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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230100i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230100i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Use of Echocardiography as a Supplementary Tool in Teaching Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology to Medical Students</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4298-8649</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bacca</surname><given-names>Caroline de Oliveira Fischer</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-0106-4204</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Toniazzo</surname><given-names>Silvia R. Froes</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0409-2163</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rocha</surname><given-names>Franciani Rodrigues da</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2406-3033</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Matias</surname><given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-3698-9374</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Mees</surname><given-names>Thais Naiara</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-9840-7413</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Kuhl</surname><given-names>Ana Luiza Nardelli</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-5008-2958</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ramos</surname><given-names>Nicolas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0170-7211</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gambetta</surname><given-names>Marcelo Vier</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">NPCMed</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#xFA;cleo de Pesquisa em Ci&#xEA;ncias M&#xE9;dicas</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio do Sul</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">NPCMed, N&#xFA;cleo de Pesquisa em Ci&#xEA;ncias M&#xE9;dicas, Rio do Sul, SC &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Regional Alto Vale</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio do Sul</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional Alto Vale, Cardiology, Rio do Sul, SC &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Caroline de Oliveira Fischer Bacca</bold> &#x2022; UNIDAVI, Medicine School. Rua Guilherme Gemballa, 13. Postal code: <postal-code>89160-932</postal-code>. Rio do Sul, SC &#x2013; Brazil E-mail: <email>caroline.bacca@unidavi.edu.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>18</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230100</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>09</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>13</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>14</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>Ultrasonography has been increasingly used in teaching basic medicine. The simultaneous observation of the echocardiographic image and the electrocardiogram allows students to understand the physiological process of the heart and its function within the cardiovascular system.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objective:</title>
<p>Evaluate the acquisition and retention of knowledge among medical students during the study of cardiac anatomy and physiology through the use of echocardiography.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>Thirty-four (34) students in the third semester took a pre-test (assessment 1) consisting of 20 multiple-choice questions, 15 of which were related to cardiac anatomy and physiology and 5 were &#x201C;confusion-inducing questions.&#x201D; The test was designed by one of the authors, blind to the others. After the theoretical meeting, assessment 2 was carried out with the same questions. The following week, a practical echocardiography meeting was held, aimed at evaluating anatomy and physiology. A post-test (assessment 3) was carried out 30 days after the first meeting to assess knowledge retention. The variables were analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student&#x2019;s T, and Wilcoxon tests, with a statistical significance level of p &#x3C; 0.05.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>The average number of correct answers in assessment 1 was 6.37 &#xB1; 2.0 (42.4%), 9.8 &#xB1; 2.2 (65.3%) in the second assessment, and 10.3 &#xB1; 2.5 (68.6%) in assessment 3. There was a statistical difference between assessment 1 and the other assessments (p = 0.01).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>Early introduction of echocardiography in the medical curriculum proves beneficial for imparting knowledge in cardiac physiology and anatomy, reinforcing theoretical understanding.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Education, Medical</kwd>
<kwd>Students, Medical</kwd>
<kwd>Anatomy</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="12"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="18"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Medical education has changed drastically in recent decades. Technological advances have allowed ultrasound techniques to be increasingly used for teaching medicine, particularly for anatomy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and physiology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> subjects. Studies have shown that students&#x2019; perception of the use of ultrasound in teaching anatomy is positive<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and it has already been demonstrated that the use of echocardiography was as effective as the dissection of cadavers in teaching cardiac anatomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Echocardiography provides a visual representation of cardiac cycle events, facilitating the correlation between anatomical structures and their physiological functions. The simultaneous examination of the ultrasound image of the heart, the phonocardiogram, and the electrocardiogram enables students to grasp the physiological processes of the heart and its role within the cardiovascular system,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> thereby enhancing diagnostic accuracy at the bedside.