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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250005i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>The Impact of Anxiety on Patients Referred for Transesophageal Echocardiography</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8858-5421</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>João Afonso Astolfi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-0146-7496</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Eng</surname>
						<given-names>Amanda de Vasconcelos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-0725-0761</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lira</surname>
						<given-names>Edgar</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>performance of transesophageal echocardiography</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7507-6338</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fischer</surname>
						<given-names>Claudio Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>performance of transesophageal echocardiography</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-5580-7700</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Monaco</surname>
						<given-names>Claudia Gianini</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content;</role>
					<role>performance of transesophageal echocardiography</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0219-944X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Alessandra Joslin</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>performance of transesophageal echocardiography</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-1813-060X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Rodrigues da Camara</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>performance of transesophageal echocardiography</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4561-5717</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vieira</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>performance of transesophageal echocardiography</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1321-9752</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Morhy</surname>
						<given-names>Samira Saady</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>performance of transesophageal echocardiography</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4500-5270</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>performance of transesophageal echocardiography</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> João Afonso Astolfi Martins • Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Avenida Albert Einstein, 627. Postal code: 05652-900. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>astolfimartins@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p> Maria Otto</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>14</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250005</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>4</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Anxiety is an important factor that influences patient experience during medical procedures. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is an exam that requires sedation, which can exacerbate anxiety and affect its practice.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To assess variables that influence the degree of anxiety experienced by patients undergoing TEE and its correlation with sedation.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> We assessed patients of both sexes, age &gt;18 years, referred for TEE. We applied an anxiety questionnaire (none, mild, moderate, and high) and collected demographic, clinical, and physiological data. For comparison purposes, patients were divided into the following 2 groups: no/mild anxiety and moderate/severe anxiety.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> We studied 63 patients, 41 (66%) of whom were male. The majority were White (87.3%), and the mean age was 52.5 ± 14.7 years. Only 35% of patients had comorbidities, the most frequent being hypertension (63.6%), and 70% patients were undergoing TEE for the first time. The main indication for TEE was valvular disease (30%). The majority of patients (62%) reported some degree of anxiety, as follows: 25 (40%) mild, 10 (16%) moderate, and 4 (6%) severe. Patients with moderate/severe anxiety (p = 0.03) and younger patients (p = 0.001) required higher doses of midazolam for sedation.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> Anxiety was common in patients referred for TEE, and it appeared to be less influenced by clinical variables. However, we concluded that more anxious and younger patients required higher doses of sedation.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Anxiety</kwd>
				<kwd>Conscious Sedation</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="16"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>The Impact of Anxiety on Patients Referred for Transesophageal Echocardiography</title>
							<p>TEE: transesophageal echocardiography.</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312x-abcimg-38-2-e20250005-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a widely used tool in cardiology; due to the anatomical proximity between the heart and the esophagus, it allows the assessment of functional and/or structural cardiac alterations with high accuracy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> for example, valvular heart disease, thrombi and masses, aortopathies, among other diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is considered a semi-invasive examination, as it requires the introduction of an esophageal probe; in order to provide comfort to patients, light or moderate sedation is performed,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> generally using benzodiazepines (midazolam) in combination with an opioid (fentanyl). It is important to emphasize that the examination is not without risks, which are often associated with sedation itself. The most common complications include hypoventilation, hypoxemia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and hypotension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Furthermore, some factors associated with the patient or the examination may contribute to an increased level of anxiety related to medical procedures; non-White ethnicities,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> female sex,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and history of chronic diseases<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> have been related to the development of anxiety in the general population. Higher anxiety levels have also been related to prolonged duration of medical procedures and eventual use of higher sedative doses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Therefore, it is important to define factors that could influence the level of anxiety related to TEE and its impact on sedation, in order to optimize patient management during examination.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Objectives</title>
