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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230103i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230103i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to Patent Foramen Ovale Closure</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-9564-7435</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Netto</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Melo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>acquisition of images and video</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2634-4632</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Otto</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Estefânia Bosco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>acquisition of images and video</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital DF Star</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Rede D’Or São Luiz</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital DF Star, Rede D’Or São Luiz, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Sírio-Libanês</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplante do Distrito Federal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplante do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Melo Netto</bold> • Hospital Sirio-Libanês Brasília. SGAS 613, s/n 94, Via L2 Sul. Postal code: 70200-730. Brasília, DF – Brazil. E-mail: <email>fermnetto@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>37</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230103</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract abstract-type="graphical">
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Echocardiographic Analysis for Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, and Planning of Percutaneous PFO Closure</title>
							<p>Schematic representation of the bicaval echocardiographic projection (lower figure on the left) and “en face” view of the PFO (upper figure on the right). IVC: inferior vena cava; LA: left atrium; PFO: patent foramen ovale; RA: right atrium; SVC: superior vena cava. White lines: angle between the IVC and the PFO tunnel. Yellow line: PFO tunnel length. Red line: PFO tunnel height. Black line: PFO tunnel width.</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230103-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</abstract>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The patent foramen ovale (PFO), a relatively common and generally benign finding, has been associated with paradoxical embolisms. The closure of PFO, performed in patients with cryptogenic stroke, has been shown to reduce the recurrence rates of ischemic events, as evidenced by recent clinical trials. In this article, the authors synthesize the crucial role played by echocardiography in this context, from diagnosis and risk stratification to planning and monitoring of percutaneous intervention.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Brain Ischemia</kwd>
				<kwd>Foramen Ovale</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="38"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Patent foramen ovale (PFO), a remnant of fetal circulation, is prevalent in 25% of the population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The presence of PFO has often been associated with paradoxical embolism or local thrombus formation, with consequent embolic ischemic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, due to the high prevalence of PFO in the population, the cause-effect correlation with ischemic stroke remains controversial.</p>
			<p>Older randomized studies with PFO closure did not show benefits compared to antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy in the prevalence of ischemic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recently, new studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and reevaluation of the RESPECT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> study concluded that percutaneous PFO closure is beneficial for reducing cryptogenic ischemic stroke, without increasing the risk of serious complications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Thaler et al. identified an improvement in the characterization of ischemic stroke related to PFO using a clinical risk score, named RoPE (Risk of Paradoxical Embolism), which takes into account age; presence of risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and smoking; and type of image found on skull tomography (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), where scores greater than 7 indicate the ischemic stroke-PFO association.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Summary of the results of multicenter studies on percutaneous PFO closure compared to medical treatment</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="14%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>Number of patients</th>
								<th>Result</th>
								<th>High-risk PFO (%)</th>
								<th>Relative risk 95% CI</th>
								<th>P</th>
								<th>NNT/years</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Closure I (2012)<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td align="center">909</td>
								<td align="center">Negative</td>
								<td align="center">42.7</td>
								<td align="center">1.48 (0.36 to 6.14)</td>
								<td align="center">0.53</td>
								<td align="center">----</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>PC (2013)<sup>3</sup></td>
								<td align="center">414</td>
								<td align="center">Negative</td>
								<td align="center">37.2</td>
								<td align="center">0.59 (0.06 to 6.15)</td>
								<td align="center">0.558</td>
								<td align="center">----</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RESPECT (2017)<sup>8</sup></td>
								<td align="center">980</td>
								<td align="center">Positive</td>
								<td align="center">63.2</td>
								<td align="center">0.29 (0.13 to 0.69)</td>
								<td align="center">0.002</td>
								<td align="center">43/5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>REDUCE (2017)<sup>6</sup></td>
								<td align="center">664</td>
								<td align="center">Positive</td>
								<td align="center">41.1</td>
								<td align="center">0.08 (0.01 to 0.52)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								<td align="center">33/3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CLOSE (2017)<sup>5</sup></td>
								<td align="center">653</td>
								<td align="center">Positive</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">0.05 (0.00 to 0.88)</td>
								<td align="center">0.002</td>
								<td align="center">20/5.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DEFENSE PFO (2018)<sup>7</sup></td>
								<td align="center">120</td>
								<td align="center">Positive</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">0.07 (0.00 to 0.26)</td>
								<td align="center">0.13</td>
								<td align="center">10/2.1</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Closure I: Evaluation of the STARFlex Septal Closure System in Patients With a Stroke and/or Transient Ischemic Attack to Presumed Paradoxical Embolism Through a Patent Foramen Ovale; PC: Clinical Trial Comparing Percutaneous Closure of PFO Using the Amplatzer PFO Occluder With Medical Treatment in Patients With Cryptogenic Embolism; RESPECT: Randomized Evaluation of Recurrent Stroke Comparing PFO Closure to Establish Current Standard of Care Treatment; REDUCE: PFO closure with the Gore Septal Occluder ; CLOSE, Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Anticoagulants Versus Antiplatelet Therapy to Prevent Stroke Recurrence; DEFENSE-PFO, Device Closure Versus Medical Therapy for Cryptogenic Stroke Patients with High-Risk Patent Foramen Ovale. CI: confidence interval; NNT: number needed to treat; PFO: patent foramen ovale. Adapted from Song, 2023.<sup>15</sup></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– RoPE score</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="50%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Characteristic</th>