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Published articles indicate that instructing cardiac physiology through ultrasound methods aids students in learning and retaining knowledge about the events of the cardiac cycle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>While computer programs exist to simulate cardiac cycle mechanisms,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> echocardiography provides the added benefit of teaching an imaging method widely employed in diagnosing various cardiovascular pathologies, concurrently providing an understanding of physiological mechanisms and cardiac circulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Since 2016, Indiana University in the United States has integrated echocardiography into its curriculum. It is introduced for students in the second-year pre-clinical cycle in order to assist in understanding the practice and teaching of cardiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>Similarly, our university incorporates echocardiography into the curriculum during the third semester, serving as a tool to facilitate the teaching of cardiac physiology and enhance understanding of cardiac anatomy and the phases of the cardiac cycle. This study aims to assess the actual knowledge gain resulting from the integration of current medical teaching methods (active methodologies and Problem-Based Learning &#x2013; PBL) with echocardiography practice.</p>
<fig id="f6">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230100-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
<title>Materials and methods</title>
<sec>
<title>Study design</title>
<p>Prospective, single-arm study, with 34 students in the third semester of the Medical school program at UNIDAVI - <italic>Centro Universit&#xE1;rio para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itaja&#xED;</italic>, in Rio do Sul, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.</p>
<p>Students were asked to answer a pre-test (assessment 1), with a duration of 20 minutes, consisting of 20 multiple-choice questions, 15 of them related to anatomy and physiology, and 5 &#x201C;confusion-inducing questions&#x201D; (see next topic). The assessment was prepared by the coordinating professor of the phase, maintaining blindness to the practice of echocardiography.</p>
<p>Subsequently, the group was divided into three groups for theoretical discussions involving the Wiggers Diagram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Each sub-class had twenty (20) minutes to research atrial, ventricular, and arterial pressure curves, as well as ventricular volume, electrocardiogram, and phonocardiogram. For three hours, students delved into the theoretical part and were questioned by the professors, aligning with the course&#x2019;s active methodology. Following the theoretical discussion, a new assessment (assessment 2) was conducted, comprising the same questions as the pre-test and allowing the same time for resolution.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Wiggers Diagram. Key: A) Temporal correlation between ventricular pressure (VP), ventricular volume (VV), atrial pressure (AP) and aortic pressure (AoP). MVC: mitral valve closure; MVO: mitral valve opening; AVO: aortic valve opening; AVC: aortic valve closure; EDV: End diastolic volume; ESV: End systolic volume. #1 - B1 (mitral and tricuspid valves closure). #2 - B2 (aortic and pulmonary valves closure). #3 - B3 (third heart sound). #4 - B4 (fourth heart sound). B - Temporal correlation between blood flow during ventricular systolic ejection (VV) and diastolic filling waves (E and A waves of mitral inflow), in conjunction with the electrical impulses of atrial depolarization waves (P wave), ventricular depolarization (QRS complex), and ventricular repolarization (T wave) observed in the electrocardiogram (ECG). Adapted from Mitchell, 2014<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230100-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>After a one-week interval, the students proceeded to the echocardiography laboratory. The practical meeting spanned 60 minutes and was conducted on the Affinity 70@ (Philips@) device. Initially, the formation of an ultrasonic image and the visualization of cardiac chambers in the transthoracic echocardiogram (ECHO) were discussed. Divided into four groups, they were prompted to correlate cardiac anatomy with the echocardiographic image in the parasternal longitudinal and apical four-chamber views (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Echocardiographic images in sections: A) Parasternal longitudinal; B) Apical four-chamber view. Key: LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; RV: right ventricle; RA: right atrium.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230100-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Within cardiac physiology, the pressure and volume curves of the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) were discussed, utilizing pulsed Doppler of the LV inflow and outflow tract obtained in the apical 4th and 5th chamber views, respectively. Discussion was encouraged regarding diastole and ventricular filling times based on heart rate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Echocardiographic images in the Apical 4-chamber view of the inflow tract and outflow tract of the left ventricle with pulsed Doppler.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230100-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Finally, at the fifth time point and with a thirty (30)-day interval, the students undertook the last test (assessment 3) as a surprise test, featuring the same questions as the previous tests and providing the same time to answer.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Evaluation</title>
<p>The assessment was developed by the coordinating professor of the phase using the Google Forms<sup>&#xAE;</sup> platform, administered as a surprise test on electronic devices with restricted internet access. The questions were blinded to the practical instructor, and the content was covered in the echocardiography laboratory program. It was composed of twenty (20) multiple-choice questions (appendix 1), with fifteen (15) questions related to anatomy and physiology (the so-called &#x201C;valid questions&#x201D;) and another five (5) &#x201C;confusion-inducing questions&#x201D; related to cardiology, but without addressing the topics discussed in theory and practice.</p>
<p>Confusion-inducing questions were introduced in the assessment to prolong the test, confuse students regarding the topic covered, and serve as control questions, since they do not explore the subject discussed in theory and practice. If assessment 1 solely focused on cardiac anatomy and physiology, the student would readily discern the designated topic and could engage in targeted study, artificially enhancing their performance in subsequent assessments. Consequently, these confusion-inducing questions showcase the student&#x2019;s capacity to enhance their knowledge and study without any didactic intervention.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>The results of the three assessments were calculated in the SPSS<sup>@</sup> (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software version 26.0, using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test.</p>
