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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230093i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230093i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Use of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in the Analysis of Ventricular Function in Chagas Disease</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-6343-7459</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barros</surname><given-names>Antonio Carlos Leite de</given-names><suffix>Filho</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2526-0656</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Romano</surname><given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, SP &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Carlos Leite de Barros-Filho</bold> &#x2022; Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo, Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto. Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. Postal code: <postal-code>14049-900</postal-code>. Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, SP &#x2013; Brazil E-mail: <email>acbarros@alumni.usp.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>18</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230093</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>31</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>03</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>03</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Chagas disease is recognized as a global public health issue, capable of causing cardiac, digestive, and neurological manifestations. The echocardiogram is a fundamental complementary exam in assessing patients with cardiac involvement, evaluating various parameters of cardiac structure and function. This review aims to discuss the use of three-dimensional echocardiography in analyzing ventricular function in patients with Chagas disease.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional</kwd>
<kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
<kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="46"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan <italic>T. cruzi</italic>, is mainly transmitted by vectors, through the inoculation into the skin from feces of triatomines that have been previously infected after sucking the blood of contaminated people or animals. It can also be transmitted orally, transplacentally, by transfusion of blood and blood products, by solid organ transplantation, or by accidents with biological material.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>It is estimated that approximately 6 to 7 million people are infected worldwide, mainly in Latin American countries. However, in recent years, with the increase in migratory flow from rural to urban areas and from endemic countries to non-endemic countries, this pathology has been recognized as a global public health problem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Its natural history involves an acute phase, which is not always symptomatic and may last from a few weeks to a few months, and a chronic phase, which can manifest with cardiac, digestive, or neurological impairment. Cardiac involvement represents the most feared manifestation, characterized by complications with high morbidity and mortality, such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>In this scenario, echocardiography is the most commonly used complementary exam for assessment and follow-up of patients with Chagas disease, making it possible to analyze cardiac structure and function, detect intracavitary thrombi, and assess secondary valve involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In recent years, new techniques, such as three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography and the assessment of myocardial strain using the speckle-tracking method have shown to be promising in the assessment of cardiac mechanics in various clinical scenarios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>The objective of this review is to discuss the use of 3D echocardiography in the analysis of ventricular function in patients with Chagas disease.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Assessment of left ventricular function by 3D echocardiography</title>
<p>In patients with Chagas disease, segmental involvement is a marker of unfavorable prognosis, which has already been demonstrated in diverse studies. The most characteristic segmental changes occur in the inferior, inferolateral, and apical segments of the left ventricle (LV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> These segments are not always adequately assessed on two-dimensional (2D) studies, due to image shortening (which can exclude the apical segments from analysis) or to not including segments in the quantification of global function of Simpson&#x2019;s biplane method (which does not encompass the inferolateral segments).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is one of the main parameters for classification and staging of patients with Chagas disease; therefore, it is recommended to use methods that show high accuracy and reproducibility for estimating LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>3D echocardiography allows the calculation of ventricular volumes, without requiring estimation using geometric formulas, as is the case with 2D echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Furthermore, it has demonstrated greater reproducibility and accuracy in calculating volumes compared to cardiac magnetic resonance, and the method is increasingly used in diverse cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Regarding advantages in relation to other modalities, we can highlight that it the method is less cumbersome, non-invasive, more portable, not related to radiation exposure, and capable of obtaining images with shorter acquisition time and better temporal resolution. However, compared to 2D