<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230084i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230084i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Exploring Complexities in Differential Diagnosis: Torn Chord Tendinea in the Aortic Valve</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Alexandre</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-7479-9463</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Alves</surname><given-names>Endy de Santana</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-3613-5790</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pinheiro</surname><given-names>Priscila</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2809-6200</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Flausino</surname><given-names>Leonardo</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2425-4569</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Freire</surname><given-names>Marcus Vinicius</given-names></name>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3927-778X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Morel</surname><given-names>Rodrigo Vieira</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#xE3;o Rafael</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#xE3;o Rafael, Rede D&#x27;or, Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D&#x27;or de pesquisa e educa&#xE7;&#xE3;o</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#x27;or de pesquisa e educa&#xE7;&#xE3;o (IDOR), Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alexandre Costa</bold> &#x2022; Hospital S&#xE3;o Rafael, Ecocardiografia. Avenida S&#xE3;o Rafael. Postal code: <postal-code>41253-190</postal-code>. Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brazil E-mail: <email>alexandrecostahsr@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>18</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230084</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>19</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>10</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Aortic Valve</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Valve Diseases</kwd>
<kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiac Surgical Procedures</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="6"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>The prevalence of anomalous chordae in the aortic valve is rare in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These anomalies, although uncommon, can have significant clinical implications, including valve insufficiency, arrhythmias and/or embolic risk. Accurate diagnosis and understanding of its pathophysiology are essential for adequate patient management.</p>
<p>The uncommon nature of anomalous chordae in the aortic valve means that their presence can often go unnoticed or misdiagnosed. Medical literature presents few reports on these structures of probable embryonic origin, leaving gaps in clinical knowledge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Furthermore, due to its ability to influence cardiac hemodynamics and potential to complicate clinical conditions, it is essential to expand the understanding of its incidence, clinical manifestations, and best management practices.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case report</title>
<p>A 59-year-old female patient with a history of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) attended an outpatient consultation with a cardiologist reporting dyspnea on exertion and unintentional weight loss (around 10 kilos) in 6 months. She denied other cardiovascular symptoms and fever, without infectious stigmata. Physical examination was unremarkable; however, during dental evaluation, impaired oral hygiene and the presence of signs of infection with abscess were noted in a dental unit. During the initial investigation, the transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) revealed cardiac cavities with normal dimensions (left atrium volume: 25mL/m<sup>2</sup>, diastolic diameter 48mm, systolic diameter 30mm, end-diastolic volume 107mL), mild mitral and tricuspid valve reflux, normal diastolic function (E/e&#x2019;: 06), myocardial contractility and preserved biventricular systolic function (LVEF: 67%, estimated using the Simpson method). Furthermore, a filamentary lesion was identified in the aortic valve on its ventricular surface. This lesion, characteristically mobile, had dimensions of approximately 11 mm. Given the clinical relevance of this observation and the potential implication of endocarditis or other cardiac pathologies, blood cultures were collected to identify possible infectious agents.</p>
