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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">abcimg.20230091i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230091i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Coronary CT Angiography in Asymptomatic Patients: Is There Evidence For Using It?</article-title></title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0402-5769</contrib-id> 
<name><surname>Gottlieb</surname><given-names>Ilan</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref> 
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Fonte Imagem Medicina Diagn&#xF3;stica</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Fonte Imagem Medicina Diagn&#xF3;stica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Casa de Sa&#xFA;de S&#xE3;o Jos&#xE9;</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Casa de Sa&#xFA;de S&#xE3;o Jos&#xE9;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ilan Gottlieb</bold> &#x2022; Fonte Imagem Medicina Diagn&#xF3;stica, Radiologia. Rua Fonte da Saudade, 277. Postal code: <postal-code>22471-211</postal-code>. Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brazil. E-mail: <email>ilangottlieb@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>13</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230091</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>07</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>07</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>07</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, and their clinical management is complicated by 3 main pathophysiological factors: a) a long onset period, often decades before a clinical event; b) a silent clinical course; and c) a multifactorial and heterogeneous pathogenesis among different population subgroups. Coronary CT angiography is the best available tool for diagnosing and phenotyping coronary artery disease, whether obstructive or non-obstructive. This allows early diagnosis and monitoring of the disease, which is essential for deciding who should be treated, determining the therapeutic approach, and for better patient adherence to clinical treatment. Early and accurate diagnosis generally results in better clinical outcomes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
<kwd>Computed Tomography Angiography</kwd>
<kwd>Asymptomatic Diseases</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="30"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x201C;A straight path never leads anywhere other than the goal.&#x201D;</p>
<attrib><bold>Andre Gide</bold></attrib>
</disp-quote>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Clinical case</title>
<p>A 48-year-old woman arrived for a routine check-up with no clinical complaints, but reported being worried because her mother (who was a smoker) had had a myocardial infarction at the age of 63. She had controlled hypertension (using 1 medication), was overweight (body mass index = 27), and was sedentary (but could climb 4 flights of stairs without stopping). The results of the physical examination were normal, as were those of a resting electrocardiogram. Her blood pressure was 118/64 mmHg. Her laboratory tests were all within normal limits. Her total cholesterol was 192 mg/dl; LDL-c: 125 mg/dl; HDL-c: 51 mg/dl; triglycerides: 80 mg/dl. The patient&#x27;s Framingham score indicated a 2% risk of events in 10 years.</p>
<p>After discussion with the patient, the doctor requested coronary CT angiography (CCTA), which revealed non-calcified plaque with positive remodeling, resulting in 30-40% stenosis of the proximal anterior descending artery. There were no coronary calcifications (calcium score = 0).</p>
<p>In this case, should clinical treatment be initiated considering that the patient&#x27;s clinical scores indicated low risk? Would CCTA findings help the patient make necessary lifestyle changes? Moreover, should a statin be introduced? If so, for which LDL-c target?</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although this fact is often repeated, far fewer people are aware that it kills more than the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh leading causes of death combined,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> having great social and economic impact. Cardiovascular disease involves 3 pathophysiological factors that require more complex management: a) a long onset period, often decades before a clinical event; b) a silent clinical course; and c) a multifactorial and heterogeneous pathogenesis among different population subgroups.</p>
<sec>
<title>Long onset period, often decades before a clinical event</title>
<p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) has a very early onset, often before the fourth decade of life. Pathology analyses in young adults &#x3C; 35 years of age who died from trauma have found a &#x3E; 70% prevalence of subclinical CAD, with a large proportion being obstructive CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> CAD is even present in 1 in 6 adolescents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Because its onset is so early and it has such a long clinical course, the most effective interventions are changes in patient lifestyle. Specific interventions, which are often expensive or have side effects, are not as effective. For example, consider carriers of PCSK9 gain-of-function mutations. Because it is a gain-of-function mutation in an enzyme that helps eliminate cholesterol, the cholesterol levels of these patients are on average 30% lower than matched controls, a reduction similar to that found in large studies on statins. However, unlike statins, these people are born with the mutation, ie, they spend their entire lives with lower levels of plasma cholesterol, while statins only reduce it after beginning therapy, and this reduction is subject to dosage irregularities inherent to all drugs. As a result, while statins reduce cardiovascular events by up to 30%, mutation carriers have a staggering 90% fewer events than matched controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This illustrates long-term power to reduce risk factors, in contrast to specific interventions. Graphing an imaginary patient&#x27;s life, in which time is the abscissa and exposure to modifiable risk factors is the ordinate, the objective would be to reduce the area under the curve as much as possible, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Central Illustration</label>