								<th>Points</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>No history of</bold></td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hypertension</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DM</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Stroke or TIA</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Non-smoker</bold></td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Proven cortical infarct</bold></td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Age (years)</bold></td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>18-29</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>30-39</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>40-49</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>50-59</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>60-69</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>&gt;70</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>DM: diabetes mellitus; TIA: transient ischemic attack. A sum above 7 points indicates greater likelihood of cerebral ischemia due to PFO. Adapted from Thaler et al.<sup>9</sup></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Combined with the RoPE score, the high-risk anatomical characteristics of PFO must be evaluated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In a meta-analysis of 6 studies, the RoPE score was associated with the anatomical-clinical risk classification named PASCAL (PFO-Associated Stroke Causal Likelihood) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). The application of this classification system, proposed by Kent et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> has the potential to guide individualized decision-making. Despite these relevant clinical and structural data, which make it possible to expand percutaneous treatment, the indication for PFO closure according to the neurology guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> is restricted to patients with proven embolic ischemic stroke, between 18 and 60 years of age, with high-risk anatomical and functional characteristics. More recently, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> expanded the recommendation of PFO closure to proven hypoxemia in platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome, patients with systemic embolism and PFO without another cause, and patients over 60 years of age with proven embolic ischemic stroke without other causes. However, these last recommendations have a low level of evidence.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– PASCAL score (the extended PFO-Associated Casual Likelihood Classification System)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Risk</th>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
								<th colspan="2">Casual likelihood</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th>Low RoPE score (&lt;7)</th>
								<th>High RoPE score (≥7)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Very high</bold></td>
								<td>Thrombus extending through the PFO</td>
								<td align="center">Definitive</td>
								<td align="center">Definitive</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>High</bold></td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>– PFO with aneurysm or large shunt</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– Pulmonary embolism or DVT before ischemia</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Likely</td>
								<td align="center">Highly likely</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Medium</bold></td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>– PFO + aneurysm</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– Large shunt through the PFO</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Possible</td>
								<td align="center">Likely</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Low</bold></td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>– Small shunt</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– Absence of aneurysm</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Unlikely</td>
								<td align="center">Possible</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>DVT: deep vein thrombosis; PFO: patent foramen ovale; RoPE: risk of paradoxical embolism. Adapted from Thaler et al.<sup><italic>9</italic></sup></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Echocardiography is fundamental for diagnosis, risk stratification, and monitoring of PFO closure. The anatomical characteristics of PFO will be described, with the main criteria for high anatomical risk and recommendations for adequate monitoring of percutaneous closure.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Diagnosis</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Transthoracic echocardiography</title>
				<p>Diagnosis of PFO by transthoracic echocardiography must be carried out while injecting agitated saline solution and performing the Valsalva maneuver. Color Doppler alone, even at low speeds, has low sensitivity because pressure equalization may occur between the atria with the absence of shunt at the time of the examination. Blood flow through the inferior vena cava favors the passage of macrobubbles through the PFO. In this sense, lower limb venipuncture may be useful if the suspicion of PFO is high and the passage of macrobubbles does not occur with conventional puncture in the arm. The preparation of macrobubbles must be adequate; the Valsalva maneuver must be effective, and multiple infusions of agitated saline solution are recommended to make the diagnosis more sensitive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Nonetheless, transthoracic echocardiography with agitated saline infusion is an indirect diagnostic method that is not capable of describing the anatomy of the septum and the PFO.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Transesophageal echocardiogram</title>
				<p>Transesophageal echocardiography offers excellent visualization of the interatrial septum, identifying the separation of the laminae of the septum primum and secundum and septal thickness. Using color Doppler at low speeds in the region of the foramen ovale, it is possible, in some cases, to identify the right-to-left flow. Even so, it is necessary to infuse agitated saline as in the transthoracic echocardiogram and to perform the Valsalva maneuver to separate the laminae of the interatrial septum, thus identifying the shunt. Adequate filling of the right atrium with macrobubbles and identification of movement of the septum towards the left atrium, with increased intra-abdominal pressure, determine the appropriate technique. The flow of macrobubbles must be monitored in the pulmonary veins to rule out extracardiac shunts (in which case the macrobubbles take more than 5 beats to opacify the left atrium and are visualized in the pulmonary veins).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>PFO risk stratification: essential measures and findings for defining high risk</title>
				<list list-type="simple">
					<list-item>
						<p>• PFO height<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1A</xref>): greater separation of the laminae of the septum primum and secundum &gt; 2 mm.</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f02">
								<label>Figure 1</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Main measurements for risk assessment of PFO: A) PFO height and tunnel length. B) Angle between the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the PFO. Figures produced by Maria Estefânia Bosco Otto using Echonova’s company image bank. IVC: inferior vena cava; PFO: patent foramen ovale.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230103-gf02.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>• Tunnel length<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1A</xref>): tunnel extension ≥ 10 mm.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>• Angle between the inferior vena cava and the PFO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1B</xref>): angle ≤ 10°.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>• Mobility of the interatrial septum:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> definition of an aneurysm, when the septal excursion is ≥ 10 mm from the septal plane or ≥ 15 mm in both directions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Video 1A</xref>).</p>
						<p>
							<media id="f05" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230103-m01.mp4">
								<label>Video 1</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Septal mobility and passage of macrobubbles. A) Septal mobility before macrobubble infusion. B) Passage of more than 20 bubbles from the right atrium to the left atrium. Video edited by Maria Estefânia Bosco Otto using Echonova’s company image bank. Links: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0103_AR_video1A.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0103_AR_video1A.mp4</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0103_AR_video1B.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0103_AR_video1B.mp4</ext-link>.</title>
								</caption>
							</media>
