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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230110i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230110i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Brief Communication</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Correlation of Telemedicine-guided POCUS Echocardiography and In Situ Data: Pilot Study in a Remote Area in Brazil</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0892-3067</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rompkoski</surname>
						<given-names>Juliane</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8023-3466</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Accorsi</surname>
						<given-names>Tarso Augusto Duenhas</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7145-2675</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Amaral</surname>
						<given-names>Bruna Dayanne Reges</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3206-619X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Christian Barbosa de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6574-3866</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moreira</surname>
						<given-names>Flavio Tocci</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8348-4623</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Kohler</surname>
						<given-names>Karen Francine</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9936-2436</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Karine De Amicis</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1789-1738</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Morbeck</surname>
						<given-names>Renata Albaladejo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0634-7086</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pedrotti</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Henrique Sartorato</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>study supervision</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Unidade Básica de Saúde de Almeirim</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Sistema de Saúde Governamental</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Almeirim</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Sistema de Saúde Governamental, Unidade Básica de Saúde de Almeirim, Almeirim, PA – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Juliane Rompkoski</bold> • Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein – Telemedicina. Av. Albert Einstein, 627, Bloco B, 2° andar. Secretaria da Unidade de Telemedicina São Paulo. Postal code: <postal-code>05652-900</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brazil. E-mail: <email>jurompkoski@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>37</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230110</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of mortality in Brazil. Nevertheless, a significant portion of the Brazilian population still faces challenges in accessing specialized care and undergoing complementary exams, especially in remote areas. Currently, data transmission and remote specialized assessment are possible, but obtaining echocardiographic images still relies on a trained professional on-site. This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility of Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) tele-echocardiography administered by a general physician with specialist guidance to improve accessibility to cardiovascular exams. Ten patients (mean age was 58.6+8 years, 50% female) from the North region participated, undergoing remote-guided tests using Philips Lumify™ ultrasound and Facetime for transmission. These patients had recent official echocardiographic exams. As part of the POCUS examination, seven echocardiographic views were obtained — parasternal long axis, parasternal short axis (PSAX), apical four chambers (A4C), apical five chambers (A5C), apical two chambers (A2C), subcostal (SC), and suprasternal (SSN). The procedure included linear measurements of cardiac chambers, and valve analysis was performed using color flow. The on-site examinations were carried out by a general physician who underwent brief training prior to the official exams. Despite encountering technical challenges, the study demonstrated the viability of acquiring echocardiographic images. Overall agreement in examination results was observed, except for left ventricular segmental contractility in two cases and the systolic diameter of the left ventricle. The approach, though performed by untrained professionals, showed promise in screening cardiovascular diseases in remote locations, focusing on ventricular function and valvular diseases. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to improve the quality of this process.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Telemedicine</kwd>
				<kwd>Ultrasonography</kwd>
				<kwd>Telediagnostics</kwd>
