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<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230063i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Is Echocardiographic Assessment of Strain Essential In Daily Routine?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2875-9863</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo Suaide</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Dasa</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Barueri</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Dasa, Barueri, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Carlos Eduardo Suaide Silva • Diagnósticos da America AS, Cardiologia. Av. Jurua 434. Postal code: 06455-010. Barueri, SP – Brazil. E-mail: <email>csuaide@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>06</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230063</elocation-id>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Cardíac Imaging Techniques</kwd>
				<kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="8"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The assessment of myocardial fiber deformation (myocardial strain) during the cardiac cycle is a direct measurement of muscle function, which can be obtained by conventional imaging tests such as echocardiography and magnetic resonance.</p>
		<p>Strain measurement can identify abnormalities in global and regional myocardial function, in addition to making the differential diagnosis of some cardiomyopathies. Furthermore, it is an earlier marker of ventricular dysfunction than ejection fraction and may predict adverse cardiovascular events.</p>
		<p>The most used parameter to assess the global ventricular function is the ejection fraction, and the choice of diagnostic method depends on the patient’s clinical situation. Magnetic resonance imaging has been considered the gold standard, but the ideal method would be minimally invasive, low-cost, reproducible with little interobserver variation, without irradiation or use of contrasts, and repeatable as many times as necessary. Magnetic resonance imaging is highly accurate, and it is able to assess both anatomy and ventricular function; however, it is expensive, more time-consuming, and not widely available. Contrast allergy is also a relatively limiting factor to its use. This makes echocardiography the most widely available and least uncomfortable method for patients in order to assess cardiac physiology.</p>
		<p>Strain is a dimensionless measurement that expresses the deformation of a myocardial segment as a percentage and, therefore, provides information on the contractile function of that segment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> We can assess longitudinal, circumferential, and radial contractile function. The most widely used method is longitudinal strain, in part because most of the initial studies used this parameter, in part because the equipment does not calculate the radial or circumferential strain, except with specialized software, and, finally, because of the absence of well-defined normal values for age, sex, and race. Only recently have world societies established these values through the World Alliance Societies of Echocardiography Study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Cardiac muscle fibers are arranged in different directions according to their subendocardial, middle, and subepicardial layers, causing the myocardium to shorten longitudinally and circumferentially and to thicken radially during systole.</p>
		<p>Strain quantification by echocardiography was initially performed using the tissue Doppler technique. By measuring the speed of movement of two points of the myocardium and dividing by the distance between them, we can quantify the deformation of a given segment. As it was a technique based on the Doppler effect, it was influenced by the angle of incidence of the ultrasound, which limited its use. mainly in the apical segments, where the direction of the muscle movement vector is practically perpendicular to that of the ultrasound beam, making it extremely unfavorable for speed calculation and demanding great expertise on the part of the operator. In addition, there was reasonable interobserver variation. Strain measurement by Doppler was soon replaced by the speckle-tracking technique based on two-dimensional echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Software designed to follow the positions of the speckles (bright dots on the ultrasound image) frame by frame made it possible to quantify the myocardial deformation more accurately, eliminating angle dependence, with a more satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio, making it possible to measure strain in two dimensions (rather than just in the direction of the Doppler beam).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This is the universally used technique for measuring strain to this day.</p>
		<p>Global longitudinal strain (GLS) values are more reliable and more relevant than ejection fraction in the early detection of ventricular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The prediction of cardiovascular events is more reliable using GLS than ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although it does not replace ejection fraction, this information alone would be a good reason to include GLS among the parameters routinely displayed on echocardiography.</p>
		<p>Myocardial deformation is influenced by both preload (the strain value increases with the increase in the size of the ventricular cavity) and afterload (strain decreases with the increase in arterial pressure).</p>