echocardiography, 3D echocardiography has some limitations related to cost, availability, spatial resolution, and technical difficulties, especially in patients with irregular heart rhythm, such as atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>In spite of the greater accuracy of 3D echocardiography in comparison to 2D for analysis of ventricular volumes and LVEF in different clinical scenarios, its prognostic superiority still remains uncertain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In a single-center observational study conducted with 172 patients with ischemic and non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy who were candidates for therapy with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), 3D LVEF proved to be an independent predictor of major arrhythmic events, suggesting that 3D LVEF could change the decision to implant an ICD in this scenario, where up to 20% of patients could be reclassified below the indication threshold for ICD implantation when using the 3D method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A recent single-center study with 725 patients referred for routine echocardiographic evaluation also found that 3D LVEF had an incremental value for predicting composite outcomes, in relation to 2D LVEF. Furthermore, the partition values for mild, moderate, and severe reduction in LV systolic function on the 3D method demonstrated greater discriminatory power for cardiac death than the 2D values, and LV dilation defined by 3D volume showed a greater association with mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f4">
<caption><title>3D rendering of left ventricular volume during systole in a patient with Chagas disease, showing large apical aneurysm formation (thick arrow), as well as minor basal inferior septal dyskinesia (thin arrow).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230093-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In addition to the absolute assessment of ventricular volumes and 3D LVEF, it is also possible to obtain a volume-time curve corresponding to the dynamic changes in LV volume during the cardiac cycle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Analysis of this curve makes it possible to assess new non-invasive parameters of ventricular performance, such as maximum systolic flow, peak flow during early LV filling, and peak flow during left atrial contraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A recently published cross-sectional study, involving 20 patients with Chagas disease and 15 healthy individuals, aimed to characterize these parameters in patients with Chagas disease. In that study, patients with Chagas disease had maximum systolic flow, peak flow during early LV filling, and peak flow during atrial contraction similar to patients in the control group, thus demonstrating, in a non-invasive manner, that the increase in LV end-diastolic volume was the main adaptive mechanism that made it possible to maintain flow and stroke volume in patients with severe LV systolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
<p>Notwithstanding the increasing use of 3D echocardiography to estimate volumes and LVEF in various pathologies, to our knowledge, there are no studies that have specifically evaluated the superiority of 3D echocardiography in relation to 2D echocardiography in patients with Chagas disease, in relation to diagnostic capacity, classification in degrees of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, or in terms of prognosis of major cardiac outcomes, such as ventricular arrhythmias or mortality.</p>
<sec>
<title>Assessment of right ventricular function by 3D echocardiography</title>
<p>In patients with Chagas disease, involvement of the right ventricle (RV) may occur early in the natural history of the disease, affecting patients with the indeterminate and digestive form of Chagas disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
<p>Assessment of the RV by 2D echocardiography poses a series of challenges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> The RV has a more complex geometric formation than the LV, with at least 6 distinct morphological regions: inflow tract, outflow tract, apex (septal and free wall regions), and body (septal and free wall regions).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Furthermore, the RV has other characteristics that make it difficult to assess using the 2D method, for example, a very thin myocardial wall, the presence of prominent trabeculations, and a greater arrangement of endocardial fibers in the longitudinal direction. For these reasons, 2D echocardiography analysis is performed in an integrated manner, obtaining various geometry and function parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
<p>Accordingly, 3D echocardiography has been increasingly used to analyze RV systolic function. By means of specific software designed to evaluate the RV, it is possible to assess right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) and volumes, showing good correlation with cardiac magnetic resonance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Multiplanar images derived from 3-dimensional acquisition in a patient with Chagas disease. Panel A &#x2013; Notable shortening of the left ventricular apex (thick arrows). In this case, the assessment of ventricular volumes may be inaccurate. Panel B &#x2013; After adjusting the planes, it was possible to identify the true apex with the inclusion of a large apical aneurysm in the analysis of ventricular volumes (thin arrows).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230093-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>3D echocardiography can also be used to characterize RV geometry, and it is a promising method for assessing RV remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Previous studies conducted in patients with pulmonary hypertension and tetralogy of Fallot have demonstrated differences in RV remodeling according to the etiology of RV overload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
