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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230054i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230054i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Clinical and Echocardiographic Aspects of Patient-Prosthesis Mismatch in Patients With Prosthetic Aortic Valves</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0107-8104</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bispo</surname><given-names>Irving Gabriel Ara&#xFA;jo</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript</role>
<role>intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Hemerly</surname><given-names>Daniela Fernanda Alli</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript</role>
<role>intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0827-9021</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Kyiose</surname><given-names>Alberto Takeshi</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7507-6338</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Fischer</surname><given-names>Claudio Henrique</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript</role>
<role>intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8952-8474</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Moises</surname><given-names>Valdir Ambrosio</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript</role>
<role>intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#xE3;o Paulo</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#xE3;o Paulo (Unifesp), S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Irving Bispo</bold> &#x2022; Universidade Federal de S&#xE3;o Paulo (Unifesp). Rua Napole&#xE3;o de Barros, 715. CEP: <postal-code>04021-001</postal-code>. Vila Clementino, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brasil E-mail: <email>irvingbispo@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>21</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230054</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Introduction:</title>
<p>Patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM) is considered to occur if a prosthetic heart valve has a high transvalvular pressure gradient and a reduced indexed valve area, despite normally functioning discs. PPM may have clinical and hemodynamic repercussions for patients.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objective:</title>
<p>To analyze the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of PPM in patients with prosthetic aortic valves.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>Patients aged 18 years or over with a biological or mechanical aortic valve undergoing follow-up since February 2010 were included. PPM was considered mild if the indexed valve area was &#x2265; 0.85 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> and severe if &#x2264; 0.65 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>. Variables were compared between groups with moderate or severe PPM (PPMAO2) and mild PPM (PPMAO1); significant if p&#x3C;0.05.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>Sixty patients (36 women) with prosthetic aortic valves (29 biological and 31 mechanical) were included. PPMAO2 was diagnosed in 12 patients (20%), who had a mean valve area of 0.66 cm&#xB2;/m&#xB2; and mean gradient of 24 mm Hg. Functional class II or III was more frequent in the PPMAO2 group (66.7%) than in the PPMAO1 group (20.8%); p&#x3C;0.001. Left atrial volume (51 &#xB1; 16 mL/m<sup>2</sup> x 40 &#xB1; 12 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; p=0.002) and left ventricular septal and wall thicknesses (10.83 mm x 10 mm; p=0.018) were higher in the PPMAO2 group.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusions:</title>
<p>Moderate or severe PPM occurred in 20% of patients. These patients were more symptomatic and had higher left atrial volumes and left ventricular myocardial wall thickness.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Aortic Valve</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation</kwd>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="2"/>
<table-count count="6"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="33"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Approximately 90,000 prosthetic valves are implanted each year in the United States, with biological valves predominating over mechanical valves, but a marked increase has been recently observed in percutaneous bioprosthesis implantation worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In Brazil, according to the Information Technology Department of the Brazilian Unified Health System (DATASUS for short, in Portuguese), 17.4% of major cardiovascular operations include prosthetic valve implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It is known that, after prosthetic valve implantation, patients with significant aortic stenosis progress with clinical and ventricular function improvement and increased survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Despite improvements in hemodynamic performance, durability, and surgical implantation techniques and reduction in thrombogenicity, prosthetic heart valves are still subject to complications or dysfunctions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Another condition that can occur with prosthetic heart valves is patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM), which is characterized by high transvalvular pressure gradients and a reduced valve area indexed to the patient&#x27;s body surface area, despite normally functioning discs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The diagnosis considers both the expected valve hemodynamic performance and the patient&#x27;s cardiac output needs, largely related to body surface area.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> An imbalance between these two variables determines the high transvalvular pressure gradients that correspond to the initial expression of PPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>PPM was first described and characterized in 1978 by Rahimtoola.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Several studies have been developed with the purpose of better understanding hemodynamics and clinical consequences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Currently, for the diagnosis of PPM in aortic valves, it is recommended that the effective valve area be calculated using Doppler echocardiography with the continuity equation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> PPM has been associated with increased short- and long-term mortality after aortic valve replacement, reduced functional capacity, increased hospitalization for heart failure, and decreased prosthetic valve durability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In a meta-analysis of 34 studies including 27,186 patients and 133,141 patient-years with prosthetic aortic valves, moderate and severe PPM increased all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.19 and 1.84, respectively) and overall cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio, 1.32 and 6.46, respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f1">
<caption>
<title>The figure summarizes the hemodynamic characteristics of the patients&#x2019; prosthetic valves (text boxes) and the main results of the study (bar graphs). The 60 patients were divided into two groups according to the hemodynamic pattern of the prosthetic aortic valves. One group with mild patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPMAO1) and the other with moderate or severe patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPMAO2); AVA: aortic valve area; &#x394;P: transvalvular systolic pressure gradient; Vmax: maximal transvalvular systolic velocity; LA: left atrium; p: statistical significance of the test; a: Mann-Whitney test; b: Student&#x27;s t-test; *: Fisher&#x27;s exact test. The values of the variables correspond to the mean or median depending on the normal or non-normal distribution of the variable and the test performed.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230054-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In Brazil, several valve types and designs are used in patients with severe valvular disease requiring surgery. There are imported prostheses, but there are also national prostheses, mainly biological valves. However, few studies in Brazil have addressed PPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The 2020 guidelines for valvular heart diseases of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> mention PPM as a cause of prosthetic valve dysfunction, but they do not reliably and objectively describe the diagnostic aspects and possible measures to reduce or avoid its incidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Conversely, a document published by the European Society of Cardiovascular Imaging, in collaboration with the Brazilian Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, suggests a flowchart similar to that of other international associations but does not detail the method to obtain the valve area for the diagnosis of PPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
<p>Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of PPM in a cohort of patients with prosthetic aortic valves.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<p>Patients of either sex aged 18 years or over with a biological or mechanical aortic valve undergoing outpatient follow-up since February 2010 were included, regardless of the number of previous operations. These patients had high transvalvular gradients previously defined by postoperative echocardiogram and had been attending regular outpatient follow-up visits with clinical and valve data available. Patients with previously confirmed prosthetic valve dysfunction or whose previous clinical and echocardiographic data did not allow the assessment of valve hemodynamics were excluded. The study was approved by the institution&#x27;s Research Ethics Committee (CAAE: 65219317.4.0000.5505).</p>
<p>Clinical evaluation was performed during an outpatient visit along with a review of the patient&#x27;s electronic or paper medical records if available. The following data were collected and recorded: sex; age; body surface area; body mass index (BMI); medical history, such as valvular disease leading to prosthetic valve implantation, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atrial fibrillation; and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class. The predicted effective valve area was obtained based on the type, brand, and size of the prosthetic valve reported in the patients&#x2019; medical records, according to data from the literature or the manufacturer.</p>
<sec>
<title>Doppler echocardiography</title>
<p>Echocardiography was performed using a Vivid 7 device (General Electric) equipped with 1- to 5-MHz transducers. Simultaneous electrocardiogram derivation was used. The imaging planes used and the assessment of all 4 cardiac chambers, including left ventricular septal and posterior wall thickness, as well as the analysis of the systolic function parameters of the ventricles and native valves followed the recent recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
