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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230105i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230105i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to 3D Echocardiography in Mitral Valve Insufficiency: How and When</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-1768-3380</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cañellas</surname>
						<given-names>Fábio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspondência: Fábio Cañellas</bold> • Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Praca Anes Dias, S/N. Postal code: 90020-090. Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil. E-mail: <email>canellasecocardio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>37</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230105</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>1</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>1</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>3D Echocardiogram is an indispensable tool in all stages of mitral valve disease, from its diagnosis to the moment of treatment, playing a fundamental role mainly in the decision for surgical plasty or percutaneous correction. In this article, we sought to present very important basic concepts in the use of the technique, from obtaining a 2D image, through the main tools for obtaining 3D images, to new solutions brought by manufacturers for presenting images and for post-processing software. This knowledge is fundamental and contributes to the demystification of 3D Echo, often labeled as difficult to perform and still little incorporated into our clinical practice.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Three-Dimensional Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency Diagnosis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="18"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="9"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: My Approach to 3D Echocardiography in Mitral Valve Insufficiency: How and When</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Mitral regurgitation is the most common valvulopathy in developed countries, accounting for 2 to 3% of the population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> When it comes to correcting mitral insufficiency, whether surgical or percutaneous, 3D Echocardiography is the method of choice, whether to confirm the degree of reflux, or to confirm the possibility of preferential plasty treatment or, in cases where the procedure Percutaneous surgery is recommended to assess the feasibility of the procedure and assist the team during surgery.</p>
			<p>This occurs because the 3D transesophageal method allows a perpendicular angulation between the emitted pyramidal beam and the mitral leaflets, an ideal proximity, allowing the use of high frequency, better temporal and spatial resolution, in addition to allowing visualization of the entire valve apparatus of various angles and perspectives.</p>
			<p>However, 3D echocardiography is no magic trick. Simply pressing a button to capture an image is not enough. The secret of 3D imaging is in an excellent capture of the two-dimensional (2D) image. There is no quality 3D exam without a good 2D echocardiographic window. Furthermore, adjustments made on a case-by-case basis are very important for obtaining excellent images and 3D data sets that can be properly manipulated offline, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>My approach to</title>
				<p>Knowing the basic principles of 3D that influence image acquisition is essential, especially in valvular heart diseases whose regurgitant flow velocities are quite high.</p>
				<p>Fortunately, electronic advances and miniaturization have allowed modern transesophageal probes to have approximately 2,500 piezoelectric crystals that can be activated simultaneously for imaging. This significant number of crystals allows the transducer to emit a wide beam and receive multiple smaller beams that will form the received volumes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Obviously, the greater the number of beams received, the greater the chance of deterioration in image quality (signal to noise), or of a drop in temporal resolution with the appearance of stitches.</p>
				<p>Therefore, the 2D image must always be optimized primarily. Poor 2D images result in even worse 3D images. I usually set an intermediate gain, up to 60, with intermediate compression.</p>
				<p>As a rule, we try to optimize the 2D image and then activate the 2D multiplane mode, where the system receives the command to activate two or three lines of orthogonal crystals, which despite not presenting a 3D image, generate the simultaneous visualization of two orthogonal planes. Initially, we use the image at 0 degrees, positioning the rotation line, under which we will make the other orthogonal cuts at the level of the anterior mitral leaflet (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Video 1</xref>). One can then activate color Doppler, which can give us a perspective on the extent of a possible regurgitant jet.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Activation of 2D Multiplane mode, with the display showing, simultaneously, 2 orthogonal planes of four and two chambers. The image can be rotated at the cursor line axis.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f10" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-m01.mp4">
