<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
        
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230068i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prosthetic Aortic Valve Endocarditis With Extensive Para-Aortic Abscess: The Relevance of Multimodal Imaging</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8162-5739</contrib-id><name><surname>Boccalon</surname><given-names>Bernardo</given-names></name><role>Conception and design of the research</role><role>acquisition of data</role><role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role><role>writing of the manuscript</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amon</surname><given-names>André Barcellos</given-names></name><role>acquisition of data</role><role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role><role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4971-738X</contrib-id><name><surname>Serafini</surname><given-names>Thiago Ferreira</given-names></name><role>acquisition of data</role><role>writing of the manuscript</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Albrecht</surname><given-names>Álvaro Schmidt</given-names></name><role>acquisition of data</role><role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id><name><surname>Foppa</surname><given-names>Murilo</given-names></name><role>Conception and design of the research</role><role>acquisition of data</role><role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role><role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2493-0547</contrib-id><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names></name><role>acquisition of data</role><role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia e Ciências Cardiovasculares</institution><institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution><institution content-type="orgname">UFRGS</institution><addr-line><named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content><named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line><country country="BR">Brazil</country><institution content-type="original">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia e Ciências Cardiovasculares, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution content-type="orgname">HCPA</institution><addr-line><named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content></addr-line><country country="BR">Brazil</country><institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre – Brazil</institution></aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Bernardo Boccalon • Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Sala 2061. Postal code: 90035-903. Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil E-mail: <email>boccalonbernardo@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn id="fn1">
	<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
	<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
	<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>36</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230068</elocation-id>
      <history><date date-type="received"><day>9</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>1</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>7</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date></history>
      <permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
<license-p>
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Endocarditis</kwd><kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation</kwd><kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd></kwd-group>
      <counts><fig-count count="6"/><table-count count="0"/><equation-count count="0"/><ref-count count="9"/></counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
<sec sec-type="intro"><title>Introduction</title>
	<p>Infectious endocarditis (IE) is defined as the infection of the endocardium or prosthetic material in the heart, whose pathogenesis is bacterial adherence to the vulnerable endocardium or implanted prosthetic material during a bacteremia.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Its clinical presentation is highly variable, depending on the micro-organism that causes it, underlying heart conditions and preexisting comorbidities.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> The annual estimated incidence of IE is up to 10/100,000 in western countries, and mortality of up to 30% in 30 days.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
</sec><sec><title>Description</title>
	<p>A 64-year-old woman searched for outpatient care due to cervical pain for three weeks, night sweats, shivering and myalgia. Besides, she complained of precordial pain, intensity 4/10, with a squeezing feeling. Her medical history showed a surgery to replace the aortic valve due to severe aortic stenosis (bicuspid aortic valve), carried out in August, 2018, with an implant of a Mosaic Ultra porcine biologic prosthesis n. 21 (Medtronic). The patient denied having had dental treatments or other invasive procedures in the past ten months.</p>
	<p>At physical examination, the patient presented with 94 bmp heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) of 150/86 mmHg, with regular rhythm at heart auscultation and rude systolic murmur in the aortic focus, with 3/6+ intensity. As to the other systems, there was no neurological deficit, she was lucid and conscious, without skin changes suggestive of vascular/immunological phenomena, normal kidney function, as well as qualitative urine test.</p>