			<p>The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of anxiety related to TEE, to assess factors related to the examination and/or patients that could influence the degree of anxiety experienced by patients, and to verify whether the amount of anesthetic administered during the procedure could correlate with the degree of anxiety and/or other clinical variables.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Patients</title>
				<p>This study prospectively assessed patients aged 18 years or older of both sexes who were referred for TEE, as outpatients or inpatients at a tertiary hospital located in the South Zone of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. We only included patients who provided written informed consent via a free and informed consent form.</p>
				<p>Regarding the exclusion criteria, this study excluded patients with contraindications to TEE, patients with impaired cognition, and patients who required sedation under anesthesiologist supervision.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>TEE and sedation</title>
				<p>After the routine transthoracic examination, TEE was performed in the routine manner, with the prescribed sedation and under the guidance of the cardiologist and echocardiographer responsible for performing the examination. Following oropharyngeal anesthesia with lidocaine spray, with patients in the left lateral decubitus position, sedation with intravenous fentanyl (50 or 100 mcg) was performed, followed by intravenous midazolam in an initial dose of 1 to 2 mg, with additional doses of 1 mg administered for conscious sedation. If necessary, additional doses of midazolam could be administered to continue the examination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Anxiety questionnaire</title>
				<p>To assess the level of anxiety, we used a mini-questionnaire adapted from Cao,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> consisting of a simple visual self-assessment scale, to analyze each study participant’s anxiety level. Patients were asked to choose among facial drawings showing different levels of anxiety, marking the one that described their state of anxiety at that time (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>). For comparative purposes, the patients were divided into 2 groups, one including patients with no/mild anxiety and the other with moderate/high levels of anxiety.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Anxiety questionnaire</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312x-abcimg-38-2-e20250005-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical variables</title>
				<p>We recorded data such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oximetry. The presence of comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and others), routine use of anxiolytics, and the indication for the examination were also recorded.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>The variables were described based on absolute and relative frequencies, means and standard deviations, or medians and quartiles. Comparisons of patient characteristics with anxiety levels were performed using Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney test for quantitative variables, according to their distribution, and chi-square or Fisher’s exact test were used for qualitative variables. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. To correlate variables with sedative dose, we used Pearson or Spearman correlation, as appropriate. Analyses were performed using SPSS statistical software, version 26.0. Study data were entered into a data storage platform dedicated to REDCap research for later analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This study is part of a research project aimed at evaluating music therapy as an adjunct measure to sedation in patients referred to TEE. The study received approval from the institutional research ethics committee.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>We assessed 65 patients, 2 of whom were excluded (1 due to refusal to participate and 1 due to contraindication to TEE), leaving 63 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and signed the free and informed consent form. Most patients were male (65%). The mean age was 52 ± 14 years, and the majority were White (87%). The majority of patients had completed secondary education (95%). Regarding origin of patients, only 11 were hospitalized at the time of the examination, while the remainder underwent the examination on an outpatient basis. Comorbidities were infrequent (35% of patients), the most frequent being systemic arterial hypertension. For 66% of patients, the examination was being performed for the first time. For 24%, it was the second time, and only 10% had undergone more than 2 examinations. Regarding indications, valvular heart disease was the most frequent (30%), followed by stroke (20%), arrhythmias (13%), and suspected endocarditis (9.5%). Other less frequent indications included investigation of patent foramen ovale, cardiac masses, and evaluation of the aorta. When asked, almost all patients (95%) confirmed that they had received detailed instructions about the examination, including about complications. None of the patients who had previously undergone the examination reported a negative previous experience with TEE, and only 11% used routine anxiolytics. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> displays the patients’ characteristics.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Characteristics of patients referred for TEE (n = 63)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Characteristic</th>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Mean ± standard deviation or n (%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Age (years)</td>
