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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230101i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230101i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Using Three-Dimensional Printing in Surgical Mitral Valve Repairs</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-4123-6271</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Visconti</surname><given-names>Rodrigo Bahiense</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-0174-0440</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Belem</surname><given-names>Luciano Herman Jua&#xE7;aba</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-6907-1840</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Nogueira</surname><given-names>Antonio Carlos Dos Santos</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-7045-0119</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Corn&#xE9;lio</surname><given-names>Maria Claudia Lembo</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8501-8552</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Weitzel</surname><given-names>Luis Henrique</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Rede D&#x2019;Or, Ecocardiografia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Rede D&#x2019;Or, Ecocardiografia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Fonte imagem medicina diagn&#xF3;stica</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Fonte imagem medicina diagn&#xF3;stica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Proecho diagn&#xF3;sticos</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Proecho diagn&#xF3;sticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Prevtotal</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Prevtotal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Pro-Cardiaco Hospital</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Pro-Cardiaco Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Aluisio de Castro</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Aluisio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rodrigo Bahiense Visconti &#x2022;</bold> Proecho Diagn&#xF3;sticos. R. Sorocaba, 464, 1&#xBA; andar. Postal code: <postal-code>22271-110</postal-code>. Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brazil E-mail: <email>Rodrigobvisconti@gmail</email>.com</corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>20</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230101</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>15</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>17</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>17</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Mitral regurgitation is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and surgical mitral valve repair continues to be the treatment of choice when feasible. We use three-dimensional echocardiography associated with three-dimensional printing to create surgical models that allow trainees to practice or improve surgical techniques in order to improve the outcomes of surgical repairs, contributing to more advanced medical training.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Three-Dimensional Printing</kwd>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
<kwd>Thoracic Surgery</kwd>
<kwd>Mitral Valve Annuloplasty</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="14"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="16"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<fig id="f7">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230101-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Mitral regurgitation is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, progressively leading to a decline in cardiac function, enlargement of the left cavities, and development of pulmonary arterial hypertension, being a prevalent cause of heart failure with a major social and public health impact.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Its causes include congenital, inflammatory, infectious, degenerative factors, secondary functional changes such as ventricular dilation, dysfunction and displacement of the papillary muscles, and, less commonly, increased atrial volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>As shown in several studies, mitral repair has numerous benefits when it comes to valve replacement in terms of prognosis, early and late mortality, morbidity, and durability, being considered the gold standard treatment for mitral regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, this approach is technically challenging, compromising outcome predictability and often resulting in increased surgery duration, increased extracorporeal circulation time, and significant residual mitral insufficiency, which may lead to the need for valve replacement with implantation of prosthesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Valvular dysfunction does not occur symmetrically. It may involve isolated segments or affect the valve more comprehensively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Echocardiography can identify numerous parameters that help determine the mechanism of dysfunction. The method determines anatomical details such as the segments involved, measurements of the leaflets and their ratios, shape and dimensions of the mitral annulus, involvement of the subvalvular apparatus, distance between the papillary muscles and the valve tissue or adjacent structures involved, as well as the degree of regurgitation. The mechanism and anatomical information will be key to determining the possibility of surgical repair and the surgical technique to be used. Degenerative valve disease with mitral