				<kwd>Telecardiology</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Performing echocardiography is a challenging task in areas that are remote and have a low human development index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although data transmission is currently available and there is ample evidence of remote specialized evaluation, it depends on a professional trained <italic>in loco</italic> to obtain the echocardiographic views.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The use of artificial intelligence is still in the development stage and requires more scientific evidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In recent years, tele-echocardiography has expanded all over the world, involving experimental studies with non-cardiologist physicians, non-physicians, and even remotely operated robotic devices, combined with remote interpretation by cardiologist echocardiographers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Handheld imaging platforms and remote interpretation have introduced these developments to the realm of echocardiography. The increasing accessibility of mobile computers and handheld imaging devices opens up new avenues for delivering and optimizing cardiovascular healthcare.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Various types of handheld ultrasounds with differing capabilities are available; a laptop-based system covers almost every 2D echocardiographic application, whereas a pocket-size ultrasound may not have full-scale color-flow and spectral Doppler capabilities. POCUS has demonstrated good accuracy. For instance, in a study by Abe et al., which involved 130 patients with aortic stenosis, pocket ultrasound successfully differentiated moderate-to-severe aortic stenosis with a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 90%, even without quantitative Doppler information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In Brazil, there is an ongoing program for screening congenital heart diseases in the northeastern region of the country, where telemedicine and tele-echocardiography are utilized for early diagnosis and patient monitoring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>While tele-echocardiography has proven useful in detecting cardiac abnormalities, it still lacks robust evidence, particularly concerning image quality compared to traditional echocardiography. Furthermore, its implementation in remote areas necessitates discussions on digital infrastructure, cost-effectiveness, regulation, and legal challenges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The feasibility of untrained medical professionals obtaining POCUS echocardiography data using a handheld device, guided synchronously by a mobile device under the supervision of an echocardiographer, is still under investigation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>This pilot study aims to assess the feasibility and correlation of echocardiography data obtained in person versus those guided by telemedicine, conducted by untrained general practitioners using simple devices.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materials and methods</title>
			<p>This pilot prospective unicentric study analyzed ten consecutive patients in the North Region of Brazil who were part of the specialized medical assistance program through the telemedicine health system development program (PROADI, in the Portuguese acronym) by the Ministry of Health, Brazil. The study was performed at Almeirim in Pará, Brazil, a remote city that could be reached mainly through water transport, which comprised the Telemedicine Center and an echocardiographer.</p>
			<p>The inclusion criteria for the participants comprised age ≥ 18 years old, returning for the medical telemedicine appointment and bringing an echocardiography performed <italic>in loco</italic>. The exclusion criteria were incomplete echocardiographic data. <italic>In situ</italic> echocardiograms were performed by different echocardiographers.</p>
			<p>Data collection took place from June to July 2023. This study was approved by the local institutional review board under the registration of the name TeleECO. All data can be accessed from the institutional digital records.</p>
			<p>All remote-guided tests were performed using a portable Philips Lumify<sup>®</sup> ultrasound (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Seven echocardiographic views were defined to be performed on all patients: parasternal long axis (PLAX), PSAX, A4C, A5C, A2C, SC, and SSN.</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Portable Philips Lumify<sup>®</sup> ultrasound used to perform the exams.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230110-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>The professional who conducted the examinations locally is a general practitioner from the local basic health unit. Two pre-exam meetings were held to train the general practitioner, with each meeting including training on performing a complete examination.</p>
			<p>The exams were transmitted via the Facetime platform.</p>
			<p>It was a POCUS approach, so it was obtained linear measurements of cardiac chambers (septum, posterior wall, aortic root, ascending aorta, left atrium, systolic diameter of the left ventricle and diastolic diameter of the left ventricle) taken in the parasternal long axis view (APLAX), and measurements of the right ventricle were taken in the A4C view. Valve analysis was conducted using color flow, as the continuous Doppler function was not available on the portable device. Free tracing for the assessment of cardiac chamber volumes, such as the left atrium, and for determining ventricular function using the Simpson method was also not feasible.</p>