<p>The prosthetic valves were analyzed based on morphological characteristics and leaflet or disc motion. The prosthetic valve area was calculated using the continuity equation and expressed as absolute values (cm<sup>2</sup>) and indexed values (cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>). Maximal and mean pressure gradients and maximal flow velocity across the prosthetic valve were determined with continuous-wave Doppler. If present, prosthetic valve regurgitation was analyzed using the methods recommended in the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Inferior vena cava diameter (cm) and maximal tricuspid regurgitation velocity (m/s) were also analyzed.</p>
<p>PPM was suspected if the mean pressure gradient across the aortic valve on prior routine Doppler echocardiography was greater than 20 mm Hg in the absence of structural abnormalities or leaflet or disc motion and more than mild regurgitation. In patients with suspected PPM, another echocardiogram was performed to determine all the parameters needed to confirm or exclude the diagnosis. The diagnosis of PPM was based on the determination of the valve area indexed to the patient&#x27;s body surface area (cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>). PPM was considered mild if the indexed valve area was above 0.85 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>, moderate if between 0.65 and 0.85 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>, and severe if less than or equal to 0.65 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>. For comparison purposes, patients were divided into two groups: PPMAO1 group, patients with mild PPM; and PPMAO2 group, patients with moderate or severe PPM.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>The data were presented with descriptive analysis according to the normal or non-normal distribution of the variables. Statistical analysis was initially performed using summary measures: mean, median, minimum and maximum values, standard deviation (SD), and absolute and relative frequencies (percentage). Normally distributed continuous variables were presented as mean (SD), whereas non-normally distributed continuous variables were presented as median and interquartile range (IQR). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the data. The Mann-Whitney test, Student&#x27;s t-test for independent samples, Pearson&#x27;s chi-square test, and extension of Fisher&#x27;s exact test were used for inferential analyses to compare the data according to the PPM classification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The significance level was set at 5% for all comparisons. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS version 24 and R version 3.6.3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>Sixty patients with prosthetic aortic valves were included, 36 of whom were women (60%); 21 patients (35%) were older than 60 years, 54 (90%) had hypertension, 12 (20%) had diabetes mellitus, and 8 (13%) had chronic kidney disease. According to the adopted criteria, moderate or severe PPM was diagnosed in 12 patients (20%) (PPMAO2 group). As expected, patients in the PPMAO2 group had significantly smaller absolute valve area and indexed valve area and significantly higher maximal transvalvular systolic velocity and maximal and mean transvalvular pressure gradients than those in the PPMAO1 group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Comparison of hemodynamic measurements in prosthetic aortic valves between patients with patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM) classified as mild (PPMAO1) and moderate or severe (PPMAO2)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C18774">
<th align="left" valign="middle">MEASUREMENT</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" />
<th align="center" valign="middle">PPMAO1</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">PPMAO2</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">N</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">48</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">PAV area (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mean &#xB1; SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.99 &#xB1; 0.32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.23 &#xB1; 0.34</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&#x3C;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Indexed PAV area (cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mean &#xB1; SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.17 &#xB1; 0.21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.66 &#xB1; 0.18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&#x3C;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Maximal &#x394;P (mm Hg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">IQR</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23.4 &#x2013; 47.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23.6 &#x2013; 51.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Mean &#x394;P (mm Hg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14.50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23.50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.002&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">IQR</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9.4 &#x2013; 31.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16.4 &#x2013; 31.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">PAV Vmax (m/s)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2.32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3.33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&#x3C;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">IQR</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.46 &#x2013; 2.53</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.46&#x2013;3.84</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<label>a</label><p>Mann-Whitney test</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN2">
<label>b</label><p>Student&#x27;s t-test for independent samples; &#x394;P: pressure gradient; N: number of patients (the same for all measurements); IQR: interquartile range; p: p-value of statistical comparison between groups; PAV: prosthetic aortic valve; Vmax: maximal flow velocity.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>At the time of the echocardiogram, the 12 patients in the PPMAO2 group had significantly higher weight, height, and BMI than those in the PPMAO1 group, but the two groups did not differ significantly in age or body surface area (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Anthropometric characteristics of patients with patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM) classified as mild (PPMAO1) and moderate or severe (PPMAO2) in prosthetic aortic valves</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C18774">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" />
<th align="center" valign="middle">PPMAO1</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">PPMAO2</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">N</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">48</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Age (years)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">60.23</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">66.51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.456&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">IQR</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40 &#x2013; 74.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">47.4&#x2013;82.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Weight (kg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mean &#xB1; SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">69.45 &#xB1; 4.78</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">79.23 &#xB1; 8.91</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&#x3C;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">26.71</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">31.45</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&#x3C;0.001&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">IQR</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">30.14 &#x2013; 32.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">31.4 &#x2013; 35.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">BSA (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.75</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.89</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.056&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">IQR</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.73 &#x2013; 1.91</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.98 &#x2013; 2.08</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Height (cm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mean &#xB1; SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">176 &#xB1; 6.45</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">181 &#xB1; 5.78</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.049<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3"><p>Mann-Whitney test,</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN4">
<label>b</label><p>Student&#x27;s t-test for independent samples, BSA: body surface area; BMI: body mass index; IQR: interquartile range; N: number of patients (the same for all variables); p: p-value of statistical comparison; SD: standard deviation.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>The valve dysfunction before surgery or implantation underlying the indication for surgery was aortic stenosis in 46 (76,6%) patients, aortic insufficiency in 10 (16,7%), and double aortic valve dysfunction in 4 (6,6%). The cause of aortic valve dysfunction was degenerative (calcification) in 36 patients (60%), sequelae of rheumatic fever in 18 (30%), infective endocarditis in 4 (6.7%), and bicuspid aortic valve in 2 (3.3%). Among associated valvular diseases, 14 (23.3%) were mild mitral insufficiency, 4 (6.7%) were moderate mitral insufficiency (2 in the PPMAO2 group), and 18 (30%) were mild tricuspid insufficiency; 2 patients also had an ascending aorta tube graft that was implanted at the time of valve replacement surgery. There was no significant difference in the proportion of pure aortic stenosis before surgery between the PPMAO1 group (37 patients, 77.1%) and the PPMAO2 group (9 patients, 75.0%) (p=0.856; Fisher&#x27;s exact test). Seven patients (11.7%) had a prosthetic valve in the mitral position; 2 of them were in the PPMAO2 group.</p>
<p>Of the 60 prosthetic aortic valves, 31 were mechanical and 29 were biological, 1 of which was implanted percutaneously. There was no significant difference in the proportion of mechanical valves between the groups; there were 27 mechanical valves (56.3%) in the PPMAO1 group and 8 (66%) in the PPMAO2 group (p=0.552; Fisher&#x27;s exact test). There was also no significant difference in the proportion of biological valves between the PPMAO1 (41.4%) and PPMAO2 (33.3%) groups (p=0.651; Fisher&#x27;s exact test). Regardless of prosthetic valve type, the size of the valves implanted in patients in the PPMAO2 group (median: 23 mm; IQR: 23.4-26.7 mm) was significantly smaller (p=0.0038; Mann-Whitney test) than that in patients in the PPMAO1 group (median: 25 mm; IQR: 22.2-24.7 mm). The median predicted effective valve area was 1.68 cm<sup>2</sup> (IQR: 1.79-2.08 cm<sup>2</sup>) in the PPMAO2 group and 2.03 cm<sup>2</sup> (IQR: 1.54-1.89 cm<sup>2</sup>) in the PPMAO1 group (p=0.0013; Mann-Whitney test).</p>