prolapse is the most commonly found dysfunction, and its surgical repair outcome is known to be beneficial when feasible. Three large groups can be differentiated. The degree of involvement of the leaflets can be divided into two groups: grades 1 and 2, known as fibroelastic degeneration (FED), being the mildest form with involvement of few valve segments and less excess tissue, mainly from the posterior leaflet, with a greater possibility of performing a successful repair; and grades 3 and 4, known as Barlow&#x27;s syndrome (BS), a multi-segmental condition consisting of a myxomatous infiltration with greater involvement of both leaflets, showing a marked alteration, with significant deformation of the valve complex, restricting its repair to highly specialized centers with extensive experience. Therefore, valve replacement is the treatment of choice in most cases. The frustum form (FF), or Barlow frustum, would be grade 3 and refers to an intermediate change whose approach must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Analyzing the most affected leaflet is of great importance for the final outcome. Surgery on the posterior leaflet, especially when the involvement is located at the level of scallop P2, is considered simpler, with better success rates. Injuries to scallops P1 and P3 and commissural lesions are technically more difficult, but still have a good possibility of repair. Involvement of the anterior leaflet requires more challenging techniques and must be performed by experienced surgeons. The most currently used techniques in repairs include triangular or quadrangular resection of the involved segment, patch placement, cleft closure, chord transfer, the use of neochords, and annuloplasty with ring placement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Printed models showing different forms of mitral disease with prolapse and flail affecting the lateral commissure and A1/P1 (A), anterior leaflet flail at the level of A2/A3 (B), prolapse with flail of P2 (C), and Barlow&#x27;s syndrome with posterior cleft (D).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230101-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Divergent results can be observed in repairs performed on valves with similar involvement, which may be related to the surgeon&#x27;s degree of proficiency, the patient&#x27;s own factors, or an inadequate preoperative assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Currently, echocardiography, especially with three-dimensional evaluation, allows a better analysis of the valve anatomy with more precise measurements and a good visualization of the mechanism involved. However, these data are often not adequately presented to the surgeon, resulting in a poorly planned procedure.</p>
<p>New technologies allow the printing of realistic models from images obtained from 3D TEE with scale accuracy proven in studies, enabling physical measurements and allowing prior visualization of the operating field. From the three-dimensional image acquired in DICOM format, a three-dimensional model is obtained, which is converted into a file that can be printed on different materials with different physical characteristics and resistances using a three-dimensional printer. Furthermore, molds can be printed using materials that mimic the resistance of the valve tissue. A simulated surgery can then be performed pre-operatively with the same dimensions and characteristics that would be found during the actual procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>This study aims to allow more effective planning for mitral valve repair surgeries by creating models that mimic the patient&#x27;s anatomy. These models are useful when deciding on the surgical treatment and verifying and testing pre-operatively the best surgical approach to be adopted.</p>
<p>It is intended to make cardiac images more tangible and may allow greater predictability of the surgical outcome without harming the patient. Another potential effect is to train a greater number of professionals to perform these techniques, reducing the learning curve and allowing the development of new approaches or alternative techniques in a controlled and close-to-real environment, impacting medical training.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<p>The study involves the creation of three-dimensional models through 3D printing, which are then submitted to a cardiac surgeon specialized in surgical mitral valve repair, who will assess whether it is possible to perform the usual surgical techniques on the printed models to simulate an actual surgical procedure.</p>
<p>Advanced models were created, which include mitral annulus, leaflets, papillary muscles, and tendon chordae of different mitral diseases, using silicone with resistance characteristics similar to those of the human valve tissue. These models were based on images obtained by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic examinations. The diseases were selected considering varying degrees of surgical difficulty and the need to use different surgical techniques.</p>