						<label>Video 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– 2D multiplane mode activated, showing two orthogonal planes simultaneously. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video1_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video1_1.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>The wide and rapid mobility of the mitral valve leaflets, often associated with the presence of structures with even greater mobility, such as vegetation, require the use of a 3D technique of high spatial and temporal resolution.</p>
				<p>Initially, we activate, through a dedicated button (normally identified on the display as a 3D key), the analysis modality in real time, beat by beat — Real Time Single Beat or Live 3D —, capturing a volume that encompasses the entire mitral apparatus, the atrial appendage and the aortic valve, normally from a 2D section of 120°.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Once 3D is activated, the “in face” view is obtained, similar to the surgeon’s view, with the aortic valve at 12 o’clock on the display, the appendix at 9 o’clock and the interatrial septum at 15 o’clock (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Video 2A</xref>). With this module activated, it is possible to move the 3D pyramidal block containing the mitral valve in several directions, allowing accurate anatomical visualization. You can also change the dimensions of the volumetric pyramid obtained, improving spatial and temporal resolution. Normally the acquired volume appears as a pyramidal block of 30 x 60°, which can be adjusted up to 90 x 90° (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref>). At this point, tangential and angled cuts allow us to accurately identify prolapses and flails, mainly.</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f11" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-m02.mp4">
						<label>Video 2A</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– In-face view of the mitral valve obtained from a 2D section at 120°. When obtaining this volume, the Left Atrial Appendage (LAA) must always be included with the volume, in addition to the LVOT and the aortic valve. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video2A_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video2A_1.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Live 3D zoom mode, preferably obtained from a 2D slice at 120 degrees, encompassing the aortic valve, the left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT), and the mitral valve. One can adjust both the width (A) and the height of the pyramidal volume.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>This modality enables excellent spatial resolution, being the preferred method of analysis in patients with rhythm disturbances, mainly atrial fibrillation, very common in mitral insufficiency. It is also the method used to monitor structural procedures, as it does not present the Stitching artifact (image fragmentation).</p>
				<p>We then use acquisition synchronized to the electrocardiogram (ECG-gated), with multi-beat acquisition, essential for offline analyses and measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>This mode of acquisition requires a regular rhythm and collaboration from the patient, with breath holding. If the heart rate is too high, an IV B-blocker can be used to maintain it at approximately 80 bpm, optimizing the volume rate achieved.</p>
				<p>The acquired pyramid is built from the fusion of up to six subvolumes obtained, which allows the final image to have the same volume rate and smaller density of lines, with the same high temporal and spatial resolution, allowing an excellent image for later analysis (post-processing). However, the disadvantage of this method is that it does not happen in real time, which makes it difficult to use during structural procedures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Full volume section at 0°, mid-esophageal, with 3D image formation from subvolumes obtained by synchronized electro capture, obtaining the same spatial and</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Alternatively, one can choose to directly use the ECG-gated 3D Zoom multi-beat modality, which presents the highest temporal resolution, with more than 100 volumes/s and excellent spatial resolution, since the zoom will be used to capture a smaller block focused only on the mitral valve (Vídeo 2B).</p>
				<p>After using the above modalities for morphological analysis of the valve, we normally begin to evaluate the mitral regurgitant jet and its relationship with the leaflets. This is carried out by means of the 3D color Doppler modality, both multi-beat and single-beat. Obviously, if the regurgitation jet has a wide base, along the corners, the multi-beat method is preferred, providing us with better temporal resolution. In narrow base jets, most of the time the single-beat is sufficient to evaluate reflux and quantitative measurements (PISA), even with lower volume rates (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 4</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Video 2C</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– 3D zoom color multi-beat, a modality that presents excellent temporal resolution of the mitral regurgitation jet along the entire edge of the leaflets. VAO: aortic valve.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f13" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-m04.mp4">
						<label>Video 2C</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– The use of 3D color is essential to study the relationship and extent of the reflux jet along the edges of the leaflets. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video2C_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video2C_1.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Post processing of obtained volumes</title>