<p>NYHA functional class was I in 42 patients (70%), II in 13 (21.7%), and III in 5 (8.3%); no patient was in functional class IV. The proportion of patients with NYHA functional class II or III in the PPMAO2 group (8 patients; 66.7%) was significantly higher than that in the PPMAO1 group (10 patients; 20.8%) (p&#x3C;0.001; Fisher&#x27;s exact test). Atrial fibrillation was present in 7 patients (14.6%) in the PPMAO1 group and in 2 patients (16.7%) in the PPMAO2 group (p=0.562; Fisher&#x27;s exact test).</p>
<p>The indexed left atrial volume was significantly higher in patients with moderate or severe PPM than in those with mild PPM. There was no significant difference in the values of end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters and of left ventricular mass index and ejection fraction between the two groups, but myocardial wall thickness was significantly higher in patients in the PPMAO2 group than in the PPMAO1 group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Measurements of the right chambers were not significantly different between the two groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Maximal tricuspid regurgitation velocity was not significantly different between patients in the PPMAO1 group (mean: 2.61 m/s; SD: 0.48 m/s) and those in the PPMAO2 group (mean: 2.38 m/s; SD: 0.48 m/s). The Central Figure summarizes the main results of the study.</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Comparison of echocardiographic measurements in left and right chambers between patients with patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM) classified as mild (PPMAO1) and moderate or severe (PPMAO2) in prosthetic aortic valves</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C18774">
<th align="left" valign="middle">MEASUREMENT</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" />
<th align="center" valign="middle">PPMAO1</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">PPMAO2</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">N</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">48</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">iLAV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">38.40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">47.40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.002&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">IQR</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29.6 &#x2013; 84.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43.4 &#x2013; 87.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">LVDd (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mean &#xB1; SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50.42 &#xB1; 5.95</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">52.08 &#xB1; 5.16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.378<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">LVDs (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">34.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.394&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">IQR</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29.5 &#x2013; 51.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29.4 &#x2013; 41.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">IVST (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.018&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">IQR</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9 &#x2013; 14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9 &#x2013; 13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">WT (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.046&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">IQR</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10 &#x2013; 12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8 &#x2013; 12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">MI (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mean &#xB1; SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">103.98 &#xB1; 24.89</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">121.33 &#xB1; 37.91</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.058<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">LVEF (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">60.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">56.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.111&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">IQR</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">35 &#x2013; 61.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">41.4 &#x2013; 58.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">iRAV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.236<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">IQR</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19.8 &#x2013; 31.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17.8 &#x2013; 33.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">RVDd (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">25.50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.009&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">IQR</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">21.2 &#x2013; 30.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">24.5 &#x2013; 31.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">PCRVA (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mean &#xB1; SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42.96 &#xB1; 8.42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">46.57 &#xB1; 6.72</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.175<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">TAPSE (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mean &#xB1; SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19.50 &#xB1; 2.90</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20.17 &#xB1; 2.66</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.472<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">TAV (cm/s)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mean &#xB1; SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11.16 &#xB1; 1.57</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11.26 &#xB1; 1.49</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.846<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN5">
<label>a</label><p>Mann-Whitney test</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN6">
<label>b</label><p>Student&#x27;s t-test for independent samples. Dd: end-diastolic diameter; Ds: end-systolic diameter; WT: wall thickness; IVST: interventricular septal thickness; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; EF: ejection fraction; MI: mass index; IQR: interquartile range; N: number of patients (the same for all analyses); p: p-value of statistical comparison; iRAV: indexed right atrial volume; iLAV: indexed left atrial volume; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; TAV: tricuspid annular velocity; PCRVA: percentage change in right ventricular area; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The present study analyzed PPM, clinical impairment, and structural and functional features on echocardiography in patients with prosthetic aortic valves. As expected, due to the division of patients, there was a significant difference in valve area, indexed valve area, transvalvular gradients, and maximal systolic velocity between the two groups. The values of these variables in the present study are consistent with those reported in previous studies. The mean maximal transvalvular systolic velocity in the present study was 3.21 m/s, higher than that in the study conducted by Zorn et al, who found a value of 2.88 m/s in their sample.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The mean gradient of patients with moderate or severe PPM in the present study was 24.2 mm Hg, similar to that found by Echahidi et al, who described a mean of 25 mm Hg in patients with severe PPM; in the same study, in patients with moderate PPM, the mean gradient was 19 mm Hg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In the study by Otto et al, the mean gradient was 28 mm Hg in patients with severe aortic PPM and 21 mm Hg in patients with moderate PPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>PPM was observed in 20% of the prosthetic aortic valves in the present study. Similar findings were observed in previous studies, such as those by Dayan et al and Bonderman et al, who also observed 20% of PPM in patients with prosthetic aortic valves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Kohsaka et al found 11% of severe PPM in a sample of 469 patients; it is worth noting that PPM was mainly found in mechanical aortic valves of sizes 19 to 23.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The rate of PPM diagnoses could decrease with reclassification based on patients&#x2019; BMI, but this has not been observed in most published studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> It is worth noting that 8 patients in the PPMAO2 group had a BMI greater than 30 mg/kg<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>. This variable was significantly higher in the PPMAO2 group, but the aim of the study was not to analyze this other classification, but rather the preestablished criteria for determining PPM and its severity.</p>
<p>In the present study, PPM was diagnosed based on the measurement of the effective valve area by Doppler echocardiography corrected for body surface area in patients with prosthetic aortic valves without evidence of dysfunction. Although the absolute value of the valve area can be used, the valve area indexed to the patient&#x27;s body surface area appears to have greater sensitivity and specificity as reported by Hanyama et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
<p>The mean indexed valve area in patients with moderate or severe aortic PPM was 0.66 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>. Echahidi et al found an indexed valve area of 0.53 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> in patients with severe PPM and 0.73 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> in patients with moderate PPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Zorn et al identified a mean valve area of 0.42 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> in patients with severe PPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Otto et al identified a mean of 0.51 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> in patients with severe PPM and 0.73 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> in patients with moderate PPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The indexed valve area in the present study was, therefore, slightly higher than that reported in previous studies, possibly due to the inclusion of moderate and severe PPM in the same group.</p>
