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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230074i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230074i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Decoding the Diagnostic Dilemmas of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Applying the Universal Definition for Enhanced Diagnosis Standardization</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0031-335X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Hortegal</surname><given-names>Renato A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Renato A. Hortegal</bold> &#x2022; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal code: <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>. Vila Mariana, S&#xE3;o Paulo &#x2013; SP, Brazil. E-mail: <email>renato.hortegal@dantepazzanese.org.br</email></corresp></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>02</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230074</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Diastolic</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Function Tests</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="29"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<p>Heart Failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to meet the metabolic demands of the body at normal level of filling pressures, whether at rest or while exercising.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Traditionally, HF is classified based on the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), which measures the percentage of the left ventricular end diastolic volume ejected during each contraction. Whereas a normal LVEF is established as &#x2265;50%, it is worth noting that approximately half of all HF patients display values within this normal range.</p>
<p>HF with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) and HF with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) are distinct diseases characterized by different underlying mechanisms, diagnostic workup and treatment approaches.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Moreover, diagnosing HFpEF in clinical practice is often more challenging due to the lack of standardized criteria in clinical trials and guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> as well as complexities arising from the heterogeneity of the HFpEF syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In an attempt to standardize the diagnosis of HF, a universal definition and classification of HF were proposed,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> encompassing the diverse spectrum of HF phenotypes based on LVEF.</p>
<p>According to this guideline, a diagnosis of HF requires the presence of past or current symptoms and/or signs of HF caused by structural/functional cardiac abnormalities and corroborated by at least one of the following: 1) elevated natriuretic peptides (NP); or 2) objective evidence of cardiogenic pulmonary or systemic congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nevertheless, how can we apply these universal HF criteria to the unique intricacies of diagnosing HFpEF?</p>
<sec>
<title>Implementing the Universal Definition of HF for HFpEF Diagnosis</title>
<p>The clinical diagnosis of HFpEF is straightforward when a patient presents with typical symptoms and signs of left and/or right congestive HF with LVEF &#x2265;50%, along with echocardiography abnormalities and elevated NP.</p>
<p>However, patients with HFpEF may not display this classical HF presentation. Indeed, a significant proportion of patients (&#x223C;50%) will only display symptoms during exertion, without current or previous evidence of fluid overload on clinical examination or prior hospitalization for decompensated HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). This exercise-induced left atrial hypertension phenotype makes diagnosis challenging in clinical practice, with the Framingham criteria showing limited sensitivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Applying the Criteria of Universal Definition of HF for HFpEF diagnosis. HFpEF: HF with Preserved Ejection Fraction; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; RHC: right heart catheterization; PAWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230074-gf01.tif"/></fig>
<p>Moreover, some HFpEF patients may lack detectable structural abnormalities in imaging studies. For instance, Ho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> found that in a cohort of 243 patients with an invasive diagnosis of HFpEF, 59% lacked left atrial enlargement, 73% lacked LV hypertrophy, and 29% had no abnormalities in resting echocardiography. Similarly, functional abnormalities may not be evident, leading to low sensitivity of these features for HFpEF diagnosis.</p>