	<p>The choice was to perform an ambulatory investigation of her clinical condition by collecting laboratory examinations, including peripheral blood culture and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) due to the hypothesis of IE. Laboratory examinations showed leukocytosis (total leukocyte count – 15,150 µg/L), with prevalence of neutrophils (11,910 µg/L) and increased C-reactive protein (CRP – 20.8 mg/L). Hemoglobin, electrolytes, creatinine and urea were within normal limits. There was increased <italic>Streptococcus anginosus</italic> in one of the blood culture samples, and TTE showed images that suggested vegetations in the aortic valve prosthesis. Therefore, the patient was admitted to a secondary health care institution and was started on intravenous antibiotic therapy with oxacillin, gentamicin and ceftriaxone, solving the initially presented clinic.</p>
<sec><title>Transfer to a tertiary hospital</title>
	<p>The patient remained hospitalized for ten days until being transferred to a tertiary hospital to continue with evaluation and treatment. At arrival, the patient was hemodynamically stable, with no fever nor complaints about pain or dyspnea. At physical examination, she remained with systolic murmur in aortic focus, rude, 3/6+. There were no changes in other systems.</p>
	<p>Laboratory examinations showed discreet leukocytosis (total leukocyte count – 11,580 µg/L), with prevalence of neutrophils (8,740 µg/L), besides high CRP (140 mg/L), but without increase in micro-organisms in the three pairs of collected blood cultures. The electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with normal PR interval, axis in -30º and without changes in ventricular repolarization. Chest x-ray with sternal suture wires, with no other changes.</p>
	<p>The TTE performed at admission showed left ventricle with normal dimensions and parietal thickness, and preserved ejection fraction (66% through the Teichholz method). The biological aortic prosthesis presented images with independent mobility in its ventricular wall, suggestive of vegetations, besides mild transvalvular and minimum paravalvular regurgitation, with suspected structural obstructive dysfunction of the biological prosthesis (peak velocity of 3.8 m/s; maximum/medium gradients = 57/38 mmHg and velocity–time integral ratio (VTI) of 0.45; opening time = 112 ms).</p>
	<p>The choice was for the maintenance of the antimicrobial treatment with ceftriaxone and gentamicin, with progressive reduction of CRP and normalization of the leukogram, remaining without fever until the 18<sup>th</sup> day of treatment, when the patient began presenting a subfebrile curve (37.6º) and changes in cardiac rhythm, alternating periods of bigeminy ventricular extrasystole, sinus rhythm and atrial fibrillation with high ventricular response.</p>
	<p>For the evaluation of complications related to IE, a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) was performed and confirmed the hyperechogenic image adhered to the anatomic correspondent of the left coronary leaflet, moveable, with maximum diameter of 11 mm, suggestive of vegetation, and minimum paravalvular regurgitation. Besides, there was a posterior paraortic hyperechogenic structure involving the ascending aorta, with no flow in its interior, and maximum diameter of 24 mm, suggestive of abscess (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>).</p><p><fig id="f01"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>– A) arrow indicating vegetation in the left ventricular outflow; B) visualized in the TTE and ETE; C e E) abscess between the anterior aortic wall and the left atrium visualized in the TEE; D e F) abscess between the anterior aortic wall and the left atrium visualized in computed tomography. AO: Aorta; LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; AVP: aortic valve prosthesis.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230068-gf01.jpg"/></fig></p>
	<p>CTs with contrast were conducted for the accurate evaluation of the paraortic image. The changes that were found were suggestive of infectious collection in the aortic root and the left atrium wall, measuring 53x33 mm in the larger axis (<xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>). There were images suggestive of abscesses in the upper third of the right kidney and the right upper lobe of the lung.</p><p><fig id="f02"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>– A) 3D renderization with superior view showing the aortic root and the origin of the left coronary artery; B) renderization showing the abscess (arrow) involving the aortic ring and the origin of the left coronary. LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; PA: pulmonary artery; AO: Aorta; LCT: left coronary trunk.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230068-gf02.jpg"/></fig></p>
	<p>The patient was referred to emergency surgery, which identified a large abscess involving the aortic root, from the left coronary ostium to the right coronary, with disjunction of the aortic prosthesis and the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) in 90% of its circumference. Besides, there was presence of pannus in the subvalvular region, determining stenosis of the LVOT (<xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref>).</p><p><fig id="f03"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>– Vision by oblique aortotomy. A) Previous aortic prosthesis; B) Abscess, pus and subvalvular pannus after exeresis of the infected prosthesis; C) pus drainage from left infra-coronary abscess with fistulous tract towards the atrial roof (pseudoaneurysm).</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230068-gf03.jpg"/></fig></p>
	<p>An aortic prosthesis resection was performed, with debridement of the paravalvular abscess, circumferential reconstruction of the LVOT from the muscle to the subcoronary plan, with a bovine pericardial patch and implant of biological aortic prosthesis n. 19.</p>
