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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230069i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230069i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Diagnostic Accuracy of the Coronary Calcium Score Acquired with Reduced Radiation Dose and Iterative Reconstruction</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6249-8531</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carnaval</surname><given-names>Daniela Rodrigues</given-names></name> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>Statistical analysis</role> <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8513-5281</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Liebl</surname><given-names>Adriano</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0095-9049</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Miguel Morita Fernandes</given-names></name> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>Statistical analysis</role> <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2377-6987</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Sartori</surname><given-names>Bruno Marques</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9397-0799</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Couto</surname><given-names>Caio Nogara de Menezes</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-9498-7027</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Gabriel Bergonse Garaluz da</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-8483-8916</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Vazzoler</surname><given-names>&#xCD;talo Gabriel Beltrame</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-7196-6437</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Medeiros</surname><given-names>Vin&#xED;cius Maksoud</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3913-7181</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cerci</surname><given-names>Rodrigo Julio</given-names></name> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>Statistical analysis</role> <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#xF3;rdia de Curitiba</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#xF3;rdia de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#xED;cia Universidade Cat&#xF3;lica do Paran&#xE1;</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Pontif&#xED;cia Universidade Cat&#xF3;lica do Paran&#xE1;, Curitiba, PR &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#xED;nica Quanta Diagn&#xF3;stico e Terapia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Cl&#xED;nica Quanta Diagn&#xF3;stico e Terapia, Curitiba, PR &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Adriano Liebl</bold> &#x2022; Pontif&#xED;cia Universidade Cat&#xF3;lica do Paran&#xE1;. R. Imaculada Concei&#xE7;&#xE3;o, 1155. Postal code: <postal-code>80215-901</postal-code>. Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR &#x2013; Brazil. E-mail: <email>adriano_liebl@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by">
<p>Editor responsible for the review: Tiago Senra</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>02</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230069</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>15</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>29</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>04</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>The calcium score is an imaging test used to evaluate cardiovascular risk by detecting coronary artery calcification (CAC). However, exposure to ionizing radiation during computed tomography (CT) has been a concern.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objective:</title>
<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate radiation dose and the diagnostic quality of the calcium score using reduced tube voltage and iterative image reconstruction.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>This was a cross-sectional, observational study with patients over 18 years of age. Patients with previous coronary artery disease and patients who declined to participate were excluded. We acquired calcium score twice (120 kV and 100 kV) with different iterative reconstruction techniques. Two professionals interpreted the exams.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>We evaluated 153 patients, and the reduction in radiation dose between acquisitions with 120 kV and 100 kV was 43%. The agreement of the degree of CAC between the different acquisitions was high, ranging from 93.9% to 96.2%. In Bland-Altman analysis, we observed a slight overestimation of the results in the acquisition with 100 kV compared to the acquisition with 120 kV.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>Calcium score acquired at 100 kV using Iterative Model Reconstruction (IMR) iterative reconstruction resulted in a significant reduction in radiation dose. Furthermore, agreement with acquisition at 120 kV was high, indicating that this approach may be a viable alternative to decrease radiation exposure during calcium score testing. However, it is important to underscore the slight overestimation of the results in the acquisition with 100 kV, which must be considered in the clinical interpretation.</p>
</sec></abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Vascular Calcification</kwd>
<kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
<kwd>Radiation Dosage</kwd>
<kwd>Tomography</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="4"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="19"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Cardiovascular diseases represent one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with approximately 17.3 million deaths per year; of these deaths, 7.3 million are associated with coronary atherosclerotic disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>The use of diagnostic imaging methods for earlier detection of coronary atherosclerotic disease has intensified in recent years. Some of these methods use ionizing radiation, raising concerns regarding their possible side effects. Ionizing radiation can cause biological damage to those who are exposed to it. The damage is classified into 2 categories: stochastic and deterministic effects. The stochastic effects occur proportionally to the radiation dose received, without the existence of a threshold, and they are related to the development of cancer and genetic mutations, being the main cause of health risks resulting from radiation. Deterministic effects are caused by the total radiation that a patient receives during a procedure, so that tissue damage is caused at the focus of radiation that is not compensated by cellular repair, which generates damage, such as skin lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Accordingly, means of reducing the effective radiation dose in these exams have become the focus of research by professionals in the fields of cardiology and radiology worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>The calcium score is a cardiovascular diagnostic imaging test that uses ionizing radiation in its acquisition. It is indicated for cardiovascular risk stratification, detecting the degree of coronary artery calcification (CAC), a pathognomonic sign of coronary atherosclerotic disease, by means of cardiac computed tomography (CT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The radiation dose used to obtain the calcium score is usually low, around 0.9 to 1.3 millisieverts, but it may pose a risk to the health of patients if it is used more widely as a screening tool for cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Image quality and radiation dose are positively related. Reducing the dose leads to a decrease in image quality, so that excessively zealous efforts to obtain low doses can produce poor quality images.