<p>Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) assessed the aortic valve lesion with greater precision, identifying incipient signs of degeneration with minimal reflux. Additionally, an image with a serpiginous appearance was detected, with a maximum diameter of up to 21 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>), adhered to the ventricular surface of the non-coronary valve, suggestive of vegetation.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>On the left, histological section with connective tissue characteristic of valve tissue with the presence of myxomatous areas in between. On the right, anatomical image of the specimen after excision of the lesion.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230084-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Surgeon&#x27;s view through videothoracoscopy in minimally invasive surgery: after transverse aortotomy and suspension of the aortic valve leaflets. An anomalous cord is identified in the left ventricular outflow tract with fixed ends in the interventricular septum and Mitroaortic Fibrosa (FIMA).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230084-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In addition to evaluating inflammatory markers and searching for infectious foci, additional screening was conducted to investigate autoimmune diseases. The tests performed, which included lupus anticoagulant, rheumatoid factor, anti-Beta-2 glycoprotein antibodies, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-Sm, anti-RNA, and anti-DNA, all returned within normal parameters, not indicating autoimmune disease activity. White blood cell count showed 5.82 thousand/mm&#xB3;, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) (5.2mg/L; RV: &#x3C; 10mg/dL) and procalcitonin remained at normal levels (0.05ng/mL; RV : &#x3C; 0 .5ng/mL). NT-proBNP was at a level that rules out acute heart failure &#x2013; 136pg/mL; reference value (RV): &#x3C; 450pg/mL. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were slightly reduced (12.0g/dL and 36.4%, respectively), indicating mild anemia, but renal function was confirmed as normal (Urea 30mg/dL, Creatinine 0.92mg/dL). In parallel to the infectious and immunological investigation, a complementary evaluation was carried out with a tomography of the chest, sinuses and abdomen, without significant changes, as well as an annual screening mammogram, carried out prior to hospitalization, without relevant findings.</p>
<p>The cardiovascular surgery team was consulted, and the therapeutic approach was discussed in the Heart Team: clinical <italic>versus</italic> surgical treatment. The patient remained afebrile and stable during the hospitalization period, with negative blood cultures. Empirical antibiotic therapy was started (1<sup>st</sup> set: ceftriaxone associated with oxacillin and gentamicin, later replaced by the 2<sup>nd</sup> set, with daptomycin associated with ceftriaxone).</p>
<p>After 6 weeks of clinical treatment, during which there was no reduction of the lesion or symptomatic improvement, and considering the significant extension of the lesion with a large mobile component in the left ventricular outflow tract, the medical team decided, together with the patient, to proceed with surgical intervention. This decision was based on the potential risk of embolization, given the mobility and location of the lesion, which substantially increased the possibility of serious embolic events. Prolonged clinical management, without evidence of regression of the injury, reinforced the need for a more definitive resolution to mitigate the associated risks and promote a more effective recovery.</p>
<p>Intraoperatively, a 5-cm lesion suggestive of chorda tendineae was identified and removed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Anatomopathological evaluation confirmed valve tissue, and culture was negative. Seven days after surgery, the patient was discharged from the hospital, showing subsequent improvement in symptoms and, upon reassessment with TTE, maintained biventricular systolic function and minimal aortic insufficiency, without residual lesions.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The chordae tendineae of the aortic valve, also called fibrous &#x201C;strands&#x201D;, formed between the aortic valve and other cardiac structures, are embryonic remnants of the valve formation process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In terms of diagnosis, there are descriptions of its association with embolic events or endocarditis, although its clinical relevance is still subject to debate. Therefore, careful evaluation and close clinical follow-up are recommended when such structures are identified.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Although this congenital alteration is a rare observation on imaging exams, its identification is of fundamental importance, as, in some cases, it may be associated with complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Among these, we may consider the possibility of embolic events and progressive aortic regurgitation, including signs of ectasia of the proximal aortic segments and/or consequent eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy due to volumetric overload.</p>