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>• Prominent Chiari network and redundant Eustachian valve measuring ≥ 10 mm.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>• Number of macrobubbles that pass into the left atrium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Video 1B</xref>): ≥ 20 macrobubbles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>Nakayama et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> described a risk score based on the parameters described above and displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, where a score greater than or equal to 2 points is associated with a significant risk of ischemic stroke. This assists in therapeutic decision-making, in addition to alerting to possible complications during the procedure.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– PFO risk score</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th>Points</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Long tunnel ≥ 10 mm</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hypermobility of the interatrial septum</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Prominent Chiari network or Eustachian valve</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Large shunt with Valsalva maneuver (≥ 20 bubbles)</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Angle between the IVC and PFO ≤ 10°</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Score ≥ 2 considered high risk. IVC: inferior vena cava; PFO: patent foramen ovale. Adapted from Nakayama, 2019.<sup>10</sup></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Monitoring the procedure: planning and choice of prosthesis</title>
			<p>Percutaneous PFO closure is performed with the implantation of a double-disc device in the interatrial septum. Two versions of specific prostheses exist: one with discs with different diameters, where the right disc has a larger diameter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2D</xref>), and another version with discs of equal diameters, similar to cribriform prostheses for multi-fenestrated atrial septal defect. In both versions, the waist is extremely thin, in order to avoid deformation of the PFO tunnel.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Monitoring of percutaneous closure (Video 2): A) Introduction of a catheter into the left atrium (LA) through the PFO. B) Opening of the left disc of the prosthesis in the LA. C) Opening of the right disc in the right atrium (RA), with delivery cable connected to the prosthesis. D) Final appearance after releasing the double-disc prosthesis appropriate for PFO closure (right disc larger than the left disc). Figures produced by Fernando Melo Netto using Echonova’s company image bank. LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230103-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring is recommended for safety, efficacy, and evaluation of the final result of the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In conjunction with fluoroscopy, transesophageal echocardiography allows visualization of catheters, guidewires, and the prosthesis. The use of the 3-dimensional modality better details the position of the device and its spatial relationship with adjacent cardiac structures. The guidance and information provided by transesophageal echocardiography are crucial for the various steps of the procedure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Video 2</xref>), which include the following:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<media id="f06" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230103-m02.mp4">
					<label>Video 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– PFO, from diagnosis to closure. Case of a young patient with cerebral ischemia. Video edited by Fernando Melo Netto using Echonova’s company image bank. L. O. C., female 38 years old 2 episodes of stroke Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0103_AR_video2.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0103_AR_video2.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
			<list list-type="roman-upper">
				<list-item>
					<p>Crossing the PFO with a multipurpose catheter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2A</xref>).</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Introduction of the sheath into the left atrium through the PFO, using a rigid guidewire positioned in the left superior pulmonary vein.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Loading and advancing the occluder prosthesis. Exposure and opening of the left disc (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2B</xref>), which is retracted until it is seated on the left side of the interatrial septum. This is followed by the opening of the right disc in the right atrium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2C</xref>). The correct positioning of the device is checked, ensuring parallelism between the two discs, which must be visualized surrounding the septum. Systematic assessment of the device edges rules out interference with adjacent structures, such as the mitral valve, coronary sinus, aorta, and posterior wall of the atria. Color Doppler allows verification of possible persistence of a residual shunt on the edges of the device or inside it.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>The “wiggle maneuver,” carried out by a careful movement, pushing and pulling the device, which is still connected to the delivery cable, to guarantee that the right disc and left disc do not shift into the contralateral chamber.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Prosthesis release (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2D</xref>).</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p>For the treatment to be successful, in the hemodynamics laboratory, adequate interaction and communication are indispensable between the interventionist and the echocardiographer, who must provide accurate information on the anatomy of the interatrial septum and the dimensions of the PFO. Nonetheless, standardization is still lacking to determine the appropriate size of the occluder device.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Furthermore, the nomenclature to describe the size of the PFO is still not uniform, and it is often based solely on 2-dimensional images.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Recently, Datta and et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> proposed a standardization of terminologies for PFO dimensions, as follows:</p>
			<list list-type="simple">
				<list-item>
					<p>• <bold>Tunnel length</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1A</xref>): distance between the opening of the foramen ovale in the right atrium and the left atrium.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>• <bold>Tunnel height</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1A</xref>): separation between the septum primum and septum secundum (minor axis of the oval opening).</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>• <bold>Tunnel width</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref>): size of the openings in the right atrium and left atrium, seen when viewing the PFO <italic>en face</italic> (major axis of the oval opening).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Measurement of the width of the PFO tunnel using 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography: A) En face view of the PFO tunnel from the left atrium, after introduction of the catheter. The width of the tunnel corresponds to the dotted white line. B) Multiplanar reconstruction of the same image block to obtain PFO width. Figures produced by Fernando Melo Netto using Echonova’s company image bank.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230103-gf04.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p>The width of the PFO tunnel is a crucial indicator, most appropriately assessed with 3-dimensional images. <italic>En face</italic> visualization of the PFO by 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography makes accurate assessment of the dimensions possible, and it may be particularly useful in cases of variant anatomy, such as double-orifice tunnels.</p>
			<p>For device selection, some operators and manufacturers recommend balloon sizing, which aims to transform the elliptical shape of the PFO into a circular defect, where the diameter of the balloon waist approximates the width of the tunnel as assessed by 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> however, it is essential to avoid excessively stretching the PFO or damaging the interatrial septum with balloon inflation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Recent instructions for the most widely used occluder (Amplatzer-PFO)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> recommend the choice of larger prostheses according to the length of the tunnel, the presence of aneurysm, and thickness of the septum secundum (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). Nonetheless, in the experience of several authors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> the width of the PFO tunnel is the best parameter to guide selection of device size. In this approach, it is important for the diameter of the right disc of the prosthesis to exceed the width of the tunnel in the right atrium. If the diameter of the disc is smaller, there is a risk of thrombi penetrating through the margins of the device.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Table 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Recommendations for device dimensions</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="33%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">PFO morphology</th>