<caption>
<title>Coronary CT Angiography in Asymptomatic Patients: Is There Evidence For Using It?</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230091-gf01.tif"/>
<p>Serial coronary CT angiography images (from left to right: baseline, 30 months, and 60 months) showing progressive plaque regression in the proximal left anterior descending artery. The upper images are multiplanar reconstructions and the lower images show transverse sections (arrows). The reference luminal diameter remained constant, but the tunica intima diameter decreased between baseline and 30 months, indicating decreased positive remodeling. There was also a progressive reduction in the degree of stenosis and total plaque volume.</p>
</fig>
<fig id="f2"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Model illustrating exposure to modifiable risk factors throughout life in 2 imaginary cases. The green line represents an individual who successfully minimizes exposure to risk factors, while the red line represents an individual with greater exposure who, at certain points, undergoes specific interventions. The objective is to obtain the smallest possible area under the curve, which is generally achieved in long-term rather than short-term interventions</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230091-gf02.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Silent clinical course</title>
<p>Non-obstructive CAD causes no symptoms and has no warning signs. Even obstructive lesions (ie, &#x3E; 50%) are, for the most part, asymptomatic. In addition, the fact that half of myocardial infarction patients never have suggestive symptoms before the event shows that a lack of symptoms does not indicate an absence of disease. On the contrary, when symptoms appear, they are a late sign, indicating an advanced stage of the disease. Between 50%&#x2013;70% of young adults who have myocardial infarctions did not meet recommendations for statin use before the event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In addition to a lack of symptoms, remaining undiagnosed also prevents therapy before an infarction.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Multifactorial and heterogeneous pathogenesis occurs among different population subgroups</title>
<p>Diseases such as mesothelioma, in which there is a strong association between exposure to agent (ie, asbestos) and the disease, allow for simple and emphatic recommendations. But this is definitely not the case with cardiovascular diseases, which have an extremely varied pathophysiology, a variety of risk factors with weak causal association, as well as heterogeneous heredity.</p>
<p>A study revealed that more than 400 genetic polymorphisms are associated with CAD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> possibly due to different degrees of penetrance for each variation, as well as epigenetic variations. More than 200 risk factors for CAD have been reported in the literature, although for the vast majority, despite being associated, the causal relationship is weak, ie, their relative importance in the development of CAD is low, except in rare conditions, such as some variants of familial hypercholesterolemia or specific genes of great penetration and pathogenicity. Additionally, different population groups are exposed to different environmental factors, and genotype/phenotype interactions vary. This is one reason why clinical scores have limited performance and high measurement variability, both for diagnosing obstructive CAD and predicting events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Furthermore, scores place great weight on age, since most events occur in older adults. However, as a result we lose the opportunity to diagnose atherosclerosis, change habits, and begin therapy in young people. If the goal is to reduce the area under the curve for risk factors throughout life, early diagnosis is essential.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Calcium score</title>
<p>The calcium score is a useful way of stratifying the risk of cardiovascular events and determining the therapeutic approach. The examination is simple to perform (although it requires specific tomography with ECG synchronization) and involves simple image reading and interpretation. Moreover, it does not require intravenous contrast or beta-blockers. The calcium score can independently predict cardiovascular events better than clinical risk factors or carotid intima-media thickness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, since it only detects the calcified part of the atherosclerotic plaque, positive results (above a discretionary cut-off point, most often 100 Agatston units) can only indicate preventive therapies. However, low calcium scores do not exclude coronary atherosclerosis, since non-calcified plaque is prevalent, especially in younger patients, who could derive the greatest long-term benefit from preventive measures. Perhaps because it does not exclude CAD, the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis cohort found that one-third of cardiovascular events occurred in patients with a calcium score of 0.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In the Coronary Artery Calcium Consortium cohort, 43% of cardiovascular deaths occurred in people without coronary calcium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Aside from calcification being linked to age and the fact that its absence does not exclude CAD, the calcium score is not useful in longitudinal CAD assessment, since statin use may increase scores by increasing the calcified portion and decreasing the non-calcified portion of plaque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The approximate 15% variability in measurements across 2 scans makes analysis of the clinical course problematic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>CCTA</title>