<p>In recent years, some studies have demonstrated the additional prognostic value of analyzing RV systolic function with the use of 2D echocardiography. Nagata et al. found that 3D echocardiography showed high accuracy in relation to cardiac magnetic resonance in the assessment of RVEF and volumes. It was also demonstrated that 3D RVEF was independently associated with cardiac outcomes in diverse etiologies of RV dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In an observational study including 394 patients with heart disease, Surkova et al. demonstrated that 3D RVEF was associated with mortality (p &#x3C; 0.0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Kitano et al. published a meta-analysis that demonstrated that RVEF &#x3C; 45% was associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes, both in individuals with normal LVEF and in those with reduced LVEF. In the same study, subgroup analysis revealed that RVEF had prognostic value both in patients with pulmonary hypertension and in those with cardiovascular disease. Univariable Cox proportional analysis revealed that 3D RVEF was associated with both cardiac death (p &#x3C; 0.0001) and major adverse cardiovascular events (p &#x3C; 0.0001). 3D RVEF remained an independent predictor of cardiac death (p &#x3C; 0.0001) and major adverse cardiovascular events (p &#x3C; 0.0001), even after multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Assessment of intracavitary thrombi in a patient with Chagas disease. Panel A &#x2013; Orthogonal images obtained through simultaneous biplanar evaluation. Panel B &#x2013; 3D image showing 2 apical thrombi.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230093-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>3D assessment of right ventricular function in a patient with Chagas disease. The RVEF was calculated to be 30%. EDV: End-Diastolic Volume; EDVi: Indexed End-Diastolic Volume; ESV: End-Systolic Volume; ESVi: Indexed End-Systolic Volume; SV: Stroke Volume; EF: Ejection Fraction.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230093-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In spite of initial evidence of the additional value of 3D echocardiography in some clinical conditions, to date there are no studies characterizing changes in RV size, geometry, and function using this method in patients with Chagas disease.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Assessment of 3D myocardial strain</title>
<p>In recent years, the assessment of cardiac mechanics using the speckle-tracking method has proven to be a promising tool in the assessment of myocardial dysfunction. There are several studies demonstrating the ability of global longitudinal strain analysis to predict severe events, such as mortality and composite outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
<p>Even though the role of speckle-tracking echocardiography in detecting regional changes in patients with Chagas disease, even in more subtle forms, has already been demonstrated, it is not possible to confirm that the changes are correlated with the presence of myocardial fibrosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> as they may be manifestations of altered strain even before fibrotic replacement. More recently, it has been proposed that 3D myocardial strain analysis would have additional prognostic value, and several indices can be obtained using this tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
<p>A recent study including 72 patients with Chagas disease aimed to characterize new echocardiographic variables according to LVEF and to evaluate their role in predicting clinical outcomes in patients with Chagas disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> In this study, the feasibility of acquiring LV strain was high (91.5% in patients with LVEF &#x3C; 40%; 89.4% in patients with LVEF &#x2265; 40% and &#x3C; 50%; 88% in patients with LVEF &#x2265; 50%), even though it was inferior to the feasibility of 2D strain (99.3%, 98.9%, and 100%, respectively). After regression analysis using the Cox model, the parameters derived from 3D strain that proved to be predictors of composite outcomes (hospitalization for heart failure, complex ventricular arrhythmias, heart transplantation, and death) were 3D global longitudinal strain and 3D LV area strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> In particular, 3D LV area strain is a very promising index that quantifies change in the endocardial area, integrating longitudinal and circumferential deformation, allowing more detailed assessment of the different types of myocardial fibers and making it possible to better understand the pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> However, a recent study of patients with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy did not find an incremental value for 3D strain in comparison with analysis of LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
</sec></sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Chagas disease is a global public health problem with elevated morbidity and mortality, mainly due to cardiac involvement of the disease. There are several theoretical advantages to the use of 3D echocardiography in patients with Chagas disease due to characteristics that are intrinsic to the method and to the pathology. However, in patients with Chagas disease, the additional value of 3D echocardiography in relation to 2D echocardiography still needs to be better clarified, by means of studies that also take into consideration the cost-effectiveness of the method.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Additional considerations</bold></p>