			<p>When there was left ventricular dysfunction, the ejection fraction was estimated by the echocardiography specialist who was guiding the examination remotely. The time taken to perform each exam was recorded. The IBM-SPSS for Windows version 22.0 software was used, and the statistics were descriptive.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>The first ten consecutive patients screened were included in the study. Seven patients with cardiovascular risk factors had in situ exams requested to investigate end-organ damage, two for risk stratification in patients with chronic coronary artery disease, and one for evaluating mitral biological prosthesis. The mean age of the patients was 58.6±8 years, and 50% were female.</p>
			<p>The mean time taken to perform the POCUS echocardiography exam was 23.1 minutes. All proposed cardiac seven views were obtained, some with window limitation due to patient biotype. We had imaging limitations in one patient with obesity in the SC and SSN windows. Guidance and image interpretation were feasible through mobile screen calls. The results of the main continuous variables for each patient are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>, and examples of images interpreted by the cell phone screen are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>. Regarding regional wall motion abnormalities, eight patients showed conformity between tests. In these two cases, remote evaluation identified segmental abnormalities that were not observed previously, but both patients underwent cardiac catheterization immediately after the virtual encounter, and the clinical context of the procedure may explain the disparity in results. Concerning valvular heart disease, there was agreement in nine exams (five with no regurgitation jets and four with mild mitral regurgitation jets). However, in one test, the remote assessment noted mild mitral regurgitation that had not been reported earlier.</p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Based on the analysis of the Bland-Altman plots obtained from linear measurements, it can be observed that, despite a difference in the mean of the measurements, most elements showed agreement between the measurements, remaining within the confidence interval. The exception was the systolic diameter of the left ventricle, where one measurement fell outside the interval.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230110-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="f3">
				<label>Figure 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Six basic echocardiography views analyzed remotely by cell phone screen. PLAX: parasternal long axis; PSAX: parasternal short axis; A4C: apical four chambers; SC: subcostal.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230110-gf03.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>The echocardiographs performed <italic>in situ</italic> were done four to twelve months prior to the remotely guided test. One of the patients had a biological mitral prosthesis, and its evaluation was limited due to the absence of continuous Doppler in the device. In general, the assessment of cardiac function through ejection fraction was reasonably equivalent between the tests.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Echocardiogram is a simple and non-invasive diagnostic test that is difficult to access in remote places, and the main factors that contribute to this are the availability of the device and a trained professional. Although specialized cardiological care provided virtually is possible, it is focused on clinical reasoning in teleconsultation, and the problem of carrying out complementary exams is still worrying.</p>
			<p>Tele-echocardiography is usually based on images obtained by non-medical professionals with an asynchronous echocardiographer interpretation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A Brazilian study with this methodology included more than 1,000 patients. It showed a high correlation for detecting cardiovascular alterations between the tests, but led to the overestimation of regurgitation jets, ventricular dysfunction, and ventricular hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Our study had an untrained general practitioner performing echocardiographic views with a portable device. All remote-guided tests were performed using a portable Philips Lumify<sup>®</sup> ultrasound. Seven echocardiographic views were defined to be performed on all patients: PLAX, PSAX, A4C, A5C, A2C, SC, and SSN. The professional who conducted the examinations locally is a general practitioner from the local basic health unit. Two pre-exam meetings were held to train the general practitioner, with each meeting including training on performing a complete examination.</p>
			<p>We faced some technical difficulties during the conduction of the guided test. The first pertains to the necessity of a third person who would be responsible for recording the real-time execution of the test for the specialist to guide hand movements and probe angulation to improve the quality of the acquired image. The second lies in the examination's guidance, particularly in the fine movements required to optimize the image quality. Despite these challenges, all patients obtained results that could be analyzed and compared to the official <italic>in situ</italic> echocardiogram.</p>