<p>The main parameters that determine PPM are the effective valve area and the patient&#x27;s need for greater cardiac output, usually related to the patient&#x27;s size. In the present study, there was no difference in the proportion of mechanical and biological valves between the two groups. However, both the size of the valves used and the effective valve area predicted before surgery were significantly smaller in patients with moderate or severe PPM than in those with mild PPM. Body surface area was not significantly different between the groups. Considering that the diagnosis of PPM is based on the effective valve area indexed to the patient&#x27;s body surface area, this finding differs from that of previous studies reporting that patients with severe PPM have a greater body surface area.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
<p>It is possible that the smaller size of the valves implanted in patients with moderate or severe PPM may have had a greater impact on the diagnosis of PPM. However, as the comparison of body surface area had a p-value of 0.056 and weight, height and BMI were significantly higher in the group with moderate or severe PPM, a possible impact of this variable on the rate of diagnoses cannot be ruled out.</p>
<p>Rheumatic disease as the cause of native valve disease leading to valve replacement had a considerable proportion of 30%, but less than that of degenerative cause. In the study by Otto et al, the prevalence of rheumatic disease in patients with severe PPM was 43.1%, while in the Brazilian study by Oliveira et al it was 29.7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The incidence of rheumatic disease remains high in Brazil, so a high proportion in relation to degenerative disease was expected compared with studies conducted in high-income countries, as shown by Mothy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
<p>The proportion of NYHA functional class II or III was significantly higher in patients with moderate or severe PPM than in those with mild PPM. These data contrast with those described by Vicchio et al, who administered a questionnaire to patients with PPM but did not identify a significant difference in functional class in those with severe PPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Atrial fibrillation was uncommon in the present study, with no significant difference in its proportion between the groups.</p>
<p>Patients with moderate or severe PPM had significantly higher left ventricular septal and myocardial wall thicknesses than those with mild PPM. However, this was not accompanied by a significant difference in the left ventricular mass index. The left ventricular mass index is the mass calculated based on left ventricular wall thicknesses and end-diastolic diameter. The value is corrected for body surface area and defines the existence of ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiogram. Although we cannot state that patients with moderate to severe PPM had left ventricular hypertrophy, the greater myocardial wall thickness suggests a possible consequence.</p>
<p>The absence of a difference in left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters between the two patient groups in the present study was similar to that of the study by Zorn et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The indexed left atrial volume was higher in patients with moderate or severe PPM. A contributing factor could be the association of mitral valve disease prior to aortic valve surgery. However, 3 of the 7 patients with a prosthetic valve in the mitral position due to significant previous mitral valve disease were in the PPMAO2 group, whereas 2 of the 4 patients with moderate mitral insufficiency were in the PPMAO2 group. Another contributing factor could be left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as a result of the greater pressure gradient in the prosthetic aortic valve and the greater myocardial wall thickness. However, left ventricular diastolic function was not analyzed in the present study.</p>
<p>This study has limitations that need to be addressed. As it was a retrospective cohort analysis, the echocardiograms that defined PPM were performed late in relation to the time of surgery. To better characterize PPM, echocardiograms should have been performed a few weeks after patients were discharged from the hospital. Some patients in the study had transvalvular systolic velocity greater than 3.0 m/s. The criteria recommended by the 2009 American Society of Echocardiography guidelines could have been applied to this group,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> which include measurement of acceleration time and analysis of the contour of the velocity curve of continuous-wave Doppler. This analysis was not included in the present study, because patients with a possible diagnosis of prosthetic valve dysfunction had already been excluded from the study. The relatively small sample size was also a limitation.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The rate of moderate or severe PPM in aortic valves was 20%. There was no impact of valve type (biological or mechanical) on the proportion of PPM, but valve size and the effective valve area predicted before surgery were smaller in patients with moderate or severe PPM and may have been determining factors.</p>
<p>Patients with moderate or severe PPM were more symptomatic than those with mild PPM, despite no significant differences in the proportion of atrial fibrillation or left ventricular ejection fraction. The indexed left atrial volume and left ventricular myocardial wall thickness were the echocardiographic variables with significantly higher values in patients with moderate or severe PPM.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Irving Gabriel Ara&#xFA;jo Bispo, from Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp).</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de S&#xE3;o Paulo under the protocol number 20/4820 CAAE 65211317400005505. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Viviane Hotta</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230054</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Aspectos Cl&#xED;nicos e Ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos da Incompatibilidade Paciente-Pr&#xF3;tese em Pacientes com Pr&#xF3;teses Valvares em Posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o A&#xF3;rtica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0107-8104</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bispo</surname><given-names>Irving Gabriel Ara&#xFA;jo</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dado</role>
<role>an&#xE1;lise</role>
<role>interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto</role>
<role>conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Hemerly</surname><given-names>Daniela Fernanda Alli</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto</role>
<role>conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0827-9021</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Kyiose</surname><given-names>Alberto Takeshi</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7507-6338</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Fischer</surname><given-names>Claudio Henrique</given-names></name>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto</role>
<role>conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8952-8474</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Moises</surname><given-names>Valdir Ambrosio</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dado</role>
<role>an&#xE1;lise</role>
<role>interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto</role>
<role>conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#xE3;o Paulo (Unifesp), S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Irving Bispo</bold> &#x2022; Universidade Federal de S&#xE3;o Paulo (Unifesp). Rua Napole&#xE3;o de Barros, 715. CEP: <postal-code>04021-001</postal-code>. Vila Clementino, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brasil E-mail: <email>irvingbispo@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro n&#xE3;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o:</title>
<p>Considera-se incompatibilidade paciente-pr&#xF3;tese (IPP) quando uma pr&#xF3;tese card&#xED;aca apresenta gradiente de press&#xE3;o transprot&#xE9;tico elevado e &#xE1;rea valvar indexada reduzida, mas com funcionamento normal dos discos. A IPP pode causar repercuss&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas e hemodin&#xE2;micas nos pacientes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivo:</title>
<p>Analisar as caracter&#xED;sticas cl&#xED;nicas e ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas da IPP em pacientes com pr&#xF3;tese em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o a&#xF3;rtica.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>M&#xE9;todos:</title>
<p>Foram inclu&#xED;dos pacientes com mais de 18 anos de idade com pr&#xF3;tese valvar biol&#xF3;gica ou mec&#xE2;nica em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o a&#xF3;rtica em acompanhamento desde fevereiro de 2010. A IPP foi considerada discreta se o &#xED;ndice da &#xE1;rea valvar fosse &#x2265; 0,85 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> e grave se &#x2264; 0,65 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>. As vari&#xE1;veis foram comparadas entre os grupos com IPP moderada ou grave (IPPAO2) e IPP discreta (IPPAO1). Valores de p &#x3C; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>Foram inclu&#xED;dos 60 pacientes (36 mulheres) com pr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica (29 biol&#xF3;gicas e 31 mec&#xE2;nicas). Foi diagnosticada IPPAO2 em 12 pacientes (20%) que apresentavam &#xE1;rea valvar m&#xE9;dia de 0,66 cm&#xB2;/m&#xB2; e gradiente m&#xE9;dio de 24 mmHg. A classe funcional II ou III foi mais frequente no grupo IPPAO2 (66,7%) do que no IPPAO1 (20,8%); p&#x3C;0,001. O volume do &#xE1;trio esquerdo (51 &#xB1; 16 mL/m<sup>2</sup> x 40 12 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; p=0,002) e a espessura do septo e da parede do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (10,83 mm x 10 mm; p=0,018) foram maiores no grupo IPPAO2.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclus&#xF5;es:</title>
<p>IPP moderada ou grave ocorreu em 20% dos pacientes. Esses pacientes eram mais sintom&#xE1;ticos e apresentaram volumes do &#xE1;trio esquerdo e da espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo maiores.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>Valva a&#xF3;rtica</kwd>
<kwd>Implante de Pr&#xF3;tese de Valva Card&#xED;aca</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f2">
<caption>