<p>Anomalous aortic chordae tendineae can be associated with valve lesions and manifest itself both in chronic conditions, with an intact cord, and in acute cases of aortic insufficiency due to its rupture. This rupture, whether spontaneous or resulting from trauma, ischemia or senile degeneration, can give rise to a mobile filamentary image on exams, complicating the differential diagnosis with thrombi or vegetation, as demonstrated in the clinical case at hand.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>The change in flow generated by the presence of chorda tendineae in an anomalous position can alter the phenotypic expression of endocardial cells in the left ventricular outflow tract, resulting in fibroproliferative lesions that can increase the incidence of cardiac complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Furthermore, this tendon anomaly can also lead to the formation of a gradient in the left ventricular outflow tract, even resulting in subvalvular aortic stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>During the intraoperative surgical approach, it was possible to identify in detail the specific sites of insertion of the anomalous chorda tendineae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), located in the interventricular septum, in the region of the mitral aortic window and, additionally, in the Arantius node belonging to the right coronary valve. Notably, the cord associated with this last site was broken, which determined the finding correlated with the TTE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Transesophageal echocardiogram at 120&#xB0;, showing a filamentary lesion related to the ventricular surface of the aortic valve, markedly mobile and measuring up to 21mm.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230084-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>3D Transesophageal Echocardiogram, in 4D Zoom mode, with visualization from the ventricular view, showing a filamentary lesion crossing the left ventricular outflow tract.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230084-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The detection of an anomalous chordae tendineae in the aortic valve, especially when considering the patient in question, highlights the complexity and diagnostic challenges faced in clinical practice. In the present case, the extremely mobile lesion observed in the left ventricular outflow tract introduced an ambiguous diagnostic scenario, where the possibility of endocarditis emerged as a differential diagnosis. This case highlights the importance of an in-depth understanding and a meticulous approach in evaluating such anomalies, thus ensuring diagnostic accuracy and appropriate clinical management.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The presence of chordae tendineae in the aortic valve, although often underdiagnosed, can have significant implications for cardiac hemodynamics. When this tendinous chord is ruptured with a large component of mobility, it can be confused with vegetation, commonly associated with endocarditis, introducing complexity to the differential diagnosis.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
<p>Editor responsible for the review: Marco Lofrano-Alves</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Geindreau</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Pabari</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cole</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Gopalan</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ariff</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Aortic Valve Chordae Tendineae Causing Aortic Insufficiency and Mimicking an Aortic Root Dissection Flap</article-title>
<source>J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>e11</fpage>
<lpage>e12</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcct.2018.03.005</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Geindreau D, Pabari P, Cole G, Anderson J, Gopalan D, Ariff B. Aortic Valve Chordae Tendineae Causing Aortic Insufficiency and Mimicking an Aortic Root Dissection Flap. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2018;12(4):e11-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jcct.2018.03.005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Saxon</surname><given-names>CE</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Genders</surname><given-names>TSS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Quaife</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Burke</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>McGuinn</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Aortic Valve Chordae Tendineae: a Rare Cause of Aortic Stenosis</article-title>