<p>The data for this review were identified through database searches in the PubMed, Medline, Lilacs, and Scielo platforms. Articles published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish were accepted.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3"><p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230093</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revis&#xE3;o</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Emprego do Ecocardiograma Tridimensional na An&#xE1;lise de Fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o Ventricular na Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-6343-7459</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barros</surname><given-names>Antonio Carlos Leite de</given-names><suffix>Filho</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>an&#xE1;lise</role>
<role>interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto</role>
<role>conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2526-0656</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Romano</surname><given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>an&#xE1;lise</role>
<role>interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto</role>
<role>conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, SP &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Antonio Carlos Leite de Barros-Filho</bold> &#x2022; Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo, Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto. Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. CEP: <postal-code>14049-900</postal-code>. Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, SP &#x2013; Brasil E-mail: <email>acbarros@alumni.usp.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro n&#xE3;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A doen&#xE7;a de Chagas &#xE9; reconhecida como um problema de sa&#xFA;de p&#xFA;blica global, podendo ocasionar manifesta&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas, digestivas e neurol&#xF3;gicas. O ecocardiograma &#xE9; exame complementar fundamental na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes com acometimento card&#xED;aco, ao avaliar diversos par&#xE2;metros de estrutura e fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca. A presente revis&#xE3;o tem como objetivo discorrer sobre o emprego do ecocardiograma tridimensional na an&#xE1;lise da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular em pacientes com doen&#xE7;a de Chagas.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#xE1;sica</kwd>
<kwd>Fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o Ventricular</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A doen&#xE7;a de Chagas (DC), causada pelo protozo&#xE1;rio <italic>T. cruzi</italic>, &#xE9; transmitida principalmente pela via vetorial, atrav&#xE9;s da inocula&#xE7;&#xE3;o na pele de fezes dos triatom&#xED;deos previamente infectados, ap&#xF3;s sugarem o sangue de pessoas ou animais contaminados. Tamb&#xE9;m pode ser transmitida por via oral, por via transplacent&#xE1;ria, pela transfus&#xE3;o de sangue e hemoderivados, por transplante de &#xF3;rg&#xE3;os s&#xF3;lidos ou por acidentes com material biol&#xF3;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Estima-se que cerca de 6 a 7 milh&#xF5;es de pessoas no mundo estejam infectadas, principalmente em pa&#xED;ses da Am&#xE9;rica Latina. No entanto, nos &#xFA;ltimos anos, com o avan&#xE7;o do fluxo migrat&#xF3;rio de &#xE1;reas rurais para &#xE1;reas urbanas e de pa&#xED;ses end&#xEA;micos para pa&#xED;ses n&#xE3;o end&#xEA;micos, tal patologia tem sido reconhecida como um problema de sa&#xFA;de p&#xFA;blica global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Sua hist&#xF3;ria natural envolve uma fase aguda, nem sempre sintom&#xE1;tica, que pode durar algumas semanas at&#xE9; poucos meses, e uma fase cr&#xF4;nica, que pode se manifestar com comprometimento card&#xED;aco, digestivo ou neurol&#xF3;gico. O acometimento card&#xED;aco representa a manifesta&#xE7;&#xE3;o mais temida, caracterizada por complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es de elevada morbimortalidade como insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca, arritmias e acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Neste cen&#xE1;rio, o ecocardiograma &#xE9; o exame complementar mais realizado para a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o e seguimento dos pacientes com DC ao permitir a an&#xE1;lise da estrutura e fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o card&#xED;acas, a detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de trombos intracavit&#xE1;rios, e a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de acometimento valvar secund&#xE1;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nos &#xFA;ltimos anos, novas t&#xE9;cnicas como a ecocardiografia tridimensional (3D) e a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica pelo m&#xE9;todo de rastreamento de pontos revelaram-se promissoras na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da mec&#xE2;nica card&#xED;aca em diversos cen&#xE1;rios cl&#xED;nicos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>O objetivo desta revis&#xE3;o &#xE9; discorrer a respeito do emprego do ecocardiograma 3D na an&#xE1;lise da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular em pacientes com DC.</p>
<sec>
<title>Avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular esquerda pelo ecocardiograma 3D</title>
