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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230089i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230089i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Subaortic Stenosis in Association with Patent Ductus Arteriosus in a Young Woman from the Andes Region</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0286-0584</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Sandoval</surname><given-names>Robert Hernan</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7908-5200</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cachicatari-Beltran</surname><given-names>Angela</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7538-2125</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Baltodano-Arellano</surname><given-names>Roberto</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-2754-9795</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Levano-Pachas</surname><given-names>Gerald</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Nivel IV Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">La Victoria</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">Lima</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="PE">Peru</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Nivel IV Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, La Victoria, Lima &#x2013; Peru</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Lima</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="PE">Peru</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima &#x2013; Peru</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Robert Hernan Sandoval</bold> &#x2022; Hospital Nivel IV Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen. Jiron Garcia Naranjo, 840. Postal code: 15033. La Victoria, Lima &#x2013; Peru E-mail: <email>rob.sandoval.cardio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>21</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230089</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>26</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Subvalvar Aortic Stenosis</kwd>
<kwd>Ductus Arteriosus</kwd>
<kwd>Patent</kwd>
<kwd>Andean Ecosystem</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="10"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec>
<title>Background</title>
<p>Defects affecting the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) are considered major congenital heart defects accounting for 6 out of 10,000 live births.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Subaortic stenosis accounts for approximately 1% of all congenital heart defects and 15% to 20% of all LVOT obstruction defects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Subaortic membrane stenosis (SMS) is the most common type of subaortic stenosis, although it is a rare condition scarcely reported in the medical literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Previous studies have reported its association in some cases with other congenital heart defects such as ventricular septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Its association with PDA is particularly rare, to the extent that a case series published in 2020 mentioned only 3 previous cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The objective of this article is to report a case of SMS in association with PDA in a woman from the Andes region.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case description</title>
<p>A 24-year-old female patient from the Andean region of Peru, who had previously been diagnosed with severe SMS and PDA at age 13, was evaluated by the cardiology service of our hospital because of dyspnea and pain in left upper limb on exertion. At age of 5, she was diagnosed with heart murmur and remained without further medical assessment until she was 13 years old. At baseline clinical assessment 10 years prior, physical examination revealed faint second heart sound (S2), systolic aortic heart murmur III/VI, apical impulse displaced toward the sixth intercostal space, and palpable liver 1 cm below the right costal margin. Echocardiogram showed SMS, PDA sized 13 mm in length with bidirectional flow in diastole, enlargement of the left ventricle and left atrium, preserved ejection fraction (60%), left ventricular hypertrophy, and severe pulmonary hypertension. At that time, the proposed management comprised subaortic membrane resection, PDA closure, and new atrial septal defect creation. However, the patient lost adherence to the management plan, and she sought a new medical approach 10 years after the first cardiovascular assessment.</p>
