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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230060i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230060i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Incremental Determinants of The Combined Supine-Prone Protocol for Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-9841-1098</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Tiago Oliveira</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>acquisition of data</role> <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <role>statistical analysis</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3990-7158</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rocha</surname><given-names>M&#xE1;rio de Seixas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>acquisition of data</role> <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <role>statistical analysis</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8379-6192</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Soares</surname><given-names>Gilson Feitosa</given-names><suffix>Filho</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>acquisition of data</role> <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <role>statistical analysis</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6110-2372</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Camargo</surname><given-names>Raphael Abeg&#xE3;o de</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>acquisition of data</role> <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <role>statistical analysis</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3745-0753</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Macedo</surname><given-names>Cristiano Ricardo Bastos de</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>acquisition of data</role> <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <role>statistical analysis</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de P&#xFA;blica</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de P&#xFA;blica, P&#xF3;s-Gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o em Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de Humana, Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Grupo de Medicina Nuclear</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Grupo de Medicina Nuclear (GMN), Grupo CAM, Oncocl&#xED;nicas, Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Portugu&#xEA;s</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Portugu&#xEA;s, Medicina Nuclear, Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio Professor Edgard Santos</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Cardiologia, Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tiago Oliveira Costa</bold> &#x2022; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de P&#xFA;blica, P&#xF3;s-Gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o em Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de Humana. Rua Santa Isabela, 100, apto 2901 A. Postal code: <postal-code>40221-225</postal-code>. Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brazil. E-mail: <email>tiago_oliveirac@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by">
<p>Editor responsible for the review: Rafael Lopes</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>02</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230060</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>23</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>31</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>04</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is an important non-invasive method for diagnosing coronary artery disease, but it is not free from artifacts. Performing the combined supine-prone protocol can bring benefits to images with artifacts from the standard protocol in the supine position. The lack of unanimity in the implementation of the combined protocol may be related to the lack of objective data for the prior selection of patients.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objective:</title>
<p>To evaluate which anthropometric profiles may be associated with a greater benefit in excluding artifacts for the optimized performance of the combined protocol.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>A cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out with 370 patients at the Nuclear Medicine Group Clinic between April and August 2022. The estimated level of statistical significance was 5%. Statistical analysis using binary logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between anthropometric data and the change in the initial test result after carrying out the combined protocol.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>The combined protocol promoted a 19.7% increase in the normality ratio of the standard protocol. The variables weight, for both genders [OR = 1.02 (95% CI, 1.0002 &#x2013; 1.04; p = 0.047)], and bust in women [OR = 1.06 (95% CI, 1. 01 &#x2013; 1.11; p = 0.014)] represented incremental determinants with statistical significance. Weight greater than 76.5kg for both genders (S: 58.5%; E: 61.5%) and bust greater than 100.0 cm in women (S: 73.9%; E: 53.4%) were the best cutoff points in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>The optimized implementation of the combined protocol using the described weight and bust measurement criteria can promote greater efficiency in image acquisition.</p>
</sec></abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Radionuclide Imaging</kwd>
<kwd>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging</kwd>
<kwd>Prone Position</kwd>
<kwd>Anthropometry</kwd>
<kwd>Coronary disease</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="18"/>
<table-count count="4"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="8"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy represents an important non-invasive method in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD), with sensitivity and specificity of 88 and 74%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The standard protocol of the exam comprises the acquisition of images with the patient in dorsal decubitus (supine position) after intravenous injection of the radiotracer, obtaining scintigraphic images at rest and post-stress.</p>
<p>However, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is a diagnostic tool subject to interference by artifacts, which can be caused by the attenuation of gamma radiation photons by soft tissues interposed between the myocyte and the gamma-camera detector, as well as artifacts resulting from the movement of the patient, among others that degrade the image quality, decreasing the specificity and the percentage of normality (normalcy rate) of the test. Results of exams with artifacts can greatly influence clinical decision-making, sometimes with continuation of the investigation of CAD through unnecessary invasive diagnostic methods, costly to the health system and not free of complications for the patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Some techniques were then developed to minimize the impact of potential attenuation artifacts on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Among them, there is the combined protocol of supine-prone images, with benefits reported by previous scientific studies in different scenarios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The technique consists of positioning patients in prone position on the examination table and performing the acquisition of additional images after the standard image acquisition in supine position in post-stress images. This positioning promotes caudal displacement of the diaphragm and subphrenic organs, potential interference factors by attenuating photons emitted by the inferior wall of the left ventricle, thus enabling better detection of them by the gamma camera (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<caption>