				<p>Every echocardiographer debuting in the 3D world searches for literature and guidelines on ideal gain adjustments, smoothing, and compression to optimize 3D images, but this data is scarce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As a rule, we must remember that when compression is reduced, one is actually producing more contrasted images, which facilitate the evaluation of fine or delicate structures.</p>
				<p>When Smoothing is increased, one can falsely make a surface less irregular (for example, in AAE assessment).</p>
				<p>By increasing the Gain, one is actually increasing or amplifying the echoes that return to the transducer, which can create artifacts and static echoes within the cavity that are mistaken for spontaneous contrast (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figures 5A and 5B</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f06">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– (A) excess gain in the 2D image preventing visualization of the mitral V. in the in face section; (B) little gain from the appearance of artifacts that simulate perforations or leaks in the leaflets and base of the LA; (C) ideal gain.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf06.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>By reducing the gain too much, there is a risk of producing Dropout artifacts, which are the absence of echoes mainly in the mitral leaflets, which in turn can be confused with leaks or perforations.</p>
				<p>Therefore, optimal gain must be sought on a case-by-case basis, depending on the depth, thickness, location, and orientation of the structure of interest in relation to the ultrasound beam. In most cases, optimal gain is achieved by reducing echoes (static echoes) from inside the atrial cavity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figures 5A and B</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Using the tools for cropping the obtained volumes</title>
				<p>Once the appropriate volumes have been captured, we move on to using the tools that will allow us to evaluate the valve in three dimensions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>One can use the cropping tool, initially on the fixed axes (x,y,z).</p>
				<p>Obviously, fixed cuts do not always offer us ideal images and in some situations, such as flails and prolapses, the free cropping plane tool must be used, which allows us adjustable and angled cuts, revealing images not possible with fixed cuts and in 2D (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figures 6A and B</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Videos 3A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">3B</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f07">
						<label>Figure 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– (A) activation of the cropping tool in depth for better visualization of the aortic valve; (B) free cropping tool, very useful for evaluating valve prolapses and flails.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf07.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f14" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-m05.mp4">
						<label>Video 3A</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Isolated prolapse of A3 identified mainly in an angled section, cutting out the interatrial septum using the cropping tool. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video3A_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video3A_1.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f15" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-m06.mp4">
						<label>Video 3B</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– 2D image where the identification of the bocellation responsible for the prolapse is quite imprecise. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video3B_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video3B_1.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>Another important tool is focused cropping, which allows to evaluate smaller volumes in real time, resulting in better image definition, often eliminating structures that are not of interest (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Video 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f16" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-m07.mp4">
						<label>Video 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Focused cropping tool allowing an impressive improvement in temporal resolution. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video4_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video4_1.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>Finally, in cases of doubt regarding the severity of the reflux, we can use color Doppler associated with 3D to calculate the area of the <italic>vena contracta</italic> and the regurgitant volume. The method was validated against 2D and MRI methods, with a value greater than 0.41 cm<sup>2</sup> presenting a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 82% to differentiate moderate and severe MI. The color box must be as small as possible to allow the highest possible frame rate, due to the high speed of the regurgitant jet. Cropping must be done orthogonally to the plane of the jet and planimetry must be done at the point of its greatest speed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Video 4</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f08">