<title>A figura resume as caracter&#xED;sticas hemodin&#xE2;micas das pr&#xF3;teses dos pacientes (caixas de texto) e os principais resultados do estudo (gr&#xE1;ficos de barras). Os 60 pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o padr&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mico das pr&#xF3;teses em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o a&#xF3;rtica: incompatibilidade paciente-pr&#xF3;tese discreta (IPPAO1) e incompatibilidade paciente-pr&#xF3;tese moderada ou grave (IPPAO2). AVAO: &#xE1;rea valvar a&#xF3;rtica; &#x394;P: gradiente de press&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lico transvalvar; Vmax: velocidade sist&#xF3;lica transvalvar m&#xE1;xima; p: signific&#xE2;ncia estat&#xED;stica do teste; a: teste de Mann-Whitney; b: teste t-Student; *: teste exato de Fischer. Os valores das vari&#xE1;veis correspondem &#xE0; m&#xE9;dia ou mediana conforme o tipo de distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o da vari&#xE1;vel e teste realizado.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-04-e20230054-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Cerca de 90 mil pr&#xF3;teses valvares s&#xE3;o implantadas por ano nos Estados Unidos. Embora haja predom&#xED;nio das pr&#xF3;teses biol&#xF3;gicas em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0;s mec&#xE2;nicas, tem-se observado recentemente um aumento expressivo de implante percut&#xE2;neo de biopr&#xF3;teses em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No Brasil, segundo o Departamento de Inform&#xE1;tica do Sistema &#xDA;nico de Sa&#xFA;de (DATASUS), 17,4% das cirurgias cardiovasculares de alta complexidade consistem em implante de pr&#xF3;tese valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Sabe-se que, ap&#xF3;s implante de pr&#xF3;tese valvar, os pacientes com estenose a&#xF3;rtica importante evoluem com melhora cl&#xED;nica e da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular e com aumento da sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Apesar de melhorias no perfil hemodin&#xE2;mico, na durabilidade e nas t&#xE9;cnicas cir&#xFA;rgicas e da redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da trombogenicidade, as pr&#xF3;teses valvares card&#xED;acas ainda est&#xE3;o sujeitas a complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es ou disfun&#xE7;&#xF5;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Outra condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o que pode ocorrer com as pr&#xF3;teses valvares card&#xED;acas &#xE9; a incompatibilidade paciente-pr&#xF3;tese (IPP), tamb&#xE9;m conhecida como <italic>mismatch</italic>, caracterizada por eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos gradientes de press&#xE3;o transprot&#xE9;ticos e redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da &#xE1;rea valvar indexada pela &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie corporal, mas com funcionamento normal dos discos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O diagn&#xF3;stico leva em considera&#xE7;&#xE3;o tanto o desempenho hemodin&#xE2;mico esperado da pr&#xF3;tese quanto as necessidades de d&#xE9;bito card&#xED;aco do paciente, em grande parte relacionados &#xE0; superf&#xED;cie corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O desequil&#xED;brio entre essas duas vari&#xE1;veis &#xE9; o que ocasiona os altos gradientes de press&#xE3;o transprot&#xE9;ticos correspondentes &#xE0; express&#xE3;o inicial da IPP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>A IPP foi descrita e caracterizada inicialmente em 1978 por Rahimtoola.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Diversos estudos foram desenvolvidos com o objetivo de entender a situa&#xE7;&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica e as consequ&#xEA;ncias cl&#xED;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Atualmente, para o diagn&#xF3;stico da IPP em pr&#xF3;teses a&#xF3;rticas, recomenda-se que a &#xE1;rea valvar efetiva seja calculada pelo ecocardiograma com Doppler por meio da equa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de continuidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A IPP tem sido associada a maior mortalidade precoce e tardia ap&#xF3;s troca valvar a&#xF3;rtica, redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da capacidade funcional, aumento da hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca e redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da durabilidade da pr&#xF3;tese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em uma metan&#xE1;lise de 34 estudos com um total de 27.186 pacientes e 133.141 pacientes-ano portadores de pr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica, a IPP moderada ou grave aumentou a mortalidade por todas as causas (raz&#xE3;o de risco, 1,19 e 1,84, respectivamente) e a mortalidade cardiovascular global (raz&#xE3;o de risco, 1,32 e 6,46, respectivamente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<p>No Brasil, diversos tipos e modelos de pr&#xF3;teses s&#xE3;o usados nos pacientes com doen&#xE7;a valvar card&#xED;aca grave que requerem tratamento cir&#xFA;rgico. H&#xE1; pr&#xF3;teses importadas, mas h&#xE1; tamb&#xE9;m pr&#xF3;teses nacionais, principalmente biol&#xF3;gicas. Entretanto, poucos estudos no Brasil abordaram a IPP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A diretriz de doen&#xE7;as valvares card&#xED;acas da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia de 2020 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> cita a IPP como causa de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pr&#xF3;tese valvar, mas n&#xE3;o descreve de forma fidedigna e objetiva os aspectos diagn&#xF3;sticos e as poss&#xED;veis medidas para reduzir ou evitar sua incid&#xEA;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Por outro lado, um documento publicado pela Sociedade Europeia de Imagem Cardiovascular, com participa&#xE7;&#xE3;o do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular, sugere um fluxograma semelhante aos de outras associa&#xE7;&#xF5;es internacionais, mas n&#xE3;o detalha o m&#xE9;todo de obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o da &#xE1;rea valvar para diagn&#xF3;stico de IPP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
<p>Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as caracter&#xED;sticas cl&#xED;nicas e ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas da IPP numa coorte de pacientes com pr&#xF3;tese em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o a&#xF3;rtica.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>M&#xE9;todos</title>
<p>Foram inclu&#xED;dos pacientes de ambos os sexos com mais de 18 anos de idade com pr&#xF3;tese valvar a&#xF3;rtica biol&#xF3;gica ou mec&#xE2;nica em acompanhamento ambulatorial desde fevereiro de 2010, independentemente do n&#xFA;mero de cirurgias pr&#xE9;vias. Todos os pacientes j&#xE1; apresentavam gradientes transvalvares elevados, previamente definidos por ecocardiograma p&#xF3;s-cir&#xFA;rgico, estavam em seguimento ambulatorial regular e possu&#xED;am dados cl&#xED;nicos e da pr&#xF3;tese dispon&#xED;veis. Foram exclu&#xED;dos os pacientes que j&#xE1; tinham disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pr&#xF3;tese comprovada ou cujos dados cl&#xED;nicos e ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos pr&#xE9;vios n&#xE3;o permitiam avaliar a situa&#xE7;&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica da pr&#xF3;tese. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#xEA; de &#xC9;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#xE7;&#xE3;o (CAAE: 65219317.4.0000.5505).</p>
<p>A avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica foi realizada durante consulta ambulatorial em conjunto com an&#xE1;lise do prontu&#xE1;rio eletr&#xF4;nico ou f&#xED;sico, quando dispon&#xED;vel. Foram obtidas e registradas informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es referentes a sexo; idade; &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie corp&#xF3;rea; &#xED;ndice de massa corporal (IMC); antecedentes m&#xE9;dicos, tais como a doen&#xE7;a valvar card&#xED;aca que motivou o implante da pr&#xF3;tese, hipertens&#xE3;o arterial sist&#xEA;mica, diabetes mellitus e fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial; e classe funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA). Com base nas informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es de tipo, marca e tamanho da pr&#xF3;tese registradas nos prontu&#xE1;rios dos pacientes, foi obtida a &#xE1;rea efetiva prevista das pr&#xF3;teses conforme dados da literatura ou do fabricante.</p>
<sec>
<title>Ecocardiograma com Doppler</title>
<p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado com aparelho Vivid 7 (General Eletric) equipado com transdutores de 1 a 5 MHz. Foi utilizada deriva&#xE7;&#xE3;o eletrocardiogr&#xE1;fica simult&#xE2;nea. Os planos de imagem utilizados e a obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o das medidas das quatro cavidades card&#xED;acas, incluindo a espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica do septo e da parede posterior do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, bem como a an&#xE1;lise dos par&#xE2;metros de fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica dos ventr&#xED;culos e das valvas nativas seguiram as recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es recentes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
<p>As pr&#xF3;teses valvares foram analisadas com base nas caracter&#xED;sticas morfol&#xF3;gicas e de mobilidade dos folhetos ou discos. A &#xE1;rea valvar das pr&#xF3;teses foi calculada pela equa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de continuidade e expressa em valores absolutos (cm<sup>2</sup>) e indexados (cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>). Os gradientes de press&#xE3;o m&#xE1;ximo e m&#xE9;dio e a velocidade m&#xE1;xima do fluxo atrav&#xE9;s das pr&#xF3;teses foram avaliados com Doppler cont&#xED;nuo. Quando presentes, os refluxos das pr&#xF3;teses valvares foram analisados pelos m&#xE9;todos recomendados nas diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Foram tamb&#xE9;m analisados o di&#xE2;metro (cm) da veia cava inferior e a velocidade m&#xE1;xima (m/s) do refluxo tric&#xFA;spide.</p>
<p>Levantou-se a suspeita de IPP se o gradiente de press&#xE3;o m&#xE9;dio atrav&#xE9;s da pr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica no ecocardiograma com Doppler de rotina pr&#xE9;vio fosse superior a 20 mmHg na aus&#xEA;ncia de altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es estruturais e de movimento dos discos ou folhetos e de refluxo mais do que discreto. Nos pacientes com suspeita de IPP, um novo ecocardiograma foi realizado para determinar todos os par&#xE2;metros necess&#xE1;rios para confirmar ou excluir o diagn&#xF3;stico. O diagn&#xF3;stico de IPP foi baseado na determina&#xE7;&#xE3;o da &#xE1;rea valvar indexada pela &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie corp&#xF3;rea (cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>). A IPP foi considerada discreta se a &#xE1;rea valvar indexada fosse superior a 0,85 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>, moderada se fosse de 0,65 a 0,85 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> e grave se fosse menor ou igual a 0,65 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>. Para efeito de compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: IPP discreta (IPPAO1) e IPP moderada ou grave (IPPAO2).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</title>