								<th align="left">Anatomical characteristics</th>
								<th>Suggested Amplatzer<sup>TM</sup> Talisman<sup>TM</sup> occluder size</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Simple PFO</bold> or PFO without prominent ASA PFO in which a secure device position and effective closure can be achieved when using the 25-mm device</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>1. Absence of ASA, long tunnel, and thickening of the septum secundum</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>2. Non-prominent ASA (total excursion &lt; 20 mm) without long tunnel (≥ 10 mm in length), and without thickening of the septum secundum (≥ 10 mm in thickness)</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="center">25</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>Complex PFO</bold></p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>PFO with one or more anatomical features that may complicate the ability to achieve safe device position and effective PFO closure when using the 25-mm device</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>1. ASA (excursion ≥ 10 mm) with a long tunnel (≥ 10 mm long)</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>2. ASA (excursion ≥ 10 mm) with thickening of the septum secundum (thickness ≥ 10 mm)</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>3. Prominent ASA with excessive mobility (total excursion ≥ 20 mm)</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>4. Lipomatous hypertrophy of the septum secundum (≥ 15 mm thick)</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="center">30 or 35</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>PFO with small anatomy</bold></p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Anatomy that is not appropriate for 25-mm device due to interference with adjacent cardiac structures</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>Septum primum length &lt; 20 mm</td>
								<td align="center">18</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>ASA: atrial septal aneurysm; PFO: patent foramen ovale. Adapted from Abbott Laboratories. Amplatzer Talisman PFO Occluder Instructions for Use.<sup><italic>25</italic></sup></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>In addition to the PFO dimensions, it is essential to measure the anteroposterior diameter of the interatrial septum (midesophageal view of approximately 45°), in order to ensure that the disk can be adequately accommodated without impinging on surrounding cardiac structures, especially the posterior atrial wall or the aortic sinuses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In situations where visualization of the tunnel is difficult due to the absence of separation between the septum primum and secundum, measurements must be performed during the percutaneous procedure, after the introduction of a guidewire or catheter through the tunnel, inducing mechanical separation of the septa and allowing a more precise assessment of PFO dimensions<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>Intracardiac echocardiography is an alternative to transesophageal echocardiography during the procedure. Nonetheless, it has limitations, such as the cost of disposable probes, the need for specific training, potential risks related to femoral puncture, and the impossibility of multiplanar or 3-dimensional assessments, which impairs the measurement of the width of the PFO tunnel.</p>
			<p>In most cases, the PFO has a typical anatomy that allows for effective and uncomplicated closure. Occasionally, specific characteristics of the septum make the procedure more complex and may increase the failure rate, for example: interatrial septal aneurysm; presence of multiple accessory fenestrations; long, rigid tunnel; lipomatous and hypertrophic septum secundum; prominent Eustachian valve and/or Chiari network; or misalignment of the interatrial septum (“spiral septum” or “double septum”).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In cases of aneurysm and/or hypermobility where there is significant separation (above 8 mm) between the septum primum and secundum, it is necessary to use a balloon to measure the stretched diameter of the tunnel. If it is equal to or greater than 13 mm, self-centering devices (with wide waists, for occlusion of interatrial communication) are preferable to non-self-centering devices (with a thin waist), due to the lower risk of residual shunt.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The presence of multiple fenestrations may require the implantation of several devices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> When there is no predominant defect, the preferred approach aims to cross the central defect and implant a thin-waisted device (cribriform prosthesis) to cover the peripheral fenestrations, depending on the distance between them and adjacent cardiac structures.</p>
			<p>Suspicion of an excessively rigid and long septum primum (over 8 mm) arises when the tunnel opens less than 4 mm after the introduction of a guidewire or catheter, in which case the device may not seat properly. The frequently used technique is the implantation of the prosthesis through a transseptal puncture close to the tunnel opening, allowing adequate compression and positioning of the discs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A septum secundum thicker than 7 mm is classified as hypertrophic. Mild hypertrophies do not usually complicate the procedure. However, if the thickness is greater than 15 mm, the risk of failure increases significantly. The use of a ventricular septal defect occluder prosthesis can obtain success.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A prominent Eustachian valve, which interferes with the compression of the right disc against the interatrial septum, can be displaced with a pigtail catheter to help accommodate the device.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Complications</title>
			<p>The use of transesophageal echocardiography is fundamental in assisting diagnosis, in therapeutic monitoring, and also in preventing and detecting immediate complications, including the following: assessment of mitral valve competence and patency of the coronary sinus, formation of intracardiac thrombi, early device embolization, and positioning of wires and catheters, thus avoiding perforation of the left atrial appendage, pericardial effusion, and cardiac tamponade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The frequency and appropriate timing for echocardiographic monitoring still generate uncertainty. As most devices are endothelialized in approximately 6 months, a bubble study may be considered at the end of this period, when the success rate is approximately 95%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The results support the feasibility and safety of percutaneous closure, with no evidence of an increase in serious adverse events. Late complications, although rare, include device thrombosis, erosion of adjacent structures, prosthesis embolization, and endocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Arrhythmic complications, such as atrial fibrillation and flutter, have an incidence of approximately 3%. This can be attributed, in part, to manipulation of the catheter, passage of wires into the left atrium, and stretching of the atrial wall with the device. Atrial fibrillation generally manifests within the first 45 days after implantation, and it is a transient phenomenon in 76% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Percutaneous PFO closure has evolved with remarkable advances, driven by recent studies that support its benefits in preventing cryptogenic ischemic stroke. Risk stratification, considering clinical and anatomical aspects, together with the evolution of echocardiography, plays a crucial role in adequate patient selection and device choice. The need for strict monitoring, comprehension of potential complications, and careful assessment of individual characteristics are essential to optimize long-term outcomes. Ultimately, close collaboration between neurologists and cardiologists (clinicians, echocardiographers, and interventionalists) is fundamental to the success of the procedure and patient safety.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<p>Sources of Funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230103</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como Eu Faço Oclusão de Forame Oval Pérvio</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-9564-7435</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Netto</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Melo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>obtenção de imagens e vídeos</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2634-4632</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Otto</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Estefânia Bosco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>obtenção de imagens e vídeos</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital DF Star, Rede D’Or São Luiz, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplante do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"><bold>Correspondência: Fernando Melo Netto</bold> • Hospital Sírio-Libanês Brasília. SGAS 613, s/n 94, Via L2 Sul. CEP: 70200-730. Brasília, DF – Brasil. E-mail: fermnetto@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract abstract-type="graphical">