						<label>Figure 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Moving the planes perpendicularly to the edges of the mitral valve, the area of the regurgitant orifice is identified.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf08.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>The 3D image presentation/display process</title>
				<p>In recent years, the process of demonstrating and presenting images on the 3D ultrasound screen has undergone profound transformations.</p>
				<p>Today, depending on the manufacturer, there are different ways of presenting the 3D image on the equipment’s display/screen. Each of them has its own characteristics that can contribute to better image definition and diagnostic accuracy. This is done through computerized texturing or shading of the image, creating the visual perception of a three-dimensional image.</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f12" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-m03.mp4">
						<label>Video 2B</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– The result of a miter-clip can be seen, a procedure in which the 3D modality is fundamental. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video2B_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video2B_1.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>In mitral valve disease, the first mode of presentation of the 3D image was volume rendering, and to this day it is the most used in most machines, where the software uses different modalities of blue and bronze in combination, to give us the perception of the third dimension. Typically, softwares use lighter colors like yellow and bronze to define superficial structures and darker colors like blue and brown to define deep structures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 8A</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f09">
						<label>Figura 8</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– 3D image presentation modes. (A) volume rendering; (B) used to measure mitral valve structures, such as annulus area, diameters, angles between the mitral and aortic valves, leaflet volumes, prolapse height, etc.; (C): photorealistic view.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf09.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Some devices also have surface rendering for the mitral valve, where the machine uses automatic algorithms or artificial intelligence (AI) to identify pre-defined anatomical points or not (in the case of AI), allowing the creation of anatomical models of the valve and its apparatus, very useful for taking measurements on the ring and leaflets (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 8B</xref>).</p>
				<p>More recently, new and creative ways of presenting and texturing images have emerged.</p>
				<p>In the case of the photorealistic vision software, it is possible to use a virtual light focus, as if it were a flashlight, which creates shading of the structure and the sensation of depth. The operator manipulates the focus in any direction, generating a transillumination effect that, in the case of the mitral valve, delimits the valve orifice. Furthermore, this technique can define areas of greater valve thickening and calcification, as the light does not cross these structures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 8C</xref>).</p>
				<p>Another software available is Glass View, which allows to adjust degrees of transparency of the valve and neighboring structures, but honestly I do not fathom additional advantages in terms of diagnostics and accuracy in relation to its use. However, associated with color Doppler, it often favors the exact location of the regurgitant jet.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>So... What about 3D transesophageal echo in mitral insufficiency?</title>
				<p>In cases of mitral prolapse where plasty is planned, 3D certainly plays a fundamental role, as even the most common P2 prolapses have different anatomies. In some cases of P3 or anterior leaflet prolapse, 2D diagnosis is quite limited.</p>
				<p>Other situations in which the use of 3D is essential are cases of suspected congenital clefts and in the study of posterior leaflet indentations, especially those that can be confused with clefts.</p>
				<p>There is no doubt that 3D echocardiography, especially transesophageal echocardiography, will be increasingly used in mitral anatomical assessment, morphological quantification, through reconstruction and surface rendering softwares, which are increasingly automated, as well as in reflux quantification. 2D assessment remains a mainstay in diagnosing the severity of mitral insufficiency. But once we enter the scenario of searching for the best treatment and during percutaneous procedures, 3D is essential.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<p>Sources of Funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230105</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como Eu Faço Ecocardiograma Tridimensional na Insuficiência Mitral: Como e Quando</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-1768-3380</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cañellas</surname>