<p>Given the distribution of the sample, a normal distribution of these findings was found in the first and second assessments using the parametric Student&#x2019;s t test for paired samples. For the analysis of the third assessment, given the non-normal distribution, the non-parametric Wilcoxon t test was used.</p>
<p>The results were expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD), with the analysis considered statistically significant when p value &#x3C; 0.05 (&#x3B1; &#x3C; 0.05).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>The sample was made up of 34 students from the third semester (basic cycle) of the Medical School program, 25 of whom were female and 9 male, with a mean age of 20.9 years (SD &#xB1; 3.5 years).</p>
<p>In the first assessment, the average number of correct answers to valid questions was 6.7 (SD &#xB1; 2.0), corresponding to 44.6%. The average number of correct answers to the confusion-inducing topics was 2.5. The question with the lowest percentage of correct answers was &#x201C;During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the values of aortic diastolic (DBP) and systolic (SBP) pressure observed?&#x201D; with only five correct answers (14.3%).</p>
<p>In the second assessment, the average number of correct answers to valid questions was 9.8 (SD &#xB1; 2.2), totaling 65.3%, and 2.6 correct answers to confusion-inducing questions. In this assessment, the question with the lowest number of correct answers was a confusion-inducing question: &#x201C;The definition of sinus rhythm is based on the following findings, EXCEPT for,&#x201D; with only eight correct answers (21.1%).</p>
<p>In the last assessment, the average number of correct answers was 10.3 (SD &#xB1; 2.5), correlating with 68.8% of the total, and 2.45 correct answers to the confusion-inducing questions. Again, the question correlated with fewer correct answers was a confusion-inducing question: &#x201C;During a heart attack, what electrocardiogram change determines the need for emergency coronary angiography (cardiac catheterization)?&#x201D; with only seven correct answers (20.6%).</p>
<p>Using the parametric test, significant relevance was observed between assessments 1 and 2 (p &#x3C; 0.001). There was also statistical significance using the non-parametric test to compare assessments 1 and 3 (p &#x3C; 0.001). No difference between assessments 2 and 3 (p = 0.14) was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Chart 1</xref>), as well as in the rate of correct answers to confusion-inducing questions (p &#x3E; 0.3).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Chart 1</label>
<caption><title>Average number of correct answers in assessments and standard deviation.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230100-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In the comparative analysis of the correct answers to the valid questions by the students in the three assessments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Chart 2</xref>), a tendency for students to have a higher number of correct answers after the theoretical meeting was observed (assessment 2) and, mainly, after the practical meeting (assessment 3). Although there is no statistical significance in relation to assessments 2 and 3, the chart shows the student&#x2019;s knowledge retention tendency, given that the last assessment was applied thirty (30) days later.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Chart 2</label>
<caption><title>Comparative analysis of medical students&#x27; performance in evaluations.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230100-gf06.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>This study assessed the influence of incorporating echocardiography into the learning process of cardiology for students in the foundational stage of medical education. Our findings demonstrate that the early introduction of echocardiography in medical education is not only feasible but also enhances the acquisition and retention of knowledge concerning cardiac anatomy and physiology among medical students.</p>
<p>Echocardiography bridges the gap between fundamental concepts and clinical applications, fostering student interest in the subject by emphasizing the need for a solid understanding of physiology for effective utilization of the method in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Teaching cardiac anatomy and physiology through ultrasound proves to be viable and beneficial for medical students, elevating their performance and fostering a greater enthusiasm for expanding their knowledge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Educational activities that integrate echocardiography are well-received by students as they provide a tangible representation of the physiological processes within the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>In certain studies, experimental anatomical models, echocardiography simulators, comparisons with anatomical practice, and cadaver dissection were employed to assess the knowledge gained by medical students. Torabi and colleagues, using a teaching software model, demonstrated the positive impact of introducing echocardiography to medical students during cardiology classes, both subjectively through student evaluations and objectively in practical tests.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Studies by Griksaitis, Sawdon, and Finn suggest that both anatomical dissection of cadavers and echocardiography are equally effective methods for teaching cardiac anatomy, with no significant superiority of one over the other.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This observation is supported by Canty <italic>et al.</italic>, who devised a three-hour practical session incorporating an ultrasound simulator as a supplementary tool for learning cardiac anatomy, and revealed that the knowledge acquired by students in this session was comparable to that obtained through the use of plastic models and cadaver dissection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Currently, some universities have used echocardiography to teach anatomy, clinical examination, and image acquisition to recognize some cardiac pathologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In our study, a notable knowledge gain was observed between the pre-theoretical assessment (assessment 1) and the post-echocardiography practice evaluation (assessment 3), with the percentage of correct answers rising from 44.6% to 68.6%. This result is comparatively lower than the study conducted by Bell <italic>et al.</italic>, where students&#x2019; average correct score increased from 53.3% in the pre-test assessment to 81.7% in the post-test assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In the work of Varadharaju and colleagues, 89.6% of students showed a better understanding of cardiac anatomy and physiology through real-time echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Both studies performed the post-test assessment immediately after the practical class, and participants were voluntary.</p>