<p>CCTA allows non-invasive detection of coronary atherosclerosis, accurately quantifying the degree of stenosis and identifying morphological markers of higher risk, such as positive remodeling, lipid content, punctate calcifications, and the &#x201C;napkin ring&#x201D; sign.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Currently CCTA is the first test performed when investigating symptoms suggestive of obstructive CAD. Since its sensitivity is &#x3E; 95%, it is increasingly seen as a gatekeeper for invasive catheterization, which is especially relevant, considering that two-thirds of catheterizations do not involve obstructive CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Symptoms suggestive of obstructive CAD do not interfere with the prognostic power of CCTA, with symptomatic and asymptomatic patients having the same event rate according to test results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>CCTA is superior to the calcium score for determining prognosis in asymptomatic patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> even in a subgroup of older adults<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and people with diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In approximately one-third of asymptomatic patients without coronary calcification, CAD is confirmed by CCTA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<p>Although investigating obstructive CAD is the main use of CCTA, being recommended by national and international guidelines, this may not be its most important role. CCTA is revolutionizing cardiology due to its ability to detect non-obstructive CAD, or in earlier stages of the disease, when long-term therapeutic results are more favorable, it can motivate patients to make difficult lifestyle changes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>CCTA in non-obstructive CAD.</title>
<p>CCTA is highly sensitive for detecting non-obstructive CAD, having good correlation with invasive measurements such as intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Plaque composition can be inferred non-invasively, identifying markers of cardiovascular event risk, such as positive remodeling (plaque growth towards the tunica externa is related to greater plaque inflammation), foci of hypodensity (fat has a low density in CT, therefore, foci with a density &#x3C; 30 HU are correlated with a higher lipid load).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Furthermore, the atherosclerotic burden can be assessed subjectively by visual analysis and reported using indices, such as the segment involvement score or the segment stenosis score, which are associated with cardiovascular events independently of calcium score or risk factors. More recently, semi-automated tools have been developed for coronary segmentation and atherosclerosis quantification, determining the percentage of calcified and non-calcified plaque, and identifying plaque with low density and positive remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Such tools are promising, although still little used in clinical practice due to the laboriousness of editing coronary contours.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Disease monitoring</title>
<p>Returning to the initially-described patient case, the physician decided to prescribe a statin (targeting LDL-c &#x3C; 70 mg/dl) and outlined an intensive weight loss and exercise program, to which the patient adhered. The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">central figure</xref> details this patient&#x27;s case, including 3 serial CCTAs (T = 0 [baseline]; T = 30 months, and T = 60 months) that showed progressive reduction of the arterial lesion. By the third examination (at 60 months), the lesion was virtually undetectable. Early detection of the disease allowed aggressive clinical intervention, which resulted in atherosclerosis regression.</p>
<p>Likewise, if subsequent CCTAs had shown disease progression, a frank conversation would have been necessary with the patient to show the therapeutic failure of current measures and the need for new course of action.</p>
<p>Since the disease is insidious and its clinical course is long, asymptomatic, and has a heterogeneous pathophysiology, the ability to monitoring atherosclerosis would be a powerful weapon for both doctors and patients.</p>
<p>Longitudinal studies involving CCTA have shown that cholesterol and glucose control result in low or no progression of the total coronary atherosclerotic burden, in addition to beneficial changes in plaque morphology, with a larger calcified component and an unchanged or reduced non-calcified component.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>When CCTA is normal</title>
<p>Normal CCTA results show an absence of plaque (calcified or non-calcified). This is valuable information, since the rate of cardiovascular events in people with normal CCTA results is extremely low (less than 0.1%/year), and remains low for &#x2265; 5 years (most likely for 10 years). Few therapies are cost-effective in this group of people. Obviously, healthy lifestyles should be encouraged, but statins should probably not be used, since to prevent a cardiovascular event the number needed to treat is prohibitively high.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Thus, an examination every 10 years might save the high long-term cost of continuous drug therapy.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Risks of CCTA</title>