<p>Os dados foram apresentados por meio de an&#xE1;lise descritiva conforme o tipo de distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o da vari&#xE1;vel (normal ou n&#xE3;o). A an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica foi inicialmente feita atrav&#xE9;s das seguintes medidas de resumo: m&#xE9;dia, mediana, valores m&#xED;nimo e m&#xE1;ximo, desvio-padr&#xE3;o e frequ&#xEA;ncias absoluta e relativa (porcentagem). As vari&#xE1;veis cont&#xED;nuas com distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o normal foram descritas em m&#xE9;dia &#xB1; desvio-padr&#xE3;o, e as vari&#xE1;veis cont&#xED;nuas sem distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o normal foram descritas em mediana e intervalo interquartil. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi empregado para verificar a normalidade dos dados. As an&#xE1;lises inferenciais empregadas para comparar as informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es segundo a classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da IPP foram o teste de Mann-Whitney, t-Student para amostras independentes, qui-quadrado de Pearson e extens&#xE3;o do teste exato de Fisher.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Em todas as compara&#xE7;&#xF5;es, foi utilizado um n&#xED;vel de signific&#xE2;ncia estat&#xED;stica de 5%. As an&#xE1;lises estat&#xED;sticas foram realizadas nos programas IBM-SPSS Statistics vers&#xE3;o 24 e R vers&#xE3;o 3.6.3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>Foram inclu&#xED;dos 60 pacientes com pr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica, dos quais 36 (60%) eram mulheres. Vinte e um (35%) pacientes tinham mais de 60 anos, 54 (90%) tinham hipertens&#xE3;o arterial sist&#xEA;mica, 12 (20%) tinham diabetes mellitus e 8 (13%) tinham doen&#xE7;a renal cr&#xF4;nica. Conforme os crit&#xE9;rios adotados, foi diagnosticada IPP moderada ou grave em 12 (20%) pacientes. Conforme esperado, os pacientes do grupo IPPAO2 apresentaram &#xE1;rea valvar absoluta e &#xE1;rea valvar indexada significativamente menores e velocidade sist&#xF3;lica transvalvar m&#xE1;xima e gradientes de press&#xE3;o transvalvares m&#xE1;ximo e m&#xE9;dio significativamente maiores em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao grupo IPPAO1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o das medidas hemodin&#xE2;micas das pr&#xF3;teses a&#xF3;rticas entre pacientes com IPP discreta (IPPAO1) e moderada ou grave (IPPAO2) da valva a&#xF3;rtica</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C18774">
<th align="left" valign="middle">MEDIDA</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" />
<th align="center" valign="middle">IPPAO1</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">IPPAO2</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">N</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">48</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">&#xC1;rea PVAo (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M&#xE9;dia &#xB1;</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,99 0,32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,23 0,34</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&#x3C;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">&#xC1;rea PVAo indexada (cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M&#xE9;dia &#xB1;</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,17 &#xB1; 0,21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,66 &#xB1; 0,18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&#x3C;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">&#x394;P m&#xE1;ximo (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mediana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">Intervalo IQ</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23,4-47,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23,6-51,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">a</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">&#x394;P m&#xE9;dio (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mediana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14,50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23,50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,002&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">Intervalo IQ</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9,4-31,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16,4-31.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Vmax PVAo (m/s)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mediana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2,32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3,33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&#x3C;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">a</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">Intervalo IQ</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,46-2,53</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,46-3,84</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN7">
<label>a</label><p>Mann-Whitney</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN8">
<label>b</label><p>t-Student para amostras independentes; &#x394;P: gradiente de press&#xE3;o; N: n&#xFA;mero de pacientes (mesmo para todas as medidas); IPP: incompatibilidade paciente-pr&#xF3;tese; IQ: interquartil; p: valor de p da compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o estat&#xED;stica entre os grupos; PVAo: pr&#xF3;tese de valva a&#xF3;rtica; Vmax: velocidade m&#xE1;xima do fluxo.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Na &#xE9;poca da realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ecocardiograma, o peso, a altura e o IMC dos 12 pacientes do grupo IPPAO2 eram significativamente maiores do que no grupo IPPAO1, mas n&#xE3;o houve diferen&#xE7;a estatisticamente significativa quanto &#xE0; idade e &#xE0; &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie corp&#xF3;rea entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Caracter&#xED;sticas antropom&#xE9;tricas dos pacientes com IPP discreta (IPP AO1) e moderada ou grave (IPPAO2) da pr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C18774">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#xE1;vel</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" />
<th align="center" valign="middle">IPPAO1</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">IPPAO2</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">N</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">48</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Idade (anos)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mediana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">60,23</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">66,51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,456<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">a</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">Intervalo IQ</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40,0-74,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">47,4-82,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Peso (Kg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M&#xE9;dia &#xB1; DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">69,45 &#xB1; 4,78</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">79,23 &#xB1; 8,91</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&#x3C;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">b</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mediana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">26,71</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">31,45</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&#x3C;0,001&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">Intervalo IQ</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">30,14-32,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">31,4-35,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">ASC (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mediana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,75</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,89</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,056&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">Intervalo IQ</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,73-1,91</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,98-2,08</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Altura (cm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M&#xE9;dia &#xB1; DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">176 &#xB1; 6,45</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">181 &#xB1; 5,78</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,049<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">b</xref></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN9">
<label>a</label><p>Mann-Whitney</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN10">
<label>b</label><p>t-Student para amostras independentes, ASC: &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie corp&#xF3;rea; IMC: &#xED;ndice de massa corporal; IPP: incompatibilidade paciente-pr&#xF3;tese; IQ: interquartil; N: n&#xFA;mero de pacientes (mesmo para todas as vari&#xE1;veis); p: valor de p da compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o estat&#xED;stica; DP: Desvio padr&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>A disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar antes da cirurgia ou do implante respons&#xE1;vel pela indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da cirurgia foi estenose a&#xF3;rtica em 46 (76,6%) pacientes, insufici&#xEA;ncia a&#xF3;rtica em 10 (16,7%) e dupla disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o a&#xF3;rtica em 4 (6,6%). A causa da disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar a&#xF3;rtica foi degenerativa (calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o) em 36 (60%) pacientes, sequela de febre reum&#xE1;tica em 18 (30%), endocardite infecciosa em quatro (6,7%) e valva a&#xF3;rtica bic&#xFA;spide em dois (3,3%). Entre as valvopatias associadas, 14 (23,3%) eram insufici&#xEA;ncia mitral discreta, quatro (6,7%) eram insufici&#xEA;ncia mitral moderada (dois no grupo IPPAO2) e 18 (30%) eram insufici&#xEA;ncia tric&#xFA;spide discreta. Dois (xx%) pacientes tamb&#xE9;m tinham tubo em aorta ascendente, que foi implantado na &#xE9;poca da cirurgia de troca valvar. N&#xE3;o houve diferen&#xE7;a estatisticamente significativa na propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de estenose a&#xF3;rtica pura antes da cirurgia entre o grupo IPPAO1 (37 pacientes [77,1%]) e o IPPAO2 (9 pacientes [75%]) (p = 0,856; teste exato de Fisher). Sete pacientes (11,7%) tinham pr&#xF3;tese em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral, dos quais tr&#xEA;s se encontravam no grupo IPPAO2.</p>
<p>Das 60 pr&#xF3;teses a&#xF3;rticas, 31 eram mec&#xE2;nicas e 29 eram biol&#xF3;gicas, tendo uma sido realizada por implante percut&#xE2;neo. N&#xE3;o houve diferen&#xE7;a estatisticamente significativa na propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pr&#xF3;teses mec&#xE2;nicas entre os grupos; havia 27 pr&#xF3;teses mec&#xE2;nicas (56,3%) no grupo IPPAO1 e oito (66%) no grupo IPPAO2 (p = 0,552; teste exato de Fisher). Tamb&#xE9;m n&#xE3;o houve diferen&#xE7;a estatisticamente significativa na propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pr&#xF3;teses biol&#xF3;gicas entre os grupos: IPPAO1 (41,4%) e IPPAO2 (33,3%) (p = 0,651; teste exato de Fisher). Independentemente do tipo, o tamanho das pr&#xF3;teses implantadas nos pacientes do grupo IPPAO2 (mediana de 23 mm; intervalo interquartil: 23,4-26,7 mm) foi significativamente menor (p=0,0038; teste de Mann-Whitney) do que no grupo IPPAO1 (mediana de 25 mm; intervalo interquartil: 22,2-24,7 mm). A mediana da &#xE1;rea efetiva prevista foi de 1,68 cm<sup>2</sup> (intervalo interquartil: 1,79-2,08 cm<sup>2</sup>) no grupo IPPAO2 e de 2,03 cm<sup>2</sup> (intervalo interquartil: 1,54-1,89 cm<sup>2</sup>) no grupo IPPAO1, com p=0,0013 (teste de Mann-Whitney).</p>