<p>Elevated NP are commonly observed in patients with HFpEF, as demonstrated in the DELIVER trial, where the median NT-proBNP was 1011 pg/mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, it is important to note that patients with HFpEF can definitely display normal NP levels, yet they still face a threefold increase in mortality rates compared to patients without HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>In such cases, the guideline recommends investigating objective evidence of cardiogenic pulmonary or systemic congestion using diagnostic modalities such as chest radiography or elevated filling pressures on echocardiography, or even invasive hemodynamic measurements (e.g., pulmonary artery catheter) at rest or during exercise.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Echocardiographic Assesment of Diastolic Dysfunction to Diagnose HFpEF</title>
<p>Echocardiography is the main diagnostic tool for evaluating patients suspected of having HFpEF. Nonetheless, what the current evidence-based arguments support the predictive capabilities of echocardiographic parameters and its diastolic indexes in assessing cardiac filling pressures or establishing a formal diagnosis of HFpEF?</p>
<p>In 2016, the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) jointly updated their recommendations, combining the best evidence with expert opinions, and endorsed the algorithm &#x201C;B&#x201D; for assessing filling pressures. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that, despite this endorsement, at least three significant studies showed conflicting results regarding the performance of the ASE 2016 algorithm to predict filling pressures,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> raising concerns about its external validity.</p>
<p>Initially, HFpEF was described as &#x201C;diastolic HF,&#x201D; but this terminology is no longer recommended. While echocardiography remains as a key diagnostic tool for assessing HFpEF, it is crucial to recognize that diastolic dysfunction observed on echocardiography is not specific or sufficient for making an HFpEF diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>One of the main echocardiography parameters used is the E/e&#x2019; ratio, which is associated with mean left atrial pressure. Bovenkamp et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> demonstrated that E/e&#x2019; &#x3E;9 had sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 59%, whereas a cut of E/e&#x2019;&#x3E;14 had lower sensitivity (38%), but higher specificity (89%). However, the reliability of the E/e&#x2019; ratio may be compromised in various clinical scenarios, including mitral annulus calcification, conduction delay, regional wall motion abnormalities, and high output state.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>In the diastolic stress test during exercise, the measurement of E/e&#x2019; may be challenging, with approximately 20% being unfeasible during peak exercise and a false-positive rate at approximately 29%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>Left atrial reservoir strain (LArS) is a promising parameter for HFpEF diagnosis. LArS &#x2264;18% or &#x2264;24% is associated with increased filling pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, this parameter, along with other new parameters derived from speckle tracking<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> demand further research to evaluate its performance in less selected populations.</p>
<p>Using the recently proposed H<sub>2</sub>FPEF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and HFA-PEFF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> scores for suspected HFpEF can be valuable in balancing clinical, echocardiographic, and NP parameters in the diagnostic workup (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score, proposed by the Mayo Clinic group in 2018, provides a probability of HFpEF for individuals with unexplained dyspnea and has been validated using invasive measurements of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PAWP). It is important to note that the prevalence of HFpEF in this study population was 64%, which may lead to selection bias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Current recommendations for the diagnostic approach of patients with suspected HFpEF. HFpEF: Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction; *Exercise Test encompasses both Diastolic Stress Echocardiography and Exercise RHC. <sup>&#x26;</sup>Preload Challenge refers either to infusion of normal saline or passive leg raising maneuver during RHC</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230074-gf02.tif"/></fig>
<p>In 2019, the European Society of Cardiology published a consensus recommendation proposing a stepwise approach to evaluate patients with suspected HFpEF. After excluding other conditions that may mimic HFpEF in the pre-test assessment (Step &#x201C;P&#x201D;), they suggested a scoring system (Step &#x201C;E&#x201D;) to classify patients as having low, intermediate, or high probability of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This scoring system was subsequently prospectively validated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