<p>With current technology, the radiation dose from CCTA is similar to that of a chest CT (2&#x2013;5 mSv). The biological risks arising from exposure to this type of radiation are uncertain, being based on theoretical calculations rather than empirical data. Further discussion is beyond the scope of this article, but, if there is a risk, it is very low.</p>
<p>The rate of severe allergic reactions to the intravenous iodinated contrast media used in CCTA is 1 in 17,000 injections. Contrast nephrotoxicity has been re-examined in light of new evidence: CT with intravenous contrast media was compared to CT without it. Rather than comparing renal function before and after applying contrast media, large new studies of more than 20,000 patients have compared those who underwent CT scans who did received contrast media with controls who did not. These studies found no post-examination differences in renal function between the groups, ie, nephrotoxicity could not be attributed to the contrast medium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
</sec></sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Imaging screening for breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, etc. is performed routinely and is recommended by large international societies. However, these diseases kill only a small fraction of those who die from coronary heart disease. The purpose of screening is early disease detection so that therapy can begin sooner, more assertively, and more effectively. Screening programs for any disease involve challenges related to selecting the population for screening, determining how to use the results, and documenting that the treatment strategy is associated with fewer events and improved prognosis, in addition to the program&#x27;s costs and a number of other important issues. CAD, the leading cause of death worldwide, has an early onset, a long clinical course, and involves great pathophysiological heterogeneity. However, there are effective therapies for CAD. Thus, screening should be considered in light of these facts. CCTA is currently the best available tool for this purpose.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn2"><p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230091</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revis&#xE3;o</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Angiotomografia Coronariana em Assintom&#xE1;ticos: J&#xE1; Temos Evid&#xEA;ncias para Sua Utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o?</article-title></title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0402-5769</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gottlieb</surname><given-names>Ilan</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref> 
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Fonte Imagem Medicina Diagn&#xF3;stica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Casa de Sa&#xFA;de S&#xE3;o Jos&#xE9;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Ilan Gottlieb</bold> Fonte Imagem Medicina Diagn&#xF3;stica, Radiologia. Rua Fonte da Saudade, 277. CEP: <postal-code>22471-211</postal-code>. Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brasil. E-mail: <email>ilangottlieb@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro n&#xE3;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes> 
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>As doen&#xE7;as cardiovasculares (CVs) s&#xE3;o a principal causa de morte no mundo e t&#xEA;m manejo cl&#xED;nico complicado por tr&#xEA;s aspectos fisiopatol&#xF3;gicos principais: a) longo per&#xED;odo de instala&#xE7;&#xE3;o, com in&#xED;cio da doen&#xE7;a muitas d&#xE9;cadas antes do evento cl&#xED;nico; b) curso cl&#xED;nico silencioso; c) patog&#xEA;nese multifatorial e heterog&#xEA;nea entre diferentes subgrupos humanos. A Angio TC Coronariana (ATCC) &#xE9; a melhor ferramenta dispon&#xED;vel para diagn&#xF3;stico e fenotipagem da doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana (DAC), seja ela obstrutiva ou n&#xE3;o obstrutiva. Isso permite o diagn&#xF3;stico precoce e o acompanhamento da doen&#xE7;a, fundamentais para decis&#xE3;o de quem deve ser tratado, a titula&#xE7;&#xE3;o terap&#xEA;utica e o aumento da ader&#xEA;ncia ao tratamento cl&#xED;nico. O diagn&#xF3;stico precoce e preciso em medicina geralmente resulta em melhores desfechos cl&#xED;nicos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana</kwd>
<kwd>Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
<kwd>Doen&#xE7;as Assintom&#xE1;ticas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x201C;Um caminho retil&#xED;neo nunca direciona a outro lugar que n&#xE3;o seja ao objetivo&#x201D;.</p>
<attrib><bold>Andre Gide</bold></attrib>
</disp-quote>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Caso cl&#xED;nico</title>
<p>Mulher de 48 anos vai &#xE0; consulta de rotina, sem queixas cl&#xED;nicas, mas se diz preocupada porque sua m&#xE3;e (que era tabagista) infartou aos 63 anos. &#xC9; hipertensa controlada, em uso de um medicamento, tem sobrepeso com IMC de 27, &#xE9; sedent&#xE1;ria, mas consegue subir quatro andares de escada sem parar. O exame f&#xED;sico &#xE9; normal, assim como o eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso. PA: 118 &#xD7; 64 mmHg. Traz exames laboratoriais, todos dentro da normalidade. O colesterol total &#xE9; de 192 mg/dl; LDL-c: 125 mg/dl; HDL-c: 51 mg/dl; TG: 80 mg/dl. O Escore de Framingham da paciente &#xE9; de 2% de risco de eventos em 10 anos.</p>
