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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230111i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230111i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>A Bridging Vein Connecting Left Atrium and Coronary Sinus: Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Findings</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0328-8647</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Şahin</surname>
						<given-names>Sercan</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3571-7469</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Özbülbül</surname>
						<given-names>Nilgün Işıksalan</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Ankara Bilkent City Hospital</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Radiology</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="TR">Turkey</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Department of Radiology, Cankaya, Ankara – Turkey</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Sercan Şahin</bold> • Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Radiology. Üniversiteler Mahallesi, 1604. Cadde No: 9. Postal code: <postal-code>06800</postal-code>. Cankaya, Ankara – Turkey. E-mail: <email>sercansahinmd@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>37</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230111</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Coronary Sinus</kwd>
				<kwd>Computed Tomography Angiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Until recent years, coronary venous system imaging was overshadowed by coronary artery imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, in recent times, the significance of coronary venous system imaging has risen markedly, particularly due to its pivotal role in diverse interventional cardiology procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> These interventions encompass a spectrum of tasks, including left ventricular pacing, mapping and ablation of arrhythmias, and retrograde cardioplegia. These procedures are facilitated by utilizing the potential of the coronary sinus (CS). As a result, comprehending the anatomy and anomalies of the CS holds paramount importance, and coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography has proven invaluable for achieving this objective.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In this case report, we present an extraordinary cardiac venous anomaly: a bridging vein connecting the left atrium to the CS with non-specific chest pain. We believe that this case serves as an illustrative example for understanding rarely observed cardiac venous vascular anomalies, while also making a valuable contribution to the existing literature through the utilization of clear and direct coronary CT angiography images.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case presentation</title>
			<p>A 55-year-old male presented to the cardiology department with non-specific chest pain. He had a medical history of hypertension for 9 years and type 2 diabetes mellitus for 6 years. His biochemical test results were within normal limits, and the chest X-ray revealed no abnormalities. The electrocardiogram showed a slow R-wave progression in the precordial leads from V1 to V3. Transthoracic echocardiography indicated normal left ventricular function with an ejection fraction of 62%. Due to his family history of cardiac ischemic disease and non-specific chest pain, he was referred for coronary CT angiography to assess the coronary arteries.</p>
			<p>For coronary CT angiography, a 256-slice General Electric Revolution<sup>TM</sup> CT scanner was utilized. Non-obstructive atherosclerotic calcified plaques were identified in the middle segment of the left anterior descending artery and the proximal segment of the circumflex artery. Additionally, enlargement of the CS was observed, with a diameter reaching 12 mm before its opening into the right atrium. A bridging vein, measuring 2.5 mm in diameter, was identified connecting the left atrium to the enlarged CS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>).</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Coronary computed tomography angiography. Four chamber views (A, B) and sagittal view (C) showing a bridging vein with a 2.5 mm diameter (arrow) connecting the left atrium and coronary sinus. LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230111-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Coronary computed tomography angiography. Volume-rendered image depicting an enlarged coronary sinus (opaque arrow) with a 12 mm diameter, connected to the left atrium via a bridging vein (transparent arrow). LA: left atrium.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230111-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>The CS is the central venous structure of the heart, and it provides most of its venous return. Positioned within the left atrioventricular groove, the CS opens into the right atrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Left ventricular pacing, mapping and ablation of arrhythmias, and retrograde cardioplegia procedures are facilitated through the use of the CS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> For this reason, it is crucial to understand its anatomy, variations, and anomalies. In 1966, Mantini et al. classified CS anomalies into the following 4 groups:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<list list-type="roman-upper">
				<list-item>
					<p>Enlargement of the CS</p>
					<list list-type="alpha-upper">
						<list-item>
							<p>Without left-to-right shunt into the CS</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>With left-to-right shunt into the CS</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Absence of CS</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Atresia of the right atrial CS ostium</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Hypoplasia of the CS</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p>In our patient, we identified a bridging vein connecting the CS and the left atrium, which was consistent with the subtype B enlargement of the CS.</p>