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Reduced radiation dose increases image noise, and the current method of reconstruction with filtered back-projection (FBP) is not able to consistently generate diagnostic quality images at reduced x-ray tube currents (mA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Thus, the iterative reconstruction method is an excellent alternative to improve the quality of images obtained, as it manages to reduce the amount of image noise and artifacts that are normally associated with FBP, so that the worsened image quality resulting from the decrease in tube voltage is compensated by the iterative image reconstruction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>In this study, our objective was to compare the effective dose of radiation in the acquisition of the calcium score with tube voltage of 120 kV and 100 kV, using different forms of reconstruction, and their impacts on the diagnostic accuracy of the exam.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<sec>
<title>Study population</title>
<p>We included 156 patients who underwent calcium score testing at an imaging clinic in the city of Curitiba, Paran&#xE1;, Brazil from October 2019 to February 2020. The inclusion criteria were as follows: patients over 18 years old referred to the clinic by medical specialists to undergo coronary calcium score testing. Patients already diagnosed with coronary heart diseases and/or patients who declined to participate in the study were excluded. All patients referred to the imaging clinic filled out a questionnaire before the test, providing the following data: sex, age, weight, height, history of systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, family history of heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, percutaneous revascularization, and surgical revascularization. This information was recorded in the clinic&#x27;s database. Three patients were excluded from the analysis because they had a history of previous acute myocardial infarction (2) or percutaneous revascularization (1), leaving 153 participants for analysis. All participants provided consent prior to the test. The study was submitted to the institution&#x27;s ethics committee, and it received approval under opinion number 3.623.828.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Study type</title>
<p>This was a cross-sectional, observational study.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Image acquisition protocol</title>
<p>The calcium score was acquired by means of transverse sections, up to 3 millimeters thick, of the heart on CT synchronized with an electrocardiogram, without the use of intravenous contrast. In this study, patients were submitted to 2 consecutive cardiac CT scans to obtain the calcium score. The first with a tube voltage of 120 kV (gold standard) and the other with a voltage of 100 kV. Both were performed with a 256-slice CT scanner (Brilliance, Philips, Healthcare, The Netherlands), and patients remained in the same position during both acquisitions, with the current adjusted by the body mass index (BMI), which was the same in both acquisitions (BMI &#x3C; 30: 30 mAs, BMI between 30 and 35: 50 mAs, and BMI &#x3E; 35: 100 mAs).</p>
<p>In the images obtained with 120 kV, FBP image reconstruction was performed, constituting the gold standard for obtaining the calcium score. On the other hand, on images acquired at 100 kV, FBP reconstruction and iterative reconstructions were performed with 2 pieces of technology: iDose 6 (Philips, Healthcare, The Netherlands) and IMR 1 (Philips, Healthcare, The Netherlands). Both tests obtained were sent, blindly, to 2 specialist doctors to determine the calcium score, using dedicated software (Heartbeat CS, Philips, Healthcare, The Netherlands). Hyperattenuating images with more than 130 Hounsfield units and an area &#x2265; 3 adjacent pixels were highlighted by the software, and those confined in the coronary tree were selected by the physician. The software then calculated the sum of these points according to the Agatston method and determined a final score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Furthermore, we categorized the calcium score result as follows: equal to 0, between 1 and 99, between 100 and 399, and above 399, in the different combinations of voltage and reconstruction.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Radiation dose</title>
<p>The radiation dose was calculated automatically after each acquisition. The standard used was the dose length product (DLP), which is automatically calculated by the CT acquisition software (iPatient Philips, Healthcare, The Netherlands) and presented in a report at the end of the exam. The DLPs of the 120 kV and 100 kV acquisitions for each patient were recorded in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for analysis.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>Data were collected and stored in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The results were expressed as means, medians, minimum values, maximum values, and standard deviations (quantitative variables) or as frequencies and percentages (qualitative variables). Data analysis was performed using the STATA computer program. The radiation dose used in the acquisitions at 120 kV and 100 kV was compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test, and the correlation of values of the degree of CAC was analyzed using kappa tests. Bland-Altman curves were also used to evaluate the agreement between the scores obtained in the study. P values &#x3C; 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical difference.</p>
<p>To facilitate the clinical interpretation of the results, we considered clinically significant changes in the calcium score categories between the different acquisitions and reconstructions, those that would lead to a change in clinical management according to the guidelines, namely: change from calcium score of 0 to any positive result (1 to 99, 100 to 399, or above 399) or change from a calcium score below 100 (1 to 99) to greater than 100 (100 to 399 or above 399), given that a score above 100 is considered an aggravating cardiovascular risk factor, and a score above 0 represents the presence of calcified coronary atherosclerosis.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<sec>
<title>Demographics of the study population</title>
<p>The exams of 153 patients were analyzed, showing a mean calcium score of 221.9 Agatston units.</p>