	<p>The post-operative Evolution required the implantation of a definitive dual-chamber pacemaker due to a total persistent atrioventricular block. In spite of that, recovery was more satisfactory, and laboratory examinations showed no changes suggestive of ongoing infectious processes, normal functioning aortic prosthesis in TTE and hospital discharge after the antimicrobial therapy</p>
</sec></sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title>
	<p>The diagnosis of IE is challenging, because the early symptoms can be unspecific and variable. Signs such as persistent fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss and joint pain can indicate the condition. Medical history of the patient, including the presence of predisposing conditions, such as prosthetic heart valves or previous heart disease, increase the changes of diagnosis.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
	<p>The early collection of examinations, such as blood culture, aiming at the identification of the micro-organism that causes IE, is extremely important for the clinical management of this condition, allowing an adequate antimicrobial treatment, which results in better outcomes for the patient. Even if IE caused by <italic>Streptococcus anginosus</italic> is relatively rare, when it occurs there are higher chances of the formation of perivalvular abscesses and higher mortality rates. These germs are uniformly susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics, recommending the treatment with an antimicrobial of that class (in the case reported above, ceftriaxone was used), associated with gentamicin in the two first weeks of treatment.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
	<p>The imaging examinations are part of the diagnosis and follow-up, and echocardiogram is the examination of choice. However, it is important to recognize that endocarditis may present variations in clinical manifestation, which may affect the sensitivity of imaging examinations. Currently, the sensitivity for the diagnosis of vegetations in native and prosthetic valves is estimated in 70% and 50%, respectively, for TTE; and 96% and 92%, respectively, for TEE. The sensitivity of TTE for the diagnosis of abscesses is about 50%, in comparison to 90% of the TEE.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>Other imaging modalities may be necessary, such as CT and cardiac magnetic resonance, especially in the evaluation of complications (abscess/pseudoaneurysm), as in the presented case, in which there is an increase in the accuracy of the anatomic details of these structures.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Patients with heart prostheses have higher chances of IE and of developing complications related to endocarditis, since the micro-organisms interfere in the perivalvular tissue when invading the prosthetic ring, which increases the risk of abscess, pseudoaneurysm, formation of fistula and valve dehiscence.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>The mechanical complications of IE need to be considered in case of hemodynamic deterioration and/or absence of clinical improvement with the adequate antimicrobial treatment, or the onset of changes in cardiac rhythm in cases of aortic prosthesis, which should be treated at a reference center.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
	<p>The complications of IE are frequent causes of early surgical intervention before the conclusion of the antibiotic therapy, for being associated with higher mortality rates, embolic events and recurrence of IE in the first five years after the initial infection. Heart surgery aims at removing infected tissues, repairing or replacing non-functional valves and correcting abnormalities to restore the adequate heart function.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
	<p>Therefore, it is essential to pay attention to factors such as the presence of heart prosthesis, intracardiac complications and specific clinical conditions of the patient</p>
	<p>to guarantee a comprehensive and assertive diagnostic approach of this condition. The judicious integration of clinical findings with the interpretation of imaging examinations allows a better assessment and therapeutic conduction for patients with suspected endocarditis.</p>
</sec></body>
  <back> <ref-list><title>References</title> <ref id="B1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation>. Østergaard L, Valeur N, Tuxen CD, Bundgaard H, Iversen K, Moser C, et al. Infective Endocarditis. Ugeskr Laeger. 2022;184(12):V10210751.</mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Østergaard</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Valeur</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Tuxen</surname><given-names>CD</given-names></name><name><surname>Bundgaard</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Iversen</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Moser</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Infective Endocarditis</article-title><source>Ugeskr Laeger</source><year>2022</year><volume>184</volume><issue>12</issue><size units="pages">V10210751</size></element-citation></ref> <ref id="B2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation>. Rajani R, Klein JL. Infective Endocarditis: A Contemporary Update. Clin Med. 2020;20(1):31-5. doi: 10.7861/clinmed.cme.20.1.1.</mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rajani</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Klein</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Infective Endocarditis: A Contemporary Update</article-title><source>Clin Med</source><year>2020</year><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7861/clinmed.cme.20.1.1</pub-id></element-citation></ref> <ref id="B3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation>. Mostaghim AS, Lo HYA, Khardori N. A Retrospective Epidemiologic Study to Define Risk Factors, Microbiology, and Clinical Outcomes of Infective Endocarditis in a Large Tertiary-Care Teaching Hospital. SAGE Open Med. 2017;5:2050312117741772. doi: 10.1177/2050312117741772.</mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mostaghim</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name><name><surname>Lo</surname><given-names>HYA</given-names></name><name><surname>Khardori</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A Retrospective Epidemiologic Study to Define Risk Factors, Microbiology, and Clinical Outcomes of Infective Endocarditis in a Large Tertiary-Care Teaching Hospital</article-title><source>SAGE Open Med</source><year>2017</year><volume>5</volume><elocation-id>2050312117741772</elocation-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/2050312117741772</pub-id></element-citation></ref> <ref id="B4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation>. Larry MB, Anavekar NS, Crestanello JA, Wilson WR. Infectious Endocarditis and Infections of Indwelling Devices. In: Libby P, editor. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. New York: Elsevier; 2022. p. 1505-30.</mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Larry</surname><given-names>MB</given-names></name><name><surname>Anavekar</surname><given-names>NS</given-names></name><name><surname>Crestanello</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>WR</given-names></name></person-group><chapter-title>Infectious Endocarditis and Infections of Indwelling Devices</chapter-title><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Libby</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><role>editor</role></person-group><source xml:lang="en">Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine</source><publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name><year>2022</year><fpage>1505</fpage><lpage>1530</lpage></element-citation></ref> <ref id="B5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation>. Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, Bongiorni MG, Casalta JP, Del Zotti F, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Infective Endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J. 2015;36(44):3075-128. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv319.</mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Habib</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Lancellotti</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Antunes</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bongiorni</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name><name><surname>Casalta</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name><name><surname>Del Zotti</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>2015 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Infective Endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)</article-title><person-group person-group-type="editor"><collab>Endorsed by:</collab><collab>European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)</collab></person-group><source>Eur Heart J</source><year>2015</year><volume>36</volume><issue>44</issue><fpage>3075</fpage><lpage>3128</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehv319</pub-id></element-citation></ref> <ref id="B6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation>. Feuchtner GM, Stolzmann P, Dichtl W, Schertler T, Bonatti J, Scheffel H,  et al. Multislice Computed Tomography in Infective Endocarditis: Comparison with Transesophageal Echocardiography and Intraoperative Findings. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(5):436-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.01.077.</mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Feuchtner</surname><given-names>GM</given-names></name><name><surname>Stolzmann</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Dichtl</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Schertler</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Bonatti</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Scheffel</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Multislice Computed Tomography in Infective Endocarditis: Comparison with Transesophageal Echocardiography and Intraoperative Findings</article-title><source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source><year>2009</year><volume>53</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>436</fpage><lpage>444</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2008.01.077</pub-id></element-citation></ref> <ref id="B7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation>. Hryniewiecki T, Zatorska K, Abramczuk E, Zakrzewski D, Szymański P, Kuśmierczyk M,  et al. The Usefulness of Cardiac CT in the Diagnosis of Perivalvular Complications in Patients with Infective Endocarditis. Eur Radiol. 2019;29(8):4368-76. doi: 10.1007/s00330-018-5965-2.</mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hryniewiecki</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Zatorska</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Abramczuk</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Zakrzewski</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Szymański</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Kuśmierczyk</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>The Usefulness of Cardiac CT in the Diagnosis of Perivalvular Complications in Patients with Infective Endocarditis</article-title><source>Eur Radiol</source><year>2019</year><volume>29</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>4368</fpage><lpage>4376</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00330-018-5965-2</pub-id></element-citation></ref> <ref id="B8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation>. Ivanovic B, Trifunovic D, Matic S, Petrovic J, Sacic D, Tadic M. Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis - A Trouble or a Challenge? J Cardiol. 