<p>While validation studies generally demonstrate good overall performance for both score systems, some inaccuracies have been identified. For example, false negative rates of 25% (23 out of 91 cases) and 28% (14 out of 50 cases) were reported for patients classified as low probability (score) or 1) by HFAPEFF and H<sub>2</sub>FPEF, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<p>Furthermore, recent data suggest that applying these scores to less selected populations may result in high prevalence of intermediate scores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> requiring additional tests such as exercise right heart catheterization (RHC).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Exercise RHC for the Diagnosis of HFpEF</title>
<p>Exercise RHC is the gold standard for diagnosing HFpEF as it directly measures PAWP. In reference centers, simultaneous measurement of VO<sub>2</sub> (Invasive CardioPulmonary Test) allows estimation of the kinetics of all components of the Fick equation through the different stages of exercise.</p>
<p>A PAWP &#x2265;15mmHg at rest or &#x2265;25mmHg during exercise defines HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Additionally, the increase in PAWP indexed to change in cardiac output (PAWP slope/Cardiac Output&#x3E;2) has been proposed as a diagnostic criterion to define HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
<p>However, conducting RHC requires a complex setup and demands specialized expertise for data acquisition and interpretation. Moreover, there are notable variations in protocols (upright vs. supine) and standardization methods for measuring PAWP, such as the reference point (mid-A wave end of expiration vs. mean during the respiratory cycle).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
<p>Despite those limitations, exercise RHC is a highly accurate approach to fulfill the criteria for objective evidence of pulmonary congestion as stipulated by the universal definition of HF. Furthermore, it not only provides insights into the mechanisms underlying exercise limitation, but also enables prognostication of patients diagnosed with HFpEF.</p>
</sec></body>
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<name><surname>Wooster</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bailey</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<etal/></person-group>
<article-title>Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure Patterns During Exercise Predict Exercise Capacity and Incident Heart Failure</article-title>
<source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<elocation-id>e004750</elocation-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004750</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Eisman AS, Shah RV, Dhakal BP, Pappagianopoulos PP, Wooster L, Bailey C, et al. Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure Patterns During Exercise Predict Exercise Capacity and Incident Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2018;11(5):e004750. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004750.</mixed-citation></ref>
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<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Pagnamenta</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Azzola</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Beghetti</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lador</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<collab>On Behalf Of The Swiss Society Of Pulmonary Hypertension</collab></person-group>
<article-title>Invasive Haemodynamic Evaluation of the Pulmonary Circulation in Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
<source>Swiss Med Wkly</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>147</volume>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230074</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Decodificando os Dilemas Diagn&#xF3;sticos da Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca com Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o Preservada: Aplicando a Defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o Universal para uma Melhor Padroniza&#xE7;&#xE3;o Diagn&#xF3;stica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0031-335X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Hortegal</surname><given-names>Renato A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Renato A. Hortegal</bold> &#x2022; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP: <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>. Vila Mariana, S&#xE3;o Paulo &#x2013; SP, Brasil. E-mail: <email>renato.hortegal@dantepazzanese.org.br</email></corresp></author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca Diast&#xF3;lica</kwd>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca</kwd>
<kwd>Testes de Fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o Card&#xED;aca</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<p>A Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca (IC) &#xE9; uma s&#xED;ndrome cl&#xED;nica caracterizada pela incapacidade do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atender as demandas metab&#xF3;licas do corpo, seja em repouso ou durante o exerc&#xED;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tradicionalmente, a classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da IC se baseia na fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (FEVE), a qual mede a porcentagem do volume diast&#xF3;lico final do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo ejetado a cada contra&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Enquanto uma FEVE normal &#xE9; estabelecida em &#x2265;50%, vale notar que aproximadamente metade dos pacientes com IC apresentam valores dentro deste intervalo de normalidade.</p>