<p>Regarding knowledge retention, our study observed the maintenance and even enhancement of correct answers, correlating assessment 2, with 65.3% (after theory), and assessment 3, with 68.6% (30 days after practice). Numerous studies illustrating knowledge retention through the application of echocardiography are lacking in the literature. However, the research conducted by Jujo and colleagues revealed that, although there was a notable decline in the student&#x2019;s capability to capture Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) images after eight weeks, knowledge retention during this period remained consistent, with a slight reduction from 23.1 points to 19.6 points in comparison to the assessment conducted after the presentations, which was not statistically significant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<sec>
<title>Limitations and strengths of the study</title>
<p>Our work has certain limitations, such as the absence of a control group, preventing a direct comparison between the theory and practice of echocardiography. While it was initially suggested to create a control group when devising the study protocol, the lack of a standardized curriculum for teaching echocardiography in medical schools hindered this comparison. We encourage future comparative studies using our teaching methodology to pave the way for an appropriate curriculum.</p>
<p>Despite being the first study in Brazil to evaluate the effectiveness of an echocardiography laboratory for teaching cardiology, it was conducted in a single center using a methodology developed by the authors.</p>
<p>The investigation into knowledge retention occurred only four weeks after educational activities, due to the sequencing of the academic curriculum, which consists of Practical Skills III covering cardiology and pulmonology sessions. These sequential activities complement the study of cardiac anatomy and physiology and could interfere with the results of the assessments. Future studies should be carried out so that longer-term knowledge can be assessed.</p>
<p>The effective number of research participants aligns with sample calculations for educational interventions, recommending the inclusion of 25 or more participants in such studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Finally, the compulsory analysis of all students in the phase, without relying on volunteers, minimizes the risk of overestimation bias in the evaluation of medical education, as indicated by Callahan, Hojat, and Gonnella.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Using transthoracic echocardiography as an instructional tool in cardiology education is viable within the medical curriculum, providing students in the foundational cycle with enhanced knowledge of cardiac anatomy and physiology.</p>
<p>In addition to instructing on the acquisition of specific echocardiographic images for diagnosing particular cardiac pathologies, the incorporation of echocardiography into medical programs enhances students&#x2019; capacity to assess the appropriateness of requested exams, along with their indications and proper interpretation.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn2"><p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="B1">
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<name><surname>Tshibwabwa</surname><given-names>ET</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Groves</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name>
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</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0170-7211</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gambetta</surname><given-names>Marcelo Vier</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto</role>
<role>conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio do Sul</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">NPCMed, N&#xFA;cleo de Pesquisa em Ci&#xEA;ncias M&#xE9;dicas, Rio do Sul, SC &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio do Sul</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional Alto Vale, Cardiology, Rio do Sul, SC &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Caroline de Oliveira Fischer Bacca</bold> &#x2022; UNIDAVI, Medicine School. Rua Guilherme Gemballa, 13. CEP: <postal-code>89160-932</postal-code>. Rio do Sul, SC &#x2013; Brasil E-mail: <email>caroline.bacca@unidavi.edu.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro n&#xE3;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>A ultrassonografia vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada para o ensino da medicina b&#xE1;sica. A observa&#xE7;&#xE3;o simult&#xE2;nea da imagem ecocardiogr&#xE1;fica e do eletrocardiograma (ECG) permite que o estudante compreenda o processo fisiol&#xF3;gico do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o e sua fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o dentro do sistema cardiovascular.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivo:</title>
<p>Avaliar o ganho e a reten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de conhecimento do estudante de medicina no aprendizado da anatomia e da fisiologia card&#xED;acas com uso da ecocardiografia.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>M&#xE9;todos:</title>