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Análise Ecocardiográfica para Diagnóstico, Estratificação de Risco e Planejamento da Oclusão Percutânea do FOP</title>
							<p>Representação esquemática da projeção ecocardiográfica bicaval (figura inferior à esquerda) e da visão “en face” do FOP (figura superior à direita). AD: átrio direito; AE: átrio esquerdo; D-E: direito-esquerdo; FOP: forame oval pérvio; SIA: septo interatrial; VCI: veia cava inferior; VCS: veia cava superior. Linhas brancas: ângulo entre a VCI e o túnel do FOP. Linha amarela: comprimento do túnel do FOP. Linha vermelha: altura do túnel do FOP. Linha preta: largura do túnel do FOP.</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230103-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</abstract>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O forame oval pérvio (FOP), achado relativamente comum e geralmente benigno, tem sido associado a embolias paradoxais. A oclusão do FOP, realizada em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral criptogênico, demonstrou reduzir as taxas de recorrência de eventos isquêmicos, conforme evidenciado por recentes ensaios clínicos. Neste artigo, os autores sintetizam a importância fundamental desempenhada pela ecocardiografia nesse contexto, desde o diagnóstico e estratificação de risco até o planejamento e monitorização da intervenção percutânea.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Isquemia Cerebral</kwd>
				<kwd>Forame Oval</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O forame oval pérvio (FOP), um remanescente da circulação fetal, é prevalente em 25% da população.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A presença de FOP foi associada diversas vezes à embolia paradoxal ou à formação de trombo local com consequente acidente vascular isquêmico (AVCi) embólico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entretanto, pela alta prevalência de FOP na população, a correlação de causa-efeito com AVCi é controversa.</p>
				<p>Antigos estudos randomizados de fechamento de FOP não mostraram benefícios comparados à terapia antiplaquetária ou de anticoagulação na prevalência do AVCi.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recentemente, novos estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e a reavaliação tardia do estudo RESPECT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> concluíram que o fechamento percutâneo do FOP é benéfico para redução de AVCi criptogênico, sem aumentar o risco de complicações graves (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>). Thaler e colaboradores identificaram uma melhora da caracterização do AVCi relacionado ao FOP utilizando um escore de risco clínico, denominado RoPE (Risk of Paradoxical Embolism), que leva em consideração idade, presença de fatores de risco como diabetes, hipertensão, tabagismo e o tipo de imagem encontrada na tomografia de crânio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>); escores maiores que 7 indicam a associação AVCi-FOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Resultados resumidos de estudos multicêntricos de fechamento percutâneo de FOP em comparação a tratamento clínico</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="14%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Número de Pacientes</th>
									<th>Resultado</th>
									<th>FOP de alto risco (%)</th>
									<th>Risco relativo IC 95%</th>
									<th>P</th>
									<th>NNT/anos</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Closure I (2012)<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">909</td>
									<td align="center">Negativo</td>
									<td align="center">42,7</td>
									<td align="center">1,48 (0,36 a 6,14)</td>
									<td align="center">0,53</td>
									<td align="center">----</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PC (2013)<sup>3</sup></td>
									<td align="center">414</td>
									<td align="center">Negativo</td>
									<td align="center">37,2</td>
									<td align="center">0,59 (0,06 a 6,15)</td>
									<td align="center">0,558</td>
									<td align="center">----</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>RESPECT (2017)<sup>8</sup></td>
									<td align="center">980</td>
									<td align="center">Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">63,2</td>
									<td align="center">0,29 (0,13 a 0,69)</td>
									<td align="center">0,002</td>
									<td align="center">43/5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>REDUCE (2017)<sup>6</sup></td>
									<td align="center">664</td>
									<td align="center">Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">41,1</td>
									<td align="center">0,08 (0,01 a 0,52)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									<td align="center">33/3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CLOSE (2017)<sup>5</sup></td>
									<td align="center">653</td>
									<td align="center">Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0,05 (0,00 a 0,88)</td>
									<td align="center">0,002</td>
									<td align="center">20/5,3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DEFENSE PFO (2018)<sup>7</sup></td>
									<td align="center">120</td>
									<td align="center">Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0,07 (0,00 a 0,26)</td>
									<td align="center">0,13</td>
									<td align="center">10/2,1</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>Closure I: Evaluation of the STARFlex Septal Closure System in Patients With a Stroke and/or Transient Ischemic Attack to Presumed Paradoxical Embolism Through a Patent Foramen Ovale; PC: Clinical Trial Comparing Percutaneous Closure of PFO Using the Amplatzer PFO Occluder With Medical Treatment in Patients With Cryptogenic Embolism; RESPECT: Randomized Evaluation of Recurrent Stroke Comparing PFO Closure to Establish Current Standard of Care Treatment; REDUCE: PFO closure with the Gore Septal Occluder ; CLOSE, Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Anticoagulants Versus Antiplatelet Therapy to Prevent Stroke Recurrence; DEFENSE-PFO, Device Closure Versus Medical Therapy for Cryptogenic Stroke Patients with High-Risk Patent Foramen Ovale. IC: intervalo de confiança; FOP: forame oval pérvio; NNT: número necessário para tratar. Adaptado de Song.<sup>15</sup></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Escore RoPE</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Característica</th>
									<th>Pontos</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2"><bold>Sem histórico de</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hipertensão</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DM</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>AVC ou AIT</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Não tabagista</bold></td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Infarto cortical comprovado</bold></td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2"><bold>Idade (anos)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>18-29</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>30-39</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>40-49</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>50-59</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>60-69</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>&gt;70</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2002">