								<td>52.5 ± 14.8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Weight (kg)</td>
								<td>77.8 ± 15.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Height (cm)</td>
								<td>172.2 ± 8.9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>BMI (kg/m2)</td>
								<td>26.1 ± 3.9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Male sex</td>
								<td>41 (65)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>White ethnicity</td>
								<td>55 (87.3)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Multiracial (Pardo) ethnicity</td>
								<td>8 (12.7)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Complete secondary education</td>
								<td>58 (92)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Inpatients</td>
								<td>11 (17.5)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Outpatients</td>
								<td>52 (82.5)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>No comorbidities</td>
								<td>41 (65)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
								<td>14 (22.2)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Obesity</td>
								<td>6 (9.5)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
								<td>1 (1.5)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="2">BMI: body mass index.</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Anxiety level and influence of patient-related variables</title>
				<p>Regarding anxiety level, the majority of patients (62%) were anxious before the procedure, with mild anxiety in 40%, moderate anxiety in 16%, and high anxiety in 6% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref>). We did not observe any correlation between demographic variables (sex, age, and ethnicity), education level, indication for the examination, routine use of anxiolytics, or patient origin with the presence of anxiety before TEE.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Anxiety level in patients referred for TEE (n = 63)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312x-abcimg-38-2-e20250005-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Comparison between sedative dose used, anxiety level, and variables related to the examination</title>
				<p>The mean fentanyl dose was 55.5 ± 17.6 mcg. The mean initial dose of midazolam was 4.8 ± 2.2 mg, and the mean additional midazolam dose was 1.32 ± 1.6 mg. The midazolam doses required for sedation were similar for men and women. No difference was observed between the midazolam dose and education level or ethnicity. On the other hand, patients with comorbidities required lower midazolam doses for sedation (p = 0.04), whereas outpatients required higher sedative doses when compared to inpatients (p = 0.01). These findings are displayed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Comparison of patient characteristics with midazolam dose</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312x-abcimg-38-2-e20250005-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding the sedative dose used, when comparing the subgroups of patients with no anxiety/mild anxiety and patients with moderate/high anxiety, a significant difference was observed only for the additional dose of midazolam required for sedation (p = 0.03). Patients with moderate/high anxiety levels used a larger additional amount of midazolam (2 mg [2 to 3 mg]) compared to those with mild/no anxiety (1.5 mg [1 to 2 mg]), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>. There was no difference between anxiety levels and variables such as instructions received, indication for the examination, routine use of anxiolytics, or the number of transesophageal examinations previously undergone. Only 2 patients required anesthesia to complete the procedure; therefore, there was no difference between groups for this variable.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Correlation between sociodemographic variables and anesthetic dose administered</title>
				<p>The variables that showed a significant correlation with the total dose of midazolam were age, with a moderate negative correlation (r = −0.41, p = 0.001); oximetry, with a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.39); and respiratory rate, with a slight negative correlation (r = −0.28). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> displays these data.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Correlation between patient characteristics and total midazolam dose (n = 63)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">r</th>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Age (years)</td>
									<td>–0.41</td>
									<td>0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Weight (kg)</td>
									<td>–0.009</td>
									<td>0.942</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Height (cm)</td>
									<td>–0.20</td>
									<td>0.114</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BMI (kg/m2)</td>
									<td>–0.15</td>
									<td>0.223</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
									<td>–0.07</td>
									<td>0.574</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
									<td>0.11</td>
									<td>0.356</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Heart rate (bpm)</td>
									<td>0.06</td>
									<td>0.592</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Respiratory rate (breaths per minute)</td>
									<td>–0.28</td>
									<td>0.026</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Oximetry (%)</td>
									<td>0.39</td>
