol reduziu em 27% o risco combinado de morte ou hospitalização por qualquer causa e em 31% o risco combinado de morte ou hospitalização por IC.</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>Nebivolol mostrou-se eficaz no tratamento de IC em idosos, promovendo 14% de redução de eventos cardiovasculares em comparação com placebo.</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Não houve diferença em mortalidade por todas as causas.</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4002">
									<p><italic>CF: classe funcional; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sistema peptídeos natriuréticos (SPN) – INRA</title>
					<p>Os peptídeos natriuréticos (PN) são biomarcadores produzidos pelos átrios e ventrículos quando há estresse da parede ventricular e estiramento das fibras miocárdicas. Os PN, em especial o tipo B (BNP), possuem um conjunto complexo de efeitos, afetando os rins, vasos, coração, funções endócrinas, crescimento celular e remodelamento cardíaco. No sistema renal, induzem aumento da filtração glomerular e diminuição da reabsorção tubular de sódio e água, protegendo o rim e aumentando a natriurese. No sistema cardiovascular, promovem a vasodilatação e, através da regulação local da síntese de colágeno, possuem efeitos antirremodelamento, com redução da hipertrofia celular e fibrose. Desse modo, agem de maneira a antagonizar os efeitos promovidos pela ativação simpática e do SRAA numa busca do organismo pela homeostase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Devido ao aumento de seus níveis refletirem o aumento da pressão de enchimento e estresse da parede ventricular, os PN – principalmente o BNP e a porção N-terminal do BNP (NT-proBNP) – podem ser utilizados no diagnóstico diferencial de dispneia. Níveis muito aumentados tornam o diagnóstico de IC provável, e níveis baixos têm alto poder preditivo negativo para excluir a doença. Entretanto, é importante considerar o índice de massa corporal, a função renal e o ritmo de fibrilação atrial na interpretação desses valores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Baseado nesse potencial de promover uma contrarregulação ao sistema simpático e ao SRAA com efeitos desejáveis em ICFEr (especialmente vasodilatação e natriurese), foi desenvolvido o sacubitril/valsartana, uma nova classe de medicação (inibidores da neprilisina e receptores de angiotensina [INRA]), que combina sacubitril, inibidor da neprilisina (enzima responsável pela degradação do BNP endógeno) com valsartana (um bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II). No estudo PARADIGM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> essa droga foi comparada ao bloqueio do SRAA com enalapril, resultando em importante redução de desfechos clínicos de mortalidade e morte súbita, além de redução em hospitalizações por IC e melhoria de qualidade de vida. O estudo PROVE-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> correlacionou a redução de NT-proBNP com capacidade de promover remodelamento reverso. Após 12 meses de utilização de sacubitril/valsartana, observou-se uma melhora média de 9,4% na fração de ejeção em relação ao basal com remodelamento reverso importante nas dimensões de VE e átrio esquerdo (AE). Diversos estudos demonstraram importante impacto do processo de recuperação da função ventricular na redução de hospitalizações, mortalidade cardiovascular, morte súbita e mortalidade geral nos pacientes em uso dessa classe.</p>
					<p>Os estudos que avaliaram os efeitos dessa terapêutica nos pacientes com ICFEr podem ser consultados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5002">Tabela 5</xref> .</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5002">
							<label>Tabela 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Principais estudos avaliando uso de INRA na ICFEr</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Estudos INRA</th>
										<th>PARADIGM-HF<sup>28</sup></th>
										<th>PIONNER- HF<sup>30</sup></th>
										<th>PROVE-HF<sup>31</sup></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Ano</td>
										<td align="center">2014</td>
										<td align="center">2019</td>
										<td align="center">2019</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Intervenção</td>
										<td align="center">Sacubitril/valsartana x enalapril</td>
										<td align="center">Sacubitril/valsartana x enalapril</td>
										<td align="center">Avaliar se a variação do NT-proBNP em pacientes com ICFEr tratados com sacubitril/valsartana correlaciona-se com variação no volume e na função cardíaca.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Período (seguimento)</td>
										<td align="center">2009-2012 (27 meses)</td>
										<td align="center">2016-2018 (2 meses)</td>
										<td align="center">2016-2018 (12 meses)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>N.º pacientes</td>
										<td align="center">8.442</td>
										<td align="center">887</td>
										<td align="center">794</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Características da população</td>
										<td align="center">IC NYHA II-IV FEVE ≤ 35% BNP 150 ≥ ou NT-proBNP ≥ 600 pg/mL; ou BNP ≥ 100 pg/mL ou NT-proBNP ≥ 400pg/mL se hospitalização por IC há menos de 1 ano</td>
										<td align="center">FEVE ≤ 40% NT-proBNP ≥ 1600pg/mL ou BNP ≥ 400 pg/mL. Diagnóstico primário de IC descompensada, incluindo sinais e sintomas de sobrecarga volêmica</td>
										<td align="center">IC NYHA II-IV FEVE ≤ 40%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Desfecho primário</td>
										<td align="center">Mortalidade cardiovascular ou primeira hospitalização por IC</td>
										<td align="center">Alteração proporcional média do tempo na concentração de NT-proBNP desde o início até as semanas 4 e 8</td>
										<td align="center">Correlação entre a variação na concentração do NT-proBNP e remodelamento cardíaco</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Resultados</td>
