﻿<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230072i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230072i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Left Ventricular Aneurysm With Contained Rupture</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2356-3530</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>Priscila Nasser de</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7166-5841</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Shinzato</surname><given-names>Mariane Higa</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<role>tomography images</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3345-276X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Kroll</surname><given-names>Roberto Tadeu Magro</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2165-2251</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cortellazzi</surname><given-names>Andrea Cunha</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>echocardiogram image (Figure 3)</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8434-3980</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Campos</surname><given-names>Aloysio Abdo Silva</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>intraoperative image</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Transplantes do Estado de São Paulo Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Transplantes do Estado de São Paulo Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Priscila Nasser de Carvalho</bold> • Hospital de Transplantes do Estado de São Paulo Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, Cardiologia. Avenida Brigadeiro Luís Antônio, 2651. Postal code: <postal-code>01401-000</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>priscilanasser@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>29</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230072</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>19</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>21</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Aneurysm</kwd>
<kwd>Thoracic Surgery</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="7"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Left ventricular aneurysms (LVA) and left ventricular pseudoaneurysms (LVPA) are serious complications resulting from transmural myocardial infarction. Their incidence has decreased considerably with the advancements of interventional cardiology, using early revascularization of the compromised coronary artery, preventing ventricular remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Differential diagnosis is often not easy; however, it must be made early.</p>
<p>An LVA occurs months or years after acute myocardial infarction. It is formed by an area of scar tissue and contains the three layers of the ventricular wall (endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium). Its wall is preserved and may contain thrombi. An LVPA is a rare complication that can occur days or months after the infarction. It is formed by the weakened wall that ruptures after the infarction, in a way that this rupture is contained by the pericardium, resulting in discontinuity of the endocardial border.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Usually, an LVA is located in the apical and anterior regions, while an LVPA is located in the posterolateral region of the left ventricle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Surgical resection of an LVA is necessary in cases of refractory angina, heart failure, systemic embolization, and refractory arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A pseudoaneurysm has a high risk of rupture (30% to 45%) and sudden death due to cardiac tamponade. Therefore, surgical treatment is recommended immediately after detection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Rupture of a true left ventricular aneurysm in the chronic phase is an uncommon phenomenon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The purpose of this study was to report the case of a patient with a ruptured left ventricular aneurysm, developing chest pain and needing heart surgery.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case report</title>
<p>Male patient, 70 years old, hypertensive, diabetic, dyslipidemic, and former smoker. He experienced an acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation of the anterior wall, undergoing angioplasty of the anterior descending artery in July 2022. In September 2022, he was admitted to the emergency department of a general hospital with ventilator-depending chest pain and dyspnea. Physical examination revealed that his condition was hemodynamically stable.</p>
<p>Due to the presence of a massive pleural effusion on the left side, as detected on the chest X-ray, a relief thoracentesis was performed, removing 1000 ml of serum and blood-stained fluid. Subsequently, a computed tomography scan of the chest was performed, which revealed the partial collapse of the left lung due to massive pleural effusion, in addition to a small pleural effusion on the right and sacculation of the left ventricle, with foci of gas present in contiguity with the apex, suggesting a contained ruptured aneurysm in the left ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>). On the transthoracic echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), a large aneurysmal image can be seen in the apical region of the left ventricle with mobile formations, suggesting the presence of a thrombus, contiguous with the pericardial sac, in addition to apical dyskinesia, hypokinesia of the anterior wall, and significant left ventricular dysfunction.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Three-chamber long-axis tomographic image (left ventricular outflow tract) showing aneurysm of the left ventricular apex (white arrow). Pleural effusion on the left with compressive atelectasis (red asterisk) is also noted.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230072-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Two-chamber long-axis tomographic image showing partially thrombosed aneurysm of the left ventricular apex (yellow asterisk and white arrow)</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230072-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Transthoracic echocardiogram with a four-chamber apical view showing the communication of the intact wall of the left ventricle with the cystic cavity through a wide lap (white arrow). LVA: Left Ventricle Aneurysm; LV: Left Ventricle.