<source>Radiol Case Rep</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>3</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.radcr.2022.09.099</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Saxon CE, Genders TSS, Quaife RA, Chen SJ, Burke JM, McGuinn EM. Aortic Valve Chordae Tendineae: a Rare Cause of Aortic Stenosis. Radiol Case Rep. 2022;18(1):1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.09.099.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Wei</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Feng</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Special Aortic Chordae Tendineae Strand Causing Severe Aortic Regurgitation Treated by Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</article-title>
<source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>19</issue>
<fpage>e267</fpage>
<lpage>e269</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2021.07.035</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Wei X, Zhou W, Feng Y, Chen M. Special Aortic Chordae Tendineae Strand Causing Severe Aortic Regurgitation Treated by Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14(19):e267-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2021.07.035.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Yuan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Mou</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Mou</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Aortic Chordae Tendineae Strands with Significant Aortic Regurgitation</article-title>
<source>Int Heart J</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>1160</fpage>
<lpage>1163</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1536/ihj.21-131</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Yuan S, Mou R, Sun X, Mou Y. Aortic Chordae Tendineae Strands with Significant Aortic Regurgitation. Int Heart J. 2021;62(5):1160-3. doi: 10.1536/ihj.21-131.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Ali</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Weir-McCall</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ng</surname><given-names>CY</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Acute Aortic Regurgitation Due to Fibrous Strand Rupture</article-title>
<source>J Card Surg</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>2862</fpage>
<lpage>2863</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jocs.16679</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Ali JM, Weir-McCall JR, Ng CY. Acute Aortic Regurgitation Due to Fibrous Strand Rupture. J Card Surg. 2022;37(9):2862-3. doi: 10.1111/jocs.16679.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Vowels</surname><given-names>TJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Gonzalez-Stawinski</surname><given-names>GV</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ko</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Trachiotis</surname><given-names>GD</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Anomalous Cord from the Raphe of a Congenitally Bicuspid Aortic Valve to the Aortic Wall Producing Either Acute or Chronic Aortic Regurgitation</article-title>
<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>153</fpage>
<lpage>157</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.030</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vowels TJ, Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Ko JM, Trachiotis GD, Roberts BJ, Roberts CS, et al. Anomalous Cord from the Raphe of a Congenitally Bicuspid Aortic Valve to the Aortic Wall Producing Either Acute or Chronic Aortic Regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(2):153-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.030.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230084</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Explorando Complexidades no Diagn&#xF3;stico Diferencial: Corda Tend&#xED;nea Rota na Valva A&#xF3;rtica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Alexandre</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-7479-9463</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Alves</surname><given-names>Endy de Santana</given-names></name>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-3613-5790</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pinheiro</surname><given-names>Priscila</given-names></name>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2809-6200</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Flausino</surname><given-names>Leonardo</given-names></name>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2425-4569</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Freire</surname><given-names>Marcus Vinicius</given-names></name>
<role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3927-778X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Morel</surname><given-names>Rodrigo Vieira</given-names></name>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#xE3;o Rafael, Rede D&#x27;or, Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#x27;or de pesquisa e educa&#xE7;&#xE3;o (IDOR), Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Alexandre Costa</bold> &#x2022; Hospital S&#xE3;o Rafael, Ecocardiografia. Avenida S&#xE3;o Rafael. CEP: <postal-code>41253-190</postal-code>. Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brasil E-mail: <email>alexandrecostahsr@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro n&#xE3;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Valva A&#xF3;rtica</kwd>