<p>Em pacientes com DC, o envolvimento segmentar &#xE9; marcador de mau progn&#xF3;stico, o que j&#xE1; foi demonstrado em diversos estudos. As altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es segmentares mais caracter&#xED;sticas ocorrem nos segmentos inferiores, inferolaterais e apicais do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (VE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Tais segmentos nem sempre s&#xE3;o adequadamente avaliados por meio do estudo bidimensional (2D), devido ao encurtamento da imagem (que pode excluir da an&#xE1;lise os segmentos apicais) ou pela n&#xE3;o inclus&#xE3;o dos segmentos na quantifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o global pelo m&#xE9;todo de Simpson biplanar (que n&#xE3;o engloba os segmentos &#xED;nferolaterais).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE (FEVE) &#xE9; um dos principais par&#xE2;metros para classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o e estadiamento dos pacientes com DC e desta forma &#xE9; recomend&#xE1;vel o emprego de m&#xE9;todos que apresentem elevada acur&#xE1;cia e reprodutibilidade para a sua estimativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>O ecocardiograma 3D permite o c&#xE1;lculo dos volumes ventriculares, sem a necessidade de estimativa por f&#xF3;rmulas geom&#xE9;tricas como ocorre na ecocardiografia 2D.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso, apresenta maior reprodutibilidade e acur&#xE1;cia no c&#xE1;lculo dos volumes em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com a resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca, sendo m&#xE9;todo cada vez mais utilizado em diversas miocardiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Como vantagens em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0;s outras modalidades podemos destacar que &#xE9; m&#xE9;todo menos oneroso, n&#xE3;o invasivo, com maior portabilidade, n&#xE3;o relacionado &#xE0; exposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, capaz de obter imagens com menor tempo de aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o e melhor resolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o temporal. No entanto, a ecocardiografia 3D apresenta algumas limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com a ecocardiografia 2D relacionadas a custo, disponibilidade, resolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o espacial e dificuldades t&#xE9;cnicas, particularmente em pacientes que apresentam irregularidade do ritmo card&#xED;aco, como fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f5">
<caption><title>Renderiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o 3D de volume do VE em s&#xED;stole em paciente com DC evidenciando grande conforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o aneurism&#xE1;tica apical (seta grossa), assim como pequena discinesia septo inferior basal (seta fina). 3D: tridimensional.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230093-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Apesar da maior acur&#xE1;cia da ecocardiografia 3D em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; 2D na an&#xE1;lise dos volumes ventriculares e da FEVE em diversos cen&#xE1;rios cl&#xED;nicos, a superioridade progn&#xF3;stica ainda permanece incerta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Em estudo observacional unic&#xEA;ntrico realizado com 172 pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada isqu&#xEA;mica e n&#xE3;o isqu&#xEA;mica candidatos &#xE0; terapia com cardiodesfibrilador implant&#xE1;vel (CDI), a FEVE 3D se revelou um preditor independente de eventos arr&#xED;tmicos maiores, sugerindo que a FEVE 3D poderia mudar a decis&#xE3;o de implante de CDI neste cen&#xE1;rio, sendo que at&#xE9; 20% dos pacientes poderiam ser reclassificados abaixo do limiar de indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de implante de CDI quando utilizado o m&#xE9;todo 3D.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em estudo unic&#xEA;ntrico recente com 725 pacientes encaminhados para avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o ecocardiogr&#xE1;fica de rotina, tamb&#xE9;m foi encontrado valor incremental da FEVE 3D em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; FEVE 2D na predi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de desfechos compostos. Al&#xE9;m disso, os valores de parti&#xE7;&#xE3;o para redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o leve, moderada e acentuada da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica do VE por 3D demonstraram maior poder discriminat&#xF3;rio para morte card&#xED;aca do que os valores por 2D e a dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE definida pelo volume 3D apresentou maior associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o com mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
<p>Al&#xE9;m da avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o absoluta dos volumes ventriculares e da FEVE 3D, tamb&#xE9;m &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel obter uma curva volume-tempo correspondente &#xE0;s altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es din&#xE2;micas no volume ventricular esquerdo durante o ciclo card&#xED;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A an&#xE1;lise desta curva permite a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de novos par&#xE2;metros n&#xE3;o invasivos de performance ventricular, como o fluxo sist&#xF3;lico m&#xE1;ximo, o fluxo de pico durante o enchimento ventricular esquerdo precoce e o fluxo de pico durante a contra&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Um estudo transversal recentemente publicado, envolvendo 20 pacientes com DC e 15 indiv&#xED;duos saud&#xE1;veis, teve como objetivo caracterizar tais par&#xE2;metros em pacientes com DC. Neste estudo, os pacientes com DC apresentaram fluxo sist&#xF3;lico m&#xE1;ximo, fluxo de pico durante o enchimento ventricular esquerdo precoce e fluxo de pico durante a contra&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial semelhantes aos dos pacientes do grupo controle, demonstrando de maneira n&#xE3;o invasiva que o aumento do volume diast&#xF3;lico final do VE &#xE9; o principal mecanismo adaptativo que permite a manuten&#xE7;&#xE3;o do fluxo e do volume ejetado em pacientes com DC e disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica ventricular esquerda acentuada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