										<td align="center">O estudo foi interrompido precocemente devido ao importante benefício visto no sacubitril/valsartana, com redução de 20% do desfecho combinado primário, 20% de morte cardiovascular e 21% em hospitalizações.</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>A redução média do NT-proBNP foi significativamente maior no grupo sacubitril/valsartana do que no grupo enalapril (-46,7% e -25,3%, respectivamente).</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Houve redução de 46% no desfecho exploratório combinado de morte, re-hospitalização por IC, implante de dispositivos de assistência ventricular esquerda ou transplante cardíaco.</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">A redução na concentração de NT-proBNP foi correlacionada com melhora nos marcadores de volume e função cardíaca em 6 e 12 meses.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5002">
									<p><italic>BNP: peptídeos natriuréticos do tipo B; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; INRA: inibidores da neprilisina e receptores de angiotensina; NT-proBNP: porção N-terminal dos peptídeos natriuréticos do tipo B; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Inibição do cotransportador 2 de sódio-glicose (SGLT2) – Dapaglifozina e Empaglifozina</title>
					<p>Embora os iSGLT2 tenham sido utilizados primeiramente no tratamento do diabetes melito (DM) devido a seu mecanismo de inibir a reabsorção de glicose no túbulo contorcido proximal provocando glicosúria e consequente redução dos níveis glicêmicos, estudos de desfechos cardiovasculares demonstraram benefícios clínicos observados nos estudos com iSGLT2 sobre redução de hospitalizações por IC e morte cardiovascular. Vale ressaltar que esses benefícios foram observados em pacientes com e sem DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Os mecanismos que conferem os resultados otimistas dessa classe nos pacientes com IC ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos. Entre eles, podem ser citadas a melhora na tensão parietal do VE devido à diminuição da pré-carga (graças à natriurese e à diurese osmótica) e da pós-carga (devido à melhora da função endotelial e à redução da pressão arterial), a melhora no metabolismo e bioenergética do cardiomiócito, a diminuição de necrose e fibrose cardíaca, as alterações de citocinas e a redução de gordura epicárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Os estudos que avaliaram os efeitos dessa terapêutica nos pacientes com ICFEr podem ser consultados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6002">Tabela 6</xref> .</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6002">
							<label>Tabela 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Principais estudos de iSGLT2 na ICFEr</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">iSGLT-2</th>
										<th>DAPA-HF<sup>36</sup></th>
										<th>EMPERROR-Reduced<sup>37</sup></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Ano</td>
										<td align="center">2019</td>
										<td align="center">2020</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Intervenção</td>
										<td align="center">Dapaglifozina x placebo</td>
										<td align="center">Empaglifozina x placebo</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Período (seguimento)</td>
										<td align="center">2017-2018 (18,2 meses)</td>
										<td align="center">2017-2019 (16 meses)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>N.º pacientes</td>
										<td align="center">4.744</td>
										<td align="center">3.730</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Características da população</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>IC NYHA II-IV</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>FEVE ≤ 40% com ou sem DM2</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>NT-proBNP ≥ 600 pg/mL ou NT-proBNP ≥ 400 pg/mL se hospitalização por IC há menos de 1 ano.</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Se FA ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial &gt; NT-proBNP ≥ 900 pg/mL</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>IC NYHA II-IV</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>FEVE ≤ 40% com ou sem DM2</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>NT-proBNP ≥ 2500 pg/mL se FE 36-40%;</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>NT-proBNP ≥ 1.000 pg/mL se FE 31-35%;</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>NT-proBNP ≥ 600 pg/mL se FE ≤ 30%.</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Desfecho primário</td>
										<td align="center">Piora da IC (atendimento de urgência que necessite hospitalização ou uso de terapia EV) ou morte cardiovascular</td>
										<td align="center">Morte cardiovascular ou hospitalização por IC</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Resultados</td>
										<td align="center">Dapaglifozina reduziu o desfecho primário em 26% e reduziu em 17% a mortalidade por todas as causas de maneira independente da presença de DM2.</td>
										<td align="center">Empaglifozina reduziu o desfecho primário em 25% em comparação com placebo. Efeitos foram semelhantes nos pacientes com ou sem DM2.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6002">