<p>The mean age of the study population was 58.9 &#xB1; 13.1 with a mean BMI of 27.8 &#xB1; 4.42. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease were present in research sample participants as follows: systemic arterial hypertension in 65 patients (43.3%), diabetes mellitus in 24 (16%), dyslipidemia in 57 (38%), and tobacco use in 17 (11.3%). The main characteristics of the study population are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Characteristics of the study population</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Variables</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N = 156</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Age, mean (SD)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">58.97 (&#xB1; 13.13)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">BMI, mean (SD)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">27.82 (&#xB1; 4.42)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Female sex, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">65 (41.6 %)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">SAH, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">65 (43.8%)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24 (16%)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">57 (38%)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Current tobacco use, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (11.3%)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Family history, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (22.7%)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">AMI, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (1.3%)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Percutaneous revascularization, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0.7%)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Calcium score, mean (SD)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">221.95 (&#xB1; 563.76)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>AMI: previous acute myocardial infarction; BMI: body mass index; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; SD: standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Radiation dose</title>
<p>There was a 43% reduction in radiation dose between the 120 kV and 100 kV acquisitions (p &#x3C; 0.0001). For the 120 kV voltage, the average DLP was 41 (&#xB1; 19.3) mGy*cm, while it was 23.8 (&#xB1; 11.4) mGy*cm for the voltage of 100 kV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Central Figure</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230069-gf04.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Diagnostic accuracy</title>
<p>There was a good correlation between the calcium score calculated by the observers in all forms of acquisition and reconstruction. For 120 kV with FBP, the interobserver correlation coefficient was 0.99. For 100 kV with FBP, the correlation was 0.99. For 100 kV with iDose 6, it was 0.99, and for 100 kV with IMR 1, it was 0.99, considering interclass correlation coefficient between 0.75 and 1 as excellent values.</p>
<p>Agreement of the calcium score in the Agatston classification using the kappa test between 120 kV with FBP and 100 kV with IMR was 94.2% with kappa index of 0.9. For 120 kV with FBP and 100 kV with FBP, it was 93.8% with kappa index of 0.9. For 120 kV with FBP and 100 kV with iDose 6, it was 96.2% with kappa 0.93 (p &#x3C; 0.001). When we stratified agreement using the kappa index in patients with BMI less than or equal to 25 versus greater than 25, we observed a drop in agreement in the most obese patients, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Kappa index of agreement stratified by patients with BMI less than or equal to 25 and above 25.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Kappa index</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Agreement for BMI &#x2264; 25</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Agreement for BMI &#x3E; 25</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">120 kV FBP vs 100 kV FBP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">95.2% (kappa 0.92)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">88.2% (kappa 0.83)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">120 kV FBP vs 100 kV iDose 6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">98.8% (kappa 0.97)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">90.8% (kappa 0.86)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">120 kV FBP vs 100 kV IMR</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">94.9% (kappa 0.91)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">93.1% (kappa 0.89)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2">
<p>BMI: body mass index; FBP: filtered back projection.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<p>The comparison of the results in the Bland-Altman analysis at the voltage of 120 kV with FBP versus 100 kV with IMR showed the following data: 95% limit of agreement with scores &#x2212;162.6 to 139.6 and mean difference of &#x2212;11.5 (confidence interval [CI]: &#x2212;23.5 to 0.5), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. For voltage of 120 kV with FBP versus 100 kV with iDose 6, the 95% limits of agreement were &#x2212;226.6 to 164.8, with mean difference of &#x2212;30.8 (CI &#x2212;46.5 to &#x2212;15.2; n = 153; p = 0.0001), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>. For the voltage of 120 kV with FBP compared to the dosage of 100 kV with FBP, the 95% limits of agreement were &#x2212;366.9 to 252.7 with mean difference of &#x2212;57 (CI &#x2212;81.8 to &#x2212;32.3; p = 0.0001), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>. For the reconstruction with IMR 1, there was a lower dispersion value with a mean difference of &#x2212;11.5. We observed an overestimation of the value for IMR 1; thus, for higher calcium score values, the mean difference increased. Using iDose 6 reconstruction, for calcium score of 130 Hounsfield units, the dispersion was &#x2212;30. Using 100 kV with FBP, for calcium score of 157 Hounsfield units, the dispersion was &#x2212;57.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Bland-Altman plot comparing calcium scores obtained with 120 kV and FBP reconstruction versus 100 kV and IMR 1 reconstruction</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230069-gf01.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Bland-Altman plot comparing calcium scores obtained with 120 kV and FBP reconstruction versus 100 kV and iDose 6 reconstruction</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230069-gf02.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Bland-Altman plot comparing calcium scores obtained with 120 kV and FBP reconstruction versus 100 kV and FBP reconstruction</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230069-gf03.tif"/></fig>