		<p>A major clinical contribution of strain is the fact that it can detect myocardial dysfunction early, even before the ejection fraction begins to decrease. This applies to many clinical situations. In ischemia, for example, myocardial impairment begins in the subendocardial layer, predominantly composed of longitudinal fibers, which facilitates assessment by echocardiography through the measurement of longitudinal strain in apical views. This impairment may be subclinical, without any decrease in ejection fraction, but the longitudinal shortening of the fibers may already be altered by ischemia and affect the strain curve. The identification of post-systolic contraction can also alert us to the presence of ischemia, even before any more evident contractile alteration appears on the two-dimensional test. In addition to diagnosis, this technique has great prognostic value and is an excellent tool for the follow-up of these patients. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows the 13-year follow-up of a patient who had his first infarction in 2010, which slightly altered the GLS, and a second one in 2014, which compromised the apex. Nine years later, a worsening could be observed in the affected area. Strain maps give us a perfect idea of the evolution of myocardial damage.</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f01">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Strain maps for follow-up of the evolution of a patient with coronary disease who had a first infarction in 2010 and a second one in 2014. GLS: Global longitudinal strain</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230063-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>In athletes, strain measurement is very important in assessing both systolic and diastolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It can help make the differential diagnosis between physiological and pathological hypertrophy and help detect early ventricular dysfunction in users of anabolic steroids, which are, unfortunately, becoming more and more frequent in our setting.</p>
		<p>In valve diseases, strain serves as an important prognostic tool and, in situations bordering on surgical indication, reduced strain can be the missing piece of information for clinical decision making.</p>
		<p>In cardio-oncology, the role of strain in the early detection of cardiotoxicity has been amply defined. Numerous studies have shown a reduction in strain values before the drop in ejection fraction occurs. According to the consensus of the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> a drop of 15 percentage points in the GLS value is highly suggestive of cardiotoxicity. It is fundamental to perform strain echocardiography before initiating chemotherapy to compare with future sequential echocardiograms and observe whether there is a drop in GLS.</p>
		<p>In cardiomyopathies, the presence of specific patterns on the polar map may even suggest the etiology of the disease. When contraction is preserved in the apical region and decreased in the middle and basal segments (apical sparing), it is highly suggestive of amyloidosis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> ). A decrease in strain values in the septal region alone, even without a large increase in myocardial thickness, leads us to suspect hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f02">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Apical sparing in a patient with amyloidosis AVC: Acidente Vascular Cerebral.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230063-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f03">
				<label>Figure 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Decreased strain in the septal region of a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230063-gf03.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>In our opinion, the quantification of myocardial strain is indeed essential in daily routine. As previously set forth, in almost all heart diseases, strain assessment always has something to add, whether to diagnosis, prognosis, or therapeutic follow-up. Only patients who are known to be normal, who come to us for routine evaluations, perhaps do not need to undergo strain echocardiography. Even so, from time to time, there are some surprises. Given that we carry out routine tests in our service, occasionally, young people who practice physical activities, with absolutely normal echocardiograms, present a reduction in the GLS and, with a more focused anamnesis, we discover that they use or have used anabolic steroids, which is very important information for the requesting physician. In other cases, a decrease in strain in a slightly thickened localized segment may suggest the presence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that could have gone unnoticed; however, it alerts us to continue the investigation. Another situation that we have observed with a certain frequency is the decrease in strain in some segments, without any other echocardiographic alteration, in post-COVID patients. When they are referred for magnetic resonance imaging, myocarditis is detected.</p>