			<p>There were some discrepancies in the linear measurements obtained, especially in the dimensions of the systolic diameter of the left ventricle, besides the septum and posterior wall, which resulted in an overestimation of the hypertrophy and can be attributed to the examination executor's lack of experience.</p>
			<p>As the examinations progressed, the time required for their execution decreased. The mean time was 23 minutes, which is a feasible timeframe for integrating this examination into primary care services.</p>
			<p>Lastly, it's important to highlight that this pilot study presents certain limitations. The first relates to the portable Ultrasound device. While the promises of POCUS are substantial, one of the major concerns is standardizing the quality of scanning and interpretation, in addition to its limited capabilities in terms of image quality and applications like pulsed-wave Doppler. Due to its availability, POCUS can be more easily utilized than standard echocardiography, and the image quality and interpretation issues can be addressed by having a specialist during real-time exams.</p>
			<p>The second involves the inclusion of consecutive patients without any regular clinical follow-up. Furthermore, using different echocardiography devices to conduct the <italic>in-situ</italic> tests may lead to variations in the quality of the obtained images.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Timely telemedicine-guided echocardiography performed by a generalist professional appears to be feasible for screening cardiovascular diseases in remote locations, especially for the assessment of ventricular function and screening for valvular diseases. Future research must be done to address the quality development of this task.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Israelita Albert Enstein under the protocol number 63709222.0.000.0071/5.934.573. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgment</title>
			<p>We thank Mrs. Bárbara Costa Roim, clinical coordinator of the POCUS Program at Philips do Brazil, for her invaluable collaboration with the device used.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230110</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Comunicação Breve</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Correlação entre Ecocardiografia POCUS Guiada por Telemedicina e Dados In Situ: Estudo Piloto em uma Região Remota no Brasil</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0892-3067</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rompkoski</surname>
						<given-names>Juliane</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8023-3466</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Accorsi</surname>
						<given-names>Tarso Augusto Duenhas</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7145-2675</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Amaral</surname>
						<given-names>Bruna Dayanne Reges</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3206-619X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Christian Barbosa de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6574-3866</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moreira</surname>
						<given-names>Flavio Tocci</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8348-4623</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Kohler</surname>
						<given-names>Karen Francine</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9936-2436</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Karine De Amicis</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1789-1738</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Morbeck</surname>
						<given-names>Renata Albaladejo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0634-7086</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pedrotti</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Henrique Sartorato</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>supervisão do estudo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Almeirim</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Sistema de Saúde Governamental, Unidade Básica de Saúde de Almeirim, Almeirim, PA – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Juliane Rompkoski</bold> • Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein – Telemedicina. Av. Albert Einstein, 627, Bloco B, 2° andar. Secretaria da Unidade de Telemedicina São Paulo. CEP: <postal-code>05652-900</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brasil. E-mail: <email>jurompkoski@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>As doenças cardiovasculares continuam sendo a principal causa de mortalidade no Brasil. No entanto, uma parcela significativa da população ainda enfrenta dificuldades no acesso a cuidados especializados e na realização de exames complementares, especialmente em regiões mais remotas. Apesar da existência de transmissão de dados e avaliação remota especializada, a obtenção de imagens ecocardiográficas ainda depende da presença de um profissional treinado no local. Este estudo piloto teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade da tele-ecocardiografia por Ultrassom no &quot;Point of Care&quot; (local de atendimento), na sigla, em inglês, &quot;POCUS&quot;, administrada por um médico