<p>When we considered clinically significant changes in the calcium score category between acquisition at 100 kV with IMR compared to the gold standard acquisition (120 kV with FBP), we observed a total of 5 (3.2%) changes, 2 (1.3 %) changes from category 0 to the category 1 to 99 and 3 (1.9%) changes from the category 1 to 99 to the category 100 to 399.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>In any procedure that involves exposing an individual to radiation for diagnostic purposes, the technique applied must provide maximum visual information using the minimum dose; in other words, the benefit to the patient undergoing radiological diagnostic examination must be associated with optimized practices that guarantee image quality at the lowest dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Iterative reconstruction algorithms can be applied to cardiac CT data, and they can reduce image noise to allow for improved image quality and/or reduced radiation dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>In the reconstruction process of CT images, attenuation data from a large number of projections are mathematically processed to create an image of the volume examined. FBP is the established method, resulting from a quick mathematical procedure. Before reconstruction, the data are filtered to achieve adequate balance between spatial resolution and noise. The limitations of FBP are revealed in low radiation dose acquisitions, where image quality can be compromised by high levels of noise and artifacts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In recent years, these limitations have been circumvented by the introduction of iterative reconstruction methods,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> which can remove noise from low-dose images using a variety of mathematical models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Martin J. Willemink et al. performed a systematic literature review of 380 articles, observing that iterative reconstruction reduced noise and artifacts, and improved subjective and objective image quality compared to FBP at the same dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<p>International studies have shown that it is possible to reduce the effective radiation dose by up to 74% in determined CT scanners, maintaining the diagnostic accuracy of the calcium score. This reduction in radiation dose occurs by decreasing the tube voltage from 120 kV to 100 kV so that the quality of the CT image is maintained with the use of a new reconstruction method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>In our study, we compared FBP with 2 methods of iterative reconstruction (iDose and IMR), and we observed that it is possible to perform the calcium score with a lower radiation dose, using modern reconstruction techniques. There was a 43% reduction in radiation dose between acquisitions from the voltage of 120 kV to 100 kV.</p>
<p>In relation to diagnostic quality, there was high agreement (kappa test above 0.9) between the CAC values obtained by the traditional method (120 kV with FBP) and the values obtained by the tested method, both for 100 kV with iDose 6 and for 100 kV with IMR 1, demonstrating the maintenance of clinical applicability of CAC, even when acquired with lower radiation doses.</p>
<p>The Bland-Altman plots demonstrated that, in general, there is an overestimation of the value of CAC when calculated using acquisitions of 100 kV. The difference between the means was smaller when IMR 1 reconstruction was used, ranging from &#x2212;11.5 (120 kV with IMR 1) to &#x2212;57.1 (120 kV with FBP). Furthermore, we observed that, in all comparisons, the lower the CAC, the smaller the difference; and the higher the CAC, the greater the dispersion. Therefore, acquisition with 100 kV and IMR reconstruction proved to be the most suitable for clinical application.</p>
<p>A limitation of the study was the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic during the inclusion of individuals, which limited the sample size. Studies carried out with a larger sample can help confirm these results.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Acquiring the calcium score with a voltage of 100 kV significantly reduced the radiation dose. When using the IMR 1 iterative reconstruction in the acquisition with 100 kV, it maintained high agreement and slight overestimation of the results when compared to the acquisition with 120 kV and traditional FBP reconstruction.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#xED;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#xE1; under the protocol number 20501119.5.0000.0096. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn></fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230069</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Acur&#xE1;cia Diagn&#xF3;stica do Escore de C&#xE1;lcio Coronariano Adquirido com Redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da Dose de Radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o e Reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o Iterativa</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6249-8531</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carnaval</surname><given-names>Daniela Rodrigues</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8513-5281</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Liebl</surname><given-names>Adriano</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0095-9049</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Miguel Morita Fernandes</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2377-6987</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Sartori</surname><given-names>Bruno Marques</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9397-0799</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Couto</surname><given-names>Caio Nogara de Menezes</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-9498-7027</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Gabriel Bergonse Garaluz da</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-8483-8916</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Vazzoler</surname><given-names>&#xCD;talo Gabriel Beltrame</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-7196-6437</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Medeiros</surname><given-names>Vin&#xED;cius Maksoud</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3913-7181</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cerci</surname><given-names>Rodrigo Julio</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#xF3;rdia de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Pontif&#xED;cia Universidade Cat&#xF3;lica do Paran&#xE1;, Curitiba, PR &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Cl&#xED;nica Quanta Diagn&#xF3;stico e Terapia, Curitiba, PR &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Adriano Liebl</bold> &#x2022; Pontif&#xED;cia Universidade Cat&#xF3;lica do Paran&#xE1;. R. Imaculada Concei&#xE7;&#xE3;o, 1155. CEP: <postal-code>80215-901</postal-code>. Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR &#x2013; Brasil. E-mail: <email>adriano_liebl@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro n&#xE3;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by">
<p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Tiago Senra</p></fn></author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>O escore de c&#xE1;lcio (EC) &#xE9; um exame de imagem utilizado para avaliar o risco cardiovascular, por meio da detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o da calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o arterial coronariana (CAC). No entanto, a exposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o ionizante durante a tomografia computadorizada (TC) tem sido uma preocupa&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivo:</title>
<p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o e a qualidade diagn&#xF3;stica do EC, utilizando voltagem do tubo reduzida e reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o iterativa de imagem.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>M&#xE9;todos:</title>