<p>Trinta e quatro estudantes do terceiro semestre realizaram um pr&#xE9;-teste (avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 1) composto por 20 quest&#xF5;es de m&#xFA;ltipla escolha, sendo 15 relacionadas &#xE0; anatomia e fisiologia card&#xED;acas e 5 &#x201C;quest&#xF5;es de confus&#xE3;o&#x201D;. O teste foi elaborado por um dos autores, sendo de forma cega para os demais. Ap&#xF3;s o encontro te&#xF3;rico, foi efetuada a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 2 com as mesmas quest&#xF5;es. Na semana seguinte, foi realizado o encontro pr&#xE1;tico de ecocardiografia direcionado para avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da anatomia e fisiologia. Um p&#xF3;s-teste (avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 3) foi realizado 30 dias ap&#xF3;s o primeiro encontro para avaliar a reten&#xE7;&#xE3;o do conhecimento. As vari&#xE1;veis foram analisadas pelos testes Kolmogorov-Smirnov, T de Student e Wilcoxon, com n&#xED;vel de signific&#xE2;ncia estat&#xED;stica representando um valor de p &#x3C; 0,05.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>A m&#xE9;dia de acertos na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 1 foi de 6,37 &#xB1; 2,0 (42,4%), na segunda avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 9,8 &#xB1; 2,2 (65,3%) e na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 3 de 10,3 &#xB1; 2,5 (68,6%). Houve diferen&#xE7;a estat&#xED;stica entre a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 1 e as demais avalia&#xE7;&#xF5;es (p = 0,01).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o:</title>
<p>O uso da ecocardiografia de maneira precoce dentro do curso de medicina auxilia de forma positiva o ensino da fisiologia e anatomia card&#xED;acas, fixando o conhecimento te&#xF3;rico adquirido.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-Chave:</title>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Educa&#xE7;&#xE3;o M&#xE9;dica</kwd>
<kwd>Estudantes de Medicina</kwd>
<kwd>Fen&#xF4;menos Fisiol&#xF3;gicos Cardiovasculares</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f7">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230100-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O ensino da medicina mudou drasticamente nas &#xFA;ltimas d&#xE9;cadas. O avan&#xE7;o tecnol&#xF3;gico permitiu que t&#xE9;cnicas de ultrassonografia venham sendo cada vez mais utilizadas para o ensino da medicina, sobretudo na anatomia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e na fisiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Estudos t&#xEA;m demonstrado que a percep&#xE7;&#xE3;o de estudantes sobre o uso do ultrassom no ensino da anatomia &#xE9; positiva <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e j&#xE1; foi demonstrado que o uso do ecocardiograma foi t&#xE3;o efetivo quanto a disseca&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos cad&#xE1;veres no ensino da anatomia card&#xED;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ecocardiografia permite a visualiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos eventos do ciclo card&#xED;aco e facilita a correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre as estruturas anat&#xF4;micas e suas fun&#xE7;&#xF5;es fisiol&#xF3;gicas. A observa&#xE7;&#xE3;o simult&#xE2;nea da imagem ultrassonogr&#xE1;fica do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o, dos resultados do fonocardiograma e do eletrocardiograma (ECG) permite que o estudante compreenda o processo fisiol&#xF3;gico do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o e sua fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o dentro do sistema cardiovascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> melhorando a acur&#xE1;cia diagn&#xF3;stica &#xE0; beira do leito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Artigos publicados evidenciam que o ensino da fisiologia card&#xED;aca utilizando o m&#xE9;todo ultrassonogr&#xE1;fico auxilia os estudantes no aprendizado e na reten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de conhecimento dos eventos do ciclo card&#xED;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Apesar de existirem programas de computador que simulam os mecanismos do ciclo card&#xED;aco,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> o ecocardiograma oferece a vantagem do ensino de um m&#xE9;todo de imagem amplamente utilizado no diagn&#xF3;stico de v&#xE1;rias patologias cardiovasculares simultaneamente &#xE0; compreens&#xE3;o dos mecanismos fisiol&#xF3;gicos e da circula&#xE7;&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Desde 2016, a Universidade de Indiana, nos Estados Unidos, incorporou o ensino da ecocardiografia em seu curr&#xED;culo. A sua introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9; feita para alunos do ciclo pr&#xE9;-cl&#xED;nico do segundo ano, a fim de auxiliar no entendimento da pr&#xE1;tica e do ensino da cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>De forma semelhante, em nossa universidade, a introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; ecocardiografia &#xE9; feita para alunos do terceiro semestre, como forma de auxiliar o ensino da fisiologia card&#xED;aca e a compreens&#xE3;o da anatomia e das fases do ciclo card&#xED;aco. Objetivamos verificar com este estudo o real ganho de conhecimento ao associar o m&#xE9;todo de ensino m&#xE9;dico atual (metodologias ativas e PBL &#x2013; <italic>Problem-Based Learning</italic>) &#xE0; pr&#xE1;tica da ecocardiografia.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
<title>Materiais e m&#xE9;todos</title>
<sec>
<title>Desenho do estudo</title>
<p>Estudo prospectivo, de bra&#xE7;o &#xFA;nico, com 34 estudantes do terceiro per&#xED;odo do curso de Medicina da UNIDAVI - Centro Universit&#xE1;rio para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itaja&#xED;, em Rio do Sul &#x2013; SC.</p>
<p>Os alunos foram estimulados a responder um pr&#xE9;-teste (avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 1), com 20 minutos de dura&#xE7;&#xE3;o, composto por 20 quest&#xF5;es de m&#xFA;ltipla escolha, sendo 15 relacionadas &#xE0; anatomia e fisiologia e 05 quest&#xF5;es denominadas &#x201C;quest&#xF5;es de confus&#xE3;o&#x201D; (vide t&#xF3;pico seguinte). A avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o foi elaborada pelo professor coordenador da fase, sendo de forma cega em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; pr&#xE1;tica de ecocardiografia.</p>