<p>In our hospital, her physical examination findings were dyspnea classified as NYHA II, systolic aortic heart murmur II/VI, along with systolic murmur in the pulmonary, tricuspid, and mitral valves. Electrocardiogram showed normal sinus rhythm, 75 bpm, and left ventricle systolic overload. Echocardiogram findings were consistent with enlargement of the left ventricle and left atrium, ejection fraction 57%, left ventricle diastolic dysfunction type III, preserved right ventricular function (tricuspid annular pulmonary systolic excursion = 25 mm), moderate mitral valve insufficiency, mild mitral valve stenosis, moderate aortic valve insufficiency, severe subaortic stenosis with mean transvalvular gradient 73.6 mmHg, peak aortic velocity 5.34 m/s, moderate tricuspid valve insufficiency, and pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery systolic pressure = 76 mmHg) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1B</xref>). It was not possible to characterize the PDA through the echocardiogram due to an inappropriate acoustic window. Therefore, the patient underwent computed tomography angiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2B</xref>). The angiogram showed PDA, Krichenko angiographic classification type A (conical ductus) sized 28 &#xD7; 29 mm at aortic opening and 18.7 &#xD7; 23.3 mm at pulmonary opening (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>). Cardiac catheterization findings showed severe mixed pulmonary hypertension, right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery shunt, ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systolic blood flow (Qs) of 3.5, resting left ventricular-aortic systolic gradient (&#x394;P) of 100 mmHg, and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) of 3.79 WU. The patient was transferred to a specialized cardiovascular health center in Lima in order to undergo surgical procedure.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Transesophageal echocardiogram findings. (A) Subaortic membrane stenosis (arrow), fibromuscular ridge arising in the left ventricular outflow tract attached to the ventricular septum. (B) Doppler echocardiography shows aortic valve insufficiency and subvalvular stenosis. Ao: Aorta; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230089-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Computed tomography angiography findings. (A) White arrow showing subvalvular aortic stenosis, membranous type. (B) Patent ductus arteriosus type A (conical ductus) arising after the origin of left subclavian artery and running from the descending aorta to the pulmonary trunk. Ao: Aorta; LV: left ventricle; PA: pulmonary artery; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; RV: right ventricle.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230089-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>SMS in association with PDA is a particularly rare pathological condition mostly diagnosed during childhood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> We have reported the case of a young female patient seeking care for this cardiovascular condition, who was diagnosed when she was 13 years old. Our patient was diagnosed later than other previous cases reported in the literature, in which the latest diagnosis age was 8 years old.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> On the other hand, there is not a probable association between male or female sex and the presence of these heart defects. We found that Steinherz et al. reported that the majority of their cases of SMS and PDA were female, with a ratio of 5:1 in New York,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> but Mofa et al. reported the predominance of male patients at a ratio of 4:3 in a city in Saudi Arabia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Aortic stenosis is frequently associated with other heart defects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> For instance, Xie et al. reported that 11 out of 213 children who underwent PDA closure also had aortic stenosis during a 6-year follow-up in a Chinese cohort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Other case series from Beijing Anzhen Hospital reported the concomitant finding of aortic stenosis and PDA in 20.6% of children initially diagnosed with aortic stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, the previously mentioned Chinese case series did not mention the type of subaortic stenosis that their patients presented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Few published reports focused only on the concomitant finding of SMS and PDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Few epidemiological studies about the incidence or prevalence of concomitant SMS and PDA are available in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Moreover, the only epidemiological studies available were published in the late twentieth century. Therefore, we are able to recognize an important gap in our knowledge nowadays, which highlights the need for new studies on this topic.</p>
<p>Our patient presented Qp/Qs 3.5, &#x394;P 100 mmHg, and PVR 3.79 WU. These findings were similar to those reported in other studies where Qp/Qs ranged between 3.0 to 4.6, and &#x394;P ranged from 38 mmHg to 139 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Due to the echocardiogram and angiogram parameters found in our patient, suitable surgical correction was a recommendation for her heart defects, according to the European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of cardiac defects in adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>Finally, the prompt intervention in these heart defects should be addressed as the primary objective, as soon as they are diagnosed, because of highly probable complications, such as pulmonary hypertension and further aortic valve damage leading to aortic insufficiency, as previously described in this case report and other previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>In conclusion, SMS and PDA is a very rare association of heart defects rarely reported in the literature that can progress to more complex cardiovascular pathology by adolescence or early adulthood. Therefore, it requires special consideration by cardiologists in order to preserve the functionality of the heart and lungs in patients affected by this pathological entity.