<p>A IC com Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o Preservada (ICFEp) e a IC com Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o Reduzida (ICFEr) s&#xE3;o doen&#xE7;as diferentes caracterizadas por mecanismos subjacentes distintos, assim como abordagens diagn&#xF3;sticas e terap&#xEA;uticas tamb&#xE9;m diferentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso, o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEp &#xE9; mais desafiador na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica devido a falta de crit&#xE9;rios padronizados em estudos cl&#xED;nicos e diretrizes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> assim como pelas complexidades advindas da heterogeneidade da s&#xED;ndrome da ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Na tentativa de padronizar o diagn&#xF3;stico de IC, uma defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o universal e uma classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de IC foram propostas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> cobrindo o espectro diversificado dos fen&#xF3;tipos da IC com base na FEVE.</p>
<p>De acordo com essa diretriz, o diagn&#xF3;stico de IC requer a presen&#xE7;a de sintomas e/ou sinais de IC, pregressos ou atuais causados por anormalidades card&#xED;acas estruturais/funcionais e corroborados por pelo menos um dos seguintes: 1) valores elevados de pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos; ou 2) evid&#xEA;ncia objetiva de congest&#xE3;o pulmonar ou sist&#xEA;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>No entanto, como podemos aplicar esses crit&#xE9;rios universais de IC &#xE0;s complexidades &#xFA;nicas do diagn&#xF3;stico da ICFEp?</p>
<sec>
<title>Aplicando a Defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o Universal de IC para Diagnosticar a ICFEp</title>
<p>O diagn&#xF3;stico cl&#xED;nico de ICFEP &#xE9; simples quando um paciente apresenta sintomas e sinais t&#xED;picos de IC congestiva esquerda e/ou direita com FEVE &#x2265;50%, juntamente com altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas t&#xED;picas e n&#xED;veis elevados de pet&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos.</p>
<p>No entanto, pacientes com ICFEp podem n&#xE3;o demonstrar esta apresenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xE1;ssica da IC. Na realidade, uma propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o significativa dos pacientes (&#x223C;50%) s&#xF3; apresentar&#xE1; sintomas durante o esfor&#xE7;o, sem evid&#xEA;ncias atuais ou pr&#xE9;vias de hipervolemia ao exame cl&#xED;nico ou hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o pr&#xE9;via por IC descompensada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Este fen&#xF3;tipo de hipertens&#xE3;o atrial esquerda induzida por exerc&#xED;cio torna o diagn&#xF3;stico desafiador na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica, com os crit&#xE9;rios de Framingham mostrando sensibilidade limitada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Aplicando os Crit&#xE9;rios de Defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o Universal da Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca para o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEp. ICFEp: Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca com Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o Preservada; IC: Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca; POAP: Press&#xE3;o de Oclus&#xE3;o da Art&#xE9;ria Pulmonar.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230074-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Al&#xE9;m disso, alguns pacientes com ICFEp podem n&#xE3;o apresentar anormalidades estruturais detect&#xE1;veis em estudos de imagem. Ho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> relataram uma coorte de 243 pacientes com diagn&#xF3;stico invasivo de ICFEp, onde 59% n&#xE3;o apresentaram dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o no &#xE1;trio esquerdo, 73% n&#xE3;o tinham evid&#xEA;ncia de hipertrofia no ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, e 29% n&#xE3;o apresentavam quaisquer anormalidades no ecocardiograma de repouso. Da mesma forma, altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es funcionais podem n&#xE3;o ser evidentes ao exame de repouso, levando &#xE0; baixa sensibilidade no diagn&#xF3;stico da ICFEp.</p>