<p>Num segundo momento, o grupo foi dividido em tr&#xEA;s turmas para a discuss&#xE3;o te&#xF3;rica envolvendo o Diagrama de <italic>Wiggers</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Cada subturma teve 20 (vinte) minutos para pesquisar sobre as curvas de press&#xE3;o atriais, ventriculares e arteriais, bem como o volume ventricular (VLV), ECG e fonocardiograma. Durante tr&#xEA;s horas, os estudantes discursaram sobre a parte te&#xF3;rica e foram indagados pelos professores, de acordo com a metodologia ativa do curso. Ap&#xF3;s a discuss&#xE3;o te&#xF3;rica, foi realizada nova avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o (avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 2), composta pelas mesmas quest&#xF5;es do pr&#xE9;-teste e com o mesmo tempo para resolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Diagrama de Wiggers. Legenda: A) Rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o temporal entre a press&#xE3;o ventricular (PLV), VLV, press&#xE3;o atrial (PLA) e press&#xE3;o a&#xF3;rtica (PAo). FM: fechamento da valva mitral; AM: abertura da valva mitral; AAo: abertura da valva a&#xF3;rtica; FAo: fechamento da valva a&#xF3;rtica; VDF: Volume diast&#xF3;lico final; VSF: Volume sist&#xF3;lico final. #1 - B1 (fechamento das valvas mitral e tric&#xFA;spide). #2 - B2 (fechamento das valvas a&#xF3;rtica e pulmonar). #3 - B3 (terceira bulha). #4 - B4 (quarta bulha). B) Rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o temporal entre o fluxo sangu&#xED;neo durante a eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica ventricular (VLV) e as ondas de enchimento diast&#xF3;lico (ondas E e A do influxo mitral), com o impulso el&#xE9;trico das ondas de despolariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial (onda P), despolariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular (complexo QRS) e repolariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular (onda T) do ECG. Adaptado de Mitchell et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230100-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Ap&#xF3;s um intervalo de uma semana, os alunos foram ao laborat&#xF3;rio de ecocardiografia. O encontro pr&#xE1;tico durou 60 minutos e foi realizado no aparelho Affinity 70<sup>@</sup> (Philips<sup>@</sup>). De in&#xED;cio, foi abordada a forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o de imagem ultrass&#xF4;nica e a forma de visualiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o das c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas no ecocardiograma transtor&#xE1;cico (ECO). Divididos em quatro grupos, foram estimulados a relacionar a anatomia card&#xED;aca &#xE0; imagem ecocardiogr&#xE1;fica nos cortes paraesternal longitudinal e apical quatro c&#xE2;maras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Imagens ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas nos cortes: A) Paraesternal longitudinal e B) Apical 4 c&#xE2;maras. Legenda: VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#xED;culo direito; AD: &#xE1;trio direito.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230100-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Dentro da fisiologia card&#xED;aca, foram discutidas as curvas de press&#xE3;o e volume do &#xE1;trio esquerdo (AE) e do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (VE), utilizando o Doppler pulsado de via de entrada e via de sa&#xED;da do VE obtido nos cortes apical quatro e cinco c&#xE2;maras, respectivamente. Foi estimulada a discuss&#xE3;o sobre o tempo de di&#xE1;stole e de enchimento ventricular de acordo com a frequ&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Imagens ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas no corte Apical 4 c&#xE2;maras com Doppler pulsado de via de entrada e via de sa&#xED;da do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230100-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Por fim, no quinto momento e com um intervalo de 30 (trinta) dias, os estudantes realizaram o &#xFA;ltimo teste (avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 3) de modo surpresa, com as mesmas quest&#xF5;es dos testes anteriores e com o mesmo tempo para resposta.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o foi elaborada pelo professor coordenador da fase dentro da plataforma Google Forms<sup>@</sup>, sendo realizada sempre de modo surpresa, em dispositivos eletr&#xF4;nicos com acesso restrito &#xE0; internet, e com quest&#xF5;es de forma cega em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; professora das aulas pr&#xE1;ticas e do conte&#xFA;do abordado no laborat&#xF3;rio de ecocardiografia. Foi composta por 20 (vinte) quest&#xF5;es de m&#xFA;ltipla escolha (ap&#xEA;ndice 1), sendo 15 (quinze) perguntas relacionadas &#xE0; anatomia e &#xE0; fisiologia (denominadas &#x201C;quest&#xF5;es v&#xE1;lidas&#x201D;), e outras 5 (cinco) chamadas de &#x201C;quest&#xF5;es de confus&#xE3;o&#x201D;, relacionadas &#xE0; cardiologia, por&#xE9;m sem abordar os temas discutidos na teoria e na pr&#xE1;tica em quest&#xE3;o.</p>
<p>As quest&#xF5;es de confus&#xE3;o foram introduzidas na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o para prolongar o teste, confundir o acad&#xEA;mico quanto ao tema abordado e servir como quest&#xF5;es controle, uma vez que n&#xE3;o exploram o assunto discutido na teoria e na pr&#xE1;tica. Se a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 1 fosse somente sobre a anatomia e a fisiologia card&#xED;acas, o estudante facilmente saberia o tema proposto e poderia realizar um estudo dirigido, o que melhoraria artificialmente seu desempenho nas avalia&#xE7;&#xF5;es posteriores. Portanto, essas quest&#xF5;es de confus&#xE3;o demonstram a capacidade do estudante em melhorar seu conhecimento e estudo sem nenhuma interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o did&#xE1;tica.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</title>
<p>Os resultados das tr&#xEA;s avalia&#xE7;&#xF5;es foram computados no <italic>software</italic> SPSS<sup>@</sup> (<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>) vers&#xE3;o 26.0, utilizando-se do teste de normalidade <italic>Kolmogorov-Smirnov.</italic></p>
<p>Diante da distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o da amostra, foi encontrada uma distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o normal desses achados na primeira e na segunda avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, sendo utilizado o teste param&#xE9;trico t de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras emparelhadas. Para a an&#xE1;lise da terceira avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, diante da distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o n&#xE3;o normal, foi utilizado o teste n&#xE3;o-param&#xE9;trico t de <italic>Wilcoxon</italic>.</p>
<p>Optou-se pela descri&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos resultados expressos em m&#xE9;dia e desvio-padr&#xE3;o (DP), sendo a an&#xE1;lise considerada estatisticamente significante quando o valor de p &#x3C; 0,05 (&#x3B1; &#x3C; 0,05).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>A amostra foi composta por 34 alunos do terceiro semestre (ciclo b&#xE1;sico) do curso de medicina. Destes, 25 eram mulheres e 9 homens, com m&#xE9;dia de idade de 20,9 anos (DP &#xB1; 3,5 anos).</p>