									<td>0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="3">BMI: body mass index.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>TEE is a widely used tool in cardiology; it is a semi-invasive technique, as it requires the introduction of an esophageal probe. In order to provide comfort to patients, it is often accompanied by mild or moderate sedation, generally using benzodiazepines (midazolam) in combination with an opioid (fentanyl). TEE is not without risks, which are often associated with sedation itself. The most common complications are hypoventilation, hypoxemia, and hypotension. It is known that the anxiety experienced by patients is a determining factor for additional difficulties in performing procedures, requiring greater management skills and more time from the team to perform the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, in addition to the resulting technical difficulties, anxiety could contribute to negative patient experience during the procedure. The quality of the examination is also directly related to the quality of the sedation performed. In this sense, when we evaluated the relationship between factors related to the exam/patient and the level of anxiety reported, we observed that the dose required for sedation was higher for outpatients when compared to inpatients. One possible explanation might be exposure to the hospital environment, which is unfamiliar to the patient, causing greater anxiety, whereas inpatients, in addition to being previously exposed to the environment, are often using sedative medications. We also noted that patients with comorbidities required lower sedation doses when compared to patients without comorbidities. In patients referred for endoscopic procedures, it was observed that those with higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification for pre-anesthesia surgical risk require less sedation. Since the ASA class increases according to the number of comorbidities presented, this could explain the correlation with comorbidities found in our study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>It is known that non-White ethnicities,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> female sex, and history of chronic diseases<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> are risk factors for the development of anxiety. However, in this study, we did not observe a correlation between anxiety and these variables. One possible explanation for the lack of correlation is that anxiety in a social context presents different risk factors compared to anxiety related to a medical examination, as in the case of TEE. Moreover, other authors, when studying patients undergoing endoscopic procedures (similar to TEE), also did not find a correlation between sex and anxiety.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Regarding the correlation between the variables and sedative doses, we observed that age presented a negative correlation coefficient; in other words, the younger the patient, the higher the dose of midazolam required for sedation, a finding already reported in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Furthermore, it is known that elderly patients are more sensitive to the use of medications due to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes resulting from age;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> consequently, they have greater adverse effects with the use of sedation. Accordingly, given that elderly patients are more sensitive, the physician responsible for sedation would be expected to be more cautious, administering a lower dose of sedative.</p>
			<p>Finally, in relation to anxiety and the dose of anesthetic administered, we observed that the additional midazolam dose was higher in patients with moderate/high anxiety level (p = 0.033). Although some authors have reported no correlation between the level of pre-procedure anxiety and the sedative dose used,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> similar to our findings, other studies have shown that the anesthetic dose required to perform the procedure may increase according to the anxiety level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A possible explanation would be greater activation of the neuroaxis due to the increased release of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosteroids in anxious patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> thus requiring greater anesthetic doses to achieve the same level of sedation as non-anxious patients for the same procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitations</title>
				<p>It is worth noting the main limitation inherent to this study. The study sample was small, restricting the possible influence of other factors, such as sex or ethnicity, on the level of anxiety presented. However, we were able to identify other factors that were significantly related to anxiety level, even with the sample studied.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Anxiety is a common symptom in patients referred for TEE. As a result of this study, we have understood that more anxious and younger patients required higher doses of sedation to perform the procedure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Figure</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association:</label>
				<p> This article is part of the undergraduate thesis submitted by João Afonso Astolfi Martins, from Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
				<p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein under the protocol number 64738222.7.0000.0071. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
				<p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<label>Availability of Research Data and Other Materials:</label>
				<p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250005</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Impacto da Ansiedade em Pacientes Referendados ao Ecocardiograma Transesofágico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8858-5421</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>João Afonso Astolfi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-0146-7496</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Eng</surname>
						<given-names>Amanda de Vasconcelos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-0725-0761</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lira</surname>