<p>Estudo observacional transversal com pacientes acima de 18 anos. Foram exclu&#xED;dos pacientes com doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana pr&#xE9;via ou recusa em participar. Realizamos duas aquisi&#xE7;&#xF5;es de EC (120 kV e 100 kV) com diferentes t&#xE9;cnicas de reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o iterativa. Dois profissionais interpretaram os exames.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>Foram avaliados 153 pacientes, e a redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre as aquisi&#xE7;&#xF5;es com 120 kV e 100 kV foi de 43%. A concord&#xE2;ncia do grau de CAC entre as diferentes aquisi&#xE7;&#xF5;es foi alta, variando de 93,9% a 96,2%. Na an&#xE1;lise de Bland-Altman, foi observada uma ligeira superestima&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos resultados na aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o com 100 kV em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o com 120 kV.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o:</title>
<p>A aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do EC com 100 kV, utilizando reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o iterativa Modelo de Reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o Iterativa (IMR), resultou em uma significativa redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Al&#xE9;m disso, a concord&#xE2;ncia com a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o com 120 kV foi alta, indicando que essa abordagem pode ser uma alternativa vi&#xE1;vel para diminuir a exposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o durante o exame de EC. No entanto, &#xE9; importante ressaltar a ligeira superestima&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos resultados na aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o com 100 kV, o que deve ser considerado na interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica.</p>
</sec></abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chaves:</title>
<kwd>Calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o Vascular</kwd>
<kwd>Doen&#xE7;a da Art&#xE9;ria Coron&#xE1;ria</kwd>
<kwd>Doses de Radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o</kwd>
<kwd>Tomografia</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>As doen&#xE7;as cardiovasculares representam uma das principais causas de mortalidade em todo o mundo, com cerca de 17,3 milh&#xF5;es de &#xF3;bitos por ano, sendo que entre essas mortes, 7,3 milh&#xF5;es est&#xE3;o associadas &#xE0; doen&#xE7;a ateroscler&#xF3;tica coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>O uso de m&#xE9;todos diagn&#xF3;sticos por imagem para detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o mais precoce de doen&#xE7;a ateroscler&#xF3;tica coronariana foi intensificado nos &#xFA;ltimos anos. Alguns destes m&#xE9;todos utilizam radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o ionizante, trazendo preocupa&#xE7;&#xE3;o referente aos seus poss&#xED;veis efeitos colaterais. A radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o ionizante pode causar danos biol&#xF3;gicos para quem &#xE9; exposto, que s&#xE3;o classificados em duas categorias: efeitos estoc&#xE1;sticos e determin&#xED;sticos. Os efeitos estoc&#xE1;sticos ocorrem de forma proporcional &#xE0; dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o recebida, sem exist&#xEA;ncia de limiar, e est&#xE3;o relacionados com o desenvolvimento de c&#xE2;ncer e muta&#xE7;&#xF5;es gen&#xE9;ticas, sendo o principal efeito causador de riscos &#xE0; sa&#xFA;de decorrente da radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Os efeitos determin&#xED;sticos s&#xE3;o causados pela radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o total que um paciente recebe durante um procedimento, de modo que &#xE9; causado um dano tecidual no foco da radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o n&#xE3;o compensado pelo reparo celular, o que gera danos, como les&#xF5;es de pele.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Dessa forma, meios de diminuir a dose efetiva de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o nesses exames v&#xEA;m se tornando foco de pesquisas por profissionais da &#xE1;rea de cardiologia e radiologia em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>O escore de c&#xE1;lcio (EC) &#xE9; um exame de imagem diagn&#xF3;stico cardiovascular que utiliza radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o ionizante na sua aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o. &#xC9; indicado para a estratifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de risco cardiovascular, detectando o grau de calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o arterial coronariana (CAC), um sinal patognom&#xF4;nico de doen&#xE7;a ateroscler&#xF3;tica coronariana, por meio da tomografia computadorizada (TC) card&#xED;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o usada na obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o do EC costuma ser baixa, cerca de 0,9 a 1,3 miliSievert, mas pode representar um risco &#xE0; sa&#xFA;de dos pacientes, se passar a ser utilizada de forma mais ampla como rastreamento de doen&#xE7;a cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>A qualidade da imagem e a dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o est&#xE3;o positivamente relacionadas. A redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da dose provoca uma diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o na qualidade da imagem, de tal modo que o excesso de zelo para se obter doses baixas pode gerar imagens de baixa qualidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o na dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o aumenta os ru&#xED;dos da imagem, sendo que o corrente m&#xE9;todo de reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o com retroproje&#xE7;&#xE3;o filtrada (FBP) &#xE9; incapaz de gerar consistentemente imagem de qualidade de diagn&#xF3;stico com correntes reduzidas do tubo de raios-X (mA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Assim, o m&#xE9;todo de reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o iterativa &#xE9; uma &#xF3;tima alternativa para melhorar a qualidade da imagem obtida, pois ela consegue diminuir a quantidade de ru&#xED;dos e artefatos na imagem que normalmente est&#xE3;o associados com o FBP, o que faz com que a piora na qualidade da imagem decorrente da diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o da voltagem do tubo seja compensada com a reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o de imagem iterativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nesse estudo, objetivamos comparar a dose efetiva de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o na aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do exame de EC com a voltagem do tudo em 120 kV e 100 kV, utilizando diferentes formas de reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o e seu impacto na acur&#xE1;cia diagn&#xF3;stica do exame.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>M&#xE9;todos</title>
<sec>
<title>Popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o de estudo</title>