<p>The exams were performed using a Phillips Epic Cvx device with an X8 esophageal probe. The images were submitted to the QStation software to evaluate valve measurements using a semi-automatic method and, subsequently, the images were exported to an open-source software (3DSlicer) to create three-dimensional models (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) and recorded in stl (stereolithography) format. Then, the file was exported to a three-dimensional printer (Flashforge Inventor) for printing a mold which must be printed in a soluble filament (PVA) and then filled with specific silicone (Ecoflex), thus generating a model with elastic characteristics that supports simulated surgery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Virtual three-dimensional model.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230101-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Image on the upper left corner obtained by three-dimensional echocardiography. Advanced three-dimensional model printed in silicone containing leaflets, subvalvular apparatus, and papillary muscles. Picture of the surgical specimen on the lower right corner.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230101-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>To aid the applicability of the surgical technique, ring models for annuloplasty were constructed by three-dimensional printing using elastic material from computer models generated using measurements and shapes of annuloplasty rings already available on the market.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>Advanced valve models were created featuring diseases involving the anterior leaflet, the posterior leaflet in its three scallops, and Barlow&#x27;s syndrome with diffuse involvement. The chordae are 1.5 mm thick, which is the smallest thickness accepted for the methods used, to allow their integrity after the manufacturing process. A silicone dye was used to facilitate visualization during handling and to allow more accurate placement.</p>
<p>Specimens created were measured using a caliper. The measurements were compared with those obtained from the three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiogram using an automated software (Philips MVQ) with a good correlation between the measurements (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Comparison between mitral valve measurements obtained using specific software (Philips MVQ) and measurements found on the printed model. AP: anteroposterior diameter, AlPm: laterolateral diameter, FA: anterior leaflet, FP: posterior leaflet, Al: chordae of the anterolateral papillary muscle, Pm: chordae of the posteromedial papillary muscle.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230101-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>From the printed models, it was possible to apply different techniques using regular surgical material and common surgical threads (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). Techniques such as annuloplasty, triangular and quadrangular resection, and neochord implantation were performed with good correlation with tissue resistance, texture, and behavior when compared to the actual patient when assessed by a cardiac surgeon specialized in mitral valve repair (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Before and after simulated surgery on a printed specimen.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230101-gf06.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 6</label>
<caption>
<title>Surgical techniques applied to printed model.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230101-gf07.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Although this is an experimental work with limited scope, we tried to demonstrate that it is possible to use three-dimensional echocardiography associated with three-dimensional printing for the planning and training of surgical mitral valve repairs. Currently, a large number of surgeons in Brazil perform few surgical repairs, which impacts their ability to perform more advanced techniques, leading to unnecessary valve replacement in some cases. Investments and more research in this field could induce a more advanced medical training program, which could lead to more qualified surgeons and train new ones. In addition, it is also possible to develop new techniques, such as minimally invasive surgery and robotics, without negative impacts on patients. Therefore, we could improve surgical repair statistics with impacts on the general population.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230101</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revis&#xE3;o</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da Impress&#xE3;o Tridimensional nas Plastias Cir&#xFA;rgicas da Valva Mitral</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-4123-6271</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Visconti</surname><given-names>Rodrigo Bahiense</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-0174-0440</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Belem</surname><given-names>Luciano Herman Jua&#xE7;aba</given-names></name>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>4</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>5</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-6907-1840</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Nogueira</surname><given-names>Antonio Carlos Dos Santos</given-names></name>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>6</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-7045-0119</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Corn&#xE9;lio</surname><given-names>Maria Claudia Lembo</given-names></name>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8501-8552</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Weitzel</surname><given-names>Luis Henrique</given-names></name>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>7</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Rede D&#x2019;Or, Ecocardiografia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Fonte imagem medicina diagn&#xF3;stica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Proecho diagn&#xF3;sticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Prevtotal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff13">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Pro-Cardiaco Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff14">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Aluisio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Rodrigo Bahiense Visconti &#x2022;</bold> Proecho Diagn&#xF3;sticos. R. Sorocaba, 464, 1&#xBA; andar. CEP: <postal-code>22271-110</postal-code>. Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brasil E-mail: <email>Rodrigobvisconti@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro n&#xE3;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral representa uma importante causa de morbimortalidade e a plastia mitral cir&#xFA;rgica continua sendo seu tratamento de escolha quando poss&#xED;vel. Utilizamos a ecocardiografia tridimensional associada a impress&#xE3;o tridimensional para a confec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de modelos cir&#xFA;rgicos nos quais &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel o treinamento ou aprimoramento de t&#xE9;cnicas cir&#xFA;rgicas visando uma melhoria nos resultados das plastias e um aprimoramento na forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o m&#xE9;dica.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Impress&#xE3;o Tridimensional</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
<kwd>Cirurgia Tor&#xE1;cica</kwd>
<kwd>Anuloplastia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f8">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230101-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral representa uma importante causa de morbimortalidade, levando progressivamente ao decl&#xED;nio da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca, aumento das cavidades esquerdas e desenvolvimento de hipertens&#xE3;o arterial pulmonar, sendo uma prevalente causa de insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com um importante impacto social e na sa&#xFA;de p&#xFA;blica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Suas causas podem variar desde fatores cong&#xEA;nitos, inflamat&#xF3;rios, infecciosos e degenerativos at&#xE9; altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es funcionais secund&#xE1;rias como dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular, disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o e deslocamento dos m&#xFA;sculos papilares e, menos comumente, aumento do volume atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Como mostrado em v&#xE1;rios estudos, a plastia mitral tem in&#xFA;meros benef&#xED;cios em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; troca valvar em termos de progn&#xF3;stico, mortalidade precoce e tardia, morbidade e durabilidade, sendo considerado o tratamento padr&#xE3;o ouro para a regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, essa abordagem apresenta uma dificuldade t&#xE9;cnica elevada, prejudicando a previsibilidade de seu desfecho, implicando, em muitos casos, em aumento do tempo cir&#xFA;rgico e de utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de circula&#xE7;&#xE3;o extra corp&#xF3;rea, al&#xE9;m insufici&#xEA;ncia mitral residual significativa, podendo levar a necessidade de troca valvar com implante de pr&#xF3;tese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>A disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvular n&#xE3;o ocorre de forma sim&#xE9;trica. Ela pode envolver segmentos isolados ou acometer a v&#xE1;lvula mais abrangentemente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 1</xref>). A ecocardiografia &#xE9; capaz de identificar in&#xFA;meros par&#xE2;metros, os quais visam determinar o mecanismo da disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o. O m&#xE9;todo determina detalhes anat&#xF4;micos como os segmentos envolvidos, medidas dos folhetos e suas rela&#xE7;&#xF5;es, forma e dimens&#xF5;es do anel mitral, acometimento do aparato subvalvar, dist&#xE2;ncia entre os m&#xFA;sculos papilares at&#xE9; o tecido valvular ou estruturas adjacentes envolvidas, bem como a gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o do dist&#xFA;rbio. O mecanismo e as informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es anat&#xF4;micas ser&#xE3;o fundamentais na determina&#xE7;&#xE3;o da possibilidade de plastia e da t&#xE9;cnica cir&#xFA;rgica a ser empregada. A doen&#xE7;a valvar degenerativa com prolapso mitral &#xE9; a forma de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o mais comumente encontrada na qual o resultado da plastia, quando exequ&#xED;vel, &#xE9; reconhecidamente ben&#xE9;fico. Pode-se diferenciar tr&#xEA;s grandes grupos. O grau de acometimento dos folhetos pode ser dividido em dois grupos: graus 1 e 2, este chamado de degenera&#xE7;&#xE3;o fibroel&#xE1;stica (FED), acometimento mais brando com envolvimento de poucos segmentos valvares e menor excesso de tecido, principalmente do folheto posterior, tendo maior possibilidade de realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de plastia bem sucedida; e graus 3 e 4, sendo este grupo chamado de s&#xED;ndrome de Barlow (SB), condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o multissegmentar que consiste em uma infiltra&#xE7;&#xE3;o mixomatosa com maior acometimento de ambos os folhetos, com acentuada altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o e importante deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o do complexo valvar, restringindo seu reparo a centros altamente especializados e com ampla experi&#xEA;ncia, condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o esta que, portanto, tem como tratamento de escolha na maioria dos casos a troca valvar. A forma frustra (FF), ou Barlow frusto, seria o grau 3 e se refere a