generalista com orientação especializada, visando melhorar a acessibilidade aos exames cardiovasculares. Participaram deste estudo dez pacientes (cuja média de idade era 56,6+8 anos, 50% pacientes do sexo feminino) da região Norte, submetendo-se a exames guiados remotamente utilizando o ultrassom Philips Lumify™ e a plataforma Facetime para transmissão. Esses pacientes já haviam realizado exames ecocardiográficos oficiais recentes. Durante o exame POCUS, foram obtidas sete incidências ecocardiográficas, incluindo eixo longo paraesternal, eixo curto paraesternal, apical de quatro câmaras (A4C), apical de cinco câmaras (A5C), apical de duas câmaras (A2C), subcostal (SC) e supraesternal (SSN). O procedimento incluiu medidas lineares das câmaras cardíacas, e a análise valvar foi realizada por meio de fluxometria colorida. Os exames presenciais foram conduzidos por um clínico geral que recebeu um treinamento breve antes dos exames oficiais. Apesar dos desafios técnicos, o estudo demonstrou a viabilidade da aquisição de imagens ecocardiográficas, com concordância geral nos resultados dos exames, exceto em dois casos relacionados à contratilidade segmentar e ao diâmetro sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo. A abordagem, mesmo conduzida por profissionais não especializados, mostrou-se promissora no rastreamento de doenças cardiovasculares em locais remotos, com foco na função ventricular e nas doenças valvares. Contudo, são necessárias mais pesquisas para aprimorar a qualidade desse processo.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Telemedicina</kwd>
				<kwd>Ultrassonografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Telediagnóstico</kwd>
				<kwd>Telecardiologia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A ecocardiografia pode ser uma tarefa desafiadora em áreas remotas e com baixo índice de desenvolvimento humano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora a transmissão de dados esteja atualmente disponível e existam amplas evidências de avaliação especializada remota, ela depende de um profissional treinado <italic>in loco</italic> para obtenção das incidências ecocardiográficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O uso da inteligência artificial ainda está em fase de desenvolvimento e requer mais evidências científicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nos últimos anos, a tele-ecocardiografia se expandiu por todo o mundo, envolvendo estudos experimentais com médicos não cardiologistas, não médicos e até mesmo dispositivos robóticos operados remotamente, combinados com a interpretação remota por ecocardiografistas cardiologistas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Plataformas de imagem portáteis e a possibilidade de interpretação remota introduziram esses desenvolvimentos no domínio da ecocardiografia. O aumento da acessibilidade a computadores móveis e dispositivos de imagem portáteis têm possibilitado maior entrega e melhoria dos cuidados de saúde cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Diversos tipos de ultrassonografias portáteis com capacidades distintas estão disponíveis, como sistemas baseados em laptop, que abrangem praticamente todas as aplicações ecocardiográficas 2D, ao passo que um ultrassom portátil pode não ser capaz de oferecer fluxometria colorida em escala real e Doppler espectral. A ultrassonografia no local de atendimento (POCUS, do inglês <italic>Point-of-Care Ultrasound</italic>) demonstrou boa precisão. Por exemplo, em um estudo de Abe et al., que envolveu 130 pacientes com estenose aórtica, a ultrassonografia portátil foi capaz de diferenciar a estenose aórtica moderada a grave com sensibilidade de 84% e especificidade de 90%, mesmo sem informações quantitativas do Doppler.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Na região nordeste do Brasil, existe um programa de rastreamento de cardiopatias congênitas em andamento, no qual a telemedicina e a tele-ecocardiografia são utilizadas para diagnóstico precoce e monitoramento dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Embora a tele-ecocardiografia tenha se mostrado útil na detecção de anormalidades cardíacas, ela ainda carece de evidências robustas, principalmente no que diz respeito à qualidade da imagem em comparação com a ecocardiografia tradicional. Além disso, sua implementação em regiões remotas exige discussões sobre infraestrutura digital, relação custo-eficácia, regulamentação e desafios legais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A viabilidade da obtenção de dados de ecocardiografia POCUS por profissionais médicos não treinados, usando um dispositivo portátil guiado de forma síncrona por um dispositivo móvel sob a supervisão de um ecocardiografista, ainda está sob investigação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Este estudo piloto tem como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade e correlação dos dados ecocardiográficos obtidos pessoalmente em comparação com aqueles guiados por telemedicina, conduzidos por clínicos gerais não treinados por meio de dispositivos simples.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materiais e métodos</title>