<title>Health efficiency through the incremental determinants of the combined supine-prone imaging protocol of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf01.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Example of diaphragmatic attenuation artifact with reduced uptake on the inferior wall in the post-stress image in the supine position (upper line), corrected in the post-stress image in the prone position (bottom line). Images displayed in 3 axes: short (SA), horizontal long (HLA), and vertical long (VLA). Adapted from Nishina et al, 2006.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf02.tif"/></fig>
<p>Changing the patients&#x2019; position and compressing the soft parts of the chest (breasts, adipose tissue) in the prone position can also, sometimes, promote a better assessment of the anterior wall of the left ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 2</xref>), especially in cases of breast attenuation in women.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Example of artifact due to breast attenuation with reduced uptake in the anterior wall in the post-stress image in the supine position (upper line), corrected in the post-stress image in the prone position (bottom line). Images displayed in 3 axes: short (SA), horizontal long (HLA), and vertical long (VLA). Adapted from Slomka et al, 2007.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf03.tif"/></fig>
<p>However, performing additional images in the prone position can affect the logistics of the exams due to the additional time spent. In services with a high volume of exams, it may be difficult to perform the combined protocol in all patients. Furthermore, its implementation in some patients would be unnecessary when there are no attenuation artifacts on images in the supine position. To our knowledge, there are no studies that evaluate anthropometric variables as criteria for the selective identification of patients with greater benefit in obtaining the image in the prone position, representing, therefore, a gap in the Literature that we intend to fill.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<sec>
<title>Study design</title>
<p>A cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out. Data were collected prospectively from spontaneous demand patients who sought the Service of the Nuclear Medicine Group (<italic>Grupo de Medicina Nuclear</italic> &#x2013; GMN), Grupo CAM/Oncocl&#xED;nicas, Salvador&#x2013;Bahia, Brazil, in order to investigate CAD through myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, in the period between April and August 2022.</p>
<p>Patients of both genders were selected for the study, complying with the following inclusion criteria: absence of known previous coronary disease; minimum age of 18 years, with no upper age limit; prior indication of a myocardial perfusion scintigraphy exam to check for CAD by the attending physician. Exclusion criteria were: previous myocardial infarction or myocardial revascularization; non-ischemic cardiomyopathy or significant heart valve disease; pacemaker wearers; patients with left bundle branch block; inability to remain in prone position due to orthopedic or other limitations; poor technical quality of the exam performed (<italic>e.g</italic>. low image statistics, significant patient movement during the exam, significant interposition of extracardiac radioactive activity); non-signing of the Informed Consent.</p>
<p>Eligible patients who agreed to participate in the research protocol were previously assessed before the exam by trained nursing professionals to measure weight (kg), height (m), and waist circumference (cm) for both genders, in addition to measurements of the bust at nipple height (cm), chest circumference (cm), and delta between the bust and chest circumference (cm) for women, and then subjected to a combined supine-prone imaging protocol.</p>
<p>To acquire radionuclide images, a GE Medical Systems dual head gamma camera, model Ventri, was used, with all necessary calibrations and equipment quality controls performed. The technique used to acquire the images was single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), with low energy high-resolution (LEHR) collimators and an energy window of 15% at 140 Kev, 64x64 matrix, using he radiotracer <sup>99m</sup>Tc-sestamibi. Male patients weighing more than 100 kg and female patients weighing more than 90 kg, who underwent the protocol for acquiring the rest and stress stages on different days (2-day protocol), while the others performed the stages of rest and stress on the same day (1-day protocol). The radiotracer dose used was 10 to 14 mCi at rest and 30 to 42 mCi in the stress stage in the 1-day protocol, with image acquisition lasting approximately 10 to 15 minutes in the rest stage and 7 to 9 minutes in the stress stage. In the 2-day protocol, the radiotracer dose injected was 15 to 20 mCi in each step, with a corresponding image acquisition time of 10 to 20 minutes. The images in the prone position were taken immediately after the acquisition of the stress images in the supine position, without the need for a new injection of the radiotracer, with an approximate duration of 7 minutes.</p>
<p>The images acquired were then analyzed by a specialist physician, without knowledge of the anthropometric data and identification of the patients, initially only with the analysis of the images of the standard protocol in the supine position and description of the scintigraphic findings of the exam and, later, a new evaluation with the addition of post-stress images in the prone position. Statistical analysis using binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between anthropometric data and the change in the initial result of the test after performing the combined protocol. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine and Public Health of Bahia (<italic>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de P&#xFA;blica</italic>) on March 19<sup>th</sup>, 2022, under registration CAAE 55279921.6.0000.5544, with all participants signing the Informed Consent, in accordance with resolution 466/2012.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>Based on the premise of an incremental gain of 15% in the ratio of normality of the exams after the execution of the supine-prone protocol and the percentage of normality of approximately 65% in the exams in the supine position in our Service, a sample size calculation of 370 patients was performed through the WinPepi program, version 11.65. The estimated statistical significance level was 5%.</p>
<p>Initially, descriptive statistics of the collected data were elaborated, in which the categorical variables were expressed in relative frequency and percentages. Numerical variables in our study were evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with Lilliefors correction and showed normal distribution, being expressed as mean and standard deviation.</p>