<p>Foram inclu&#xED;dos 156 pacientes que realizaram exame de EC em uma cl&#xED;nica de imagem na cidade de Curitiba no per&#xED;odo de outubro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020. Os crit&#xE9;rios de inclus&#xE3;o foram: pacientes acima de 18 anos encaminhados para a cl&#xED;nica por especialistas m&#xE9;dicos para realizar o exame de EC coronariano. Foram exclu&#xED;dos da pesquisa os pacientes j&#xE1; diagnosticados com doen&#xE7;as coronarianas e/ou que recusaram a participa&#xE7;&#xE3;o no estudo. Todos os pacientes encaminhados &#xE0; cl&#xED;nica de imagem preenchem um question&#xE1;rio antes da realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do exame, fornecendo os seguintes dados: sexo, idade, peso, altura, antecedentes de hipertens&#xE3;o arterial sist&#xEA;mica, diabetes, dislipidemia, tabagismo, hist&#xF3;ria familiar de doen&#xE7;as card&#xED;aca, infarto agudo do mioc&#xE1;rdio, revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o percut&#xE2;nea e revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o cir&#xFA;rgica. Essas informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es foram registradas no banco de dados da cl&#xED;nica. Tr&#xEA;s pacientes foram exclu&#xED;dos da an&#xE1;lise porque tinham hist&#xF3;rico de infarto agudo do mioc&#xE1;rdio pr&#xE9;vio (2) ou revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o percut&#xE2;nea (1), restando 153 participantes para a an&#xE1;lise. Todos os participantes forneceram consentimento antes da realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do exame. O estudo foi submetido e aprovado pelo comit&#xEA; de &#xE9;tica da institui&#xE7;&#xE3;o sob parecer n&#xFA;mero 3.623.828.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Tipo de estudo</title>
<p>O tipo de estudo &#xE9; observacional transversal.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Protocolo de aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de imagens</title>
<p>A aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do EC foi feita por meio de cortes transversais, de at&#xE9; tr&#xEA;s mil&#xED;metros de espessura, do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o em TC sincronizada com eletrocardiograma, sem uso de contraste endovenoso. No estudo, os pacientes foram submetidos a duas TC card&#xED;acas seguidas para a obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o do EC. A primeira com uma voltagem do tubo de 120 kV (padr&#xE3;o ouro) e a outra com voltagem de 100 kV. Ambas foram realizadas com o tom&#xF3;grafo 256 cortes (Brilliance, Philips, Healthcare, The Netherlands), de modo que o paciente permanecesse na mesma posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o durante as duas aquisi&#xE7;&#xF5;es e com a corrente ajustada pelo &#xED;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), sendo a mesma nas duas aquisi&#xE7;&#xF5;es (IMC &#x3C; 30: 30 mAs, IMC entre 30 e 35: 50 mAs e IMC &#x3E; 35: 100 mAs).</p>
<p>Nas imagens obtidas com 120 kV, foi feita reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o de imagem FBP, configurando o padr&#xE3;o ouro de obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o do EC. Por outro lado, nas imagens adquiridas com 100 kV, foram realizadas a reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o FBP e reconstru&#xE7;&#xF5;es iterativas com duas tecnologias: o iDose 6 (Philips, Healthcare, The Netherlands) e IMR 1 (Philips, Healthcare, The Netherlands). Ambos os exames obtidos foram direcionados, cegamente, para dois m&#xE9;dicos especialistas para determina&#xE7;&#xE3;o do EC, utilizando software dedicado (Heartbeat CS, Philips, Healthcare, The Netherlands). Em resumo, imagens hiperatenuantes com mais de 130 unidades Hounsfield e &#xE1;rea &#x2265; 3 pixels adjacentes foram destacadas pelo software, e as confinadas na &#xE1;rvore coronariana foram selecionadas pelo m&#xE9;dico. O software ent&#xE3;o calcula a soma destes pontos de acordo com o m&#xE9;todo de Agatston e determina um escore final.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso categorizamos o resultado do EC da seguinte forma: igual a 0, entre 1 e 99, entre 100 e 399 e acima de 399 nas diferentes combina&#xE7;&#xF5;es de voltagem e reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9; calculada automaticamente ap&#xF3;s cada aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o. O padr&#xE3;o utilizado foi o <italic>dose length product</italic> ou produto de comprimento da dose (DLP) que &#xE9; calculado automaticamente pelo software de aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do tom&#xF3;grafo (iPatient Philips, Healthcare, The Netherlands) e apresentado em relat&#xF3;rio ao t&#xE9;rmino do exame. Os DLPs das aquisi&#xE7;&#xF5;es de 120 kV e 100 kV de cada paciente foram registrados em planilha do Microsoft Excel para a an&#xE1;lise.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</title>
<p>Os dados foram coletados e armazenados em uma planilha do Microsoft Excel. Os resultados foram expressos por m&#xE9;dias, medianas, valores m&#xED;nimos, valores m&#xE1;ximos e desvios padr&#xF5;es (vari&#xE1;veis quantitativas) ou por frequ&#xEA;ncias e percentuais (vari&#xE1;veis qualitativas). A an&#xE1;lise de dados foi realizada com o aux&#xED;lio do programa computacional STATA. A dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o utilizada nas aquisi&#xE7;&#xF5;es de 120 kV e 100 kV foi comparada por teste de Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) e a correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos valores do grau de CAC analisadas por meio de testes de kappa. Ainda foram utilizadas curvas de Bland-Altman para avaliar a concord&#xE2;ncia entre as pontua&#xE7;&#xF5;es obtidas no estudo. O valor de p &#x3C; 0,05 foi considerado para indicar diferen&#xE7;a estat&#xED;stica.</p>
<p>Para facilitar a interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica dos resultados, consideramos altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es clinicamente significativas nas categorias de EC entre as diferentes aquisi&#xE7;&#xF5;es e reconstru&#xE7;&#xF5;es, aquelas que levariam &#xE0; mudan&#xE7;a de conduta cl&#xED;nica pelas diretrizes, sendo elas: mudan&#xE7;a de EC zero para qualquer resultado positivo (1-99, 100-399 ou acima de 399) ou mudan&#xE7;a de um EC menor que 100 (1-99) para maior que 100 (100-399 ou acima 399), j&#xE1; que um escore acima de 100 &#xE9; considerado fator agravante de risco cardiovascular e um escore acima de zero representa presen&#xE7;a de aterosclerose coronariana calcificada.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<sec>
<title>Demografia da popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o estudada</title>
<p>Os exames de 153 pacientes foram analisados e apresentaram uma m&#xE9;dia de EC de 221,9 Agatstons.</p>