						<given-names>Edgar</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>realização de ecocardiografia transesofágica</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7507-6338</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fischer</surname>
						<given-names>Claudio Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>realização de ecocardiografia transesofágica</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-5580-7700</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Monaco</surname>
						<given-names>Claudia Gianini</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>realização de ecocardiografia transesofágica</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0219-944X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Alessandra Joslin</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>realização de ecocardiografia transesofágica</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-1813-060X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Rodrigues da Camara</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>realização de ecocardiografia transesofágica</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4561-5717</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vieira</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>realização de ecocardiografia transesofágica</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1321-9752</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Morhy</surname>
						<given-names>Samira Saady</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>realização de ecocardiografia transesofágica</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4500-5270</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>realização de ecocardiografia transesofágica</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência</label>: João Afonso Astolfi Martins • Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Avenida Albert Einstein, 627. CEP: 05652-900. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: astolfimartins@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p> Maria Otto</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
					<p> Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p> A ansiedade é um fator importante para experiência do paciente durante procedimentos médicos. O ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) é um exame que necessita sedação, podendo exacerbar a ansiedade e influenciar sua prática.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Verificar variáveis que influenciam o grau de ansiedade experienciado por pacientes submetidos ao ETE e sua correlação com a sedação.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Metodologia</title>
					<p> Avaliamos pacientes encaminhados para ETE, de ambos os sexos e idade &gt; 18 anos. Foi administrado um questionário de ansiedade (nenhuma, leve, moderada e alta) e coletados dados demográficos, clínicos e fisiológicos. Para efeito de comparação, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: sem ansiedade/ansiedade leve e ansiedade moderada/severa.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Estudamos 63 pacientes, 41 (66%) do sexo masculino, a maioria brancos (87,3%), com idade de 52,5 ± 14,7 anos. Somente 35% dos pacientes apresentavam comorbidades, sendo a mais frequente hipertensão arterial (63,6%), e 70% dos pacientes realizavam o ETE pela primeira vez. A principal indicação para sua realização foi valvopatia (30%). A maior parte dos pacientes (62%) apresentava algum grau de ansiedade: 25 (40%) apresentavam ansiedade leve, 10 (16%) moderada e 4 (6%) de alto grau. Pacientes com ansiedade moderada/severa (p = 0,03) e pacientes mais jovens (p = 0,001) necessitaram maior dose de midazolam para sedação.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> A ansiedade em pacientes referendados para ETE é comum e parece ser menos influenciada por variáveis clínicas. Porém, concluiu-se que pacientes mais ansiosos e mais jovens necessitam de maior quantidade de sedação.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Ecocardiograma</kwd>
				<kwd>Ansiedade</kwd>
				<kwd>Sedação Consciente</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Impacto da Ansiedade em Pacientes Referendados ao Ecocardiograma Transesofágico</title>
							<p>ETE: ecocardiograma transesofágico.</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312x-abcimg-38-2-e20250005-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) é uma ferramenta de ampla utilização na área da cardiologia; em função da proximidade anatômica entre o coração e o esôfago, ele permite a avaliação de alterações cardíacas funcionais e/ou estruturais com elevada acurácia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> tais como valvopatias, trombos e massas, aortopatias, entre outras doenças.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O exame é considerado semi-invasivo, pois requer a introdução de uma sonda esofágica; para proporcionar conforto ao paciente, é realizada sedação leve ou moderada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> geralmente com uso de benzodiazepínicos (midazolam) em combinação com um opioide (fentanil). É importante ressaltar que o exame não é isento de riscos, sendo estes muitas vezes associados à própria sedação. As complicações mais comuns incluem a hipoventilação, a hipoxemia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e hipotensão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, alguns fatores associados ao paciente ou ao exame poderiam contribuir para a aumentar o grau de ansiedade relacionado a procedimentos médicos; etnias não brancas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> sexo feminino<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e histórico de doenças crônicas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> têm sido relacionados ao desenvolvimento de ansiedade na população geral. Maior grau de ansiedade também tem sido relacionado à duração prolongada de procedimentos médicos e eventual utilização de maior dose de sedativos;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> seria importante, portanto, definir fatores que pudessem influenciar o grau de ansiedade relacionado ao ETE e seu impacto sobre a sedação, para assim otimizar a condução do paciente durante este exame.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Objetivos</title>