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Karen Saori Shiraishi Sawamura</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<name><surname>De Backer</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Babu-Narayan</surname><given-names>SV</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Budts</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Chessa</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Diller</surname><given-names>GP</given-names></name>
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<article-title>2020 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Adult Congenital Heart Disease</article-title>
<source>Eur Heart J</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>42</volume>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230089</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Estenose Suba&#xF3;rtica Associada a Persist&#xEA;ncia do Canal Arterial em uma Jovem da Regi&#xE3;o Andina</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0286-0584</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Sandoval</surname><given-names>Robert Hernan</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>an&#xE1;lise</role>
<role>interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto</role>
<role>conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7908-5200</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cachicatari-Beltran</surname><given-names>Angela</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>an&#xE1;lise</role>
<role>interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto</role>
<role>conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7538-2125</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Baltodano-Arellano</surname><given-names>Roberto</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>an&#xE1;lise</role>
<role>interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto</role>
<role>conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-2754-9795</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Levano-Pachas</surname><given-names>Gerald</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>an&#xE1;lise</role>
<role>interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto</role>
<role>conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">La Victoria</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">Lima</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="PE">Peru</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Nivel IV Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, La Victoria, Lima &#x2013; Peru</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Lima</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="PE">Peru</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima &#x2013; Peru</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Robert Hernan Sandoval</bold> &#x2022; Hospital Nivel IV Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen. Jiron Garcia Naranjo, 840. CEP: <postal-code>15033</postal-code>. La Victoria, Lima &#x2013; Peru E-mail: <email>rob.sandoval.cardio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro n&#xE3;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Estenose A&#xF3;rtica Subvalvar</kwd>
<kwd>Canal Arterial</kwd>
<kwd>Patente</kwd>
<kwd>Ecossistema Andino</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento</title>
<p>Os defeitos que afetam a via de sa&#xED;da do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (VSVE) s&#xE3;o considerados defeitos card&#xED;acos cong&#xEA;nitos importantes, acometendo 6 em cada 10.000 nascidos vivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A estenose suba&#xF3;rtica &#xE9; respons&#xE1;vel por aproximadamente 1% de todos os defeitos card&#xED;acos cong&#xEA;nitos e 15% a 20% de todos os defeitos obstrutivos da VSVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A estenose suba&#xF3;rtica membranosa (ESAM) &#xE9; o tipo mais comum de estenose suba&#xF3;rtica, embora seja uma condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o rara e pouco relatada na literatura m&#xE9;dica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estudos pr&#xE9;vios relataram sua associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o em alguns casos com outros defeitos card&#xED;acos cong&#xEA;nitos, como defeitos do septo ventricular e persist&#xEA;ncia do canal arterial (PCA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A sua associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o com PCA &#xE9; particularmente rara, a ponto de uma s&#xE9;rie de casos publicada em 2020 mencionar apenas 3 casos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O objetivo do presente artigo &#xE9; relatar um caso de ESAM em associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o com PCA em uma mulher da regi&#xE3;o andina.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Descri&#xE7;&#xE3;o do caso</title>