			<p>Anomalies of the CS are receiving increasing attention due to their relevance in interventional cardiac procedures and their connection to other congenital heart abnormalities,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> despite the fact that many of these anomalies are clinically insignificant, as observed in our patient. In symptomatic patients, the clinical manifestation will differ based on the occurrence of arrhythmia and the extent and direction of shunting. If there is no increased pressure in the right heart or stenosis at the CS ostium, blood will primarily move from the left atrium through the CS into the right atrium. This forms a left-to-right shunt, as observed in our case during coronary CT angiography. When right-sided pressure increases due to conditions such as right-sided valve issues and pulmonary hypertension, there is a possibility for the direction of the shunt to be reversed. Even after isolating the pulmonary veins, atrial fibrillation can continue, potentially indicating that the arrhythmia's origin might be attributed to the suspected interaction between the CS and the left atrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Coronary CT angiography has emerged as a highly effective option for visualizing cardiac vasculature, particularly owing to recent advancements in spatial, temporal, and contrast resolution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In the context of CS anomalies, these can be successfully detected during the delayed phase of coronary CT angiography, as was observed in our patient's case. Cardiac MRI stands as an additional non-invasive technique for diagnosing cardiac anomalies, without the need for contrast agents or exposure to ionizing radiation. Furthermore, both transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography serve as valuable tools to identify enlarged CS; however, they are operator-dependent and are limited in their ability to provide intricate details of the cardiac venous vasculature. While an alternative option for imaging the CS involves a CS venogram, its utilization is hindered by its invasive nature and challenges in execution, particularly when dealing with the presence of Thebesian valve at the CS ostium. Consequently, this method has found more application for therapeutic rather than diagnostic purposes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>An unroofed CS refers to a communication between the CS and the left atrium, arising from the partial or complete absence of the roof of the CS, and this condition is typically accompanied by other cardiac anomalies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Differentiating between a CS-to-left atrium shunt via a bridging vein and an unroofed CS is mainly accomplished through coronary CT angiography and cardiac MRI. The latter distinction is significant as unroofed CS cases usually require surgical intervention.</p>
			<p>In conclusion, many patients with CS anomalies are typically asymptomatic and may not require intervention, similar to our patient's case. As previously mentioned, awareness of CS anomalies holds significant importance in various interventional cardiac procedures, such as electrophysiological studies and ablation for arrhythmias, ventricular pacing, and the management of high-flow shunting in coronary bypass graft surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230111</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Uma Veia em Ponte Conectando o Átrio Esquerdo e o Seio Coronário: Resultados da Angiotomografia Computadorizada de Coronárias</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0328-8647</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Şahin</surname>
						<given-names>Sercan</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3571-7469</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Özbülbül</surname>
						<given-names>Nilgün Işıksalan</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="TR">Turquia</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Department of Radiology, Cankaya, Ankara – Turquia</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Sercan Şahin</bold> • Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Radiology. Üniversiteler Mahallesi, 1604. Cadde No: 9. CEP: <postal-code>06800</postal-code>. Cankaya, Ankara – Turquia. E-mail: <email>sercansahinmd@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Seio Coronário</kwd>
				<kwd>Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
				<kwd>Átrios do Coração</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Até anos recentes, a imagem do sistema venoso coronário era ofuscada pela imagem das artérias coronárias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, nos últimos tempos, a importância da imagem do sistema venoso coronário aumentou acentuadamente, particularmente devido ao seu papel fundamental em diversos procedimentos de cardiologia intervencionista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Essas intervenções abrangem uma vasta gama de tarefas, incluindo estimulação ventricular esquerda, mapeamento e ablação de arritmias e cardioplegia retrógrada. Esses procedimentos são facilitados pela utilização do potencial do seio coronário (SC). Como resultado, compreender a anatomia e as anomalias do SC é de suma importância, e a angiotomografia computadorizada de coronárias (ATCC) tem se mostrado valiosa para atingir esse objetivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No presente relato de caso, apresentamos uma anomalia venosa cardíaca extraordinária: uma veia em ponte que conectava o átrio esquerdo ao SC com dor torácica inespecífica. Acreditamos que este caso serve como um exemplo ilustrativo para a compreensão de anomalias vasculares venosas raramente observadas, ao mesmo tempo que dá uma contribuição valiosa para a literatura existente por meio da utilização de imagens claras e diretas de ATCC.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Apresentação do caso</title>
				<p>Paciente masculino de 55 anos apresentou-se ao departamento de cardiologia com dor torácica inespecífica. Ele tinha histórico de hipertensão há 9 anos e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 há 6 anos. Os resultados dos exames bioquímicos estavam dentro dos limites normais e a radiografia de tórax não revelou anormalidades. O eletrocardiograma mostrou uma progressão lenta da onda R nas derivações precordiais de V1 a V3. A ecocardiografia transtorácica indicou função ventricular esquerda normal com fração de ejeção de 62%. Devido ao histórico familiar de doença isquêmica do coração e dor torácica inespecífica, foi encaminhado para ATCC para avaliação das artérias coronárias.</p>