						<given-names>Fábio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre,Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"><bold>Correspondência: Fábio Cañellas</bold> • Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Praca Anes Dias, S/N. CEP: 90020-090. Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil. E-mail: canellasecocardio@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O Ecocardiograma Tridimensional (3D) é uma ferramenta indispensável em todas as etapas da valvulopatia mitral, desde o seu diagnóstico até o momento do tratamento, tendo papel fundamental principalmente na decisão por plastia cirúrgica ou correção percutânea. Neste artigo, procuramos apresentar conceitos básicos muito importantes no uso da técnica, desde a obtenção da imagem bidimensional (2D), passando pelas principais ferramentas de obtenção de imagens 3D, até as novas soluções trazidas pelos fabricantes para apresentação das imagens e <italic>softwares</italic> de pós-processamento. Esse conhecimento é fundamental e contribui para a desmistificação do Eco 3D, muitas vezes rotulado como de difícil execução e ainda pouco incorporado em nossa prática clínica.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência da Valva Mitral</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnóstico</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Como Eu Faço Ecocardiograma Tridimensional na Insuficiência Mitral: Como e Quando</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A regurgitação mitral é a valvulopatia mais comum em países desenvolvidos, representando 2 a 3% da população.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Quando se trata de correção da insuficiência mitral, seja ela cirúrgica ou percutânea, o Ecocardiograma Tridimensional (3D) é o método de escolha, seja para confirmar o grau de refluxo, seja para confirmar a possibilidade do tratamento preferencial de plastia ou, em casos em que o procedimento percutâneo é o indicado, para avaliar a viabilidade do procedimento e auxiliar a equipe durante o transoperatório.</p>
				<p>Isso ocorre porque o método 3D transesofágico permite uma angulação perpendicular entre o feixe piramidal emitido e os folhetos da mitral, uma proximidade ideal, permitindo o uso de alta frequência, melhor resolução temporal e espacial, além de permitir a visualização de todo o aparato valvular de vários ângulos e perspectivas.</p>
				<p>Entretanto, o ecocardiograma 3D não é um ato mágico. Não basta somente apertar o botão 3D e capturar a imagem. O segredo da imagem 3D está sempre numa excelente captura da imagem bidimensional (2D). Não existe exame 3D de qualidade sem uma boa janela ecocardiográfica 2D. Além disso, os ajustes feitos caso a caso são muito importantes para a obtenção de excelentes imagens e blocos de dados tridimensionais que possam ser devidamente manipulados <italic>off-line</italic>, como imagens de tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Como eu faço</title>
					<p>Conhecer os princípios básicos do 3D que influenciam a obtenção de imagens é fundamental, principalmente em valvulopatias onde as velocidades do fluxo regurgitante são bastante elevadas.</p>
					<p>Felizmente, os avanços e a miniaturização eletrônica permitiram que as sondas transesofágicas modernas possuam cerca de 2,500 cristais piezoelétricos que podem ser ativados simultaneamente para a obtenção de imagens. Essa quantidade expressiva de cristais permite que o transdutor emita um feixe largo e receba múltiplos feixes menores que formarão os volumes recebidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Obviamente, quanto maior o número de feixes recebidos, maior a chance de deterioração na qualidade da imagem (<italic>signal to noise</italic>), ou de queda de resolução temporal com surgimento de <italic>stitches</italic>.</p>
					<p>Portanto, a imagem 2D deve sempre ser otimizada primariamente. Uma imagem 2D ruim gera uma péssima respectiva 3D. Normalmente estabeleço um ganho intermediário, em até 60, com uma compressão intermediária.</p>
					<p>Via de regra, tentamos otimizar a imagem 2D e em seguida ativamos o modo multiplano 2D, onde o sistema recebe o comando para ativar duas ou três linhas de cristais ortogonais, que apesar de não apresentarem imagem 3D, geram a visualização simultânea de dois planos ortogonais. Inicialmente utilizamos a imagem em 0°, posicionando a linha de rotação, sob a qual faremos os demais cortes ortogonais ao nível do folheto mitral anterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10002">Vídeo 1</xref>). Podemos, a seguir, ativar o Doppler colorido, que pode nos dar uma perspectiva de extensão de um eventual jato regurgitante.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Ativação do modo 2D Multiplano, com o display mostrando, simultaneamente, 2 planos ortogonais de quatro e duas câmaras. A imagem pode ser girada sobre o eixo da linha do cursor.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="f10002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-m01-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Modo multiplano 2D ativado, mostrando simultaneamente dois planos ortogonais. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video1_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video1_1.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>A ampla e rápida mobilidade dos folhetos da válvula mitral, muitas vezes associada à presença de estruturas de mobilidade ainda maior, como vegetações, requerem o uso de uma técnica de 3D que tenha alta resolução espacial e temporal.</p>