				<p>Os objetivos deste estudo são: verificar a prevalência de ansiedade relacionada ao ETE, avaliar os fatores relacionados ao exame e/ou ao paciente que poderiam influenciar no grau de ansiedade experienciado pelos pacientes e checar se a quantidade de anestésico administrada durante o procedimento poderia se correlacionar com o grau de ansiedade e/ou outras variáveis clínicas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Metodologia</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Pacientes</title>
					<p>Foram avaliados prospectivamente pacientes com idade maior que 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, referendados para ETE ambulatorialmente ou pacientes internados em um hospital terciário na Zona Sul da cidade de São Paulo. Foram incluídos somente aqueles que forneceram consentimento informado por escrito via Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
					<p>Em relação aos critérios de exclusão, foram excluídos pacientes com contraindicação para realização do ETE, pacientes com cognição diminuída e pacientes que necessitavam sedação com acompanhamento do anestesiologista.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>ETE e sedação</title>
					<p>Após o exame transtorácico de rotina, era realizado o ETE da maneira habitual, com a sedação prescrita e sob orientação do médico cardiologista ecocardiografista responsável pela realização do exame. Após a anestesia orofaríngea com lidocaína spray, com o paciente em decúbito lateral esquerdo, era realizada a sedação com fentanil endovenosa (50 ou 100 mcg), seguida de midazolam em dose iniciais de 1 a 2 mg endovenosa, com doses adicionais de 1 mg sendo administradas para sedação consciente. Se necessário, doses adicionais de midazolam poderiam ser administradas para a continuidade do exame.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Questionário de ansiedade</title>
					<p>Um miniquestionário para avaliação do grau de ansiedade, adaptado de Cao,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> consistindo em uma escala visual simples de autoavaliação, era utilizado para analisar o nível de ansiedade de cada participante do estudo. O paciente assinava, entre desenhos faciais mostrando diferentes graus de ansiedade, aquele que descrevia o estado de ansiedade no momento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>). Para fins comparativos, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo um com pacientes sem ansiedade/ansiedade leve, e o outro com moderado/alto grau de ansiedade.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Questionário de ansiedade</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312x-abcimg-38-2-e20250005-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Variáveis clínicas</title>
					<p>Dados como pressão arterial, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e oximetria foram anotados, bem como a presença de comorbidades (diabetes, hipertensão, doenças cardiovasculares e outras), uso de ansiolíticos de rotina e a indicação do exame.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>As variáveis foram descritas a partir das frequências absolutas e relativas, médias e desvios padrão ou medianas e quartis. As comparações das características dos pacientes com o nível de ansiedade foram realizadas a partir de testes t de Student ou testes de Mann-Whitney para variáveis quantitativas, de acordo com a sua distribuição, e pelos testes qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher para variáveis qualitativas. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para correlacionar as variáveis com a dose de sedativo, usamos a correlação de Pearson ou Spearman, conforme apropriado. As análises foram realizadas utilizando o software estatístico SPSS, versão 26.0. Os dados do estudo foram inseridos em plataforma de armazenamento de dados dedicada à pesquisa REDCap para análise posterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Este trabalho faz parte de um estudo direcionado para avaliar a musicoterapia como medida adjunta à sedação em pacientes referendados ao ETE. O estudo foi aprovado pela comissão de ética em pesquisa do serviço.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Foram avaliados 65 pacientes, sendo 2 deles excluídos (um por recusa em participar, outro por contraindicação ao ETE), restando 63 pacientes que preencheram os critérios de inclusão e assinaram o TCLE. A maior parte dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (65%), com idade média de 52 ± 14 anos e majoritariamente brancos (87%). A maioria dos pacientes apresentava grau de escolaridade completo (95%). Em relação à procedência dos pacientes, somente 11 estavam internados no momento do exame, enquanto o restante realizava o exame ambulatorialmente. Comorbidades não foram frequentes (35% dos pacientes), sendo a mais frequente a hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Para 66% dos pacientes, foi a primeira vez que o exame era realizado. Em 24%, era a segunda vez e somente 10% haviam realizado mais de 2 exames. Entre as indicações, valvopatia foi a mais frequente (30%), seguida de acidente vascular cerebral (20%), arritmias (13%) e suspeita de endocardite (9,5%). Outras indicações menos frequentes foram investigação de forame oval patente, massas cardíacas e avaliação da aorta. Quando perguntados, quase a totalidade dos pacientes (95%) confirmou ter recebido instruções detalhadas sobre o exame, inclusive sobre as complicações. Nenhum paciente dos que haviam realizado exame anteriormente referiu experiência prévia negativa com ETE, e somente 11% usavam ansiolítico de rotina. As características dos pacientes estão expostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Caracterização dos pacientes referendados ao ETE (n = 63)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Característica</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal"> Média ± desvio padrão ou n (%) </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade (anos)</td>