<p>Ap&#xF3;s discuss&#xE3;o com a paciente, o m&#xE9;dico solicita uma Angio TC Coronariana (ATCC), que revelou placa n&#xE3;o calcificada e com remodelamento positivo, que determinava estenose de 30 a 40% na art&#xE9;ria descendente anterior (DA) proximal. N&#xE3;o havia calcifica&#xE7;&#xF5;es coronarianas (escore de c&#xE1;lcio zero).</p>
<p>Nesse caso, o m&#xE9;dico deve instituir tratamento cl&#xED;nico, considerando a paciente de baixo risco, guiado pelo escore cl&#xED;nico? Os achados da ATCC ajudam a paciente a realizar as mudan&#xE7;as necess&#xE1;rias no estilo de vida? Al&#xE9;m dessas mudan&#xE7;as, o m&#xE9;dico deve considerar a introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de uma estatina? Com qual LDL-c alvo?</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>As doen&#xE7;as cardiovasculares (CVs) s&#xE3;o a principal causa de morte no mundo todo. Essa frase &#xE9; repetida tantas vezes de forma autom&#xE1;tica, que foge o assustador fato de que elas matam mais que a 2&#x1D43;, 3&#x1D43;, 4&#x1D43;, 5&#x1D43;, 6&#x1D43; e 7&#x1D43; causas de morte somadas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> com grande impacto social e econ&#xF4;mico. As doen&#xE7;as CVs t&#xEA;m tr&#xEA;s aspectos fisiopatol&#xF3;gicos que determinam maior complexidade no seu manejo: a) longo per&#xED;odo de instala&#xE7;&#xE3;o, com in&#xED;cio da doen&#xE7;a muitas d&#xE9;cadas antes do evento cl&#xED;nico; b) curso cl&#xED;nico silencioso; c) patog&#xEA;nese multifatorial e heterog&#xEA;nea entre diferentes subgrupos humanos.</p>
<sec>
<title>Longo per&#xED;odo de instala&#xE7;&#xE3;o, com in&#xED;cio da doen&#xE7;a muitas d&#xE9;cadas antes do evento cl&#xED;nico</title>
<p>A doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana (DAC) se instala muito cedo na vida, frequentemente antes da quarta d&#xE9;cada de vida. An&#xE1;lises de patologia em jovens adultos menores de 35 anos, que faleceram de trauma, revelam que a preval&#xEA;ncia de DAC subcl&#xED;nica &#xE9; superior a 70%, sendo uma boa parte DAC obstrutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A DAC est&#xE1; presente, inclusive, em um em cada seis adolescentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Por ser de instala&#xE7;&#xE3;o t&#xE3;o precoce, e de evolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o t&#xE3;o longa, as interven&#xE7;&#xF5;es mais eficazes s&#xE3;o aquelas que os pacientes introduzem perenemente no seu cotidiano. Interven&#xE7;&#xF5;es pontuais, muitas vezes caras ou com efeitos colaterais, n&#xE3;o s&#xE3;o t&#xE3;o eficazes. Tome-se, como exemplo, o caso dos portadores das muta&#xE7;&#xF5;es com ganho de fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o da PCSK9. Por ser uma muta&#xE7;&#xE3;o com ganho de fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o de uma enzima que ajuda a eliminar o colesterol, esses pacientes t&#xEA;m seus n&#xED;veis de colesterol, em m&#xE9;dia, 30% mais baixos que controles pareados, redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o esta similar &#xE0; encontrada com as estatinas em grandes estudos. No entanto, ao contr&#xE1;rio das estatinas, essas pessoas j&#xE1; nascem com a muta&#xE7;&#xE3;o, ou seja, passam toda a vida expostas a n&#xED;veis mais baixos de colesterol plasm&#xE1;tico, enquanto as estatinas s&#xF3; promovem redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o a partir do ponto em que foram introduzidas, al&#xE9;m de estarem sujeitas &#xE0;s irregularidades posol&#xF3;gicas inerentes a todo f&#xE1;rmaco. Como resultado, enquanto as estatinas reduzem eventos CVs em at&#xE9; 30%, os portadores da muta&#xE7;&#xE3;o t&#xEA;m impressionantes 90% menos eventos que controles pareados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Esse achado ilustra o poder de redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos fatores de risco a longo prazo, em contraste com interven&#xE7;&#xF5;es pontuais. Se imaginarmos um gr&#xE1;fico te&#xF3;rico representando a vida de um indiv&#xED;duo, no qual o tempo &#xE9; a abscissa e a exposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o aos fatores de risco modific&#xE1;veis &#xE9; a ordenada, o objetivo &#xE9; diminuir o m&#xE1;ximo poss&#xED;vel a &#xE1;rea sob a curva, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura Central</label>
<caption><title>Angiotomografia Coronariana em Assintom&#xE1;ticos: J&#xE1; Temos Evid&#xEA;ncias para Sua Utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o?</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230091-gf01-pt.tif"/>
<p>ATCCs seriadas (da esquerda para a direita: basal, 30 meses e 60 meses) mostrando regress&#xE3;o progressiva de placa na art&#xE9;ria DA proximal. As imagens superiores s&#xE3;o reconstru&#xE7;&#xF5;es multiplanares, e as inferiores mostram a placa cortada transversalmente (setas). O di&#xE2;metro luminal de refer&#xEA;ncia permaneceu constante, mas o di&#xE2;metro advent&#xED;cea-advent&#xED;cea diminuiu de 0 para 30 meses, indicando redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o do remodelamento positivo. Houve, tamb&#xE9;m, progressiva redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o do grau de estenose e do volume total da placa.</p></fig>