					<p>Inicialmente ativamos, através de um botão dedicado (normalmente identificado no <italic>display</italic> como tecla 3D), a modalidade de análise em tempo real, batimento a batimento — <italic>Real Time Single Beat</italic> ou <italic>Live 3D</italic> —, capturando um volume que englobe todo o aparato mitral, o apêndice atrial e a válvula aórtica, normalmente a partir de um corte 2D de 120°.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Uma vez ativado o 3D, obteremos uma visualização que denominamos <italic>In face</italic>, similar à visão do cirurgião, com a válvula aórtica em 12 horas no <italic>display</italic>, o apêndice em 9h e o septo interatrial em 15 h (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11002">Vídeo 2A</xref>). Com esse módulo ativado, é possível mover o bloco piramidal 3D contendo a válvula mitral em várias direções, permitindo uma acurada visualização anatômica. Pode-se também mudar as dimensões da pirâmide volumétrica obtida, melhorando a resolução espacial e temporal. Normalmente o volume adquirido aparece como um bloco piramidal de 30 x 60°, podendo ser ajustado até 90 x 90° (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>). Neste momento, os cortes tangenciais e angulados nos permitem identificar com acurácia prolapsos e <italic>flails,</italic> principalmente.</p>
					<p>
						<media id="f11002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-m02-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 2A</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Visão in face da válvula mitral obtida a partir de um corte 2D em 120°. Na obtenção desse volume, deve-se sempre englobar o AAE junto ao volume, além da VSVE e da válvula aórtica. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video2A_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video2A_1.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Modo live 3D zoom, obtido preferencialmente a partir do corte 2D em 120 graus, englobando a válvula aórtica, a via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE) e a válvula mitral. Pode-se ajustar tanto a largura (A), quanto a altura do volume piramidal.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Essa modalidade nos permite uma excelente resolução espacial, sendo o método preferencial de análise em pacientes com distúrbio de ritmo, principalmente fibrilação atrial, muito comum na insuficiência mitral. É o método usado também no acompanhamento dos procedimentos estruturais, pois não apresenta o artefato de <italic>Stitching</italic> (fragmentação da imagem).</p>
					<p>Utilizamos então a aquisição sincronizada ao eletrocardiograma (ECG-<italic>gated</italic>), com aquisição múltipla de batimentos (<italic>multi-beat acquisition</italic>), fundamental para as análises e medidas <italic>offline</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Esse modo de aquisição requer ritmo regular e colaboração do paciente, com realização de apneia. Se a frequência cardíaca estiver muito alta, um B-bloqueador EV pode ser usado para mantê-la em aproximadamente 80 bpm, otimizando a taxa de volume obtida (<italic>volume rate</italic>).</p>
					<p>A pirâmide adquirida é construída a partir da fusão de até seis subvolumes obtidos, o que permite que a imagem final tenha o mesmo <italic>volume rate</italic> e densidade de linhas menores, com a mesma alta resolução temporal e espacial, permitindo uma excelente imagem para análise posterior (pós-processamento). Entretanto, a desvantagem desse método é que ele não acontece em tempo real, o que dificulta seu uso durante os procedimentos estruturais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Full volume de corte em 0°, médio esofágico, com formação da imagem 3D a partir de subvolumes obtidos por captura sincronizada ao eletro, obtendo-se a mesma resolução espacial e temporal dos subvolumes.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf04-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Alternativamente, pode-se optar por usar diretamente a modalidade <italic>ECG-gated 3D Zoom multi-beat</italic>, modalidade que apresenta a maior resolução temporal, com mais de 100 volumes/s e ótima resolução espacial, uma vez que usaremos o zoom para capturar um bloco menor focado apenas na válvula mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12002">Vídeo 2B</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<media id="f12002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-m03-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 2B</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Observa-se o resultado de um mitra-clip, procedimento em que a modalidade 3D é fundamental. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video2B_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video2B_1.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>Após o uso das modalidades acima para análise morfológica da válvula, normalmente iniciamos a avaliação do jato regurgitante mitral e sua relação com os folhetos. Para isso utilizamos a modalidade <italic>3D color Doppler</italic>, tanto <italic>multi-beat</italic> quanto <italic>single-beat</italic>. Obviamente, se o jato de regurgitação tem base larga, ao logo das comissuras, preferimos o <italic>multi-beat</italic>, que nos proporcionará melhor resolução temporal. Já em jatos de base estreita, na maioria das vezes o <italic>single-beat</italic> é suficiente para avaliação do refluxo e medidas quantitativas (PISA), mesmo com <italic>volume rate</italic> mais baixo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 4</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13002">Vídeo 2C</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– 3D zoom color multi-beat, modalidade que apresenta excelente resolução temporal do jato de regurgitação mitral ao longo de toda a borda dos folhetos. VAO: válvula aórtica.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf05-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="f13002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-m04-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 2C</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– O uso de 3D color é fundamental para estudar a relação e extensão do jato de refluxo ao longo dos bordos dos folhetos. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video2C_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video2C_1.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Pós-processamento dos volumes obtidos</title>