									<td align="center">52,5 ± 14,8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Peso (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">77,8 ± 15,3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Altura (cm)</td>
									<td align="center">172,2 ± 8,9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Índice de massa corpórea (kg/m2)</td>
									<td align="center">26,1 ± 3,9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sexo masculino</td>
									<td align="center">41 (65)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Etnia Branca</td>
									<td align="center">55 (87,3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Etnia Parda</td>
									<td align="center">8 (12,7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Grau de escolaridade - completo</td>
									<td align="center">58 (92)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Paciente internado</td>
									<td align="center">11 (17,5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Paciente ambulatorial</td>
									<td align="center">52 (82,5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sem comorbidades</td>
									<td align="center">41 (65)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hipertensão arterial sistêmica</td>
									<td align="center">14 (22,2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Obesidade</td>
									<td align="center">6 (9,5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
									<td align="center">1 (1,5)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Grau de ansiedade e influência das variáveis relacionadas ao paciente</title>
					<p>Em relação ao grau de ansiedade, a maior parte dos pacientes (62%) encontrava-se ansiosa pré-procedimento, sendo que destes 40% apresentava ansiedade leve, 16% moderada e 6% elevado grau de ansiedade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>). Não observamos correlação entre variáveis demográficas (sexo, idade e etnia), grau de escolaridade, indicação do exame, uso de ansiolítico de rotina ou procedência do paciente com a presença de ansiedade antes do ETE.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Grau de ansiedade em pacientes referendados para ETE (n = 63)</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312x-abcimg-38-2-e20250005-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Comparação entre a dose de sedativo utilizada, o grau de ansiedade e as variáveis relacionadas ao exame</title>
					<p>A dose média de fentanil foi 55,5 ± 17,6 mcg. A dose média inicial de midazolam foi de 4,8 ± 2,2 mg e a de midazolam adicional foi de 1,32 ± 1,6 mg. As doses de midazolam necessárias para sedação foram semelhantes para homens e mulheres. Também não se observou diferença entre a dose de midazolam e o grau de escolaridade ou etnia. Por outro lado, pacientes portadores de comorbidades necessitaram de menores doses de midazolam para sedação (p = 0,04), enquanto pacientes ambulatoriais necessitaram de maiores doses deste sedativo quando comparados a pacientes internados (p = 0,01). Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref> apresentamos estes resultados.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Comparação das características dos pacientes com a dose de midazolam</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312x-abcimg-38-2-e20250005-gf04-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Em relação à dose utilizada de sedativo, ao compararmos os subgrupos de pacientes sem ansiedade/ansiedade leve com pacientes com ansiedade moderada/elevada, observou-se diferença significativa somente para a dose adicional de midazolam necessária para sedação (p = 0,03). Pacientes com graus de ansiedade moderado/elevado utilizaram maior quantidade adicional de midazolam (2 mg [2 a 3 mg]) em relação àqueles com ansiedade leve/sem ansiedade (1,5 mg [1 a 2 mg]), como representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>. Não houve diferença entre o grau de ansiedade e variáveis como orientações recebidas, a indicação do exame, uso de ansiolítico de rotina ou o número de exames transesofágicos realizados previamente. Somente 2 pacientes necessitaram anestesia para completar o procedimento, não havendo, portanto, diferença entre os grupos para esta variável.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Correlação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e a dose de anestésico administrada</title>
					<p>As variáveis que apresentaram correlação significativa com a dose total de midazolam foram a idade, com correlação moderada negativa (r = −0,41, p = 0,001), a oximetria, com correlação positiva moderada (r = 0,39) e a frequência respiratória, com correlação negativa discreta (r = −0,28). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os dados descritos.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Correlação entre características dos pacientes e dose total de midazolam (n = 63)</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Variável</th>
										<th>r</th>
										<th>p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Idade (anos)</td>
										<td align="center">−0,41</td>
										<td align="center">0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Peso (kg)</td>
										<td align="center">−0,009</td>
										<td align="center">0,942</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Altura (cm)</td>
										<td align="center">−0,20</td>
										<td align="center">0,114</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>IMC (kg/m2)</td>
										<td align="center">−0,15</td>
										<td align="center">0,223</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Pressão arterial sistólica (mmHg)</td>
										<td align="center">−0,07</td>
										<td align="center">0,574</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Pressão arterial diastólica (mmHg)</td>
										<td align="center">0,11</td>
										<td align="center">0,356</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Frequência cardíaca (bpm)</td>
										<td align="center">0,06</td>
										<td align="center">0,592</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Frequência respiratória (ipm)</td>