<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 24 anos de idade, procedente da regi&#xE3;o andina do Peru, previamente diagnosticada com ESAM grave e PCA aos 13 anos de idade, foi avaliada pelo servi&#xE7;o de cardiologia do nosso hospital devido a dispneia e dor em membro superior esquerdo aos esfor&#xE7;os. Aos 5 anos de idade, tinha sido diagnosticada com sopro card&#xED;aco e permaneceu sem avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o m&#xE9;dica at&#xE9; os 13 anos. Na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica inicial, 10 anos antes, o exame f&#xED;sico revelou segunda bulha card&#xED;aca (S2) fraca, sopro a&#xF3;rtico sist&#xF3;lico III/VI, impulso apical deslocado em dire&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao sexto espa&#xE7;o intercostal e f&#xED;gado palp&#xE1;vel 1 cm abaixo do rebordo costal direito. O ecocardiograma mostrou ESAM, PCA de 13 mm de comprimento com fluxo bidirecional em di&#xE1;stole, aumento de ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo e do &#xE1;trio esquerdo, fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada (60%), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar grave. Naquela &#xE9;poca, o manejo proposto compreendia ressec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de membrana suba&#xF3;rtica, fechamento da PCA e cria&#xE7;&#xE3;o de nova comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o interatrial. Por&#xE9;m, a paciente perdeu ades&#xE3;o ao plano de manejo e procurou nova abordagem m&#xE9;dica 10 anos ap&#xF3;s a primeira avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o cardiovascular.</p>
<p>Em nosso hospital, os achados do exame f&#xED;sico foram dispneia classificada como NYHA II, sopro sist&#xF3;lico a&#xF3;rtico II/VI, al&#xE9;m de sopro sist&#xF3;lico nas valvas pulmonar, tric&#xFA;spide e mitral. O eletrocardiograma mostrava ritmo sinusal normal, 75 bpm, e sobrecarga sist&#xF3;lica de ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo. Os achados ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos foram consistentes com aumento do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo e do &#xE1;trio esquerdo, com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 57%, disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo tipo III, fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular direita preservada (excurs&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica do anel tric&#xFA;spide = 25 mm), insufici&#xEA;ncia valvar mitral moderada, leve estenose da valva mitral, insufici&#xEA;ncia da valva a&#xF3;rtica moderada, estenose suba&#xF3;rtica grave com gradiente transvalvar m&#xE9;dio de 73,6 mmHg, pico de velocidade a&#xF3;rtica de 5,34 m/s, insufici&#xEA;ncia da valva tric&#xFA;spide moderada e hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar (press&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica da art&#xE9;ria pulmonar = 76 mmHg) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">1B</xref>). N&#xE3;o foi poss&#xED;vel caracterizar a PCA pelo ecocardiograma devido &#xE0; janela ac&#xFA;stica inadequada. Portanto, a paciente foi submetida &#xE0; angiotomografia computadorizada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2B</xref>). A angiografia evidenciou PCA, com classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o angiogr&#xE1;fica de Krichenko tipo A (ducto c&#xF4;nico) medindo 28 &#xD7; 29 mm na abertura a&#xF3;rtica e 18,7 &#xD7; 23,3 mm na abertura pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2B</xref>). Os achados do cateterismo card&#xED;aco mostraram hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar mista grave, <italic>shunt</italic> ventr&#xED;culo direito-art&#xE9;ria pulmonar, rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre fluxo sangu&#xED;neo pulmonar (Qp) e fluxo sangu&#xED;neo sist&#xF3;lico (Qs) de 3,5, gradiente sist&#xF3;lico do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo para a aorta (&#x394;P) de repouso de 100 mmHg e resist&#xEA;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) de 3,79 WU. A paciente foi transferida para um centro especializado de sa&#xFA;de cardiovascular em Lima para ser submetida a procedimento cir&#xFA;rgico.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Achados do ecocardiograma transesof&#xE1;gico. (A) Estenose suba&#xF3;rtica membranosa (seta), crista fibromuscular originada na via de sa&#xED;da do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo ligada ao septo ventricular. (B) Ecodopplercardiograma mostra insufici&#xEA;ncia valvar a&#xF3;rtica e estenose subvalvar. AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo; Ao: Aorta; VD: ventr&#xED;culo direito; VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230089-pt-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Achados de angiotomografia computadorizada. (A) Seta branca mostrando estenose a&#xF3;rtica subvalvar do tipo membranosa. (B) Persist&#xEA;ncia do canal arterial tipo A (ducto c&#xF4;nico) surgindo ap&#xF3;s a origem da