					<p>Todo ecocardiografista que inicia no mundo 3D busca literatura e diretrizes sobre ajustes ideais de ganho, suavização (<italic>smoothing</italic>) e compressão para otimizar imagens 3D, mas esses dados são escassos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Via de regra, devemos lembrar que quando reduzimos a compressão, estamos na realidade produzindo imagens mais contrastadas, que facilitam a avaliação de estruturas finas ou delicadas.</p>
					<p>Ao aumentar a Suavização (<italic>smoothing</italic>), pode-se falsamente tornar uma superfície menos irregular, como na avaliação do Apêndice Atrial Esquerdo (AAE).</p>
					<p>Quando aumentamos o Ganho, estamos na verdade aumentando ou amplificando os ecos que retornam ao transdutor, o que pode criar artefatos e ecos estáticos dentro da cavidade que são confundidos com contraste espontâneo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Figuras 5A e 5B</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f06002">
							<label>Figura 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– (A) excesso de ganho na imagem 2D impedindo a visualização da V. mitral no corte in face; (B) pouco ganho com o surgimento de artefatos que simulam perfurações ou leaks nos folhetos e base do AE ; (C) ganho ideal.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf06-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Ao reduzir demais o ganho, corre-se o risco de produzir artefatos tipo <italic>Dropout</italic>, que são a ausência de ecos principalmente nos folhetos da mitral, que podem ser confundidos com <italic>leaks</italic> ou perfurações.</p>
					<p>Portanto, o ganho ótimo deve ser buscado caso a caso, dependendo da profundidade, espessura, localização e orientação da estrutura de interesse em relação ao feixe de ultrassom. Na maioria dos casos, consegue-se um ganho ótimo ao reduzir os ecos (ecos estáticos) do interior da cavidade atrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Figuras 5A e B</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Utilizando as ferramentas de corte dos volumes obtidos (cropping)</title>
					<p>Finalizada a captura dos volumes adequados, partimos para a utilização das ferramentas que nos permitirão avaliar a válvula em três dimensões.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Podemos lançar mão da ferramenta de corte, ou <italic>cropping</italic>, inicialmente nos eixos fixos (x,y,z).</p>
					<p>Obviamente, os cortes fixos nem sempre nos oferecem imagens ideais e em algumas situações, como <italic>flails</italic> e prolapsos, precisamos usar a ferramenta de corte livre, <italic>free cropping plane</italic>, que nos permite cortes ajustáveis e angulados, revelando imagens não possíveis nos cortes fixos e em 2D (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07002">Figuras 6A e B</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14002">Videos 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15002">3B</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f07002">
							<label>Figura 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– (A) ativação da ferramenta de corte (cropping) em profundidade para melhor visualização da válvula aórtica; (B) ferramenta de corte livre (free cropping), muito útil para avaliar prolapsos e flails valvulares.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf07-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="f14002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-m05-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 3A</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Prolapso isolado de A3 identificado principalmente em corte angulado, recortando-se o septo interatrial com uso da ferramenta de cropping. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video3A_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video3A_1.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="f15002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-m06-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 3B</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Imagem 2D onde a identificação da bocelação responsável pelo prolapso é bastante imprecisa. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video3B_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video3B_1.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>Outra ferramenta importante é o corte focado, que permite avaliar menores volumes em tempo real, resultando em melhor definição de imagem, muitas vezes eliminando estruturas que não são de interesse (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16002">Vídeo 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<media id="f16002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-m07-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Ferramenta de cropping focado permitindo uma melhora impressionante na resolução temporal. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video4_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0105_AR_video4_1.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>Por fim, em casos de dúvidas quanto à gravidade do refluxo, podemos utilizar o Doppler color associado ao 3D para calcular a área da <italic>vena contracta</italic> e o volume regurgitante. O método foi validado contra os métodos 2D e ressonância magnética, com valor superior a 0,41 cm<sup>2</sup> apresentando sensibilidade de 97% e especificidade de 82% para diferenciar Insuficiência mitral (IM) moderada e severa. O <italic>box</italic> de cor deve ser de menor tamanho possível para permitir o maior <italic>frame rate</italic> possível, devido à alta velocidade do jato regurgitante. O <italic>cropping</italic> deve ser feito ortogonalmente ao plano do jato e a planimetria deve ser feita no local de sua maior velocidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16002">Vídeo 4</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08002">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f08002">