<p>A classe funcional da NYHA foi I em 42 pacientes (70%), II em 13 (21,7%) e III em cinco (8,3%); nenhum paciente estava em classe funcional IV. A propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes em classe funcional II ou III no grupo IPPAO2 (oito pacientes; 66,7%) foi significativamente maior do que no grupo IPPAO1 (10 pacientes; 20,8%) (teste exato de Fisher; p&#x3C;0,001). Identificou-se fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial em sete (14,6%) pacientes do grupo IPPAO1 e em dois (16,7%) do grupo IPPAO2 (p = 0,562; teste exato de Fisher).</p>
<p>O volume indexado do &#xE1;trio esquerdo foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com IPP moderada ou grave do que nos pacientes com IPP discreta. N&#xE3;o houve diferen&#xE7;a estatisticamente significativa nos valores dos di&#xE2;metros diast&#xF3;lico e sist&#xF3;lico, do &#xED;ndice de massa e da fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo entre os dois grupos. No entanto, a espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica foi significativamente maior nos pacientes IPPAO2 do que nos IPPAO1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). As medidas das cavidades direitas n&#xE3;o foram significativamente diferentes entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Nos pacientes IPPAO1, a velocidade m&#xE1;xima do refluxo tric&#xFA;spide (m&#xE9;dia de 2,61 m/s &#xB1; 0,48 m/s) n&#xE3;o foi significativamente diferente em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o aos pacientes IPPAO2 (m&#xE9;dia de 2,38 m/s &#xB1; 0,48 m/s). A Figura Central resume os principais resultados do estudo.</p>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Tabela 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o das medidas ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas das cavidades esquerdas e direitas entre pacientes com IPP discreta (IPPAO1) e moderada ou grave (IPPAO2) da valva a&#xF3;rtica.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C18774">
<th align="left" valign="middle">MEDIDA</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" />
<th align="center" valign="middle">IPPAO1</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">IPPAO 2</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">N</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">48</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">ViAE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mediana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">38,40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">47,40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,002&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">Intervalo IQ</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29,6-84,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43,4-87,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">DdVE (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M&#xE9;dia &#xB1; DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50,42 &#xB1; 5,95</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">52,08 &#xB1; 5,16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,378<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">b</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">DsVE (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mediana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">34,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,394&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">Intervalo IQ</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29,5-51,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29,4-41,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">ESIV (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mediana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,018&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">Intervalo IQ</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9,0-14,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9,0-13,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">EPP (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mediana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,046&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">Intervalo IQ</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10,0-12,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8,0-12,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">IM (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M&#xE9;dia &#xB1; DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">103,98 &#xB1; 24,89</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">121,33 37,91</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,058<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">b</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">FEVE (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mediana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">60,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">56,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,111&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">Intervalo IQ</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">35,0-61,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">41,4-58,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">ViAD (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mediana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,236<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">Intervalo IQ</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19,8-31,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17,8-33,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">DdVD(mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mediana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">25,50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,009&#x1D43;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top">Intervalo IQ</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">21,2-30,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">24,5-31,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">VPAVD (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M&#xE9;dia &#xB1; DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42,96 &#xB1; 8,42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">46,57 &#xB1; 6,72</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,175<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">b</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">ESAT (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M&#xE9;dia &#xB1; DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19,50 &#xB1; 2,90</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20.17 &#xB1; 2,66</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,472<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">b</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">VEAT (cm/s)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M&#xE9;dia &#xB1; DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11,16 &#xB1; 1,57</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11,26 &#xB1; 1,49</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,846<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">b</xref></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN11">
<label>a</label><p>Mann-Whitney</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN12">
<label>b</label><p>t-Student para amostras independentes. DdVE: di&#xE2;metro diast&#xF3;lico do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; DsVE: di&#xE2;metro sist&#xF3;lico do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; EPP: espessura da parede; ESIV: espessura do septo interventricular; ESAT: excurs&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica do anel tric&#xFA;spide lateral; FE: fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o; IM: &#xED;ndice de massa; IPP: incompatibilidade paciente-pr&#xF3;tese; IQ: interquartil; N: n&#xFA;mero de pacientes (mesmo para todas as an&#xE1;lises); p: valor de p da compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o estat&#xED;stica; ViAD: volume indexado do &#xE1;trio direito; ViAE: volume indexado do &#xE1;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#xED;culo direito; VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; VEAT: velocidade de excurs&#xE3;o do anel tric&#xFA;spide; VPAVD: varia&#xE7;&#xE3;o percentual da &#xE1;rea do ventr&#xED;culo direito; FEVE: Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O presente estudo analisou IPP, comprometimento cl&#xED;nico e aspectos estruturais e funcionais &#xE0; ecocardiografia de pacientes com pr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica. Como esperado, devido &#xE0; divis&#xE3;o dos pacientes, houve diferen&#xE7;a significativa na &#xE1;rea valvar, na &#xE1;rea valvar indexada, nos gradientes transvalvares e na velocidade sist&#xF3;lica m&#xE1;xima entre os grupos. Os valores dessas vari&#xE1;veis no presente estudo est&#xE3;o de acordo com o observado em outros estudos. A m&#xE9;dia da velocidade sist&#xF3;lica m&#xE1;xima atrav&#xE9;s da pr&#xF3;tese no presente estudo foi de 3,21 m/s, maior do que no estudo conduzido por Zorn et al., em que foi encontrado um valor de 2,88 m/s na amostra.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O gradiente m&#xE9;dio dos pacientes com IPP moderada ou grave no presente estudo foi de 24,2 mmHg, semelhante ao encontrado por Echahidi et al., que descreveram uma m&#xE9;dia de 25 mmHg em pacientes com IPP grave; no mesmo estudo, a m&#xE9;dia do gradiente foi de 19 mmHg em pacientes com IPP moderada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> No estudo de Otto et al, o gradiente m&#xE9;dio foi de 28 mmHg em pacientes com IPP a&#xF3;rtica grave e de 21 mmHg em pacientes com IPP moderada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>A IPP foi observada em 20% das pr&#xF3;teses a&#xF3;rtica no presente estudo. Achados semelhantes foram observados em outros estudos, como os de Dayan et al e Bonderman et al., que tamb&#xE9;m observaram 20% de IPP em portadores de pr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> 29. Kohsaka et al. encontraram, numa amostra de 469 pacientes, 11% de IPP grave; vale ressaltar que a IPP foi identificada principalmente em pr&#xF3;teses a&#xF3;rticas mec&#xE2;nicas com tamanhos de 19 a 23.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A taxa de diagn&#xF3;stico de IPP poderia diminuir com a reclassifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o baseada no IMC dos pacientes, mas isso n&#xE3;o &#xE9; o que se observa na maioria dos estudos publicados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Vale destacar que oito pacientes do grupo IPPAO2 tinham IMC maior que 30 mg/kg<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>. Essa vari&#xE1;vel foi significativamente maior no grupo IPPAO2; por&#xE9;m, n&#xE3;o foi objetivo do estudo analisar essa outra classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o, e sim os crit&#xE9;rios j&#xE1; consagrados para determinar IPP e sua gravidade.</p>