<kwd>Doen&#xE7;as das Valvas Card&#xED;acas</kwd>
<kwd>Diagn&#xF3;stico por Imagem</kwd>
<kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#xFA;rgicos Card&#xED;acos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A preval&#xEA;ncia de corda an&#xF4;mala na valva a&#xF3;rtica &#xE9; rara na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essas anomalias, embora pouco comuns, podem ter implica&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas significativas, incluindo insufici&#xEA;ncia valvar, arritmias e/ou risco emb&#xF3;lico. O diagn&#xF3;stico preciso e o entendimento de sua fisiopatologia s&#xE3;o fundamentais para o manejo adequado do paciente.</p>
<p>A natureza pouco comum das cordas an&#xF4;malas na valva a&#xF3;rtica significa que sua presen&#xE7;a pode muitas vezes passar despercebida ou ser erroneamente diagnosticada. A literatura m&#xE9;dica apresenta escassos relatos sobre essas estruturas de prov&#xE1;vel origem embrion&#xE1;ria, deixando lacunas no conhecimento cl&#xED;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso, pela sua capacidade de influenciar a hemodin&#xE2;mica card&#xED;aca e seu potencial para complicar quadros cl&#xED;nicos, &#xE9; essencial que se amplie a compreens&#xE3;o sobre sua incid&#xEA;ncia, manifesta&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas e melhores pr&#xE1;ticas de manejo.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Caso Cl&#xED;nico</title>
<p>Paciente de 59 anos, sexo feminino, com antecedente de doen&#xE7;a do refluxo gastroesof&#xE1;gico (DRGE). Compareceu, &#xE0; consulta ambulatorial com cardiologista referindo dispneia aos grandes esfor&#xE7;os e perda de peso n&#xE3;o intencional (cerca de 10 quilos) em 6 meses. Negou outros sintomas cardiovasculares e febre, sem estigmas infecciosos. Exame f&#xED;sico sem altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es; entretanto, durante a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o odontol&#xF3;gica, notou-se comprometimento da higiene oral e a presen&#xE7;a de sinais de infec&#xE7;&#xE3;o com abscesso em uma unidade dent&#xE1;ria. Na investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o inicial, o ecocardiograma transtor&#xE1;cico (ETT) revelou cavidades card&#xED;acas com dimens&#xF5;es normais (volume do &#xE1;trio esquerdo: 25mL/m<sup>2</sup>, di&#xE2;metro diast&#xF3;lico 48mm, di&#xE2;metro sist&#xF3;lico 30mm, volume diast&#xF3;lico final 107mL) refluxos valvares mitral e tric&#xFA;spide discretos, fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica normal (E/e&#x2019;: 06), contratilidade mioc&#xE1;rdica e fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica biventricular preservada (FEVE: 67%, estimada atrav&#xE9;s do m&#xE9;todo de Simpson). Al&#xE9;m disso, identificou-se uma les&#xE3;o filamentar na valva a&#xF3;rtica em sua face ventricular. Essa les&#xE3;o, caracteristicamente m&#xF3;vel, apresentava dimens&#xF5;es aproximadas de 11mm. Dada a relev&#xE2;ncia cl&#xED;nica dessa observa&#xE7;&#xE3;o e a potencial implica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de endocardite ou outras patologias card&#xED;acas, procedeu-se com a coleta de hemoculturas para identificar poss&#xED;veis agentes infecciosos.</p>
<p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#xE1;gico (ETE) avaliou a les&#xE3;o na valva a&#xF3;rtica com maior precis&#xE3;o, identificando sinais incipientes de degenera&#xE7;&#xE3;o com refluxo m&#xED;nimo. Adicionalmente, foi detectada uma imagem de aspecto serpiginoso, com di&#xE2;metro m&#xE1;ximo de at&#xE9; 21 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">2</xref>), aderida &#xE0; face ventricular da v&#xE1;lvula n&#xE3;o coronariana, sugestiva de vegeta&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>&#xC0; esquerda, corte histol&#xF3;gico com tecido conjuntivo caracter&#xED;stico de tecido valvar com presen&#xE7;a de &#xE1;reas mixomatosas de permeio. &#xC0; direita, imagem anat&#xF4;mica da pe&#xE7;a ap&#xF3;s ex&#xE9;rese da les&#xE3;o.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230084-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Vis&#xE3;o do cirurgi&#xE3;o atrav&#xE9;s da videotoracoscopia em cirurgia minimamente invasiva: ap&#xF3;s aortotomia transversa e suspens&#xE3;o dos folhetos da v&#xE1;lvula a&#xF3;rtica. &#xC9; identificada corda an&#xF4;mala em via de sa&#xED;da do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo com extremidades fixas no septo interventricular e Fibrosa Mitroa&#xF3;rtica (FIMA).