<p>Altos n&#xED;veis de pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos costumam ser observados em pacientes com ICFEp, como no estudo DELIVER, no qual a mediana de NT-proBNP foi de 1011 pg/mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Contudo, &#xE9; importante notar que pacientes com ICFEP podem definitivamente apresentar n&#xED;veis absolutamente normais de pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos, apesar de apresentarem uma mortalidade tr&#xEA;s vezes maior em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com pacientes sem IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nesses casos, a diretriz recomenda que a evid&#xEA;ncia objetiva de congest&#xE3;o cardiog&#xEA;nica pulmonar ou sist&#xEA;mica seja investigada com modalidades diagn&#xF3;sticas como radiografia ou a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o das press&#xF5;es de enchimento pelo ecocardiograma. Pode-se considerar ainda a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica invasiva (cateter de art&#xE9;ria pulmonar) em repouso ou durante o exerc&#xED;cio.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o Diast&#xF3;lica no Ecocardiograma para Diagnosticar a ICFEp</title>
<p>O ecocardiograma &#xE9; a principal ferramenta diagn&#xF3;stica inicial para avaliar indiv&#xED;duos com suspeita de ICFEp. No entanto, quais seriam os argumentos atuais baseados em evid&#xEA;ncias que apoiam as capacidades preditivas da ecocardiografia e seus &#xED;ndices diast&#xF3;licos na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o das press&#xF5;es de enchimento do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o ou mesmo no estabelecimento de um diagn&#xF3;stico formal de ICFEp?</p>
<p>Em 2016, a Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (ASE) e a Associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o Europeia de Imagem Cardiovascular (EACVI), juntas, atualizaram suas recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es reunindo as melhores evid&#xEA;ncias com a opini&#xE3;o de especialistas, e propuseram o algoritmo &#x201C;B&#x201D; para avaliar as press&#xF5;es de enchimento. Apesar disso, vale ressaltar que pelo menos tr&#xEA;s estudos significativos mostraram resultados conflitantes com rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao desempenho do algoritmo ASE 2016 para prever as press&#xF5;es de enchimento,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> levantando quest&#xF5;es sobre sua validade externa.</p>
<p>Inicialmente, a ICFEp foi descrita como &#x201C;IC diast&#xF3;lica&#x201D;, mas esta terminologia n&#xE3;o &#xE9; mais recomendada. Enquanto o ecocardiograma continua sendo uma ferramenta diagn&#xF3;stica essencial para avaliar a ICFEp, &#xE9; importante reconhecer que a disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica observada no ecocardiograma n&#xE3;o &#xE9; espec&#xED;fica nem suficiente para fazer um diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Um dos principais par&#xE2;metros ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos utilizados &#xE9; a raz&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019;, que est&#xE1; associado &#xE0; press&#xE3;o m&#xE9;dia do &#xE1;trio esquerdo. Van de Bovenkamp et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> demonstraram que E/e&#x2019;&#x3E;9 tinha sensibilidade de 78% e especificidade de 59%, enquanto um corte de E/e&#x2019;&#x3E;14 tinha menor sensibilidade (38%), mas maior especificidade (89%). Por&#xE9;m, a acur&#xE1;cia da raz&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019; pode estar comprometida em v&#xE1;rios cen&#xE1;rios cl&#xED;nicos, incluindo a calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do anel mitral, atraso de condu&#xE7;&#xE3;o, altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es da contra&#xE7;&#xE3;o segmentar, e estados de alto d&#xE9;bito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>No teste de estresse diast&#xF3;lico com exerc&#xED;cio, a medida da raz&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019; pode ser desafiadora; em aproximadamente 20% dos casos &#xE9; invi&#xE1;vel durante o pico do exerc&#xED;cio, e a taxa de falsos positivos &#xE9; de aproximadamente 29%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>O strain de reservat&#xF3;rio do &#xE1;trio esquerdo &#xE9; um par&#xE2;metro promissor para o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEp. Quando &#x2264;18% ou &#x2264;24%, est&#xE1; associado ao aumento nas press&#xF5;es de enchimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Por&#xE9;m, tanto este par&#xE2;metro quanto outros derivados de <italic>speckle tracking</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> requerem estudos adicionais para avaliar seu desempenho em popula&#xE7;&#xF5;es menos selecionadas.</p>