				<p>Para ATCC, foi utilizado um tomógrafo General Electric Revolution<sup>TM</sup> de 256 cortes. Foram identificadas placas ateroscleróticas calcificadas não obstrutivas no segmento médio da artéria descendente anterior esquerda e no segmento proximal da artéria circunflexa. Também foi observado aumento do SC, com diâmetro atingindo 12 mm antes de sua abertura para o átrio direito. Foi identificada uma veia em ponte, medindo 2,5 mm de diâmetro, conectando o átrio esquerdo ao SC aumentado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>ATCCs. Cortes de quatro câmaras (A, B) e corte sagital (C) mostrando uma veia em ponte com 2,5 mm de diâmetro (seta) conectando o átrio esquerdo e o SC. AD: átrio direito; AE: átrio esquerdo.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230111-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>ATCCs. Imagem renderizada em volume representando o SC aumentado (seta opaca) com 12 mm de diâmetro, conectado ao átrio esquerdo por meio de uma veia em ponte (seta transparente). AE: átrio esquerdo.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230111-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O SC é a estrutura venosa central do coração e fornece a maior parte do seu retorno venoso. Posicionado dentro do sulco atrioventricular esquerdo, o SC se abre para o átrio direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os procedimentos de estimulação ventricular esquerda, de mapeamento e ablação de arritmias e de cardioplegia retrógrada são facilitados pelo uso do SC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Por esse motivo, é crucial compreender sua anatomia, variações e anomalias. Em 1966, Mantini et al. classificaram as anomalias do SC nos seguintes 4 grupos:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<list list-type="roman-upper">
					<list-item>
						<p>Aumento do SC</p>
						<list list-type="alpha-upper">
							<list-item>
								<p>Sem shunt da esquerda para a direita no SC</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Com shunt da esquerda para a direita no SC</p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Ausência de SC</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Atresia do óstio atrial direito do SC</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Hipoplasia do SC</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>Em nosso paciente, identificamos uma veia em ponte conectando o SC e o átrio esquerdo, o que era consistente com o aumento do SC, subtipo B.</p>
				<p>As anomalias do SC estão recebendo cada vez mais atenção devido à sua relevância em procedimentos cardíacos intervencionistas e à sua associação com outras anomalias cardíacas congênitas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> apesar de muitas dessas anomalias serem clinicamente insignificantes, como observado em nosso paciente. Em pacientes sintomáticos, a manifestação clínica diferirá com base na ocorrência de arritmia e na extensão e direção do shunt. Se não houver aumento de pressão no coração direito ou estenose no óstio do SC, o sangue se moverá principalmente do átrio esquerdo para o átrio direito através do SC. Isso forma um shunt da esquerda para a direita, como observado em nosso caso durante a ATCC. Quando a pressão do lado direito aumenta devido a condições como comprometimento das válvulas do lado direito e hipertensão pulmonar, existe a possibilidade de a direção do shunt ser invertida. Mesmo após o isolamento das veias pulmonares, a fibrilação atrial pode continuar, indicando potencialmente que a origem da arritmia pode ser atribuída à suspeita de interação entre o SC e o átrio esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A ATCC surgiu como uma opção altamente eficaz para visualizar a vasculatura cardíaca, particularmente devido aos recentes avanços na resolução espacial, temporal e de contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No contexto das anomalias do CS, podem ser detectadas com sucesso durante a fase tardia da ATCC, como foi observado no caso do nosso paciente. A ressonância magnética cardíaca se destaca como uma técnica adicional não invasiva para o diagnóstico de anomalias cardíacas, sem a necessidade de agentes de contraste ou exposição à radiação ionizante. Além disso, tanto a ecocardiografia transtorácica quanto a transesofágica servem como ferramentas valiosas para identificar o aumento do SC; no entanto, são operador-dependentes e limitadas em sua capacidade de fornecer detalhes complexos da vasculatura venosa cardíaca. Embora uma opção alternativa para a imagem do SC envolva o venograma do SC, sua utilização é dificultada por sua natureza invasiva e pelos desafios na execução, principalmente quando se trata da presença da válvula do SC no óstio do SC. Consequentemente, esse método tem encontrado mais aplicação para fins terapêuticos do que para fins diagnósticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O SC sem teto refere-se a uma comunicação entre o SC e o átrio esquerdo, decorrente da ausência parcial ou completa do teto do SC, condição tipicamente acompanhada por outras anomalias cardíacas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A diferenciação entre um shunt do SC para o átrio esquerdo através de uma veia em ponte e um CS sem teto é principalmente realizado por meio de ATCC e ressonância magnética cardíaca. Essa última distinção é significativa, pois os casos de SC sem teto geralmente requerem intervenção cirúrgica.</p>
				<p>Em conclusão, muitos pacientes com anomalias do SC são tipicamente assintomáticos e podem não necessitar de intervenção, semelhante ao caso do nosso paciente. Como mencionado anteriormente, o conhecimento das anomalias do SC possui importância significativa em vários procedimentos cardíacos intervencionistas, como estudos eletrofisiológicos e ablação de arritmias, estimulação ventricular e manejo de shunt de alto fluxo em cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>