uma altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o intermedi&#xE1;ria, cuja abordagem deve ser avaliada caso a caso. A an&#xE1;lise do folheto mais acometido representa grande import&#xE2;ncia no resultado final. A interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o cir&#xFA;rgica no posterior, principalmente quando o envolvimento &#xE9; localizado ao n&#xED;vel do Scallop P2, &#xE9; considerada mais simples, tendo melhores &#xED;ndices de &#xEA;xito. As les&#xF5;es dos Scallops P1 e P3 e comissurais s&#xE3;o tecnicamente mais dif&#xED;ceis e delicadas em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao Scallop P2, mas mant&#xE9;m uma boa possibilidade de plastia. O acometimento do folheto anterior requer t&#xE9;cnicas mais desafiadoras, devendo ser realizadas por cirurgi&#xF5;es experientes. Dentre as t&#xE9;cnicas mais utilizadas atualmente nos reparos, est&#xE3;o a ressec&#xE7;&#xE3;o triangular ou quadrangular do segmento envolvido, a coloca&#xE7;&#xE3;o de patch, o fechamento de <italic>cleft</italic>, a transfer&#xEA;ncia de cordas, o uso de neocordas e a anuloplastia com coloca&#xE7;&#xE3;o de anel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Modelos impressos demonstrando formas distintas da patologia mitral com prolapso e <italic>flail</italic> acometendo a comissura lateral a A1/P1 (A), <italic>flail</italic> do folheto anterior ao n&#xED;vel de A2/A3 (B), prolapso com <italic>flail</italic> de P2 (C) e s&#xED;ndrome de Barlow com <italic>cleft</italic> posterior (D).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230101-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Podem ser observados resultados divergentes em plastias realizadas em v&#xE1;lvulas com envolvimento semelhante, os quais podem estar relacionados ao grau de profici&#xEA;ncia do cirurgi&#xE3;o, a fatores pr&#xF3;prios do paciente ou a uma avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o pr&#xE9;-operat&#xF3;ria inadequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Atualmente, a ecocardiografia, principalmente com a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o tridimensional, permite uma melhor an&#xE1;lise da anatomia valvar, com medi&#xE7;&#xF5;es mais precisas e uma boa visualiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mecanismo envolvido. No entanto, muitas vezes a demonstra&#xE7;&#xE3;o desses dados ao cirurgi&#xE3;o pode n&#xE3;o ocorrer de forma adequada, deixando uma lacuna no planejamento estrat&#xE9;gico do procedimento.</p>
<p>Novas tecnologias permitem a impress&#xE3;o de modelos realistas a partir de imagens obtidas por ETE 3D com precis&#xE3;o de escala comprovada em estudos, possibilitando medidas f&#xED;sicas e permitindo uma visualiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o pr&#xE9;via do campo cir&#xFA;rgico. A partir da imagem tridimensional adquirida em formato DICOM, &#xE9; obtido um modelo tridimensional, o qual &#xE9; convertido em um arquivo que pode ser impresso em diversos materiais com caracter&#xED;sticas f&#xED;sicas e resist&#xEA;ncias diferentes a partir de uma impressora tridimensional. Al&#xE9;m disso, &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel imprimir moldes que permitem a utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de materiais que mimetizam a resist&#xEA;ncia do tecido valvar, com os quais pode-se realizar uma cirurgia simulada no pr&#xE9;-operat&#xF3;rio com as mesmas dimens&#xF5;es e caracter&#xED;sticas que ser&#xE3;o encontradas durante o ato proposto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>O estudo visa estabelecer um melhor planejamento das cirurgias de recupera&#xE7;&#xE3;o da valva mitral a partir da cria&#xE7;&#xE3;o de modelos que mimetizam a anatomia do paciente na ocasi&#xE3;o da decis&#xE3;o sobre tratamento cir&#xFA;rgico, verificar e testar de forma pr&#xE9;-operat&#xF3;ria a melhor a abordagem cir&#xFA;rgica a ser adotada.</p>
<p>Essa abordagem prop&#xF5;e tornar a imagem card&#xED;aca mais tang&#xED;vel podendo permitir uma maior previsibilidade do resultado cir&#xFA;rgico sem preju&#xED;zos ao paciente em quest&#xE3;o. Outro poss&#xED;vel efeito &#xE9; o de capacitar um maior n&#xFA;mero de profissionais a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o destas t&#xE9;cnicas, reduzindo a curva de aprendizado e permitindo a elabora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de novas abordagens ou t&#xE9;cnicas alternativas em um ambiente controlado e pr&#xF3;ximo ao real, gerando um impacto na forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o m&#xE9;dica.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>M&#xE9;todos</title>
<p>O estudo se baseia na cria&#xE7;&#xE3;o de modelos tridimensionais por meio de impress&#xE3;o 3D, submetendo-os a um cirurgi&#xE3;o card&#xED;aco especializado em plastia mitral cir&#xFA;rgica para avaliar a possibilidade de executar as t&#xE9;cnicas cir&#xFA;rgicas habituais nos modelos impressos para simula&#xE7;&#xE3;o de uma manipula&#xE7;&#xE3;o cir&#xFA;rgica real.</p>
<p>Foram criados modelos avan&#xE7;ados que disp&#xF5;em de anel mitral, folhetos, m&#xFA;sculos papilares e cordoalhas tend&#xED;neas de patologias mitrais distintas utilizando silicone com caracter&#xED;sticas de resist&#xEA;ncia semelhante ao do tecido valvar humano por meio de imagens obtidas por exames ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos transesof&#xE1;gicos tridimensionais. As patologias foram selecionadas de modo que se pudesse obter graus variados de dificuldade cir&#xFA;rgica, requerendo o uso de t&#xE9;cnicas cir&#xFA;rgicas diferentes.</p>