<p>O uso dos rec&#xE9;m-propostos escores H<sub>2</sub>FPEF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e HFA-PEFF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> para avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes com suspeita de ICFEp pode ser valioso para uma avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o ponderada considerando par&#xE2;metros cl&#xED;nicos, ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos e de pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos durante o processo diagn&#xF3;stico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). O escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF, proposto pelo grupo da Mayo Clinic em 2018, &#xE9; capaz de oferecer a probabilidade de ICFEp para indiv&#xED;duos com dispneia a esclarecer utilizando um algoritmo validado atrav&#xE9;s de medidas invasivas da press&#xE3;o capilar pulmonar (POAP). &#xC9; importante notar que a preval&#xEA;ncia de ICFEP na popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo foi 64%, o que pode ocasionar vi&#xE9;s de sele&#xE7;&#xE3;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es atuais para a abordagem diag&#xF3;stica de pacientes com suspeita de ICFEp. ICFEp: Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca com Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o Preservada; *O Teste com Exerc&#xED;cio inclui tanto o Ecocardiograma de Estresse Diast&#xF3;lico quanto o Cateterismo Card&#xED;aco Direito com Exerc&#xED;cio. <sup>&#x26;</sup>O Desafio de Pr&#xE9;-Carga refere-se &#xE0; infus&#xE3;o de soro fisiol&#xF3;gico ou &#xE0; manobra de eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o passiva dos membros inferiores durante o Cateterismo Card&#xED;aco Direito.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230074-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Em 2019, a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia publicou uma recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o propondo uma abordagem passo a passo para avaliar pacientes com suspeita de ICFEp. Ap&#xF3;s uma avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o pr&#xE9;-teste (Passo &#x201C;P&#x201D;) para excluir outras condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es que possam mimetizar a ICFEp, aplica-se um sistema de pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o (Passo &#x201C;E&#x201D;) para classificar pacientes em probabilidade baixa, intermedi&#xE1;ria e alta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Este sistema de pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o foi validado prospectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
<p>Enquanto os estudos de valida&#xE7;&#xE3;o demonstram o bom desempenho geral de ambos os sistemas de pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o, algumas imprecis&#xF5;es foram identificadas. Por exemplo, taxas de falso negativo de 25% (23 de 91 casos) e 28% (14 de 50 casos) foram relatados em pacientes com baixa probabilidade (escore 0 ou 1) pelo HFA-PEFF e H<sub>2</sub>FPEF, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<p>Al&#xE9;m disso, dados recentes sugerem que a aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o desses sistemas de pontua&#xE7;&#xF5;es em popula&#xE7;&#xF5;es menos selecionadas pode resultar em alta preval&#xEA;ncia de escores intermedi&#xE1;rios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> o que leva &#xE0; necessidade de mais testes, como o cateterismo card&#xED;aco direito com exerc&#xED;cio.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Cateterismo Card&#xED;aco Direito durante o Exerc&#xED;cio para Diagnosticar a ICFEp</title>
<p>O cateterismo card&#xED;aco direito durante o exerc&#xED;cio &#xE9; o padr&#xE3;o-ouro para diagnosticar ICFEp, j&#xE1; que mede diretamente a POAP. Em centros de refer&#xEA;ncia, o monitoramento simult&#xE2;neo do VO<sub>2</sub> (Teste Cardiopulmonar Invasivo) permite estimar a cin&#xE9;tica de todos os componentes da equa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Fick ao longo das diferentes fases do protocolo de exerc&#xED;cio.</p>
<p>A POAP &#x2265;15mmHg em repouso ou &#x2265;25mmHg durante o exerc&#xED;cio define a ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso, o aumento da POAP indexada &#xE0; varia&#xE7;&#xE3;o no d&#xE9;bito card&#xED;aco (slope POAP/D&#xE9;bito Card&#xED;aco&#x3E;2) foi proposto como crit&#xE9;rio diagn&#xF3;stico para definir a ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
<p>Por&#xE9;m, conduzir o cateterismo card&#xED;aco direito requer uma estrutura complexa e expertise para aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados. Al&#xE9;m disso, h&#xE1; varia&#xE7;&#xF5;es nos protocolos (vertical vs. supino) e m&#xE9;todos de padroniza&#xE7;&#xE3;o para mensurar a POAP, como por exemplo o ponto de refer&#xEA;ncia (onda A ao final da expira&#xE7;&#xE3;o vs. m&#xE9;dia durante o ciclo respirat&#xF3;rio).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
<p>Apesar dessas limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es, o cateterismo card&#xED;aco direito durante o exerc&#xED;cio &#xE9; uma abordagem muito precisa para cumprir o crit&#xE9;rio de evid&#xEA;ncia objetiva de congest&#xE3;o pulmonar, conforme estipulado pela defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o universal de IC. Al&#xE9;m disso, pode-se entender os diferentes mecanismos envolvidos na limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o da capacidade de exerc&#xED;cio, bem como determinar o progn&#xF3;stico de pacientes diagnosticados com ICFEp.</p>
</sec></body></sub-article>
</article>