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230072-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Surgical correction was recommended. The patient was transferred to a tertiary hospital, where he underwent left ventricular reconstruction and thrombectomy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). Postoperatively, the patient developed several complications, including cardiogenic and vasoplegic shock, requiring the use of vasoactive drugs and an intra-aortic balloon pump. After being hospitalized for months, he was discharged from the hospital for rehabilitation.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Intraoperative image showing ruptured left ventricular aneurysm</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230072-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>Ventricular aneurysms contain a narrowed area in a scarred region of the myocardium that has a dyskinetic movement. Most of the time, they result from occlusion of the anterior descending artery in cases where there is no well-developed collateral circulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> They occur due to intraventricular pressure that leads to the expansion of the necrotic area of the infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Patients are generally asymptomatic and this condition is often found during a routine transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>The TTE has good sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of LVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The thinner wall of the infarct region communicates with the ventricle through a wide neck, unlike the pseudoaneurysm, in which this neck is narrow. However, the differential diagnosis between the two can be difficult, especially when they are located posteriorly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>A Chest Computed Tomography <bold>Angiography</bold> not only confirms the echocardiographic findings, but also allows a very accurate description of the anatomy of the left ventricle. The thin wall thickness, the anatomical characteristics (regular expansion of the cavity and the pericardium surrounding the myocardial scar), and the absence of discontinuity in the endocardial wall are characteristic signs of LVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Due to its better spatial resolution, Cardiac Computed Tomography helps visualize segments that are difficult to evaluate by TTE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> By allowing tissue characterization, magnetic resonance imaging of the heart is the right exam to distinguish LVA from LVPA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> which is highly valued since it allows the assessment of size and location.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is an important determinant of survival. Patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 30% have a much lower survival rate than those with LVEF &gt; 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Surgical intervention is intended to improve left ventricular function and reverse remodeling, reducing the likelihood of malignant arrhythmias and embolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Surgical correction of an LVA consists of an aneurysmectomy and ventricular reconstruction with a patch, implantation of an arterial graft when necessary, and correction of other mechanical complications, such as mitral insufficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>The early diagnosis of LVA or LVPA is key for establishing the right treatment at the right time and avoiding even greater complications.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Brigadeiro UGA V – SP under the protocol number 6/80705. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>El Ouazzani</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Jandou</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Aneurysm and Pseudoaneurysm of the Left Ventricle</article-title>
<source>Ann Med Surg (Lond)</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>75</volume>
<fpage>103405</fpage>
<lpage>103405</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103405</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>El Ouazzani J, Jandou I. Aneurysm and Pseudoaneurysm of the Left Ventricle. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022;75:103405. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103405.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Kumbasar</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>KC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kamel</surname><given-names>IR</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bluemke</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Left Ventricular True Aneurysm: Diagnosis of Myocardial Viability Shown on MR Imaging</article-title>
<source>AJR Am J Roentgenol</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>179</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>472</fpage>
<lpage>474</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2214/ajr.179.2.1790472</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Kumbasar B, Wu KC, Kamel IR, Lima JA, Bluemke DA. Left Ventricular True Aneurysm: Diagnosis of Myocardial Viability Shown on MR Imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179(2):472-4. doi: 10.2214/ajr.179.2.1790472.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Pontone</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Andreini</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ballerini</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Pompilio</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Alamanni</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Nobili</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>An Unusual Case of Large Left Ventricular Aneurysm: Complementary Role of Echocardiography and Multidetector Computed Tomography in Surgical Planning</article-title>
<source>Eur J Radiol</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>51</fpage>
<lpage>54</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejrex.2005.03.010</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Pontone G, Andreini D, Ballerini G, Pompilio G, Alamanni F, Nobili E, et al. An Unusual Case of Large Left Ventricular Aneurysm: Complementary Role of Echocardiography and Multidetector Computed Tomography in Surgical Planning. Eur J Radiol. 2005;54(2):51-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrex.2005.03.010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Habertheuer</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Andreas</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Wiedemann</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Rath</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kocher</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Giant Lateral Left Ventricular Wall Aneurysm Sparing the Submitral Apparatus</article-title>