		<p>In conclusion, whenever possible (if there is appropriate equipment and the routine permits), we believe that the few extra minutes to perform the procedure are rewarded by the enormous gain in diagnostic quality that this method has to offer.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230063</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>A avaliação do strain pela ecocardiografia é vital na rotina diária?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2875-9863</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo Suaide</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Dasa, Barueri, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Carlos Eduardo Suaide Silva • Diagnósticos da America AS, Cardiologia. Av. Jurua 434. CEP: 06455-010. Barueri, SP – Brasil. E-mail: csuaide@cardiol.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Técnicas de Imagem Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Função Ventricular</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A avaliação da deformação da fibra miocárdica ( <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico) durante o ciclo cardíaco é uma medida direta da função muscular e pode ser obtida por exames de imagem convencionais como a ecocardiografia e a ressonância magnética.</p>
			<p>A medida do <italic>strain</italic> pode identificar anormalidades na função global e regional do miocárdio além de fazer o diagnóstico diferencial de algumas cardiomiopatias. Além disso, é um marcador mais precoce de disfunção ventricular do que a fração de ejeção e pode prever eventos cardiovasculares adversos.</p>
			<p>O parâmetro mais utilizado para avaliar a função global ventricular é a fração de ejeção e a escolha do método diagnóstico depende da situação clínica do paciente. O padrão-ouro tem sido atribuído à ressonância magnética, mas o método ideal seria aquele minimamente invasivo, de baixo custo, reprodutível, com pequena variação interobservador, sem irradiação ou uso de contrastes e que pudesse ser repetido quantas vezes fossem necessárias. A ressonância é realmente bastante acurada além de poder avaliar tanto a anatomia quanto a função ventricular, entretanto é cara, consome um maior tempo de exame e não está amplamente disponível. Alergia ao contraste também é um fator relativamente limitante ao seu uso. Isso faz da ecocardiografia o método mais disponível e que traz o menor desconforto ao paciente para avaliar a fisiologia cardíaca.</p>
			<p><italic>Strain</italic> é uma medida sem dimensão que expressa a deformação de um segmento miocárdico em percentual e, portanto, nos dá a informação de como está a função contrátil daquele segmento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Podemos avaliar a função contrátil longitudinal, circunferencial e radial. O método mais amplamente usado é o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal. Em parte, porque a maioria dos trabalhos iniciais usaram esse parâmetro, em parte, porque os equipamentos não calculam o <italic>strain</italic> radial ou circunferencial, a não ser com <italic>softwares</italic> especializados e finalmente, pela ausência de valores de normalidade bem definidos para idade, sexo e raça. Apenas recentemente as sociedades mundiais através do World Alliance Societies of Echocardiography Study estabeleceu esses valores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>As fibras do músculo cardíaco se dispõem em diversas direções segundo suas camadas subendocárdica, média e subepicárdica fazendo com que o miocárdio encurte no sentido longitudinal e circunferencial e se espesse no sentido radial durante a sístole.</p>
			<p>A quantificação do <italic>strain</italic> pela ecocardiografia foi inicialmente feita com a técnica do Doppler tecidual. Medindo a velocidade de movimentação de dois pontos do miocárdio e dividindo pela distância entre eles podemos quantificar a deformação de um dado segmento. Como era uma técnica baseada no efeito Doppler, sofria a influência do ângulo de incidência do ultrassom, o que limitava sua utilização principalmente nos segmentos apicais, onde o sentido do vetor de movimentação do músculo é praticamente perpendicular ao do feixe de ultrassom, sendo extremamente desfavorável para o cálculo da velocidade e exigindo grande expertise do operador. Além disso, havia razoável variação interobservador. A medida do <italic>strain</italic> pelo Doppler foi logo substituída pela técnica do <italic>speckle tracking</italic> baseada na imagem do ecocardiograma bidimensional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Um <italic>software</italic> desenhado para seguir as posições dos <italic>speckles</italic> (pontinhos brilhantes da imagem do ultrassom) quadro-a-quadro possibilitou quantificar a deformação miocárdica de forma mais acurada eliminando a dependência do ângulo, com relação sinal-ruído mais satisfatória, e permitindo medir o <italic>strain</italic> em duas dimensões (e não apenas no sentido do feixe do Doppler).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> É a técnica universalmente utilizada até hoje para se medir o <italic>strain</italic> .</p>
			<p>O valor do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) é mais confiável e mais relevante do que a fração de ejeção na detecção precoce da disfunção ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A previsão de eventos cardiovasculares é mais confiável pelo SLG do que pela fração de ejeção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Apesar de não substituir a fração de ejeção, apenas essas informações já seriam um bom motivo para incluir o SLG entre os parâmetros apresentados de rotina no ecocardiograma.</p>
			<p>A deformação miocárdica sofre influência tanto da pré-carga (o valor do <italic>strain</italic> aumenta com o aumento do tamanho da cavidade ventricular) quanto da pós-carga (o <italic>strain</italic> diminui com o aumento da pressão arterial).</p>