2019;73(2):126-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2018.08.007.</mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ivanovic</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Trifunovic</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Matic</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Petrovic</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Sacic</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Tadic</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis - A Trouble or a Challenge?</article-title><source>J Cardiol</source><year>2019</year><volume>73</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>126</fpage><lpage>133</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jjcc.2018.08.007</pub-id></element-citation></ref> <ref id="B9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation>. Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Gentile F, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021;143(5):e72-e227. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923.</mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Otto</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name><name><surname>Nishimura</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>Bonow</surname><given-names>RO</given-names></name><name><surname>Carabello</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></name><name><surname>Erwin</surname><given-names>JP</given-names><suffix>3rd</suffix></name><name><surname>Gentile</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title><source>Circulation</source><year>2021</year><volume>143</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>e72</fpage><lpage>e227</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923</pub-id></element-citation></ref> </ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="other"><p>Study Association</p> <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p> <p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p> <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn><fn fn-type="supported-by"> <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn></fn-group></back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230068</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endocardite de Prótese Valvar Aórtica com Abscesso Paraórtico Extenso: A Relevância da Multimodalidade de Imagem</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8162-5739</contrib-id><name><surname>Boccalon</surname><given-names>Bernardo</given-names></name><role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role><role>obtenção de dados</role><role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role><role>redação do manuscrito</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1 </sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amon</surname><given-names>André Barcellos</given-names></name><role>obtenção de dados</role><role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role><role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4971-738X</contrib-id><name><surname>Serafini</surname><given-names>Thiago Ferreira</given-names></name><role>obtenção de dados</role><role>redação do manuscrito</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1 </sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Albrecht</surname><given-names>Álvaro Schmidt</given-names></name><role>obtenção de dados</role><role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id><name><surname>Foppa</surname><given-names>Murilo</given-names></name><role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role><role>obtenção de dados</role><role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role><role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2493-0547</contrib-id><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names></name><role>obtenção de dados</role><role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1002"><label>1</label><country country="BR">Brasil</country><institution content-type="original">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia e Ciências Cardiovasculares, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff2002"><label>2</label><country country="BR">Brasil</country><institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre – Brasil</institution></aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Bernardo Boccalon • Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Sala 2061. CEP: 90035-903. Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil E-mail: boccalonbernardo@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn id="fn1002">
	<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
	<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
	<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt"><kwd>Endocardite</kwd><kwd>Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca</kwd><kwd>Diagnóstico por Imagem</kwd></kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
<sec sec-type="intro"><title>Introdução</title>
	<p>A endocardite infecciosa (EI) é definida como a infecção do endocárdio ou material protético no coração, e tem como patogênese a adesão das bactérias ao endocárdio vulnerável ou material protético implantado durante uma bacteremia.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Sua apresentação clínica é altamente variável, a depender do microrganismo causador, condições cardíacas subjacentes e comorbidades pré-existentes.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> A EI tem incidência anual estimada em até 10/100.000 em países ocidentais, com mortalidade de até 30% em 30 dias.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Descrição</title>