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230084-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Al&#xE9;m da avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos marcadores inflamat&#xF3;rios e da busca por focos infecciosos, foi conduzido um rastreio complementar para a investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o de doen&#xE7;as autoimunes. Os testes realizados, que inclu&#xED;ram anticoagulante l&#xFA;pico, fator reumatoide, anticorpos anti-Beta-2 glicoprote&#xED;na, fator antinuclear (FAN), anti-Sm, anti-RNA e anti-DNA, retornaram todos dentro dos par&#xE2;metros normais, n&#xE3;o indicando atividade de doen&#xE7;as autoimunes. O leucograma evidenciou 5,82mil/mm&#xB3;, Prote&#xED;na C-Reativa (PCR) &#x2013; 5,2mg/L; valor de refer&#xEA;ncia (VR): &#x3C; 10mg/dL &#x2013; e a procalcitonina mantiveram-se em n&#xED;veis normais (0,05ng/mL; VR : &#x3C; 0,5ng/mL). O NT-proBNP estava em um patamar que descarta insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca aguda (136pg/mL; VR: &#x3C; 450pg/mL). A hemoglobina e os hemat&#xF3;critos estavam levemente reduzidos (12.0g/dL e 36.4%, respectivamente), indicando anemia leve, mas a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o renal foi confirmada como normal, (Ureia 30mg/dL, Creatinina 0,92mg/dL). Em paralelo &#xE0; investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o infecciosa e imunol&#xF3;gica, foi realizada uma avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o complementar com tomografia de t&#xF3;rax, seios da face e abdome, sem altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es significativas, bem como mamografia de rastreio anual, realizada anteriormente &#xE0; interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o, sem achados relevantes.</p>
<p>A equipe de cirurgia cardiovascular foi consultada e, no <italic>Heart Team</italic>, discutiu-se a abordagem terap&#xEA;utica: tratamento cl&#xED;nico <italic>versus</italic> cir&#xFA;rgico. A paciente permaneceu afebril e est&#xE1;vel durante o per&#xED;odo de interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o, com hemoculturas negativas. Iniciou-se antibioticoterapia emp&#xED;rica (1&#xB0; esquema: ceftriaxona associada a oxacilina e gentamicina, sendo posteriormente alterada para o 2&#xB0; esquema, com daptomicina associada a ceftriaxona).</p>
<p>Ap&#xF3;s 6 semanas de tratamento cl&#xED;nico, durante as quais n&#xE3;o houve redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da les&#xE3;o ou melhora sintom&#xE1;tica, e considerando a extens&#xE3;o significativa da les&#xE3;o com um grande componente m&#xF3;vel na via de sa&#xED;da do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, a equipe m&#xE9;dica decidiu, conjuntamente com a paciente, pela interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o cir&#xFA;rgica. Essa decis&#xE3;o foi fundamentada pelo potencial risco de emboliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o, tendo em vista a mobilidade e localiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da les&#xE3;o, que aumentavam substancialmente a possibilidade de eventos emb&#xF3;licos graves. O manejo cl&#xED;nico prolongado, sem evid&#xEA;ncias de regress&#xE3;o da les&#xE3;o, refor&#xE7;ou a necessidade de uma resolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o mais definitiva para atenuar os riscos associados e promover uma recupera&#xE7;&#xE3;o mais efetiva.</p>
<p>No intraoperat&#xF3;rio, uma les&#xE3;o de 5 cm sugestiva de corda tend&#xED;nea foi identificada e removida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). A avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o anatomopatol&#xF3;gica confirmou tecido valvar, e a cultura foi negativa. Sete dias ap&#xF3;s a cirurgia, a paciente recebeu alta hospitalar, apresentando melhora subsequente dos sintomas e, em reavalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o com ETT, manteve fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica biventricular e insufici&#xEA;ncia a&#xF3;rtica m&#xED;nima, sem les&#xF5;es residuais.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>As cordas tend&#xED;neas da valva a&#xF3;rtica, tamb&#xE9;m chamadas de &#x201C;<italic>strands</italic>&#x201D; fibrosos, formadas entre a valva a&#xF3;rtica e as demais estruturas card&#xED;acas, s&#xE3;o remanescentes embrion&#xE1;rios do processo de forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o das v&#xE1;lvulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em termos de diagn&#xF3;stico, h&#xE1; descri&#xE7;&#xF5;es de sua associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o com eventos emb&#xF3;licos ou endocardite, embora a sua relev&#xE2;ncia cl&#xED;nica ainda seja objeto de debate. Portanto, uma avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o cuidadosa e um acompanhamento cl&#xED;nico rigoroso s&#xE3;o recomendados quando tais estruturas s&#xE3;o identificadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Embora essa altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o cong&#xEA;nita seja uma observa&#xE7;&#xE3;o rara em exames de imagem, sua identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9; de fundamental import&#xE2;ncia, pois, em alguns casos, podem estar associadas a complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Dentre essas, podemos considerar a possibilidade de surgimento de eventos emb&#xF3;licos e regurgita&#xE7;&#xF5;es a&#xF3;rticas progressivas, incluindo sinais de ectasia dos segmentos a&#xF3;rticos proximais e/ou consequente hipertrofia ventricular esquerda exc&#xEA;ntrica por sobrecarga volum&#xE9;trica.</p>