<fig id="f4"><label>Figura 1</label><caption><title>Gr&#xE1;fico te&#xF3;rico ilustrando a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre o tempo de vida e a exposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o a fatores de risco modific&#xE1;veis de dois indiv&#xED;duos imagin&#xE1;rios. A linha verde representa indiv&#xED;duo que consegue manter perenemente baixa a exposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o aos fatores de risco, enquanto a linha vermelha representa indiv&#xED;duo com maior exposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o que, ao longo da vida, promove diminui&#xE7;&#xF5;es pontuais na exposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o aos fatores de risco. O objetivo deve ser a obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o da menor &#xE1;rea sob a curva poss&#xED;vel, o que &#xE9; geralmente alcan&#xE7;ado atrav&#xE9;s das interven&#xE7;&#xF5;es perenes ao inv&#xE9;s das pontuais.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230091-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Curso cl&#xED;nico silencioso</title>
<p>DAC n&#xE3;o obstrutiva n&#xE3;o causa sintomas, n&#xE3;o h&#xE1; nenhum sinal de alerta. Mesmo les&#xF5;es obstrutivas (> 50%) s&#xE3;o, na sua maior parte, assintom&#xE1;ticas. Somado a isso, o fato de metade dos pacientes que infartam nunca terem tido sintomas sugestivos antes do evento revela que a aus&#xEA;ncia de sintomas n&#xE3;o significa aus&#xEA;ncia de doen&#xE7;a, pelo contr&#xE1;rio. O sintoma, quando vem, j&#xE1; &#xE9; sinal tardio, em est&#xE1;gio avan&#xE7;ado da doen&#xE7;a. Cinquenta a setenta por cento dos adultos jovens que sofreram um infarto n&#xE3;o alcan&#xE7;avam as recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es para uso de estatinas antes do evento,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> al&#xE9;m da inexist&#xEA;ncia de sintomas, a aus&#xEA;ncia de diagn&#xF3;stico preveniu que qualquer terapia fosse institu&#xED;da antes do infarto.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Patog&#xEA;nese multifatorial e heterog&#xEA;nea entre diferentes subgrupos humanos</title>
<p>Doen&#xE7;as como o mesotelioma, que t&#xEA;m forte associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre a exposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao agressor (amianto) e a doen&#xE7;a, permitem recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es simples e enf&#xE1;ticas. Definitivamente n&#xE3;o &#xE9; esse o caso das doen&#xE7;as CVs, que possuem fisiopatogenia extremamente variada, cujos fatores desencadeadores (&#x201C;fatores de risco&#x201D;) s&#xE3;o m&#xFA;ltiplos e com fraca associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o causal, e hereditariedade heterog&#xEA;nea.</p>
<p>Um estudo revelou que h&#xE1; mais de 400 polimorfismos gen&#xE9;ticos associados &#xE0; DAC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> possivelmente por diferentes graus de penetr&#xE2;ncia de cada varia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, assim como por varia&#xE7;&#xF5;es epigen&#xE9;ticas. Somado a isso, h&#xE1; mais de 200 fatores de risco de DAC publicados na literatura, sendo que na grande maioria deles, apesar de haver associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o, a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o de causalidade &#xE9; baixa, ou seja, seu peso populacional no desenvolvimento de DAC &#xE9; baixo, salvo raras condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es, como algumas variantes de hipercolesterolemia familiar ou genes espec&#xED;ficos de grande penetra&#xE7;&#xE3;o e patogenicidade. Adicionalmente, diferentes grupos populacionais t&#xEA;m fatores de exposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o ambiental distintos e com intera&#xE7;&#xE3;o gen&#xF3;tipo/fen&#xF3;tipo vari&#xE1;vel. Esse &#xE9; um dos motivos pelos quais os escores cl&#xED;nicos t&#xEA;m performance limitada e grande variabilidade de medida, tanto no diagn&#xF3;stico da DAC obstrutiva, quanto na previs&#xE3;o de eventos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso, os escores carregam um peso muito grande na idade, uma vez que a maior parte dos eventos ocorre em pessoas mais velhas, mas, com isso, perdemos a oportunidade de diagnosticar aterosclerose, mudar h&#xE1;bitos e instituir terap&#xEA;uticas em jovens. Se o objetivo &#xE9; diminuir a &#xE1;rea sob a curva dos fatores de risco durante a toda a vida, o diagn&#xF3;stico precoce &#xE9; fundamental.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Escore de c&#xE1;lcio</title>
<p>O uso do escore de c&#xE1;lcio para a estratifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de risco de eventos CVs e titula&#xE7;&#xE3;o terap&#xEA;utica &#xE9; muito atraente. &#xC9; um exame de simples realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o (apesar de precisar de tom&#xF3;grafo espec&#xED;fico, sincronizado com o ECG), simples leitura das imagens e simples interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o, e n&#xE3;o necessita de contraste venoso nem de beta-bloqueadores. O escore de c&#xE1;lcio &#xE9; capaz de predizer eventos CVs de forma independente e melhor do que os fatores de risco cl&#xED;nicos ou do que a espessura &#xED;ntima-m&#xE9;dia carot&#xED;dea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, por se tratar de um m&#xE9;todo que detecta apenas a parte calcificada da placa ateroscler&#xF3;tica, quando seu resultado &#xE9; positivo (acima de um ponto de corte discricion&#xE1;rio que se defina - sendo mais frequente o valor de 100 unidades Agatston), indica terapias preventivas. No entanto, a aus&#xEA;ncia de c&#xE1;lcio n&#xE3;o exclui aterosclerose coronariana, uma vez que placas n&#xE3;o calcificadas s&#xE3;o prevalentes, especialmente nos pacientes mais jovens, os que potencialmente mais se beneficiariam das medidas preventivas a longo prazo. Talvez por esse fato de n&#xE3;o excluir DAC que na coorte do Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), um ter&#xE7;o dos eventos CV ocorreram em pacientes com escore de c&#xE1;lcio zero.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Na coorte do The Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) Consortium, 43% das mortes CVs ocorreram em pessoas sem c&#xE1;lcio coronariano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m da calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o estar ligada &#xE0; idade e de sua aus&#xEA;ncia n&#xE3;o excluir DAC, h&#xE1;, ainda, o fato do escore de c&#xE1;lcio n&#xE3;o ter utilidade na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o longitudinal da evolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da DAC, uma vez que o aumento do escore de c&#xE1;lcio pode estar relacionado ao uso de estatinas (aumenta a por&#xE7;&#xE3;o calcificada da placa, diminuindo a por&#xE7;&#xE3;o n&#xE3;o calcificada),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e de que aproximadamente 15% de variabilidade nas medidas, em dois scans, torna a an&#xE1;lise de mudan&#xE7;a evolutiva problem&#xE1;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>ATCC</title>