	<p>Mulher, 64 anos, procurou atendimento ambulatorial devido a dor cervical há três semanas, sudorese noturna, calafrios e mialgia. Além disso, queixava-se de dor precordial, intensidade 4/10, do tipo aperto. Em seu histórico médico pregresso, havia uma cirurgia para troca valvar aórtica por estenose aórtica grave (valva aórtica bicúspide), realizada em agosto de 2018, com implante de uma prótese biológica Mosaic Ultra porcina n° 21 (Medtronic). A paciente negava procedimentos dentários ou outros procedimentos invasivos nos últimos dez meses.</p>
	<p>No exame físico, a paciente apresentava frequência cardíaca (FC) de 94 bpm, pressão arterial (PA) de 150/86 mmHg, com ritmo regular à ausculta cardíaca e sopro sistólico rude em foco aórtico, com intensidade 3/6+. Quanto aos demais sistemas, encontrava-se sem déficits neurológicos, lúcida, orientada e consciente, sem alterações cutâneas sugestivas de fenômenos vasculares/imunológicos, com função renal dentro da normalidade, assim como o exame qualitativo de urina.</p>
	<p>Optou-se pela investigação ambulatorial da sua condição clínica por meio da coleta de exames laboratoriais, incluindo hemoculturas periféricas e ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT), pela hipótese de EI. Os exames laboratoriais evidenciaram leucocitose (leucócitos totais 15.150 µg/L), com predomínio de neutrófilos (11.910 µg/L) e elevação da proteína C reativa (PCR – 20,7 mg/L). Hemoglobina, eletrólitos, creatinina e ureia estavam dentro dos limites da normalidade. Houve crescimento de <italic>Streptococcus anginosus</italic> em uma das amostras de hemoculturas e o ETT mostrou imagens sugestivas de vegetações na prótese valvar aórtica. Desta forma, a paciente foi admitida em uma instituição secundária de atendimento à saúde e iniciou-se antibioticoterapia endovenosa com oxacilina, gentamicina e ceftriaxona, com resolução da clínica inicialmente apresentada.</p>
<sec><title>Transferência para hospital terciário</title>
	<p>A paciente permaneceu internada por dez dias até a transferência para um hospital terciário para seguir com avaliação e tratamento. À chegada ao hospital, a paciente estava hemodinamicamente estável, afebril, negando queixas álgicas ou dispneia. Ao exame físico, permanecia com sopro sistólico em foco aórtico, rude, 3/6+. Sem alterações em outros sistemas.</p>
	<p>Exames laboratoriais demonstraram discreta leucocitose (leucócitos totais 11.580 µg/L), com predomínio de neutrófilos (8.740µg/L), além de PCR elevada (140 mg/L), mas sem crescimento de microrganismos nos três pares de hemoculturas coletados. O eletrocardiograma mostrou ritmo sinusal com intervalo PR normal, eixo em -30° e sem alterações da repolarização ventricular. Radiografia de tórax com fios de sutura esternal, sem outras alterações.</p>
	<p>O ETT realizado na admissão mostrou ventrículo esquerdo com dimensões e espessuras parietais normais e fração de ejeção preservada (66% pelo método de Teichholz). A prótese aórtica biológica apresentava imagens com mobilidade independente na sua face ventricular, sugestivas de vegetações, além de regurgitação transvalvar leve e paravalvar mínima, com suspeita de disfunção estrutural obstrutiva da prótese biológica (velocidade de pico 3,8 m/s; gradientes máximo/médio = 57/38 mmHg e relação das integrais velocidade-tempo (VTI) 0,45; tempo de abertura = 112 ms).</p>
	<p>Optou-se pela manutenção do tratamento antimicrobiano com ceftriaxona e gentamicina, com redução progressiva da PCR e normalização do leucograma, mantendo-se afebril até o 18° dia de tratamento, quando a paciente iniciou com curva térmica subfebril (37,6°) e alterações do ritmo cardíaco, alternando períodos de extrassístoles ventriculares bigeminadas, ritmo sinusal e fibrilação atrial com alta resposta ventricular.</p>
	<p>Para avaliação de complicações relacionadas a EI, foi realizado um ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE), que confirmou a imagem hiperecogênica aderida ao correspondente anatômico do folheto coronariano esquerdo, móvel, com diâmetro máximo 11mm, sugestiva de vegetação, e a mínima regurgitação paravalvar. Além disso, havia uma estrutura hiperecogênica paraórtica posterior envolvendo a aorta ascendente, sem fluxo no seu interior, com diâmetro máximo de 24 mm, sugestiva de abscesso (<xref rid="f01002" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>).</p><p><fig id="f01002"><label>Figura 1</label><caption><title>– A) seta indicando a vegetação na via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE); B) visualizada no ETT e no ETE; C e E) abscesso entre a parede anterior da aorta e o átrio esquerdo visualizados no ETE; D e F) abscesso entre a parede anterior da aorta e o átrio esquerdo visualizado na tomografia computadorizada. AE: átrio esquerdo; AD: átrio direito; AO: aórta; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; VD: ventrículo direito; PAo: prótese valvar aórtica.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230068-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig></p>
	<p>Foram realizadas tomografias (TC) com contraste para avaliação acurada da imagem paraórtica. As alterações encontradas foram sugestivas de coleção infecciosa junto à raiz da aorta e à parede do átrio esquerdo, com dimensões de 53 x 33 mm nos maiores eixos (<xref rid="f02002" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>). Havia ainda imagens sugestivas de abscessos no terço superior do rim direito e no lobo pulmonar superior direito.</p><p><fig id="f02002"><label>Figura 2</label><caption><title>– A) renderização 3D com vista superior mostrando a raiz da aorta e a origem da artéria coronária esquerda; B) renderização mostrando o abscesso (seta) envolvendo o anel aórtico e a origem da coronária esquerda. AE: átrio esquerdo; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; AP: artéria pulmonar; AO: aórta; TCE: Tronco da coronária esquerda.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230068-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig></p>