<p>A m&#xE9;dia de idade da popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o do estudo foi de 58,9 &#xB1; 13,1 com IMC m&#xE9;dio de 27,8 &#xB1; 4,42. Fatores de risco para doen&#xE7;a cardiovascular estiveram presentes nos participantes da amostra da pesquisa da forma seguinte: hipertens&#xE3;o arterial sist&#xEA;mica em 65 pacientes (43,3%), diabetes mellitus em 24 (16%), dislipidemia em 57 (38%) e tabagismo em 17 (11,3%). As principais caracter&#xED;sticas da popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o estudada encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Caracter&#xED;sticas da popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o do estudo</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#xE1;veis</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N = 156</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Idade, m&#xE9;dia (DP)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">58,97 (&#xB1; 13,13)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">IMC, m&#xE9;dia (DP)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">27,82 (&#xB1; 4,42)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo feminino, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">65 (41,6%)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">HAS, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">65 (43,8%)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24 (16%)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dislipidemia, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">57 (38%)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo atual, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (11,3%)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hist&#xF3;ria familiar, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (22,7%)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">IAM, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (1,3%)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o percut&#xE2;nea, N (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0,7%)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Escore c&#xE1;lcio, m&#xE9;dia (DP)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">221,95 (&#xB1; 563,76)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3">
<p>DP: desvio padr&#xE3;o; HAS: hipertens&#xE3;o arterial sist&#xEA;mica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#xE1;rdio pr&#xE9;vio; IMC: &#xED;ndice de massa corporal.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Houve uma redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 43% entre as aquisi&#xE7;&#xF5;es de 120 kV e 100 kV (p &#x3C; 0,0001). Para a voltagem de 120 kV, o DLP m&#xE9;dio foi de 41 (&#xB1; 19,3) mGy*cm; enquanto para a voltagem de 100 kV, foi de 23,8 (&#xB1; 11,4) mGy*cm (<xref rid="f8" ref-type="fig">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f8">
<caption>
<title>Compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos DLP entre as aquisi&#xE7;&#xF5;es de 120 kV e 100 kV</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230069-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Acur&#xE1;cia diagn&#xF3;stica</title>
<p>Houve boa correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre o EC calculado pelos observadores em todas as formas de aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o e reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Para 120 kV com FBP, o coeficiente de correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o interobservador foi de 0,99; para 100 kV com FBP a correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o foi de 0,99; para 100 kV com iDose 6 foi de 0,99 e para 100 kV com IMR 1 foi de 0,99; considerando um valor excelente se coeficiente de correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o interclasse entre 0,75 e 1.</p>
<p>A concord&#xE2;ncia do EC em classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Agatston por meio de teste de kappa entre o 120 kV com FBP e 100 kV com IMR foi de 94,2% e &#xED;ndice de kappa de 0,9; para 120 kV com FBP e 100 kV com FBP, foi de 93,8% e &#xED;ndice de kappa de 0,9. Para 120 kV FBP e 100 kV com iDose 6 foi de 96,2% com kappa de 0,93 (p &#x3C; 0,001). Ao estratificarmos a concord&#xE2;ncia por meio do teste kappa em pacientes com IMC menor ou igual a 25 versus acima de 25, observamos uma queda na concord&#xE2;ncia nos pacientes mais obesos, conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption>
<title>&#xCD;ndice de concord&#xE2;ncia kappa estratificado por pacientes com IMC menor ou igual a 25 e acima de 25</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">&#xCD;ndice kappa</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Concord&#xE2;ncia em IMC &#x2264; 25</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Concord&#xE2;ncia em IMC &#x3E; 25</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">120 kV FBP vs 100 kV FBP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">95,2% (kappa 0,92)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">88,2% (kappa 0,83)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">120 kV FBP vs 100 kV iDose6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">98,8% (kappa 0,97)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">90,8% (kappa 0,86)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">120 kV FBP vs 100 kV IMR</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">94,9% (kappa 0,91)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">93,1% (kappa 0,89)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN4">
<p>FBP: retroproje&#xE7;&#xE3;o filtrada; IMC: &#xED;ndice de massa corporal.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<p>A compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos resultados na an&#xE1;lise de Bland-Altman na voltagem de 120 kV com FBP versus 100 kV com IMR apresentou os seguintes dados: limite de concord&#xE2;ncia de 95% com pontua&#xE7;&#xF5;es &#x2212;162,6 a 139,6 e a diferen&#xE7;a m&#xE9;dia de &#x2212;11,5 (intervalo de confian&#xE7;a [CI] &#x2212;23,5 a 0,5), como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>. Para voltagem de 120 kV nas reconstru&#xE7;&#xF5;es FBP versus 100 kV com iDose 6, os limites de concord&#xE2;ncia de 95% foram de &#x2212;226,6 a 164,8 com a diferen&#xE7;a m&#xE9;dia de &#x2212;30,8 (CI &#x2212;46,5 a &#x2212;15,2; n = 153; p = 0.0001), conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>. Para a voltagem de 120 kV com reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o de FBP comparando com a dosagem de 100 kV na mesma reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o (FBP), os limites de concord&#xE2;ncia de 95% foram de &#x2212;366,9 a 252,7 e a diferen&#xE7;a m&#xE9;dia de &#x2212;57 (CI &#x2212;81,8 a &#x2212;32,3; p = 0.0001), conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>. Para a reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o com IMR 1, houve menor valor de dispers&#xE3;o com diferen&#xE7;a m&#xE9;dia de &#x2212;11,5. Observou-se uma superestima&#xE7;&#xE3;o do valor para IMR 1; assim, para valores mais elevados de EC, a m&#xE9;dia de diferen&#xE7;as foi maior. Para reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o iDose 6, para um valor de EC de 130 unidades Hounsfield, a dispers&#xE3;o foi &#x2212;30. Para 100 kV com FBP, para um valor de EC de 157 unidades Hounsfield, a dispers&#xE3;o foi &#x2212;57.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Gr&#xE1;fico de Bland-Altman comparando os escores de c&#xE1;lcio obtidos com 120 kV e reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o FBP versus 100 kV e reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o IMR 1</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230069-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Gr&#xE1;fico de Bland-Altman comparando os escores de c&#xE1;lcio obtidos com 120 kV e reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o FBP versus 100 kV e reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o iDose 6</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230069-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Gr&#xE1;fico de Bland-Altman comparando os escores de c&#xE1;lcio obtidos com 120 kV e reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o FBP versus 100 kV e reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o FBP</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230069-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Quando consideramos mudan&#xE7;as significativas do ponto de vista cl&#xED;nico na categoria de EC entre a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o na voltagem 100 kV com IMR comparada com a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o padr&#xE3;o ouro (120 kV com FBP), observamos 5 (3,2%) mudan&#xE7;as, sendo 2 (1,3%) mudan&#xE7;as de categoria zero para categoria 1-99 e 3 (1,9%) da categoria 1-99 para categoria 100-399.