										<td align="center">−0,28</td>
										<td align="center">0,026</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Oximetria (%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,39</td>
										<td align="center">0,001</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>IMC: índice de massa corpórea.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O ETE é uma ferramenta muito usada na área da cardiologia; trata-se de uma técnica semi-invasiva, já que requer a introdução de uma sonda esofágica. Para proporcionar conforto ao paciente, é frequentemente acompanhada de sedação leve ou moderada, geralmente com uso de benzodiazepínicos (midazolam) em combinação com um opioide (fentanil). O ETE não é isento de riscos, muitas vezes associados à própria sedação, sendo as complicações mais comuns hipoventilação, hipoxemia e hipotensão. Sabe-se que a ansiedade experienciada pelo paciente é um fator determinante para dificuldades adicionais na realização de procedimentos, exigindo da equipe maiores habilidades de manejo e maior tempo para execução do procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ademais, além das dificuldades técnicas resultantes, a ansiedade poderia contribuir para uma experiência negativa do paciente durante o procedimento. A qualidade do exame está também diretamente relacionada à qualidade da sedação realizada. Nesse sentido, quando avaliamos a relação entre fatores relacionados ao exame/paciente e o grau de ansiedade referido, observamos que a dose necessária para sedação foi maior para pacientes de origem ambulatorial quando em comparação com pacientes internados. Uma possível explicação seria a exposição ao meio hospitalar, estranho ao paciente, trazendo maior ansiedade, enquanto pacientes internados, além de já estarem previamente expostos ao ambiente, muitas vezes estão em uso de medicações sedativas. Notamos ainda que pacientes com comorbidades necessitam de doses menores de sedação quando comparados com pacientes sem comorbidades. Em pacientes referendados para procedimentos endoscópicos, foi observado que aqueles com maior classificação da Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologistas (ASA) para risco cirúrgico em anestesia necessitam de menor quantidade de sedação. Como o grau ASA aumenta conforme o número de comorbidades apresentado, isso poderia explicar a correlação com as comorbidades encontrada em nosso estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Sabemos que etnias não brancas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> sexo feminino e histórico de doenças crônicas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> são fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de ansiedade. No entanto, neste estudo, não observamos correlação entre ansiedade e essas variáveis. Uma das possíveis explicações para a ausência de correlação é que a ansiedade no contexto social apresenta diferentes fatores de risco em comparação à ansiedade relacionada a um exame médico, como no caso do ETE. Além disso, outros autores, ao estudarem pacientes referendados a procedimentos endoscópicos (que se assemelham ao ETE), também não mostraram a correlação do sexo com ansiedade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No que tange à correlação entre as variáveis e as doses de sedativos, observamos que a idade apresentou coeficiente de correlação negativo, ou seja, quanto mais jovem, maior a dose de midazolam necessária para sedação, achado este já reportado na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Além disso, sabe-se que idosos apresentam maior sensibilidade ao uso de drogas devido a alterações farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas decorrentes da idade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e, consequentemente, maiores efeitos adversos com o uso da sedação. Desta forma, como a sensibilidade do idoso é maior, já era esperado que o médico responsável pela sedação fosse mais cauteloso, administrando menor dose de sedativo.</p>
				<p>Por fim, em relação à ansiedade e dose de anestésicos administrada, observamos que a dose adicional de midazolam foi maior em pacientes com graus de ansiedade moderado/alto (p = 0,033). Embora alguns autores tenham relatado ausência de correlação entre o grau de ansiedade pré-procedimento e a dose de sedativo utilizada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> semelhante aos nossos achados, outros estudos mostraram que a dose de anestésico necessária para a realização do procedimento pode aumentar de acordo com o grau de ansiedade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Uma possível explicação seria uma maior ativação do neuroeixo pela liberação aumentada de hormônio adrenocorticotrófico e corticoides em pacientes ansiosos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> necessitando assim doses maiores de anestésico para atingir o mesmo grau de sedação que pacientes não ansiosos, para o mesmo procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações</title>
					<p>A principal limitação inerente ao estudo deve ser apontada: a amostra estudada é pequena, restringindo a possível influência de alguns fatores, como sexo ou etnia, sobre o grau de ansiedade apresentado. No entanto, conseguimos identificar outros fatores que foram significativamente relacionados ao grau de ansiedade, mesmo com a amostra estudada.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A ansiedade é um sintoma frequente em pacientes referendados para o ETE. Como fruto deste estudo, entende-se que pacientes mais ansiosos e mais jovens necessitam de maior quantidade de sedação para realização do procedimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Este artigo é parte de uma tese de conclusão de curso de João Afonso Astolfi Martins pela Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado:</label>
					<p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein sob o número de protocolo 64738222.7.0000.0071. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial:</label>
					<p> Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
					<label>Disponibilidade de Dados de Pesquisa e outros Materiais :</label>
					<p> Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>