	<p>A paciente foi encaminhada para cirurgia de urgência, na qual identificou-se grande abscesso envolvendo a raiz da aorta, desde o óstio da coronária esquerda até a coronária direita, com disjunção da prótese aórtica com a via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE) em 90% da sua circunferência. Além disso, havia presença de pannus na região subvalvar determinando estenose da VSVE (<xref rid="f03002" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref>).</p><p><fig id="f03002"><label>Figura 3</label><caption><title>– Visão por aortotomia oblíqua. A) Prótese aórtica prévia; B) Abscesso, pus e pannus subvalvar após exérese da prótese infectada; C) drenagem de pus de abscesso infracoronariano esquerdo com trajeto fistuloso em direção ao teto do átrio esquerdo (pseudoaneurisma).</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230068-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig></p>
	<p>Foi realizada ressecção da prótese aórtica com debridamento de abscesso paravalvar, reconstrução circunferencial da VSVE desde o plano muscular até o plano subcoronariano com patch de pericárdio bovino e implante de prótese aórtica biológica n° 19.</p>
	<p>Na evolução pós-operatória, foi necessário implante de marcapasso dupla câmara definitivo devido a um bloqueio atrioventricular total persistente. Apesar disso, a recuperação foi satisfatória, com exames laboratoriais sem alterações sugestivas de processo infeccioso em atividade, prótese aórtica normofuncionante ao ETT e alta hospitalar após término da terapia antimicrobiana.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussão</title>
	<p>O diagnóstico da EI é desafiador, pois os sintomas iniciais podem ser inespecíficos e variáveis. Sinais como febre persistente, sudorese noturna, fadiga, perda de peso e dores articulares podem ser indicativos da doença. História médica do paciente, incluindo a presença de condições predisponentes, como valvas cardíacas protéticas ou doenças cardíacas prévias, aumentam a probabilidade do seu diagnóstico.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
	<p>A coleta de exames precoces, como hemocultura, visando à identificação do microrganismo causador da EI é de extrema importância no manejo clínico dessa condição, permitindo um tratamento antimicrobiano direcionado e adequado, o que resulta em melhores resultados para o paciente. Ainda que a EI causada por <italic>Streptococcus anginosus </italic>seja relativamente rara, quando ela ocorre há maior risco na formação de abscessos perivalvares e maior taxa de mortalidade. Esses germes uniformemente são suscetíveis aos beta-lactâmicos, recomendando-se o tratamento com um antimicrobiano desta classe (no caso relatado acima, foi utilizado ceftriaxona), com associação de gentamicina nas duas primeiras semanas de tratamento.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
	<p>Os exames de imagem são parte do diagnóstico e seguimento, e o ecocardiograma é o exame de primeira escolha. No entanto, é importante reconhecer que a endocardite pode apresentar variações na sua manifestação clínica, o que pode afetar a sensibilidade dos exames de imagem. Atualmente, a sensibilidade para o diagnóstico de vegetações em valvas nativas e protéticas é estimada em 70% e 50%, respectivamente, para ETT; e 96% e 92%, respectivamente, para ETE. Já a sensibilidade do ETT para o diagnóstico de abscessos é de cerca de 50%, em comparação a 90% do ETE.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>Outras modalidades de imagem podem ser necessárias, como TC e ressonância magnética cardíaca, principalmente na avaliação de complicações (abscesso/pseudoaneurisma), como no caso apresentado, onde há um aumento na acurácia do detalhamento anatômico dessas estruturas.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
	<p>Pacientes com próteses cardíacas possuem um risco maior de EI e de desenvolver complicações relacionadas à endocardite, já que, ao invadir o anel protético, os microrganismos interferem no tecido perivalvar, o que aumenta o risco de abscesso, pseudoaneurisma, formação de fístula e deiscência valvar.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>As complicações mecânicas da EI precisam ser consideradas em caso de deterioração hemodinâmica e/ou ausência de melhora clínica com tratamento antimicrobiano adequado, ou surgimento de alterações do ritmo cardíaco em casos de prótese aórtica, devendo ser tratadas em um centro de referência.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
	<p>As complicações da EI são causas frequentes de intervenção cirúrgica precoce antes da conclusão do curso de antibioticoterapia, por estarem associadas à maior mortalidade, eventos embólicos e recorrência de EI nos primeiros cinco anos após a infecção inicial. A cirurgia cardíaca busca remover tecidos infectados, reparar ou substituir valvas não funcionais e corrigir anormalidades para restaurar a função cardíaca adequada.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
	<p>Portanto, é fundamental estarmos atentos a fatores como a presença de próteses cardíacas, complicações intracardíacas e condições clínicas específicas do paciente para garantir uma abordagem diagnóstica abrangente e assertiva dessa condição. A integração criteriosa dos achados clínicos com a interpretação dos exames de imagens possibilita uma melhor avaliação e condução terapêutica para pacientes com suspeita de endocardite.</p>
</sec></body>
    <back> <fn-group> <fn fn-type="other"> <p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p> <p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p><p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p> <p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>  <fn fn-type="supported-by"> <p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn> </fn-group> </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