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Em qualquer procedimento que envolva a exposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de um indiv&#xED;duo &#xE0; radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o para fins diagn&#xF3;sticos, a t&#xE9;cnica aplicada deve promover o m&#xE1;ximo de informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es visuais usando o m&#xED;nimo de dose, ou seja, o benef&#xED;cio ao paciente submetido ao exame de radiodiagn&#xF3;stico deve estar associado &#xE0;s pr&#xE1;ticas otimizadas que garantam a qualidade da imagem com a menor dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Algoritmos de reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o iterativa podem ser aplicados aos dados de TC card&#xED;aca e podem reduzir o ru&#xED;do da imagem para permitir melhorias qualidade de imagem e/ou dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>No processo de reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o da imagem por TC, os dados de atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o de um grande n&#xFA;mero de proje&#xE7;&#xF5;es s&#xE3;o matematicamente processados para criar uma imagem do volume examinado. A FBP &#xE9; o m&#xE9;todo estabelecido, resultante de um procedimento matem&#xE1;tico r&#xE1;pido. Antes da reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o, os dados s&#xE3;o filtrados para alcan&#xE7;ar o equil&#xED;brio adequado entre a resolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o espacial e o ru&#xED;do. As limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es da FBP s&#xE3;o reveladas em aquisi&#xE7;&#xF5;es de baixa dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, onde a qualidade da imagem pode ser comprometida por elevados n&#xED;veis de ru&#xED;do e de artefatos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nos &#xFA;ltimos anos, essas limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es foram contornadas com a introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de m&#xE9;todos de reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o iterativa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> que pode remover ru&#xED;dos de imagens de baixa dose usando uma variedade de modelos matem&#xE1;ticos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Martin J. Willemink et al. realizaram uma revis&#xE3;o sistem&#xE1;tica da literatura em 380 artigos onde pode-se observar que a reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o iterativa reduziu ru&#xED;dos e artefatos, e melhorou a qualidade da imagem subjetiva e objetiva em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com FBP na mesma dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<p>Estudos internacionais mostraram que &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel diminuir a dose efetiva de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o em at&#xE9; 74% em determinados tom&#xF3;grafos, mantendo a acur&#xE1;cia diagn&#xF3;stica do EC. Essa redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o ocorre pela diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o da voltagem do tubo de 120 kV para 100 kV, de modo que a qualidade da imagem da TC &#xE9; mantida com a utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de um novo m&#xE9;todo de reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em nosso estudo, comparamos FBP com dois m&#xE9;todos de reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o iterativa (iDose e IMR), e observamos que &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel realizar o EC com menor dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, utilizando-se modernas t&#xE9;cnicas de reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Houve uma redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 43% entre as aquisi&#xE7;&#xF5;es para a voltagem de 120 kV para a voltagem 100 kV.</p>
<p>Em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; qualidade diagn&#xF3;stica, observou-se uma elevada concord&#xE2;ncia (teste kappa acima de 0,9) entre os valores de CAC obtidos pelo m&#xE9;todo tradicional (120 kV com FBP) e os valores obtidos pelo m&#xE9;todo testado, tanto 100 kV com iDose 6, quanto 100 kV com IMR 1, demonstrando a manuten&#xE7;&#xE3;o da aplicabilidade cl&#xED;nica do CAC, mesmo adquirido com menores doses de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
<p>J&#xE1; os gr&#xE1;ficos de Bland-Altman demonstraram que de maneira geral existe uma superestima&#xE7;&#xE3;o do valor do CAC quando calculado nas aquisi&#xE7;&#xF5;es de 100 kV. A diferen&#xE7;a entre as m&#xE9;dias &#xE9; menor quando &#xE9; utilizada a reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o IMR 1, variando de &#x2212;11,5 (120 kV com IMR 1) at&#xE9; &#x2212;57,1 (120 kV com FBP). Al&#xE9;m disso, observamos que em todas as compara&#xE7;&#xF5;es, quanto mais baixo o CAC, menor &#xE9; a diferen&#xE7;a; e quanto mais elevado o CAC maior &#xE9; a dispers&#xE3;o. Sendo assim, a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o com 100 kV e reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o IMR se mostrou a mais adequada para aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica.</p>
<p>Uma limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o do estudo foi &#xE0; ocorr&#xEA;ncia da epidemia do COVID-19 durante a inclus&#xE3;o dos indiv&#xED;duos, o que limitou o tamanho da amostra. Estudos realizados com maior amostragem podem ajudar a confirmar esses resultados.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do EC com voltagem de 100 kV reduz significativamente a dose de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Ao se utilizar a reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o iterativa IMR 1 na aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o com 100 kV, mant&#xE9;m alta concord&#xE2;ncia e ligeira superestima&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos resultados quando comparada &#xE0; aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o com 120 kV e reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o FBP tradicional.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o Acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
<p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xC9;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#xEA; de &#xC9;tica do Hospital de Cl&#xED;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#xE1; sob o n&#xFA;mero de protocolo 20501119.5.0000.0096. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#xE3;o de acordo com a Declara&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#xED;dos no estudo.</p></fn></fn-group>
</back></sub-article>
</article>