<source>J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<fpage>201</fpage>
<lpage>201</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1749-8090-8-201</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Habertheuer A, Andreas M, Wiedemann D, Rath C, Kocher A. Giant Lateral Left Ventricular Wall Aneurysm Sparing the Submitral Apparatus. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;8:201. doi: 10.1186/1749-8090-8-201.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Jacob</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Buzelli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Machado</surname><given-names>NC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Garzon</surname><given-names>PG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Garzon</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Pseudoaneurysm of Left Ventricle</article-title>
<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>e1</fpage>
<lpage>e2</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0066-782x2007001300012</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Jacob JL, Buzelli G, Machado NC, Garzon PG, Garzon SA. Pseudoaneurysm of Left Ventricle. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;89(1):e1-2. doi: 10.1590/s0066-782x2007001300012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Zoffoli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Mangino</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Venturini</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Terrini</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Asta</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Zanchettin</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Diagnosing Left Ventricular Aneurysm from Pseudo-Aneurysm: A Case Report and a Review in Literature</article-title>
<source>J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1749-8090-4-11</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Zoffoli G, Mangino D, Venturini A, Terrini A, Asta A, Zanchettin C, et al. Diagnosing Left Ventricular Aneurysm from Pseudo-Aneurysm: A Case Report and a Review in Literature. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;4:11. doi: 10.1186/1749-8090-4-11.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Aguiar</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Barba Mdel</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Gil</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Caetano</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Nobre</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Left Ventricular Aneurysm and Differential Diagnosis with Pseudoaneurysm</article-title>
<source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>459</fpage>
<lpage>462</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.repc.2012.04.001</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Aguiar J, Barba Mdel M, Gil JA, Caetano J, Ferreira A, Nobre A, et al. Left Ventricular Aneurysm and Differential Diagnosis with Pseudoaneurysm. Rev Port Cardiol. 2012;31(6):459-62. doi: 10.1016/j.repc.2012.04.001.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230072</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Aneurisma de Ventrículo Esquerdo Roto e Contido: Um Relato de Caso</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2356-3530</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>Priscila Nasser de</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7166-5841</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Shinzato</surname><given-names>Mariane Higa</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<role>tomography images</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3345-276X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Kroll</surname><given-names>Roberto Tadeu Magro</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2165-2251</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cortellazzi</surname><given-names>Andrea Cunha</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>imagens das tomografias</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8434-3980</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Campos</surname><given-names>Aloysio Abdo Silva</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>imagem do intraoperatório</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Transplantes do Estado de São Paulo Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Priscila Nasser de Carvalho</bold> • Hospital de Transplantes do Estado de São Paulo Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, Cardiologia. Avenida Brigadeiro Luís Antônio, 2651. CEP: <postal-code>01401-000</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>priscila.kroll@htejz.spdm.org.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Infarto do Miocárdio</kwd>
<kwd>Aneurisma Cardíaco</kwd>
<kwd>Cirurgia Torácica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>Aneurismas do ventrículo esquerdo (AVE) e pseudoaneurismas do ventrículo esquerdo (PAVE) são complicações graves decorrentes do infarto transmural do miocárdio. Suas incidências diminuíram consideravelmente com o desenvolvimento da cardiologia intervencionista, considerando a revascularização precoce da artéria coronária comprometida, o que possibilita a prevenção do remodelamento ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O diagnóstico diferencial muitas vezes não é fácil, contudo, deve ser precoce.</p>
<p>AVE ocorrem meses ou anos após o infarto agudo do miocárdio. São formados por área de tecido cicatricial e contêm as três camadas da parede ventricular (endocárdio, miocárdio e pericárdio), sendo sua parede íntegra, podendo conter trombos. Já o PAVE é uma complicação rara que pode ocorrer dias ou meses após o infarto, sendo formado pela parede enfraquecida que se rompe após o infarto, de modo que esta ruptura é contida pelo pericárdio, havendo descontinuidade da borda endocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Usualmente, AVE são localizados nas regiões apical e anterior, enquanto PAVE se localizam na região póstero-lateral do ventrículo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ressecção cirúrgica do AVE é necessária em casos de angina refratária, insuficiência cardíaca, embolização sistêmica e arritmia refratária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Já os pseudoaneurismas têm elevado risco de ruptura (30% a 45%) e de morte súbita por tamponamento cardíaco. Por isso, o tratamento cirúrgico é recomendado imediatamente após detectado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ruptura de um aneurisma verdadeiro do ventrículo esquerdo na fase crônica é um fenômeno incomum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o caso de um paciente com aneurisma do ventrículo esquerdo que se rompeu, evoluindo com dor torácica e necessidade de cirurgia cardíaca.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de caso</title>