				<p>Este estudo piloto prospectivo unicêntrico analisou dez pacientes consecutivos na região norte do Brasil que faziam parte do programa de assistência médica especializada por meio do programa de desenvolvimento de sistema de saúde por telemedicina (PROADI), pelo Ministério da Saúde. O estudo foi realizado em Almeirim, no Pará, uma cidade remota acessada principalmente por meio de transporte aquaviário, que conta com um Centro de Telemedicina e um ecocardiografista.</p>
				<p>Os critérios de inclusão dos participantes foram idade maior ou igual a 18 anos, retorno para consulta médica de telemedicina e ecocardiograma prévio realizado <italic>in loco</italic>. Os critérios de exclusão foram dados ecocardiográficos incompletos. Os ecocardiogramas <italic>in situ</italic> foram realizados por diferentes ecocardiografistas.</p>
				<p>A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de junho a julho de 2023. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo conselho de revisão institucional local sob o registro do nome TeleECO. Todos os dados podem ser acessados a partir dos registros digitais institucionais.</p>
				<p>Todos os exames guiados remotamente foram realizados com o ultrassom portátil Philips Lumify<sup>®</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Sete incidências ecocardiográficas foram definidas para todos os pacientes: paraesternal eixo longo (PLAX), paraesternal eixo curto (PSAX), A4C, A5C, A2C, SC e SSN.</p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ultrassom portátil Philips Lumify<sup>®</sup> utilizado para realização dos exames.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230110-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>O profissional que realizou os exames localmente é um clínico geral da unidade básica de saúde local. Foram realizadas duas reuniões pré-exame para treinamento do clínico geral, sendo que cada reunião incluía treinamento para a realização de um exame completo.</p>
				<p>Os exames foram transmitidos pela plataforma Facetime.</p>
				<p>Tratou-se de uma abordagem POCUS, ou seja, foram obtidas medidas lineares das câmaras cardíacas (septo, parede posterior, raiz da aorta, aorta ascendente, átrio esquerdo, diâmetro sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo e diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo), conduzidas na região paraesternal longa eixo (APLAX) e as medidas do ventrículo direito foram conduzidas no corte A4C. A análise valvar foi realizada com fluxometria colorida, uma vez que a função de Doppler contínuo não estava disponível no aparelho portátil. O traçado livre para avaliação dos volumes das câmaras cardíacas, como o átrio esquerdo, e para determinação da função ventricular pelo método de Simpson, também não foi possível.</p>
				<p>Em caso de disfunção ventricular esquerda, a fração de ejeção era estimada pelo ecocardiógrafo que orientava o exame remotamente. O tempo gasto para a realização de cada exame foi registrado. Foi utilizado o software IBM-SPSS para Windows, versão 22.0, e a estatística foi descritiva.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Os primeiros dez pacientes consecutivos selecionados foram incluídos no estudo. Sete pacientes com fatores de risco cardiovascular tiveram exames <italic>in situ</italic> solicitados para investigação de danos em órgãos-alvo, dois para estratificação de risco em pacientes com doença arterial coronariana crônica e um para avaliação de prótese biológica mitral. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 58,6<italic>+</italic>8 anos e 50% eram do sexo feminino.</p>
				<p>O tempo médio para realização do exame ecocardiográfico POCUS foi de 23,1 minutos. Todas as sete incidências cardíacas propostas foram obtidas, algumas com limitação de janela devido ao biótipo do paciente. Houve limitações de imagem em um paciente com obesidade nas janelas SC e SSN. A orientação e a interpretação das imagens foram viabilizadas por meio de chamadas de vídeo pelo telefone celular. Os resultados das principais variáveis contínuas para cada paciente são apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref> e exemplos de imagens interpretadas pela tela do celular são apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>. Em relação às alterações da contratilidade regional, oito pacientes apresentaram conformidade entre os testes. Nestes dois casos, a avaliação remota identificou anormalidades segmentares não observadas anteriormente, mas ambos os pacientes foram submetidos ao cateterismo cardíaco imediatamente após o encontro virtual, e o contexto clínico do procedimento pode explicar a disparidade nos resultados. Em relação à valvopatia, houve concordância em nove exames (cinco sem regurgitação e quatro com regurgitação mitral leve). Entretanto, em um teste, a avaliação remota observou regurgitação mitral leve não relatada anteriormente.</p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Com base na análise dos gráficos de Bland-Altman, obtidos a partir de medidas lineares, observa-se que, apesar das diferenças na média das medidas, a maioria dos elementos apresentou concordância entre as medidas, permanecendo dentro do intervalo de confiança. A exceção foi o diâmetro sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo, em que uma medida estava fora do intervalo. PLAX: paraesternal eixo longo; PSAX: paraesternal eixo curto; A4C: apical de quatro câmaras; SC: subcostal.