							<label>Figura 7</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Movendo os planos perpendicularmente até os bordos da Válvula mitral, identifica-se a área do orifício regurgitante.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf08-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>O processo de apresentação/display da imagem 3D</title>
					<p>Nos últimos anos, o processo de demonstração e apresentação de imagens na tela do ecógrafo em 3D sofreu profundas transformações.</p>
					<p>Hoje, dependendo do fabricante, dispomos de diversas formas de apresentação da imagem 3D no <italic>display</italic>/tela do equipamento. Cada uma delas possui características próprias que podem contribuir para melhor definição da imagem e acurácia diagnóstica. Isto é feito através da texturização ou sombreamento computadorizados da imagem, criando a percepção visual de uma imagem 3D.</p>
					<p>Na valvulopatia mitral, a primeira modalidade de apresentação da imagem 3D foi a renderização de volumes, sendo até hoje a mais usada na maioria das máquinas, onde o <italic>software</italic> usa diferentes modalidades de azul e bronze em combinação, para nos dar a percepção de terceira dimensão. Normalmente os <italic>softwares</italic> usam cores mais claras como amarelo e bronze para definir estruturas superficiais e cores mais escuras como azul e marrom para definir estruturas profundas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09002">Figura 8A</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f09002">
							<label>Figura 8</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Modos de apresentação de imagem 3D. (A) renderização de volumes; (B) utilizada para as medidas das estruturas da válvula mitral, como área do anel, diâmetros, ângulos entre as válvulas mitral e aórtica, volumes dos folhetos, altura do prolapso etc.; (C): visão fotorrealista.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230105-gf09-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Alguns aparelhos também possuem renderização de superfície para a válvula mitral, onde a máquina usa algoritmos automáticos ou inteligência artificial (IA) para identificar pontos anatômicos pré-definidos ou não (no caso da IA), permitindo a criação de modelos anatômicos da válvula e seu aparato, muito útil para a realização de medidas no anel e nos folhetos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09002">Figura 8B</xref>).</p>
					<p>Mais recentemente, novas e criativas formas de apresentação e texturização da imagem têm surgido. No caso do <italic>software</italic> de visão fotorrealista, é possível utilizar um foco de luz virtual, como se fosse uma lanterna, que causa um sombreamento da estrutura e a sensação de profundidade. O operador manipula o foco em qualquer direção, gerando um efeito de transiluminação que, no caso da valva mitral, delimita o orifício valvar. Além disso, essa técnica pode definir áreas de maior espessamento e calcificação valvar, já que a luz não cruza essas estruturas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09002">Figura 8C</xref>).</p>
					<p>Outro <italic>software</italic> disponível é o <italic>Glass View</italic>, que permite ajustar graus de transparência da válvula e estruturas vizinhas, mas sinceramente não vejo vantagens adicionais em termos diagnósticos e de acurácia em relação ao seu uso. Porém, associado ao Doppler colorido, muitas vezes favorece a exata localização do jato regurgitante.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Então... E o eco transesofágico 3D na insuficiência mitral?</title>
					<p>Nos casos de prolapso mitral onde se planeja plastia, o 3D certamente desempenha um papel fundamental, pois mesmo os prolapsos mais comuns, de P2, apresentam anatomias distintas. Em alguns casos de prolapso de P3 ou de folheto anterior, o diagnóstico por 2D é bastante limitado.</p>
					<p>Outras situações em que o uso do 3D é fundamental são os caso de suspeita de <italic>clefts</italic> (fendas) congênitos e no estudo das identações de folheto posterior, principalmente as que podem ser confundidas com <italic>clefts</italic>.</p>
					<p>Não há dúvida que o ecocardiograma 3D, principalmente o transesofágico, será cada vez mais usado na avaliação anatômica mitral, na quantificação morfológica, através dos <italic>softwares</italic> de reconstrução e renderização de superfície, cada vez mais automatizados, assim como na quantificação do refluxo. O exame 2D continua sendo um pilar no diagnóstico da gravidade da insuficiência mitral. Mas uma vez que se adentra o cenário de busca pelo melhor tratamento e durante os procedimentos percutâneos, o 3D é fundamental.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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			</fn-group>
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				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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