									<p><italic>DM2: diabetes melito tipo 2; EV: endovenoso; FA: fibrilação atrial; FE: fração de ejeção; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; iSGLT2: inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2; NT-proBNP: porção N-terminal dos peptídeos natriuréticos do tipo B; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> sumariza os benefícios de cada uma das classes em relação à evidência científica nos principais desfechos buscados no tratamento da ICFEr: redução de mortalidade, redução de morte súbita,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> melhora dos sintomas e da qualidade de vida, redução de hospitalização e promoção de remodelamento reverso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Benefícios do tratamento farmacológico da ICFEr por classe de medicamento. ARM: antagonista do receptor de mineralocorticoide; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; IECA: inibidores da enzima de conversão de angiotensina; INRA: inibidor de neprilisina e do receptor de angiotensina; iSGLT2: inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-01-0015-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Diante dessas evidências, é importante a compreensão de que o tratamento farmacológico da ICFEr deve ser realizado com uma associação de drogas, que, atuando em diferentes sistemas, alcancem a maior redução de risco possível. Existem evidências de que o tratamento realizado com associação de INRA, BB, ARM e iSGLT2 é capaz de levar à importante redução de eventos (morte cardiovascular ou hospitalização por IC) e ao aumento de sobrevida quando comparado ao tratamento que contempla apenas IECA ou BRA em associação com BB. Estima-se que esse benefício possa ser traduzido em um aumento do tempo de vida livre de eventos de 2,7 a 8,3 anos e da expectativa de vida de 1,4 a 6,3 anos, dependendo da idade do indivíduo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
					<p>As drogas utilizadas no tratamento da ICFEr, bem como suas doses iniciais e alvo, foram sumarizadas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7002">Tabela 7</xref> .</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7002">
							<label>Tabela 7</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Drogas utilizadas no tratamento da ICFEr</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Droga</th>
										<th>Dose inicial</th>
										<th>Dose-alvo</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>IECA</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Captopril</td>
										<td align="center">6,25 mg – 3x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">50 mg – 3x/dia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Enalapril</td>
										<td align="center">2,5 mg – 2x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">10-20 mg – 2x/dia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ramipril</td>
										<td align="center">1,25-2,5 mg – 1x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">10 mg – 1 x/dia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Lisinopril</td>
										<td align="center">2,5-5 mg – 1x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">20-40 mg – 1x/dia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Perindopril</td>
										<td align="center">2 mg – 1x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">8-16 mg – 1x/dia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>BRA</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Candesartana</td>
										<td align="center">4-8 mg – 1x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">32 mg – 1x/dia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Losartana</td>
										<td align="center">25-50 mg – 1x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">100-150 mg – 2x/dia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Valsartana</td>
										<td align="center">40-80 mg – 1x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">320 mg – 1x/dia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>ARM</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Espironolactona</td>
										<td align="center">25 mg – 1x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>25 mg – 1x/dia</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>50 mg – 1x/dia em casos de IC refratária</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>INRA</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sacubitril/valsartana</td>
										<td align="center">24/26 mg – 2x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">97/103 mg – 2x/dia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Betabloqueador</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Carvedilol</td>
										<td align="center">3,125 mg – 2x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>25 mg – 2x/dia</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>50 mg – 2x/dia se &gt; 85 kg</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Succinato de metoprolol</td>
										<td align="center">25 mg – 1x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">200 mg – 1x/dia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bisoprolol</td>
										<td align="center">1,25 mg – 1x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">10 mg – 1x/dia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>iSGLT2</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Dapaglifozina</td>
										<td align="center">10 mg – 1x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">10 mg – 1x/dia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Empaglifozina</td>
										<td align="center">10 mg – 1x/dia</td>
										<td align="center">10 mg – 1x/dia</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN7002">
									<p><italic>ARM: antagonista do receptor de mineralocorticoide; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; IECA: inibidores da enzima de conversão de angiotensina; INRA: inibidor de neprilisina e do receptor de angiotensina; iSGLT2: inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>O tratamento farmacológico da ICFEr vem se modificando nos últimos anos, com o envolvimento de novos sistemas e a descoberta de novas classes de medicações com importante impacto em desfechos clínicos. A compreensão dos benefícios individuais e o potencial de sinergia dessas drogas na busca da maior redução de morbimortalidade é fundamental para a escolha do melhor tratamento.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>