<p>Na primeira avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, a m&#xE9;dia de acertos foi de 6,7 (DP &#xB1; 2,0) das quest&#xF5;es v&#xE1;lidas, correspondendo a 44,6%. A m&#xE9;dia das assertivas nos t&#xF3;picos de confus&#xE3;o foi de 2,5. A quest&#xE3;o com a menor percentagem de acertos foi &#x201C;O valor da press&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica (PAD) e sist&#xF3;lica (PAS) na aorta s&#xE3;o observados em qual fase do ciclo card&#xED;aco?&#x201D;, com apenas cinco respostas corretas (14,3%).</p>
<p>Na segunda avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, a m&#xE9;dia das assertivas das quest&#xF5;es v&#xE1;lidas foi de 9,8 (DP &#xB1; 2,2), perfazendo 65,3%, enquanto nas de confus&#xE3;o foi de 2,6 acertos. Nesta avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, a quest&#xE3;o com menor n&#xFA;mero de assertivas foi uma quest&#xE3;o de confus&#xE3;o: &#x201C;A defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o de ritmo sinusal se d&#xE1; pelos seguintes achados, EXCETO:&#x201D;, com apenas oito respostas corretas (21,1%).</p>
<p>Na &#xFA;ltima avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, a m&#xE9;dia das respostas corretas foi de 10,3 (DP &#xB1; 2,5), sendo correlacionado com 68,8% do total, e nas quest&#xF5;es de confus&#xE3;o foi de 2,45 acertos. Novamente, a quest&#xE3;o correlacionada com menor n&#xFA;mero de respostas corretas foi uma quest&#xE3;o de confus&#xE3;o: &#x201C;Qual a altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ECG, na vig&#xEA;ncia de um infarto, que determina a necessidade de cineangiocoronariografia (cateterismo card&#xED;aco) emergencial?&#x201D;, com apenas sete respostas corretas (20,6%).</p>
<p>Utilizando-se o teste param&#xE9;trico, observou-se relev&#xE2;ncia significativa entre as avalia&#xE7;&#xF5;es 1 e 2 (p &#x3C; 0,001). Tamb&#xE9;m houve signific&#xE2;ncia estat&#xED;stica utilizando o teste n&#xE3;o-param&#xE9;trico para comparar as avalia&#xE7;&#xF5;es 1 e 3 (p &#x3C; 0,001). N&#xE3;o houve diferen&#xE7;a entre as avalia&#xE7;&#xF5;es 2 e 3 (p = 0,14) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Gr&#xE1;fico 1</xref>), bem como nas assertivas das quest&#xF5;es de confus&#xE3;o (p &#x3E; 0,3).</p>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Gr&#xE1;fico 1</label>
<caption><title>M&#xE9;dia de acertos nas avalia&#xE7;&#xF5;es e desvio-padr&#xE3;o.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230100-gf05-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Na an&#xE1;lise comparativa dos acertos das quest&#xF5;es v&#xE1;lidas pelos estudantes nas tr&#xEA;s avalia&#xE7;&#xF5;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Gr&#xE1;fico 2</xref>), observa-se a tend&#xEA;ncia de maiores acertos dos alunos ap&#xF3;s o encontro te&#xF3;rico (avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 2) e, principalmente, ap&#xF3;s o encontro pr&#xE1;tico (avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 3). Apesar de n&#xE3;o haver signific&#xE2;ncia estat&#xED;stica em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0;s avalia&#xE7;&#xF5;es 2 e 3, o gr&#xE1;fico mostra a tend&#xEA;ncia de reten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de conhecimento do acad&#xEA;mico, visto que a &#xFA;ltima avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o foi realizada 30 (trinta) dias depois.</p>
<fig id="f12">
<label>Gr&#xE1;fico 2</label>
<caption><title>An&#xE1;lise comparativa dos acertos dos estudantes de medicina nas avalia&#xE7;&#xF5;es.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230100-gf06-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O presente estudo avaliou o impacto do uso da ecocardiografia no aprendizado da cardiologia para estudantes do ciclo b&#xE1;sico do curso de medicina. Com nosso estudo, foi poss&#xED;vel demonstrar que a introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o precoce da ecocardiografia dentro do ensino m&#xE9;dico &#xE9; fact&#xED;vel e traz ganho e reten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de conhecimento da anatomia e da fisiologia card&#xED;acas ao estudante de medicina.</p>
<p>O uso da ecocardiografia conecta o b&#xE1;sico &#xE0; cl&#xED;nica, fazendo com que o acad&#xEA;mico tenha mais interesse pelo estudo, uma vez que necessita de conhecimento fisiol&#xF3;gico para realizar as aplica&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas do m&#xE9;todo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O ensino de anatomia e fisiologia card&#xED;acas utilizando-se a ultrassonografia &#xE9; vi&#xE1;vel para estudantes de medicina, melhorando seu desempenho e trazendo mais motiva&#xE7;&#xE3;o para ampliar seus conhecimentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atividades de ensino que incorporam o uso da ecocardiografia s&#xE3;o populares entre os alunos porque trazem os processos fisiol&#xF3;gicos do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o para um patamar mais tang&#xED;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em alguns estudos, foram utilizados modelos anat&#xF4;micos experimentais, simuladores de ecocardiografia, compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com a pr&#xE1;tica anat&#xF4;mica e dissec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de cad&#xE1;veres para verificar o ganho de conhecimento do estudante de medicina. No estudo desenvolvido por Torabi e colaboradores, utilizando um modelo de <italic>software</italic> para ensino, foi demonstrado que a introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; ecocardiografia para estudantes de medicina durante o curso de cardiologia &#xE9; positiva tanto subjetivamente pela avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos estudantes, quanto objetivamente em testes pr&#xE1;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> J&#xE1; Griksaitis, Sawdon e Finn sugerem que tanto a dissec&#xE7;&#xE3;o anat&#xF4;mica de cad&#xE1;veres quanto a ecocardiografia s&#xE3;o m&#xE9;todos igualmente eficazes para o ensino da anatomia card&#xED;aca, sem superioridade entre eles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Fato este corroborado por Canty <italic>et al.