<p>As cordas tend&#xED;neas a&#xF3;rticas an&#xF4;malas podem estar associadas a les&#xF5;es valvares e manifestar-se tanto em acometimentos cr&#xF4;nicos, com cord&#xE3;o &#xED;ntegro, quanto em quadros agudos de insufici&#xEA;ncia a&#xF3;rtica devido &#xE0; sua ruptura. Essa ruptura, seja espont&#xE2;nea ou resultante de trauma, isquemia ou degenera&#xE7;&#xE3;o senil, pode originar uma imagem filamentar m&#xF3;vel nos exames, complicando o diagn&#xF3;stico diferencial com trombos ou vegeta&#xE7;&#xF5;es, conforme demonstrado no caso cl&#xED;nico em quest&#xE3;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>A altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o de fluxo gerada pela presen&#xE7;a de corda tend&#xED;nea em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o an&#xF4;mala pode alterar a express&#xE3;o fenot&#xED;pica das c&#xE9;lulas endoc&#xE1;rdicas da via de sa&#xED;da do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, resultando em les&#xF5;es fibroproliferativas e que podem aumentar a incid&#xEA;ncia de complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso, essa anomalia tend&#xED;nea tamb&#xE9;m pode levar &#xE0; forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o de um gradiente na via de sa&#xED;da do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, resultando at&#xE9; mesmo em quadros de estenose subvalvar a&#xF3;rtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Durante a abordagem cir&#xFA;rgica intraoperat&#xF3;ria, foi poss&#xED;vel identificar detalhadamente os s&#xED;tios espec&#xED;ficos de inser&#xE7;&#xE3;o da corda tend&#xED;nea an&#xF4;mala (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>), localizados no septo interventricular, na regi&#xE3;o da janela mitro a&#xF3;rtica e, adicionalmente, no n&#xF3;dulo de Arantius pertencente &#xE0; v&#xE1;lvula coronariana direita. Notavelmente, a corda associada a esse &#xFA;ltimo s&#xED;tio encontrava-se rompida, o que determinou o achado correlacionado com o ETT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>ETE a 120&#xB0;, evidenciando les&#xE3;o filamentar relacionada &#xE0; face ventricular da valva a&#xF3;rtica, acentuadamente m&#xF3;vel e medindo at&#xE9; 21mm.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230084-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>ETE 3D, em modo 4D Zoom, com visualiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o a partir da vis&#xE3;o ventricular, evidenciando les&#xE3;o filamentar cruzando a via de sa&#xED;da do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230084-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de uma corda tend&#xED;nea an&#xF4;mala na valva a&#xF3;rtica, especialmente quando se considera o paciente em quest&#xE3;o, ressalta a complexidade e os desafios diagn&#xF3;sticos enfrentados na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica. No presente caso, a les&#xE3;o extremamente m&#xF3;vel observada na via de sa&#xED;da do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo introduziu um cen&#xE1;rio diagn&#xF3;stico amb&#xED;guo, onde a possibilidade de endocardite surgiu como um diagn&#xF3;stico diferencial. Este caso destaca a import&#xE2;ncia de um entendimento aprofundado e de uma abordagem meticulosa na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de tais anomalias, garantindo assim a precis&#xE3;o diagn&#xF3;stica e o manejo cl&#xED;nico apropriado.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A presen&#xE7;a de corda tend&#xED;nea na valva a&#xF3;rtica, embora muitas vezes sub-diagnosticada, pode ter implica&#xE7;&#xF5;es significativas na hemodin&#xE2;mica card&#xED;aca. Em particular, quando essa corda tend&#xED;nea apresenta-se rota com grande componente de mobilidade, pode ser confundida com vegeta&#xE7;&#xE3;o, comumente associadas a endocardites, introduzindo complexidade ao diagn&#xF3;stico diferencial.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
<p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Marco Lofrano-Alves</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn6">
<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o Acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
<p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xC9;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo n&#xE3;o cont&#xE9;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