								<p>Legenda – AIT: acidente isquêmico transitório AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DM: diabetes mellitus. A soma dos pontos acima de 7 indica maior probabilidade de isquemia cerebral por FOP. Adapatado de Thaler et al.<sup>9</sup></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Aliado ao escore RoPE, devem ser avaliadas as características anatômicas de alto risco do FOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em metanálise de 6 estudos, o escore RoPE foi associado à classificação de risco anatômico-clínica denominada PASCAL (PFO - Associated Stroke Causal Likelihood) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>). A aplicação deste sistema de classificação, proposta por Kent e colaboradores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> tem o potencial de orientar a tomada de decisões individualizada. Apesar destes dados clínicos e estruturais relevantes, que possibilitam a ampliação do tratamento percutâneo, a indicação para o fechamento do FOP pela diretriz de neurologia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> se restringe a pacientes com AVCi embólico comprovado, com idade de 18 a 60 anos e características anatômicas e funcionais de alto risco. Mais recentemente, a diretriz da Sociedade Americana de Intervenção Cardiovascular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> amplia a recomendação do fechamento do FOP para hipoxemia comprovada em síndrome de platipneia-ortodeoxia, em paciente com embolia sistêmica e FOP sem outra causa, em paciente com mais de 60 anos com AVCi embólico comprovado e sem outras causas. No entanto, essas últimas recomendações têm nível de evidência baixo.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3002">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Escore PASCAL (the extended PFO-Associated Casual Likelihood Classification System)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="25%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Risco</th>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Características</th>
									<th colspan="2">Probabilidade Causal</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th>Escore RoPE baixo (&lt;7)</th>
									<th>Escore RoPE alto (≥7)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Muito alto</bold></td>
									<td>Trombo estendendo pelo FOP</td>
									<td align="center">Definitivo</td>
									<td align="center">Definitivo</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Alto</bold></td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>– FOP com aneurisma ou grande shunt</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– Embolia pulmonar ou TVP antes da isquemia</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Provável</td>
									<td align="center">Altamente provável</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Médio</bold></td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>– FOP+ aneurisma</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– <italic>Shunt</italic> largo pelo FOP</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Possível</td>
									<td align="center">Provável</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Baixo</bold></td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>– <italic>Shunt</italic> pequeno</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– Ausência de aneurisma</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Improvável</td>
									<td align="center">Possível</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3002">
								<p>FOP: forame oval pérvio; TVP: trombose venosa profunda; RoPE: risk of paradoxical embolism. Adaptado de Thaler et al.<sup>9</sup></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>O ecocardiograma é fundamental para o diagnóstico, estratificação de risco e monitorização do fechamento do FOP. A seguir serão descritas as características anatômicas do FOP com os principais critérios de alto risco anatômico e orientações para o adequado monitoramento de seu fechamento percutâneo.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diagnóstico</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Ecocardiograma transtorácico</title>
					<p>O diagnóstico de FOP pelo ecocardiograma transtorácico deve ser realizado na vigência da injeção de salina agitada e realização de manobra de Valsalva. A utilização somente do Doppler colorido, mesmo com velocidades baixas, apresenta baixa sensibilidade porque pode ocorrer equalização da pressão entre os átrios e a ausência de <italic>shunt</italic> no momento do exame. O fluxo de sangue pela veia cava inferior (VCI) favorece a passagem de macrobolhas pelo FOP. Nesse sentido, pode ser útil a punção de veia no membro inferior, caso a suspeita de FOP seja alta e a passagem de macrobolhas não ocorra com a punção convencional no braço. O preparo das macrobolhas deve ser adequado, a manobra de Valsalva eficaz e múltiplas infusões de salina agitada são recomendadas para sensibilizar o diagnóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No entanto, o ecocardiograma transtorácico com infusão de salina agitada é um método indireto de diagnóstico, incapaz de descrever a anatomia do septo e do FOP.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE)</title>
					<p>O ETE oferece uma excelente visualização do septo interatrial, com identificação da separação das lâminas do <italic>septum primum</italic> e <italic>secundum</italic> e da espessura do septo. Com a utilização do Doppler colorido com velocidades baixas na região do forame oval, é possível, em alguns casos, identificar o fluxo direito-esquerdo. Mesmo assim, é necessária a infusão de salina agitada como no ecocardiograma transtorácico e a realização de manobra de Valsalva para separar as lâminas do septo interatrial, dessa forma identificando o <italic>shunt.</italic> O preenchimento adequado do átrio direito com as macrobolhas e a identificação de movimento do septo para o átrio esquerdo (AE), com o aumento da pressão intra-abdominal, determinam a técnica apropriada. O fluxo de macrobolhas deve ser acompanhado nas veias pulmonares para descartar <italic>shunts</italic> extracardíacos (nesse caso, as macrobolhas demoram mais de 5 batimentos para opacificar o AE e são visualizadas nas veias pulmonares).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Estratificação de risco do FOP: medidas e achados essenciais para definição de alto risco</title>
					<list list-type="simple">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>•</bold> Altura do FOP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (Figura 1A): maior separação das lâminas do <italic>septum primum</italic> e <italic>secundum</italic> &gt; 2 mm.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>• Comprimento do túnel<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1A</xref>): extensão do túnel ≥ 10 mm.</p>
							<p>
								<fig id="f02002">
									<label>Figura 1</label>
									<caption>
										<title>– Principais medidas para avaliação de risco do FOP: A) altura do FOP e comprimento do túnel. B) ângulo entre a VCI e o FOP. Figuras produzidas por Maria Estefânia Bosco Otto a partir do banco de imagens da empresa Echonova. FOP: forame oval pérvio; VCI: veia cava inferior.</title>
									</caption>
									<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230103-gf02-pt.tif"/>
								</fig>
							</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>• Ângulo entre a VCI e o FOP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1B</xref>): ângulo ≤ 10º.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>• Mobilidade do septo interatrial:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> definição de aneurisma, quando o septo excursiona ≥ 10 mm do plano septal ou ≥ 15 mm em ambas direções (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Vídeo 1A</xref>).</p>
							<p>
								<media id="f05002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230103-m01-pt.mp4">
									<label>Vídeo 1</label>
									<caption>
										<title>– Mobilidade do septo e passagem de macrobolhas. A) Mobilidade do septo antes da infusão de macrobolhas. B) Passagem de mais de 20 bolhas do átrio direito para o AE. Vídeo editado por Maria Estefânia Bosco Otto a partir do banco de imagens da empresa Echonova. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0103_AR_video1A.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0103_AR_video1A.mp4</ext-link> e <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0103_AR_video1B.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0103_AR_video1B.mp4</ext-link>.</title>
									</caption>
								</media>
							</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>• Rede de Chiari proeminente e válvula de Eustáquio redundante medindo ≥ 10 mm.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>• Número de macrobolhas que passam para o AE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Vídeo 1B</xref>): ≥ 20 macrobolhas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Nakayama e colaboradores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> descreveram um escore de risco baseado nos parâmetros descritos acima e representado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref> por meio de pontuação: escore maior ou igual a 2 é associado a risco significativo de AVCi, e auxilia a tomada de decisão terapêutica, bem como alerta para possíveis complicações durante o procedimento.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4002">
							<label>Tabela 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Escore de risco do FOP</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="50%">
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Variável</th>