			<p>A grande contribuição clínica do <italic>strain</italic> é o fato de poder detectar disfunção miocárdica precocemente, antes mesmo que a fração de ejeção comece a reduzir. E isso vale para diversas situações clínicas. Na isquemia, por exemplo, o comprometimento miocárdico se inicia na camada subendocárdica, composta predominantemente de fibras longitudinais, o que facilita sua avaliação pela ecocardiografia através da medida do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal nos cortes apicais. Esse comprometimento pode ser subclínico, sem qualquer diminuição da fração de ejeção, mas o encurtamento longitudinal das fibras já pode estar alterado pela isquemia e afetará a curva do <italic>strain</italic> . A identificação de contração pós-sistólica também pode nos alertar para a presença de isquemia antes mesmo que qualquer alteração contrátil mais evidente apareça ao exame bidimensional. Além do diagnóstico, essa técnica possui grande valor prognóstico e é excelente ferramenta para o acompanhamento evolutivo desses pacientes. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> podemos ver o seguimento de 13 anos de um paciente que teve seu primeiro infarto em 2010 que pouco alterou o SLG e um segundo em 2014 comprometendo o ápice. Nove anos após, nota-se a piora da área acometida. Os mapas de <italic>strain</italic> nos dão a perfeita ideia da evolução do dano miocárdico.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01002">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Acompanhamento evolutivo dos mapas de strain de um paciente coronariopata que sofreu um infarto em 2010 e um segundo infarto em 2014</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230063-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Nos atletas a medida do <italic>strain</italic> é muito importante na avaliação tanto da função sistólica quanto diastólica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Pode ajudar a fazer o diagnóstico diferencial entre hipertrofia fisiológica e patológica e principalmente detectar disfunção ventricular precoce nos usuários de esteroides anabolizantes o que, infelizmente, vem se tornando cada vez mais frequente em nosso meio.</p>
			<p>Nas valvopatias o <italic>strain</italic> funciona como uma importante ferramenta de prognóstico e nas situações limítrofes de indicação cirúrgica um <italic>strain</italic> reduzido pode ser a informação que faltava para a tomada de decisão clínica.</p>
			<p>Na cardio-oncologia está mais que definido o papel do <italic>strain</italic> na detecção precoce de cardiotoxicidade. Inúmeros estudos têm mostrado redução dos valores do <italic>strain</italic> antes que aconteça a queda da fração de ejeção. Segundo o consenso da American Society of Echocardiography e da European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> uma queda de 15 pontos percentuais no valor do SLG é altamente sugestiva de cardiotoxicidade. É fundamental fazer um ecocardiograma com <italic>strain</italic> antes de se iniciar a quimioterapia para comparar com futuros ecocardiogramas sequenciais e observar se há queda do SLG.</p>
			<p>Nas miocardiopatias, a presença de padrões específicos no mapa polar pode até mesmo sugerir a etiologia da doença. A contração preservada na região apical e diminuída nos segmentos médios e basais ( <italic>apical sparing</italic> ) é altamente sugestiva de amiloidose ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> ). A diminuição dos valores do <italic>strain</italic> apenas na região septal, mesmo sem grande aumento na espessura miocárdica nos leva a suspeitar de miocardiopatia hipertrófica ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02002">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Apical sparing em portador de amiloidose. AVC: Acidente Vascular Cerebral.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230063-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03002">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Strain diminuído na região septal em portador de miocardiopatia hipertrófica. AVC: Acidente Vascular Cerebral.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230063-gf03-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Na nossa opinião a quantificação da deformação miocárdica é sim vital na rotina diária. Como exposto acima, em quase todas as doenças do coração a avaliação com <italic>strain</italic> tem sempre algo a acrescentar, seja no diagnóstico, no prognóstico ou no acompanhamento terapêutico. Apenas os pacientes sabidamente normais, que nos procuram para avaliações de rotina, talvez não tenham a necessidade de realizar um ecocardiograma com <italic>strain</italic> . Assim mesmo, vez em quando, temos algumas surpresas. Como em nosso serviço realizamos exames de rotina, eventualmente jovens que praticam atividades físicas, com ecocardiograma absolutamente normal, apresentam uma redução do SLG e, com uma anamnese mais direcionada, descobrimos que fazem ou fizeram, uso de esteroides anabolizantes, informação muito importante para o médico solicitante. Em outros casos, a diminuição do <italic>strain</italic> em um segmento localizado levemente espessado pode sugerir a presença de miocardiopatia hipertrófica que poderia passar despercebida e, no entanto, nos alerta para continuar a investigação. Outra situação que temos observado com certa frequência é a diminuição do <italic>strain</italic> em alguns segmentos, sem qualquer outra alteração ecocardiográfica, em pacientes pós-COVID. Quando são encaminhados para ressonância magnética é detectada a presença de miocardite.</p>
			<p>Concluindo, havendo possibilidade (equipamento adequado e se a rotina permitir), acreditamos que os poucos minutos a mais para realizar o procedimento são recompensados pelo enorme ganho em qualidade diagnóstica que o método tem a oferecer.</p>
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