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230110-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<fig id="f6">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Seis visualizações básicas de ecocardiografia analisadas remotamente pela tela do celular.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230110-gf03-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Os ecocardiogramas realizados <italic>in situ</italic> ocorreram quatro a doze meses antes do exame guiado remotamente. Um dos pacientes possuía prótese mitral biológica e sua avaliação foi limitada pela ausência de Doppler contínuo no aparelho. De modo geral, a avaliação da função cardíaca por meio da fração de ejeção foi razoavelmente equivalente entre os testes.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O ecocardiograma é um exame diagnóstico simples, não invasivo, mas tem seu acesso dificultado em locais remotos, enfrentando desafios relacionados à disponibilidade do aparelho e à presença de profissionais capacitados. Embora o atendimento cardiológico especializado remoto seja viável, este tende a se concentrar no raciocínio clínico durante a teleconsulta, desenvolvendo-se uma preocupação significativa com a realização de exames complementares.</p>
				<p>A tele-ecocardiografia, geralmente baseada em imagens obtidas por profissionais não médicos com interpretação assincrônica do ecocardiógrafo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> foi explorada em um estudo brasileiro que envolveu mais de 1.000 pacientes. Este estudo revelou uma elevada correlação na detecção de alterações cardiovasculares entre os exames, embora tenha propiciado uma superestimação de condições como regurgitação mitral, disfunção ventricular e hipertrofia ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No contexto do nosso estudo, um clínico geral não treinado foi responsável pela realização de imagens ecocardiográficas utilizando um dispositivo portátil. Todos os testes guiados remotamente foram realizados utilizando um ultrassom portátil Philips Lumify<sup>®</sup>. Sete incidências ecocardiográficas foram definidas para todos os pacientes: PLAX, PSAX, A4C, A5C, A2C, SC e SSN. O profissional que realizou os exames localmente é um clínico geral da unidade básica de saúde local. Foram realizadas duas reuniões pré-exame para treinamento do clínico geral, sendo que cada reunião incluía treinamento para a realização de um exame completo.</p>
				<p>Enfrentamos algumas dificuldades técnicas durante a realização do teste orientado. A primeira diz respeito à necessidade de uma terceira pessoa, responsável por registrar a execução do teste em tempo real para que o especialista orientasse os movimentos das mãos e a angulação da sonda, a fim de melhorar a qualidade da imagem obtida. A segunda está na orientação do exame, principalmente nos movimentos finos necessários para otimizar a qualidade da imagem. Apesar desses desafios, todos os pacientes obtiveram resultados analisáveis e comparáveis com o ecocardiograma <italic>in situ</italic> oficial.</p>
				<p>Algumas discrepâncias foram observadas nas medidas lineares obtidas, principalmente nas dimensões do diâmetro sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo, além do septo e da parede posterior, resultando em uma superestimação da hipertrofia, e qual pode ser atribuída à falta de experiência do executor do exame.</p>
				<p>À medida que os exames avançaram, o tempo necessário para sua execução diminuiu. O tempo médio foi de 23 minutos, prazo viável para integração desse exame nos serviços de atenção primária.</p>
				<p>Por fim, é importante destacar que este estudo piloto apresenta algumas limitações. A primeira envolve o dispositivo portátil de ultrassom. Embora as promessas do ultrassom no local de atendimento (POCUS) sejam substanciais, uma das principais preocupações reside na padronização da qualidade da digitalização e interpretação da imagem, além das limitações relacionadas à qualidade de imagem e aplicações como o Doppler de onda pulsada. Apesar disso, devido à sua disponibilidade, o POCUS pode ser empregado com maior facilidade em comparação com a ecocardiografia padrão e a questão da qualidade e interpretação da imagem pode ser superada com a assistência de um especialista durante o exame em tempo real.</p>
				<p>A segunda refere-se à inclusão de pacientes consecutivos sem acompanhamento clínico regular. Ademais, a utilização de diferentes aparelhos de ecocardiografia para a realização dos exames <italic>in situ</italic> pode resultar em variações na qualidade das imagens obtidas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A ecocardiografia guiada por telemedicina, realizada por profissional generalista, parece ser viável para o rastreamento de doenças cardiovasculares em regiões remotas, especialmente para avaliação da função ventricular e rastreamento de doenças valvares. Pesquisas futuras devem ser conduzidas para abordar o desenvolvimento da qualidade desta atividade.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital Israelita Albert Enstein sob o número de protocolo 63709222.0.000.0071 Parecer n° 5.934.573. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimentos</title>
				<p>Agradecemos à Bárbara Costa Roim, coordenadora clínica do Programa &quot;Ultrassom no Point of Care&quot; da Philips do Brasil, pela inestimável colaboração com o aparelho utilizado.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>