art&#xE9;ria subcl&#xE1;via esquerda e estendendo-se da aorta descendente at&#xE9; o tronco pulmonar. Ao: Aorta; AP: art&#xE9;ria pulmonar; PCA: persist&#xEA;ncia do canal arterial; VD: ventr&#xED;culo direito; VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230089-pt-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A ESAM associada &#xE0; PCA &#xE9; uma condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o patol&#xF3;gica particularmente rara, diagnosticada principalmente na inf&#xE2;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Relatamos o caso de uma paciente jovem que procurou atendimento para essa condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o cardiovascular, que foi diagnosticada quando ela tinha 13 anos de idade. Nossa paciente foi diagnosticada mais tarde do que outros casos anteriores relatados na literatura, em que a idade do diagn&#xF3;stico mais tardio foi de 8 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Por outro lado, n&#xE3;o h&#xE1; associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o prov&#xE1;vel entre sexo masculino ou feminino e a presen&#xE7;a dessas cardiopatias. Steinherz <italic>et al</italic>. relataram que a maioria dos casos de ESAM e PCA eram mulheres, com uma rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 5:1 em Nova York,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> mas Mofa <italic>et al</italic>. relataram a predomin&#xE2;ncia de pacientes do sexo masculino, com uma rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 4:3 em uma cidade da Ar&#xE1;bia Saudita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>A estenose a&#xF3;rtica est&#xE1; frequentemente associada a outros defeitos card&#xED;acos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Por exemplo, Xie <italic>et al</italic>. relataram que 11 de 213 crian&#xE7;as submetidas ao fechamento de PCA tamb&#xE9;m tiveram estenose a&#xF3;rtica durante um acompanhamento de 6 anos em uma coorte chinesa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Outras s&#xE9;ries de casos do Hospital Beijing Anzhen relataram o achado concomitante de estenose a&#xF3;rtica e PCA em 20,6% das crian&#xE7;as inicialmente diagnosticadas com estenose a&#xF3;rtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Entretanto, as s&#xE9;ries de casos da China citadas anteriormente n&#xE3;o mencionaram o tipo de estenose suba&#xF3;rtica que seus pacientes apresentavam.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Poucos relatos publicados focaram apenas no achado concomitante de ESAM e PCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Poucos estudos epidemiol&#xF3;gicos sobre a incid&#xEA;ncia ou a preval&#xEA;ncia de ESAM e PCA concomitantes est&#xE3;o dispon&#xED;veis na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso, os &#xFA;nicos estudos epidemiol&#xF3;gicos dispon&#xED;veis foram publicados no final do s&#xE9;culo 20. Portanto, podemos reconhecer uma importante lacuna no conhecimento atual, o que evidencia a necessidade de novos estudos sobre esse tema.</p>
<p>Nossa paciente apresentou Qp/Qs de 3,5, &#x394;P de 100 mmHg e RVP de 3,79 WU. Esses achados foram semelhantes aos relatados em outros estudos onde Qp/Qs variou entre 3,0 e 4,6, e &#x394;P variou de 38 mmHg a 139 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Devido aos par&#xE2;metros ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos e angiogr&#xE1;ficos encontrados em nossa paciente, a corre&#xE7;&#xE3;o cir&#xFA;rgica adequada foi uma recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o para seus defeitos card&#xED;acos, de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia para o tratamento de defeitos card&#xED;acos em adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>Por fim, a r&#xE1;pida interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o nesses defeitos card&#xED;acos deve ser considerada como objetivo principal, assim que diagnosticados, devido &#xE0;s complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es altamente prov&#xE1;veis, como hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar e subsequentes danos &#xE0; v&#xE1;lvula a&#xF3;rtica, levando &#xE0; insufici&#xEA;ncia a&#xF3;rtica, conforme descrito anteriormente no presente relato de caso e em estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>ESAM e PCA s&#xE3;o uma associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o muito rara de defeitos card&#xED;acos, escassamente relatada na literatura, podendo progredir para patologias cardiovasculares mais complexas na adolesc&#xEA;ncia ou no in&#xED;cio da idade adulta. Portanto, requer considera&#xE7;&#xE3;o especial por parte dos cardiologistas, a fim de preservar a funcionalidade do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o e dos pulm&#xF5;es nos pacientes acometidos por essa entidade patol&#xF3;gica.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o Acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xC9;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo n&#xE3;o cont&#xE9;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8"><p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Karen Saori Shiraishi Sawamura</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