<p>No presente estudo, o diagn&#xF3;stico de IPP foi realizado com base na medida da &#xE1;rea efetiva de fluxo pela ecocardiografia com Doppler corrigida pela &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie corp&#xF3;rea em pacientes com pr&#xF3;teses valvares a&#xF3;rticas sem evid&#xEA;ncia de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Embora o valor absoluto da &#xE1;rea valvar possa ser usado, a &#xE1;rea valvar indexada pela &#xE1;rea da superf&#xED;cie corp&#xF3;rea do paciente parece ter maior sensibilidade e especificidade, conforme relatado por Hanayama et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
<p>A m&#xE9;dia da &#xE1;rea valvar indexada nos pacientes com IPP a&#xF3;rtica moderada ou grave foi de 0,66 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>. Echahidi et al. encontraram uma &#xE1;rea valvar indexada de 0,53 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> em pacientes com IPP grave e de 0,73 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> em pacientes com IPP moderada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Zorn et al. identificaram uma &#xE1;rea valvar m&#xE9;dia de 0,42 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> em pacientes com IPP grave,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e Otto et al. identificaram uma m&#xE9;dia de 0,51 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> em pacientes com IPP grave e de 0,73 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> em pacientes com IPP moderada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A &#xE1;rea valvar indexada do presente estudo foi, portanto, um pouco maior do que a reportada em estudos pr&#xE9;vios, possivelmente devido &#xE0; inclus&#xE3;o de pacientes com IPP moderada e grave no mesmo grupo.</p>
<p>Os principais par&#xE2;metros que determinam a IPP s&#xE3;o a &#xE1;rea efetiva da pr&#xF3;tese e a necessidade de maior d&#xE9;bito card&#xED;aco do paciente, os quais est&#xE3;o usualmente relacionados ao tamanho do paciente. No presente estudo, n&#xE3;o houve diferen&#xE7;a na propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pr&#xF3;teses mec&#xE2;nicas e biol&#xF3;gicas entre os grupos. Por&#xE9;m, tanto o tamanho das pr&#xF3;teses usadas como a &#xE1;rea efetiva prevista antes da cirurgia foram significativamente menores nos pacientes com IPP moderada ou grave em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o aos pacientes com IPP discreta. A &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie corp&#xF3;rea n&#xE3;o foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos. Considerando que o diagn&#xF3;stico de IPP &#xE9; feito com base na &#xE1;rea efetiva da pr&#xF3;tese indexada pela &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie corp&#xF3;rea do paciente, esse achado &#xE9; diferente do encontrado em outros estudos que mostraram que pacientes com IPP grave possuem maior &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie corp&#xF3;rea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
<p>Assim, &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel que o menor tamanho das pr&#xF3;teses implantadas nos pacientes do grupo com IPP moderada ou grave tenha tido maior impacto no diagn&#xF3;stico de IPP. Entretanto, como o valor de p da compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o da &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie corp&#xF3;rea foi de 0,056, e tanto o peso como a altura e o IMC foram significativamente maiores no grupo com IPP moderada ou grave, n&#xE3;o se pode afastar um poss&#xED;vel impacto dessa vari&#xE1;vel no percentual de diagn&#xF3;stico.</p>
<p>A doen&#xE7;a reum&#xE1;tica como causa da doen&#xE7;a valvar nativa que levou &#xE0; troca valvar apresentou uma propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o significativa de 30%, mas menor do que a da causa degenerativa. No estudo de Otto et al., a preval&#xEA;ncia de doen&#xE7;a reum&#xE1;tica em pacientes com IPP grave foi de 43,1%, enquanto no estudo de Oliveira et al, realizado no Brasil, foi de 29,7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A incid&#xEA;ncia de doen&#xE7;a reum&#xE1;tica continua alta no Brasil; portanto, era esperada uma propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o mais alta em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; doen&#xE7;a degenerativa em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o a estudos realizados em pa&#xED;ses desenvolvidos, como mostrado por Mohty et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
<p>A propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de classe funcional II ou III foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com IPP moderada e grave do que nos com IPP discreta. Esses dados contrastam com o descrito por Vicchio et al., que aplicaram um question&#xE1;rio em pacientes com IPP, mas n&#xE3;o identificaram diferen&#xE7;a significativa na classe funcional daqueles com IPP grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> A fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial foi pouco frequente no presente estudo e n&#xE3;o houve diferen&#xE7;a significativa na propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre os grupos.</p>
<p>Os pacientes com IPP a&#xF3;rtica moderada ou grave apresentaram espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica do septo e da parede livre do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo significativamente maior do que os pacientes com IPP discreta. Por&#xE9;m, isso n&#xE3;o foi acompanhado de diferen&#xE7;a significativa no &#xED;ndice de massa do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo. O &#xED;ndice de massa do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo &#xE9; a massa calculada com base na espessura das paredes e no di&#xE2;metro diast&#xF3;lico do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo. O valor &#xE9; corrigido pela &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie corp&#xF3;rea e define a exist&#xEA;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular ao ecocardiograma. Embora n&#xE3;o se possa afirmar que os pacientes com IPP moderada ou grave tinham hipertrofia do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, a maior espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica sugere uma poss&#xED;vel consequ&#xEA;ncia.</p>
<p>A aus&#xEA;ncia de diferen&#xE7;a nos di&#xE2;metros diast&#xF3;lico e sist&#xF3;lico do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo entre os grupos no presente estudo foi semelhante ao estudo de Zorn et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O volume indexado do &#xE1;trio esquerdo foi maior no grupo com IPP moderada ou grave. Um fator que poderia ter contribu&#xED;do para esse resultado &#xE9; a associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de doen&#xE7;a da valva mitral pr&#xE9;via &#xE0; cirurgia da valva a&#xF3;rtica. Entretanto, dos sete pacientes com pr&#xF3;tese em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral por doen&#xE7;a mitral pr&#xE9;via significativa, tr&#xEA;s eram do grupo IPPAO2, enquanto dos quatro pacientes com insufici&#xEA;ncia mitral moderada, dois eram do grupo IPPAO2. Outro fator poderia ser a disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo como consequ&#xEA;ncia do gradiente de press&#xE3;o mais elevado na pr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica e da maior espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica. Entretanto, a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo n&#xE3;o foi analisada no presente estudo.</p>
<p>Algumas limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es do estudo devem ser apontadas. Por ser uma an&#xE1;lise de coorte retrospectiva, os ecocardiogramas que definiram a IPP foram realizados tardiamente em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao momento cir&#xFA;rgico. Para melhor caracteriza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da IPP, os ecocardiogramas deveriam ter sido realizados ap&#xF3;s algumas semanas da alta da interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o cir&#xFA;rgica dos pacientes. Alguns pacientes do estudo apresentaram velocidade do fluxo sist&#xF3;lico transprot&#xE9;tico superior a 3,0 m/s. Nesses pacientes, poderiam ter sido aplicados os crit&#xE9;rios recomendados pela diretriz da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia de 2009<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>, que incluem medida do tempo de acelera&#xE7;&#xE3;o e an&#xE1;lise do contorno da curva de fluxo do Doppler cont&#xED;nuo. Essa an&#xE1;lise n&#xE3;o foi inclu&#xED;da no presente estudo, pois os pacientes com poss&#xED;vel diagn&#xF3;stico de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o da pr&#xF3;tese j&#xE1; tinham sido exclu&#xED;dos do estudo. O n&#xFA;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes na amostra analisada tamb&#xE9;m constitui uma limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O percentual de IPP moderada ou grave de pr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica foi de 20%. O tipo da pr&#xF3;tese (biol&#xF3;gica ou mec&#xE2;nica) n&#xE3;o influenciou a propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de IPP, mas o tamanho e a &#xE1;rea efetiva prevista da pr&#xF3;tese antes da cirurgia foram menores nos pacientes com IPP moderada ou grave e podem ter sido fatores determinantes.</p>
<p>Os pacientes com IPP moderada ou grave apresentaram mais sintomas do que os com IPP discreta, apesar de n&#xE3;o ter sido detectada diferen&#xE7;a significativa na propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial e na fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo. O volume indexado do &#xE1;trio esquerdo e a espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo foram as vari&#xE1;veis ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas significativamente maiores nos pacientes com IPP a&#xF3;rtica moderada ou grave.</p>
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<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o Acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo &#xE9; parte de disserta&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Mestrado de Irving Gabriel Ara&#xFA;jo Bispo pela Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp).</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xC9;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#xEA; de &#xC9;tica da Universidade Federal de S&#xE3;o Paulo sob o n&#xFA;mero de protocolo 20/4820 CAAE 65211317400005505. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#xE3;o de acordo com a Declara&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#xED;dos no estudo.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8"><p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Viviane Hotta</p></fn>
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