<p>Paciente masculino, 70 anos, hipertenso, diabético, dislipidêmico e ex-tabagista. Apresentou infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST de parede anterior, sendo submetido à angioplastia da artéria descendente anterior em julho de 2022. Em setembro de 2022, foi admitido em serviço de emergência de hospital geral com quadro de dor torácica ventilatório-dependente e dispneia. Ao exame físico, seu quadro era estável hemodinamicamente.</p>
<p>Devido à presença de volumoso derrame pleural à esquerda na radiografia de tórax, foi realizada toracocentese de alívio com saída de 1000 ml de líquido serohemático. Posteriormente, foi realizada tomografia computadorizada de tórax, que evidenciou colapso parcial do pulmão esquerdo devido ao derrame pleural volumoso, além de pequeno derrame pleural à direita e saculação do ventrículo esquerdo, com focos de gás de permeio em contiguidade com o ápice, sugerindo aneurisma roto contido do ventrículo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">2</xref>). No ecocardiograma transtorácico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>), pode-se observar imagem aneurismática de grandes proporções em região apical do ventrículo esquerdo com formações móveis, sugerindo a presença de trombo, tendo contiguidade com o saco pericárdico, além de discinesia apical, hipocinesia da parede anterior e disfunção ventricular esquerda importante.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagem tomográfica em eixo longo três câmaras (via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo) demonstrando aneurisma do ápice do ventrículo esquerdo (seta branca). Nota-se também derrame pleural à esquerda com atelectasia compressiva (asterisco vermelho).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230072-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagem tomográfica em eixo longo duas câmaras demonstrando aneurisma do ápice do ventrículo esquerdo (seta branca) parcialmente trombosado (asterisco amarelo).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230072-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma Transtorácico corte apical de quatro câmaras demostrando a comunicação da parede íntegra do ventrículo esquerdo com a cavidade cística através de um colo largo (seta branca). AVE: aneurisma ventrículo esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230072-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Indicada correção cirúrgica. O paciente foi transferido para hospital terciário, onde foi submetido à reconstrução do ventrículo esquerdo e trombectomia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>). Evoluiu no pós-operatório com várias intercorrências, inclusive choque cardiogênico e vasoplégico, com necessidade de uso de drogas vasoativas e balão intra-aórtico. Após meses de internação, recebeu alta hospitalar para reabilitação.</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagem do intraoperatório evidenciando o aneurisma roto do ventrículo esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-37-01-e20230072-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>Aneurismas ventriculares são compostos por uma área de estreitamento em uma região cicatricial do miocárdio que tem um movimento discinético. Na maioria das vezes, são decorrentes da oclusão da artéria descendente anterior em casos em que não há circulação colateral bem desenvolvida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Ocorrem devido à pressão intraventricular que leva à expansão da área necrosada do infarto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os pacientes geralmente são assintomáticos e, por muitas vezes, são um achado de um ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) de rotina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>O ETT apresenta uma boa sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagnóstico de AVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A parede mais fina da região do infarto se comunica com o ventrículo através de um colo largo, ao contrário do pseudoaneurisma, em que este colo é estreito. Contudo, o diagnóstico diferencial entre ambos pode ser difícil, especialmente quando têm uma localização posterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>A Angiotomografia Computadorizada de Tórax não só confirma os achados ecocardiográficos, como também permite uma descrição bastante acurada da anatomia do ventrículo esquerdo. A espessura fina da parede, as características anatômicas (expansão regular da cavidade e o pericárdio envolvendo a cicatriz do miocárdio) e a ausência de descontinuidade da parede do endocárdio são sinais característicos do AVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Devido à sua melhor resolução espacial, a Tomografia Cardíaca ajuda na visualização de segmentos difíceis de serem avaliados pelo ETT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Por permitir a caracterização tecidual, a ressonância magnética de coração é um exame ideal para distinguir AVE e PAVE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> tendo grande valor por fornecer avaliação de tamanho e localização.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) do pré-operatório é uma importante determinante de sobrevida. Pacientes com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FE VE) &lt; 30% têm uma sobrevida bem menor do que aqueles comFE VE &gt; 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>A intervenção cirúrgica tem como objetivo melhorar a função do ventrículo esquerdo e reverter o remodelamento, reduzindo a probabilidade de arritmias malignas e eventos embólicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A correção cirúrgica do AVE consiste na aneurismectomia e reconstrução ventricular com patch, implante de um enxerto arterial quando necessário e correção de outras complicações mecânicas, como a insuficiência mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Conclui-se que o diagnóstico precoce do AVE ou do PAVE é essencial para o tratamento correto no tempo ideal, a fim de tentar evitar complicações ainda maiores.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
<p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
<p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital Brigadeiro UGA V – SP sob o número de protocolo 6/80705. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