<p>Os exames foram realizados utilizando o aparelho Phillips Epic Cvx com sonda esof&#xE1;gica X8. As imagens foram submetidas ao software QStation para avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o das medidas valvares a partir de m&#xE9;todo semiautom&#xE1;tico. Posteriormente, as imagens foram exportadas para software aberto (3DSlicer) para confec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de modelos tridimensionais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 2</xref>) e gravado em formato stl (stereolitografia). Em seguida, o arquivo foi exportado para uma impressora tridimensional (flashforge inventor) para a impress&#xE3;o de um molde, o qual dever&#xE1; ser impresso em filamento sol&#xFA;vel (PVA) e preenchido, ent&#xE3;o, com silicone espec&#xED;fico (ecoflex), gerando assim um modelo com caracter&#xED;sticas el&#xE1;sticas e que suporte uma cirurgia simulada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Modelo tridimensional virtual.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230101-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagem obtida por ecocardiografia tridimensional acima &#xE0; esquerda. Modelo tridimensional avan&#xE7;ado impresso em silicone contendo folhetos, aparelho subvalvar e m&#xFA;sculos papilares. Abaixo, &#xE0; direita, foto da pe&#xE7;a cir&#xFA;rgica.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230101-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Para o aux&#xED;lio da aplicabilidade da t&#xE9;cnica cir&#xFA;rgica foram constru&#xED;dos modelos de an&#xE9;is para anuloplastia por impress&#xE3;o tridimensional utilizando-se material el&#xE1;stico a partir de modelos computacionais gerados utilizando-se medidas e formas de an&#xE9;is de anuloplastia j&#xE1; dispon&#xED;veis no mercado.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>Foram criados modelos de valvas avan&#xE7;ados com patologias envolvendo o folheto anterior, folheto posterior em seus tr&#xEA;s Scallops e s&#xED;ndrome de Barlow com envolvimento difuso. As cordoalhas foram criadas com 1,5 mm de espessura, sendo esta a menor espessura poss&#xED;vel com os m&#xE9;todos utilizados, a fim de permitir sua integridade ap&#xF3;s o processo de fabrica&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Foi utilizado um corante de silicone para facilitar a visualiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o durante a manipula&#xE7;&#xE3;o e se aproximar mais da coloca&#xE7;&#xE3;o real.</p>
<p>As pe&#xE7;as criadas foram medidas por paqu&#xED;metro. As medidas foram comparadas com as obtidas ao ecocardiograma transesof&#xE1;gico tridimensional por software automatizado (Philips MVQ) com boa correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre as medidas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f12">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre medidas da valva mitral obtidas por software espec&#xED;fico (Philips MVQ) e medidas realizadas no modelo impresso. AP: di&#xE2;metro anteroposterior; AlPm: di&#xE2;metro laterolateral; FA: folheto anterior; FP: folheto posterior; Al: cordoalhas do m&#xFA;sculo papilar anterolateral; Pm: cordoalhas do m&#xFA;sculo papilar posteromedial.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230101-gf05-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A partir dos modelos impressos, foi poss&#xED;vel aplicar diferentes t&#xE9;cnicas utilizando-se material cir&#xFA;rgico regular e fios cir&#xFA;rgicos comuns (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 5</xref>). Executou-se t&#xE9;cnicas como anuloplastia, ressec&#xE7;&#xE3;o triangular e quadrangular e implante de neocordas com boa correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o com a resist&#xEA;ncia, textura e comportamento do tecido em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o como paciente real quando avaliado pelo cirurgi&#xE3;o card&#xED;aco especializado em plastia mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f13">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Resultado antes e ap&#xF3;s cirurgia simulada em pe&#xE7;a impressa.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230101-gf06-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f14">
<label>Figura 6</label>
<caption>
<title>T&#xE9;cnicas cir&#xFA;rgicas aplicadas nos modelos impressos.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230101-gf07-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Embora seja um trabalho experimental e com pouca abrang&#xEA;ncia, tentamos demonstrar como &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel a utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da ecocardiografia tridimensional associada a impress&#xE3;o tridimensional para o planejamento e treinamento das plastias cir&#xFA;rgicas da valva mitral. Atualmente, muitos cirurgi&#xF5;es no Brasil t&#xEA;m um baixo volume cir&#xFA;rgico de plastia, o que impacta na habilidade destes profissionais de realizar t&#xE9;cnicas mais avan&#xE7;adas, levando a troca valvar desnecess&#xE1;ria em alguns casos. Investimentos e mais pesquisas nessa &#xE1;rea poderiam levar a um programa de treinamento m&#xE9;dico mais avan&#xE7;ado, levando a melhor qualifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos cirurgi&#xF5;es j&#xE1; habilitados em plastia e permitindo a forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o de novos, al&#xE9;m da possibilidade de se desenvolver novas t&#xE9;cnicas, como a cirurgia minimamente invasiva e a rob&#xF3;tica, sem impactos aos pacientes. Desta forma, podemos melhorar as estat&#xED;sticas de plastia com impactos na popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o em geral.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o Acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