</italic>, que elaboraram uma sess&#xE3;o pr&#xE1;tica de tr&#xEA;s horas usando um simulador de ultrassom como complemento do aprendizado da anatomia card&#xED;aca e verificaram que o ganho de conhecimento dos alunos foi similar ao adquirido com uso de modelos pl&#xE1;sticos e dissec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de cad&#xE1;veres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Atualmente, algumas universidades t&#xEA;m utilizado o ecocardiograma para ensinar anatomia, exame cl&#xED;nico e aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de imagens para o reconhecimento de algumas patologias card&#xED;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, houve ganho de conhecimento significativo entre as avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o pr&#xE9;-te&#xF3;rica (avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 1) e ap&#xF3;s a pr&#xE1;tica de ecocardiografia (avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 3), com a porcentagem de acertos subindo de 44,6% para 68,6%. Resultado este inferior ao estudo realizado por Bell <italic>et al.</italic>, no qual o escore m&#xE9;dio de acertos dos estudantes foi de 53,3% na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o pr&#xE9;-teste para 81,7% na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o p&#xF3;s-teste<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e no trabalho de Varadharaju e colaboradores, no qual observou-se que 89,6% dos estudantes avaliados compreenderam melhor a anatomia e fisiologia card&#xED;acas por meio do ecocardiograma em tempo real.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Ambos os trabalhos realizaram a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o p&#xF3;s-teste imediatamente ap&#xF3;s a aula pr&#xE1;tica e com participantes volunt&#xE1;rios.</p>
<p>Quanto &#xE0; reten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de conhecimento do estudante, observou-se em nosso estudo a manuten&#xE7;&#xE3;o e at&#xE9; superioridade nos acertos, correlacionando a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 2, com 65,3% (ap&#xF3;s a teoria), e a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 3, com 68,6% (30 dias ap&#xF3;s a pr&#xE1;tica). A literatura n&#xE3;o traz muitos estudos demonstrando a reten&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ensino com o uso da ecocardiografia, mas o trabalho de Jujo e colaboradores evidenciou que, apesar de haver uma queda significativa na habilidade do estudante em adquirir as imagens do ultrassom POCUS (<italic>Point of Care Ultrasound</italic>) ap&#xF3;s oito semanas, a reten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de conhecimento nesse per&#xED;odo se manteve, apresentando discreta redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o realizada ap&#xF3;s as apresenta&#xE7;&#xF5;es (23,1 pontos para 19,6 pontos) por&#xE9;m sem signific&#xE2;ncia estat&#xED;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<sec>
<title>Limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es e pontos fortes do estudo</title>
<p>Nosso trabalho conta com algumas limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es, como a n&#xE3;o exist&#xEA;ncia de um grupo controle para a compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o efetiva entre a teoria e a pr&#xE1;tica da ecocardiografia. Ao idealizar o protocolo do estudo, foi sugerido a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de um grupo controle. Entretanto, a padroniza&#xE7;&#xE3;o curricular do ensino de ecocardiografia para alunos da gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o n&#xE3;o estava dispon&#xED;vel para a compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o, uma vez que n&#xE3;o existe um curr&#xED;culo de ensino de ecocardiografia nas escolas m&#xE9;dicas. Encorajamos futuros trabalhos comparativos utilizando nossa metodologia de ensino para que um curr&#xED;culo adequado seja confeccionado.</p>
<p>Apesar de ser o primeiro estudo desenvolvido no Brasil para avaliar se um laborat&#xF3;rio de ecocardiografia poderia ser utilizado como uma plataforma eficaz no aprendizado da cardiologia, ele foi um trabalho desenvolvido em um &#xFA;nico centro e utilizando uma metodologia criada pelos autores.</p>
<p>Foi investigada a reten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de conhecimento apenas quatro semanas ap&#xF3;s as atividades educacionais. Este fato ocorreu porque, dentro do curr&#xED;culo acad&#xEA;mico, a disciplina Habilidades III &#xE9; composta de encontros de cardiologia e pneumologia. Essas atividades sequenciais complementam o estudo de anatomia e fisiologia card&#xED;acas e poderiam interferir nos resultados das avalia&#xE7;&#xF5;es. Estudos futuros devem ser realizados para que o conhecimento a mais longo prazo seja avaliado.</p>
<p>O n&#xFA;mero de participantes da pesquisa traz efic&#xE1;cia ao estudo, visto que os c&#xE1;lculos amostrais para interven&#xE7;&#xF5;es educacionais sugerem a utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 25 ou mais participantes nos estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Por fim, a an&#xE1;lise compuls&#xF3;ria de todos os estudantes da fase, n&#xE3;o utilizando volunt&#xE1;rios para a an&#xE1;lise, reduz a possibilidade do vi&#xE9;s da superestima&#xE7;&#xE3;o na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da educa&#xE7;&#xE3;o m&#xE9;dica, conforme determinado por Callahan, Hojat e Gonnella.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O uso da ecocardiografia transtor&#xE1;cica como sendo ferramenta de aux&#xED;lio did&#xE1;tico no ensino da cardiologia &#xE9; exequ&#xED;vel dentro do curso de medicina, agregando conhecimento da anatomia e da fisiologia card&#xED;acas a estudantes do ciclo b&#xE1;sico.</p>
<p>Al&#xE9;m do ensino da aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o da imagem ecocardiogr&#xE1;fica direcionada que auxilia no diagn&#xF3;stico de determinadas patologias card&#xED;acas, a utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ecocardiograma nos cursos de medicina melhora a capacidade do aluno em avaliar a adequa&#xE7;&#xE3;o do exame solicitado, bem como sua indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o e apropriada interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
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<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn6"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o Acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8"><p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xC9;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo n&#xE3;o cont&#xE9;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
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