										<th>Pontuação</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Túnel longo ≥ 10 mm</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hipermobilidade do SIA</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Válvula de Eustáquio ou rede de Chiari proeminentes</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><italic>Shunt</italic> grande com manobra de Valsalva (≥ 20 bolhas)</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ângulo entre VCI e FOP ≤ 10º</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4002">
									<p>Escore ≥ 2 considerado alto risco. FOP: forame oval pérvio; SIA: septo interatrial; VCI: veia cava inferior. Adaptado de Nakayama, 2019.<sup>10</sup></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Monitorização do procedimento: planejamento e escolha da prótese</title>
				<p>A oclusão percutânea do FOP é realizada com implante de dispositivo de disco duplo no septo interatrial. As próteses específicas existem em duas versões: uma com discos de diâmetros diferentes, em que o disco direito apresenta maior diâmetro (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2D</xref>) e uma outra versão de discos de diâmetros iguais, semelhantes às próteses cribriformes para comunicação interatrial multifenestrada. Em ambas as versões, a cintura é extremamente fina, para que não haja deformação do túnel do FOP.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Monitorização da oclusão percutânea (Vídeo 2): A) Introdução de cateter no AE através do FOP. B) Abertura do disco esquerdo da prótese no AE. C) Abertura do disco direito no átrio direito (AD), com cabo de entrega conectado à prótese. D) Aspecto final após a liberação da prótese de duplo disco própria para o fechamento de FOP (disco direito maior que o disco esquerdo). Figuras produzidas por Fernando Melo Netto a partir do banco de imagens da empresa Echonova. AE: átrio esquerdo; AD: átrio direito.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230103-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Recomenda-se monitorização ecocardiográfica transesofágica para a segurança, eficácia e avaliação do resultado final do procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em conjunto com a fluoroscopia, o ETE permite a visualização de cateteres, de fios-guia e da prótese. O emprego da modalidade tridimensional (3D) detalha melhor a posição do dispositivo e sua relação espacial com estruturas cardíacas adjacentes. A orientação e informações fornecidas pelo ETE são cruciais para as diversas etapas do procedimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Vídeo 2</xref>), que incluem:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<media id="f06002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230103-m02-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– FOP do diagnóstico ao fechamento. Caso de paciente jovem com isquemia cerebral. Vídeo editado por Fernando Melo Netto a partir de banco de imagens da empresa Echonova. L.O.C., feminina, 38 anos, 2 episódios de AVC. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0103_AR_video2.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2023-0103_AR_video2.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<list list-type="roman-upper">
					<list-item>
						<p>Cruzamento do FOP com cateter multiuso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2A</xref>).</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Introdução de bainha no AE através do FOP, utilizando fio-guia rígido posicionado na veia pulmonar superior esquerda.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Carregamento e avanço da prótese oclusora. Exposição e abertura do disco esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2B</xref>), que é recuado até apoiar-se no lado esquerdo do septo interatrial. Em seguida, abertura do disco direito no átrio direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2C</xref>). O correto posicionamento do dispositivo é checado, garantindo o paralelismo entre os dois discos, que devem ser visualizados envolvendo o septo. A avaliação sistemática das bordas do dispositivo descarta a interferência com estruturas adjacentes, como a válvula mitral, o seio coronariano, a aorta e a parede posterior dos átrios. O Doppler colorido permite verificar a possível persistência de shunt residual nas bordas do dispositivo ou em seu interior.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Manobra de estabilidade, realizada através de movimento cuidadoso de empurrar e puxar o dispositivo que ainda se encontra conectado ao cabo de entrega, para garantir que o disco direito e o disco esquerdo não se desloquem para a câmara contralateral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Liberação da prótese (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2D</xref>).</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>Para o sucesso do tratamento, no laboratório de hemodinâmica são imprescindíveis interação e comunicação adequadas entre o intervencionista e o ecocardiografista, que deverá fornecer informações precisas da anatomia do septo interatrial e das dimensões do FOP. Porém, a determinação do tamanho apropriado do dispositivo oclusor ainda carece de padronização.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Além disso, a nomenclatura para descrever o tamanho do FOP continua a ser desuniforme e, muitas vezes, baseada somente em imagens bidimensionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Recentemente, Datta e colaboradores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> propuseram padronização das terminologias para o dimensionamento do FOP:</p>
				<list list-type="simple">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>• Comprimento do túnel</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1A</xref>): distância entre a abertura do forame oval no átrio direito e no AE.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>• Altura do túnel</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1A</xref>): separação entre o <italic>septum primum</italic> e o <italic>septum secundum</italic> (eixo menor da abertura oval).</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>• Largura do túnel</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref>): tamanho das aberturas no átrio direito e no AE, apreciadas na visualização <italic>en face</italic> do FOP (eixo maior da abertura oval).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f04002">
								<label>Figura 3</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Medida da largura do túnel do FOP pelo ETE 3D: A) Visão en face do túnel do FOP pelo AE, após a introdução de cateter. A largura do túnel corresponde à linha branca pontilhada. B) Reconstrução multiplanar do mesmo bloco de imagem para a obtenção da largura do FOP. Figuras produzidas por Fernando Melo Netto a partir do banco de imagens da empresa Echonova.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230103-gf04-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>A largura do túnel do FOP é indicador crucial, mais apropriadamente realizada com imagens tridimensionais. A visualização <italic>en face</italic> do FOP pelo ETE 3D possibilita uma avaliação precisa das dimensões e pode ser particularmente útil em casos de anatomia variante, como túneis de orifício duplo.</p>
				<p>Para a seleção do dispositivo, alguns operadores e fabricantes recomendam o dimensionamento com balão, que visa transformar a forma elíptica do FOP em um defeito circular, em que o diâmetro da cintura do balão se aproxima da largura do túnel conforme avaliado pelo ETE 3D,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> porém é fundamental evitar estirar excessivamente o FOP ou danificar o septo interatrial com a insuflação do balão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> As instruções recentes do oclusor mais amplamente utilizado (Amplatzer-PFO)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> recomendam a escolha de próteses maiores de acordo com o comprimento do túnel, a presença de aneurisma e a espessura do <italic>septum secundum</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5002">Tabela 5</xref>). Entretanto, na experiência de diversos autores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> a largura do túnel do FOP é o melhor parâmetro para orientar a seleção do tamanho do dispositivo. Nessa abordagem, é importante que o diâmetro do disco direito da prótese exceda a largura do túnel no átrio direito. Caso o diâmetro do disco seja menor, existe o risco de trombos penetrarem através das margens do dispositivo.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5002">
						<label>Tabela 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Recomendações para as dimensões do dispositivo</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="33%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Morfologia do FOP</th>
									<th align="left">Características anatômicas</th>