<p>Apesar da crescente utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da ecocardiografia 3D para estimativa dos volumes e da FEVE em diversas patologias, n&#xE3;o existem estudos, que sejam do nosso conhecimento, que avaliaram especificamente a superioridade da ecocardiografia 3D em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; ecocardiografia 2D em pacientes com DC, tanto em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; capacidade diagn&#xF3;stica, de classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o em graus de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica ventricular esquerda ou em termos de progn&#xF3;stico de desfechos card&#xED;acos maiores como arritmias ventriculares ou mortalidade.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular direita pelo ecocardiograma 3D</title>
<p>Em pacientes com DC, o acometimento do ventr&#xED;culo direito (VD) pode ocorrer de forma precoce na hist&#xF3;ria natural da doen&#xE7;a, ocorrendo em pacientes com a forma indeterminada e digestiva da DC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
<p>A avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VD pela ecocardiografia 2D apresenta uma s&#xE9;rie de desafios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> O VD apresenta uma conforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o geom&#xE9;trica mais complexa do que o VE, com pelo menos 6 regi&#xF5;es morfol&#xF3;gicas distintas: via de entrada, via de sa&#xED;da, &#xE1;pice (regi&#xF5;es septal e da parede livre) e corpo (regi&#xF5;es septal e da parede livre).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso, o VD apresenta outras caracter&#xED;sticas que dificultam a sua avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o pelo m&#xE9;todo 2D, como parede mioc&#xE1;rdica muito delgada, a presen&#xE7;a de trabecula&#xE7;&#xF5;es proeminentes e a maior disposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de fibras endoc&#xE1;rdicas no sentido longitudinal. Por estes motivos a an&#xE1;lise pela ecocardiografia 2D &#xE9; realizada de maneira integrada, com a obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de diversos par&#xE2;metros de geometria e fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Imagens multiplanares derivadas da aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o 3D em paciente com DC. Painel A: nota-se encurtamento do &#xE1;pice do VE (setas grossas). Neste caso, a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos volumes ventriculares pode ser imprecisa. Painel B: ap&#xF3;s ajuste dos planos foi poss&#xED;vel a identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do &#xE1;pice verdadeiro com a inclus&#xE3;o do grande aneurisma apical na an&#xE1;lise dos volumes ventriculares (setas finas).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230093-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Desta forma, a ecocardiografia 3D tem sido cada vez mais empregada na an&#xE1;lise da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica do VD. Por meio de softwares espec&#xED;ficos designados para avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VD &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel realizar a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos volumes e da fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VD (FEVD) apresentando boa correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o com a resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
<p>O ecocardiograma 3D tamb&#xE9;m pode ser utilizado na caracteriza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da geometria ventricular direita, sendo m&#xE9;todo promissor na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o do remodelamento ventricular direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Estudos pr&#xE9;vios realizados com pacientes com hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar e tetralogia de Fallot demonstraram diferen&#xE7;as no remodelamento do VD de acordo com a etiologia da sobrecarga ventricular direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nos &#xFA;ltimos anos, alguns estudos demonstraram valor progn&#xF3;stico adicional da an&#xE1;lise da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica do VD com o emprego da ecocardiografia 2D. Nagata <italic>et al.</italic> encontraram elevada acur&#xE1;cia da ecocardiografia 3D em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos volumes e da FEVD. Tamb&#xE9;m foi demonstrado que a FEVD 3D foi independentemente associada com a desfechos card&#xED;acos em diversas etiologias de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Surkova <italic>et al.</italic> demonstraram em estudo observacional com 394 pacientes com cardiopatia que a FEVD 3D est&#xE1; associada com mortalidade (p &#x3C; 0,0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Kitano <italic>et al.</italic> publicaram metan&#xE1;lise que demostrou que a FEVD &#x3C; 45% foi associada com pior desfecho cardiovascular, tanto em indiv&#xED;duos com FEVE normal quanto em indiv&#xED;duos com FEVE reduzida. No mesmo estudo, a an&#xE1;lise de subgrupos revelou que a FEVD apresentou valor progn&#xF3;stico tanto em pacientes com hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar quanto em pacientes com doen&#xE7;a cardiovascular. A an&#xE1;lise proporcional univariada de Cox revelou que a FEVD 3D foi associada tanto &#xE0; morte card&#xED;aca (p &#x3C; 0,0001) quanto &#xE0; evento cardiovascular adverso maior (p &#x3C; 0,0001). A FEVD 3D permaneceu como um preditor independente para morte card&#xED;aca (p &#x3C; 0,0001) e evento cardiovascular adverso maior (p &#x3C; 0,0001), mesmo ap&#xF3;s an&#xE1;lise de risco proporcional multivariada de Cox.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de trombos intracavit&#xE1;rios em paciente com DC. Painel A: imagens ortogonais obtidas por meio de avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o simult&#xE2;nea biplanar. Painel B: imagem 3D evidenciando 2 trombos apicais.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230093-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o 3D da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VD em paciente com DC. A FEVD direito foi calculada em 30%. EDV: volume diast&#xF3;lico final; EDVi: volume diast&#xF3;lico final indexado; ESV: volume sist&#xF3;lico final; ESVi: volume sist&#xF3;lico final indexado; SV: volume sist&#xF3;lico; EF: fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230093-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Apesar das evid&#xEA;ncias iniciais de valor adicional da ecocardiografia 3D em algumas condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas, at&#xE9; o momento n&#xE3;o existem estudos caracterizando as altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es de tamanho, geometria e fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VD por este m&#xE9;todo em pacientes com DC.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica 3D</title>