<p>A ATCC permite a detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o n&#xE3;o invasiva da aterosclerose coronariana, quantificando, de forma acurada, o grau de estenose e identificando marcadores morfol&#xF3;gicos de maior risco, como remodelamento positivo, conte&#xFA;do lip&#xED;dico, calcifica&#xE7;&#xF5;es puntiformes e o sinal de &#x201C;anel de guardanapo&#x201D;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A ATCC &#xE9; hoje o primeiro exame a ser realizado na investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o de sintomas sugestivos de DAC obstrutiva, e, por possuir sensibilidade superior a 95%, &#xE9; um exame cada vez mais empregado, com o papel de guardi&#xE3;o, ou &#x201C;gatekeeper&#x201D;, do cateterismo invasivo, especialmente relevante, se considerado o fato de que 2/3 dos cateterismos n&#xE3;o apresentam DAC obstrutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A presen&#xE7;a de sintomas sugestivos de DAC obstrutiva n&#xE3;o interfere no poder progn&#xF3;stico da ATCC, sendo que pacientes sintom&#xE1;ticos e assintom&#xE1;ticos t&#xEA;m a mesma taxa de eventos estratificada pelos achados da ATCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ATCC &#xE9; superior ao escore de c&#xE1;lcio para a determina&#xE7;&#xE3;o de progn&#xF3;stico em pacientes assintom&#xE1;ticos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> mesmo em subgrupos de idosos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e diab&#xE9;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Aproximadamente 1/3 dos assintom&#xE1;ticos sem calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o coronariana t&#xEA;m DAC documentada na ATCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<p>Apesar da pesquisa de DAC obstrutiva ser a principal forma como a ATCC &#xE9; utilizada, sendo recomendada por diretrizes nacionais e internacionais, talvez n&#xE3;o seja esse o seu papel mais importante. A ATCC est&#xE1; revolucionando a cardiologia, por sua capacidade de detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de DAC n&#xE3;o obstrutiva, ou em est&#xE1;gios mais precoces da doen&#xE7;a, quando os resultados terap&#xEA;uticos de longo prazo s&#xE3;o mais favor&#xE1;veis, utilizando a detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de DAC como ferramenta de convencimento do paciente quanto &#xE0;s dif&#xED;ceis mudan&#xE7;as de estilo de vida.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>ATCC na DAC n&#xE3;o obstrutiva</title>
<p>A ATCC tem grande sensibilidade para a detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de DAC n&#xE3;o obstrutiva, al&#xE9;m de boa correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o com medidas invasivas, como o ultrassom intracoronariano (IVUS) e a tomografia de coer&#xEA;ncia &#xF3;ptica (OCT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A composi&#xE7;&#xE3;o da placa pode ser inferida de forma n&#xE3;o invasiva, sendo poss&#xED;vel identificar marcadores de risco mais elevado para eventos, como remodelamento positivo (o crescimento da placa em dire&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; advent&#xED;cea est&#xE1; relacionado &#xE0; maior inflama&#xE7;&#xE3;o da placa) e focos de hipodensidade no interior (a gordura tem baixa densidade na TC, portanto, focos de densidade menor que 30 UH t&#xEA;m correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o com maior carga lip&#xED;dica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso, a carga ateroscler&#xF3;tica pode ser analisada de forma subjetiva, por an&#xE1;lise visual, e reportada por meio de &#xED;ndices, como o n&#xFA;mero total de segmentos coronarianos acometidos (SIS ou &#x201C;segment involvement score&#x201D;), ou pelo n&#xFA;mero de segmentos coronarianos acometidos, poderados pelo grau de estenose (SSS ou &#x201C;segment stenosis score&#x201D;), os quais t&#xEA;m associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o com eventos CVs, independentes do escore de c&#xE1;lcio e dos fatores de risco. Mais recentemente, foram desenvolvidas ferramentas semiautomatizadas de segmenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o coronariana e quantifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da aterosclerose, dos percentuais entre placas n&#xE3;o calcificadas e calcificadas, e as placas com baixa densidade e remodelamento positivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Essa ferramenta, apesar de ainda pouco utilizada na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica (pelo fato da edi&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos contornos coronarianos ser muito trabalhosa), &#xE9; promissora.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Acompanhamento de doen&#xE7;a</title>