									<th>Tamanho sugerido do oclusor Amplatzer<sup>TM</sup> Talisman<sup>TM</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>FOP simples</bold> ou com ASA não proeminente FOP em que uma posição segura do dispositivo e a oclusão eficaz possa ser alcançada ao usar o dispositivo de 25 mm</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>1. Ausência de ASA, de túnel longo e de espessamento do <italic>septum secundum</italic> 2. ASA não proeminente (excursão total &lt; 20 mm) sem túnel longo</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>(≥ 10 mm de comprimento) e sem espessamento do <italic>septum secundum</italic> (≥ 10 mm de espessura)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">25</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p><bold>FOP complexo</bold></p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>FOP com uma ou mais características anatômicas que possam complicar a capacidade de alcançar uma posição segura do dispositivo e oclusão eficaz do FOP ao usar o dispositivo de 25 mm</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>1. ASA (excursão ≥ 10 mm) com túnel longo (≥10 mm de comprimento)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>2. ASA (excursão ≥ 10 mm) com espessamento do <italic>septum secundum</italic> (espessura ≥ 10 mm)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>3. ASA proeminente com mobilidade excessiva (excursão total ≥ 20 mm)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>4. Hipertrofia lipomatosa do <italic>septum secundum</italic> (≥ 15 mm de espessura)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">30 ou 35</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p><bold>FOP com anatomia pequena</bold></p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Anatomia não adequada para dispositivo de tamanho de 25 mm devido à interferência com estruturas cardíacas adjacentes</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>Comprimento do <italic>septum primum</italic> &lt; 20 mm</td>
									<td align="center">18</td>
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							<fn id="TFN5002">
								<p>ASA: aneurisma de septo atrial; FOP: forame oval pérvio. Adaptado de Abbott Laboratories. Amplatzer Talisman PFO Occluder Instructions for Use.<sup>25</sup></p>
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				<p>Além das dimensões do FOP, é fundamental medir o diâmetro anteroposterior do septo interatrial (incidência mesoesofágica a aproximadamente 45<sup>o</sup>), para garantir que o disco possa ser adequadamente acomodado sem interferir com estruturas cardíacas circundantes, em especial a parede atrial posterior ou os seios aórticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em situações em que a visualização do túnel é dificultada pela ausência de separação entre o <italic>septum primum</italic> e <italic>secundum</italic>, as medidas devem ser realizadas durante o procedimento percutâneo, após a introdução de um fio-guia ou cateter através do túnel, induzindo a separação mecânica dos septos e permitindo uma avaliação mais precisa das dimensões do FOP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>A ecocardiografia intracardíaca é uma alternativa ao ETE durante o procedimento. Contudo, tem suas limitações, como custos de sondas descartáveis, necessidade de treinamento específico, riscos potenciais relacionados à punção femoral e a impossibilidade de avaliações multiplanares ou tridimensionais, o que prejudica a mensuração da largura do túnel do FOP.</p>
				<p>Na maioria dos casos, o FOP apresenta uma anatomia típica que permite um fechamento eficaz e descomplicado. Ocasionalmente, características específicas do septo tornam o procedimento mais complexo e podem aumentar a taxa de insucesso, tais como: aneurisma do septo interatrial; presença de múltiplas fenestrações acessórias; túnel longo e rígido; <italic>septum secundum</italic> lipomatoso e hipertrófico; válvula de Eustáquio e/ou rede de Chiari proeminentes; desalinhamento do septo interatrial (“septo em espiral” ou “septo duplo”).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nos casos de aneurisma e/ou hipermobilidade em que há separação significativa (acima de 8 mm) entre o <italic>septum primum</italic> e <italic>secundum</italic>, é necessária a utilização de balão para mensuração do diâmetro estirado do túnel. Caso este seja igual ou superior a 13 mm, os dispositivos autocentráveis (de cintura larga, para oclusão de comunicação interatrial) são preferíveis aos dispositivos não autocentráveis (de cintura fina), pelo menor risco de shunt residual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A presença de múltiplas fenestrações pode exigir o implante de vários dispositivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Quando não há um defeito predominante, a abordagem preferencial visa cruzar o defeito central e implantar um dispositivo de cintura fina (prótese cribriforme) para cobrir as fenestrações periféricas, a depender da distância entre elas e das estruturas cardíacas adjacentes.</p>
				<p>A suspeita de um <italic>septum primum</italic> excessivamente rígido e longo (acima de 8 mm) surge quando o túnel se abre menos de 4 mm após a introdução de um fio-guia ou cateter, caso em que o dispositivo pode não se acomodar adequadamente. A técnica frequentemente utilizada é o implante da prótese por meio de punção transeptal próxima à abertura do túnel, permitindo compressão e acomodação adequadas dos discos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
				<p><italic>Septum secundum</italic> com espessura superior a 7 mm é classificado como hipertrófico. Hipertrofias discretas não costumam complicar o procedimento. Entanto, se a espessura for superior a 15 mm, o risco de insucesso aumenta significativamente. O uso de uma prótese oclusora de comunicação interventricular pode obter êxito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Válvula de Eustáquio proeminente, que interfira na compactação do disco direito contra o septo interatrial, pode ser deslocada com cateter <italic>pigtail</italic> para auxiliar a acomodação do dispositivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Complicações</title>
				<p>A utilização do ETE é fundamental no auxílio diagnóstico, na monitorização terapêutica e também na prevenção e detecção de complicações imediatas, incluindo: avaliação da competência da válvula mitral e da patência do seio coronário, atenção à formação de trombos intracardíacos, à embolização precoce do dispositivo e ao posicionamento de fios e cateteres evitando a perfuração do apêndice atrial esquerdo, derrame pericárdico e tamponamento cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A frequência e o momento adequado para o acompanhamento ecocardiográfico ainda geram incertezas. Como a maioria dos dispositivos é endotelizada em aproximadamente 6 meses, um estudo de bolhas pode ser considerado ao fim deste período, em que a taxa de sucesso é de cerca de 95%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Os resultados respaldam a viabilidade e segurança do fechamento percutâneo, sem evidências de aumento de eventos adversos graves. Complicações tardias, embora raras, incluem a trombose do dispositivo, erosão de estruturas adjacentes, embolia da prótese e endocardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Complicações arrítmicas, como a fibrilação atrial e o <italic>flutter</italic>, apresentam incidência de aproximadamente 3%. Isso pode ser atribuído, em parte, à manipulação do cateter, passagem de fios para o AE e ao estiramento da parede atrial com o dispositivo. A fibrilação atrial geralmente se manifesta nos primeiros 45 dias após o implante e, em 76% dos casos, é um fenômeno transitório.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>A oclusão percutânea do FOP evoluiu com avanços notáveis, impulsionados por estudos recentes que respaldam seus benefícios na prevenção de AVCi criptogênico. A estratificação de risco, considerando aspectos clínicos e anatômicos, juntamente com a evolução da ecocardiografia, desempenha um papel crucial na seleção adequada dos pacientes e na escolha do dispositivo. A necessidade de monitoramento rigoroso, compreensão das complicações potenciais e avaliação cuidadosa de características individuais são essenciais para otimizar os resultados a longo prazo. Em última análise, a colaboração estreita entre neurologistas e cardiologistas (clínicos, ecocardiografistas e intervencionistas) é fundamental para o sucesso do procedimento e a segurança dos pacientes.</p>
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					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
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					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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					<p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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