<p>Nos &#xFA;ltimos anos a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da mec&#xE2;nica card&#xED;aca pelo m&#xE9;todo de rastreamento de pontos tem se mostrado ferramenta promissora na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica. Existem diversos estudos demonstrando a capacidade da an&#xE1;lise da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o longitudinal global em predizer eventos graves como mortalidade e desfechos compostos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
<p>Embora j&#xE1; tenha sido demonstrado o papel do rastreamento de pontos em detectar altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es regionais em pacientes com DC mesmo em formas mais sutis, n&#xE3;o &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel confirmar que as altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es tenham correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o com a presen&#xE7;a de fibrose mioc&#xE1;rdica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> podendo ser manifesta&#xE7;&#xF5;es de deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o alterada ainda antes da substitui&#xE7;&#xE3;o fibr&#xF3;tica. Mais recentemente tem sido proposto que a an&#xE1;lise da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica 3D apresentaria valor progn&#xF3;stico adicional, sendo que diversos &#xED;ndices podem ser obtidos por meio desta ferramenta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
<p>Um estudo recente com 72 pacientes com DC buscou caracterizar novas vari&#xE1;veis ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas de acordo com a FEVE e avaliar seu papel na predi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de desfechos cl&#xED;nicos em pacientes com DC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Neste estudo, a exequibilidade da realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o 3D do VE foi elevada (91,5% em pacientes com FEVE &#x3C; 40%; 89,4% em pacientes com FEVE &#x2265; 40% e &#x3C; 50%; 88% em pacientes com FEVE &#x2265; 50%), apesar de inferior &#xE0; exequibilidade da realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o 2D (99,3%, 98,9% e 100%, respectivamente). Ap&#xF3;s uma an&#xE1;lise de regress&#xE3;o pelo modelo de Cox, os par&#xE2;metros derivados da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o 3D que se revelaram preditores de desfechos compostos (hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca, arritmias ventriculares complexas, transplante card&#xED;aco e morte) foram a deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o longitudinal global 3D e a deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o da &#xE1;rea 3D do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Particularmente, a deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o da &#xE1;rea 3D do VE &#xE9; um &#xED;ndice muito promissor que quantifica a altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o da &#xE1;rea endoc&#xE1;rdica, integrando deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o longitudinal e circunferencial, permitindo avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o mais detalhada dos diferentes tipos de fibras mioc&#xE1;rdicas e possibilitando melhor compreens&#xE3;o da fisiopatologia das cardiomiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Por&#xE9;m, em estudo recente em pacientes com miocardiopatia isqu&#xEA;mica e n&#xE3;o isqu&#xEA;mica n&#xE3;o foi encontrado valor incremental da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o 3D em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com a an&#xE1;lise da FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
</sec></sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A DC &#xE9; um problema de sa&#xFA;de p&#xFA;blica global que apresenta elevada morbimortalidade, principalmente devido ao envolvimento card&#xED;aco da doen&#xE7;a. Existem diversas vantagens te&#xF3;ricas no emprego do ecocardiograma 3D em pacientes com DC, devido a caracter&#xED;sticas intr&#xED;nsecas ao m&#xE9;todo e tamb&#xE9;m &#xE0; patologia. No entanto, em pacientes com DC o valor adicional do ecocardiograma 3D em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao 2D ainda precisa ser melhor elucidado, inclusive por meio de estudos que levem em considera&#xE7;&#xE3;o a custo-efetividade do m&#xE9;todo.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><p><bold>Considera&#xE7;&#xF5;es adicionais</bold></p>
<p>Os dados para esta revis&#xE3;o foram identificados por meio de buscas nas bases de dados das plataformas PubMed, Medline, Lilacs e Scielo, sendo aceitos artigos publicados nos idiomas portugu&#xEA;s, ingl&#xEA;s e espanhol.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn8"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn9"><p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o Acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn10"><p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xC9;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo n&#xE3;o cont&#xE9;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