<p>Voltando ao caso da paciente descrito no in&#xED;cio, o m&#xE9;dico decidiu iniciar uma estatina com LDL-c alvo inferior a 70 mg/dl e instituiu programa intensivo de perda ponderal e exerc&#xED;cio f&#xED;sico, aos quais a paciente teve boa ader&#xEA;ncia. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura central</xref> mostra o caso dessa paciente, com 3 ATCCs seriadas (T = 0 - basal; T = 30 meses e T = 60 meses), revelando progressiva diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o da les&#xE3;o em DA, sendo que no terceiro exame, em 5 anos, praticamente n&#xE3;o se detecta mais a les&#xE3;o. A detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o precoce da doen&#xE7;a permitiu interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica agressiva, que resultou em regress&#xE3;o da aterosclerose.</p>
<p>Analogamente, se as ATCC subsequentes mostrassem progress&#xE3;o de doen&#xE7;a, uma conversa franca deveria ter sido feita com a paciente, com o objetivo de demonstrar a &#x201C;fal&#xEA;ncia terap&#xEA;utica&#x201D; do conjunto de medidas tomadas at&#xE9; o momento, motivando nova mudan&#xE7;a de curso.</p>
<p>Por se tratar de doen&#xE7;a insidiosa e de longo curso cl&#xED;nico, assintom&#xE1;tica e de fisiopatogenia heterog&#xEA;nea, a possibilidade de acompanhamento da aterosclerose &#xE9; uma poderosa arma &#xE0; disposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do m&#xE9;dico e do paciente.</p>
<p>Estudos longitudinais com ATCC mostram que o controle do colesterol e da glicose resulta em menor (ou aus&#xEA;ncia de) progress&#xE3;o da carga ateroscler&#xF3;tica coronariana total, al&#xE9;m de mudan&#xE7;as ben&#xE9;ficas na morfologia das placas, com aumento do componente calcificado e perman&#xEA;ncia ou diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o do n&#xE3;o calcificado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Quando a ATCC &#xE9; normal</title>
<p>Uma ATCC normal indica aus&#xEA;ncia de placas calcificadas e n&#xE3;o calcificadas. Esse dado &#xE9; valioso, pois a taxa de eventos CVs nesse grupo de pessoas &#xE9; extremamente baixo (inferior a 0,1%/ano), e permanece baixo por pelo menos 5 anos (muito provavelmente 10 anos). Nesse grupo de pessoas, poucas terapias s&#xE3;o custo-eficazes. Obviamente devemos continuar encorajando estilos de vida saud&#xE1;veis, mas as estatinas provavelmente n&#xE3;o devem ser usadas, pois o n&#xFA;mero necess&#xE1;rio para tratar (NNT), a fim de prevenir um evento CV, &#xE9; proibitivamente alto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Dessa forma, um exame realizado a cada 10 anos poderia potencialmente economizar o alto custo, a longo prazo, das terapias medicamentosas de uso cont&#xED;nuo.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Riscos da ATC</title>
<p>A dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de uma ATCC com tecnologia atual &#xE9; similar a de uma TC de t&#xF3;rax (entre 2 e 5 mSv). Os riscos biol&#xF3;gicos decorrentes da exposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o a esse tipo de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o s&#xE3;o incertos, com c&#xE1;lculos te&#xF3;ricos sem dados emp&#xED;ricos. Uma discuss&#xE3;o sobre o tema foge ao objetivo desse artigo, mas, se houver algum risco, esse &#xE9; muito baixo.</p>
<p>Os contrastes iodados venosos utilizados para a ATCC t&#xEA;m taxa de alergias graves de 1 para 17.000 inje&#xE7;&#xF5;es. A nefrotoxicidade do contraste tem sido reestudada &#xE0; luz de novas evid&#xEA;ncias, que avaliaram a utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do contraste venoso em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com grupos que fizeram TC sem contraste. Ao inv&#xE9;s de comparar a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o renal dos pacientes antes e ap&#xF3;s o uso de contraste, novos grandes estudos, com mais de 20.000 pacientes, compararam pacientes que receberam contraste com controles que fizeram TC, mas n&#xE3;o receberam contraste. Nesses estudos, n&#xE3;o houve diferen&#xE7;a na fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o renal ap&#xF3;s o exame entre os grupos, ou seja, n&#xE3;o foi poss&#xED;vel atribuir nefrotoxicidade ao meio de contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
</sec></sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Rastreio por imagem de c&#xE2;ncer de mama, c&#xE2;ncer de c&#xF3;lon, c&#xE2;ncer de pulm&#xE3;o e outros, &#xE9; feito rotineiramente e recomendado por grandes sociedades internacionais. Essas doen&#xE7;as matam apenas uma pequena fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o do que mata a doen&#xE7;a coronariana. O rastreio tem por objetivo a detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o precoce da doen&#xE7;a, para que terapias possam ser institu&#xED;das mais precocemente, de forma mais assertiva e eficaz. Os programas de rastreio de qualquer doen&#xE7;a t&#xEA;m desafios relacionados &#xE0; sele&#xE7;&#xE3;o das popula&#xE7;&#xF5;es a serem rastreadas, ao que fazer com os resultados encontrados, comprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o de que essa estrat&#xE9;gia est&#xE1; associada com a diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eventos e &#xE0; melhora do progn&#xF3;stico, custos, e tantas outras quest&#xF5;es importantes. A DAC &#xE9; a doen&#xE7;a que mais mata no mundo, tem in&#xED;cio precoce, longo curso cl&#xED;nico e grande heterogeneidade fisiopatog&#xEA;nica. Tem terapias comprovadamente eficazes. O rastreio da DAC deve ser considerado frente a esses fatos. A ATCC &#xE9; a melhor ferramenta que dispomos para isso no momento.</p>
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<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn6"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o Acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8"><p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xC9;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo n&#xE3;o cont&#xE9;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