<p>Then, univariate statistical analyzes were performed using the unpaired Student&#x27;s <italic>t</italic>-test to identify whether there was a statistically significant difference between the compared groups in relation to each numerical predictor variable with p &#x3C;0.20 and, thus, be eligible to enter the multiple model with the other numeric predictor variables. Therefore, statistical analysis was performed using binary logistic regression to assess the association between numerical predictor variables and the categorical outcome with or without modification of the result of the examination of the standard protocol of images in supine position after performing the combined supine-prone protocol. The Backward LR procedure was used for binary logistic regression analysis, which included all variables eligible for univariate analysis and, then, step by step, possible combinations of variables were made until arriving at the one(s) that best discriminated as independent predictor(s), with p &#x3C;0.05, for incremental gain with exclusion of artifacts through the combined supine-prone imaging protocol. 10% of the sample (37 exams) were selected for reanalysis and the Kappa test was used to evaluate interobserver agreement at two moments regarding the outcome variable. ROC curve analysis was used in order to identify the best cutoff point for anthropometric variables to discriminate the group of patients with the highest incremental gain through the combined protocol of supine-prone images.</p>
<p>SPSS software, version 26.0, for Windows was used as an auxiliary tool in the set of analyses previously described.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>From April to August/2022, 370 participants were included in the study analysis. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> presents the characteristics of the sample studied in relation to gender, presence and type of comorbidities, as well as the type of stress and protocol performed in the exams.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Characteristics of the categorical sample</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C18774">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristics</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n=370</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Gender</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Female</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">226</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61.1</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Comorbidities</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Yes</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">292</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">80.0</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>High blood pressure</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">260</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">70.8</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Dyslipidemia</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">144</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">41.6</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">134</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36.5</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Stress method</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Pharmacological-dipyridamole</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">220</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">59.8</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Ergometric</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">148</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40.2</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Protocol</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">1 day</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">338</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">91.4</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">2 days</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8.6</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: the author.</attrib></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<p>Next, in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, the specific age and anthropometric characteristics of the study sample can be verified.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Specific characteristics of the studied sample</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C18774">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristics</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Standard deviation</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Age (years)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">1</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11.2</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Weight (kg)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">1</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">74.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15.2</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Height (m)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">1</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.63</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.09</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Abdominal circumference (cm)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">1</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">97.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.09</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Male</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">98.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11.7</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Female</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">96.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10.9</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Bust (cm)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">2</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">99.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9.9</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Chest circumference (cm)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">2</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">88.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9.9</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Bust-Chest circumference (cm)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">2</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3.5</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<label>1</label>
<p>Both genders.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN2">
<label>2</label>
<p>Only females.</p></fn> <attrib>Source: the author.</attrib></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<p>In the initial analysis of the standard protocol with only images in the supine position, it was observed that most of the exams in the sample showed preserved perfusion in the left ventricular walls (63.5%). Among the exams that showed some type of myocardial hypoperfusion (persistent or transient), it was noted that the majority had mild hypoperfusion (125 exams) and only 10 exams in the sample showed moderate hypoperfusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Graphic 1</xref>). No exams with severe hypoperfusion were observed in the studied sample.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Graphic 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Standard protocol (supine): percentage of normal and hypoperfused exams.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf04.tif"/></fig>
<p>After the inclusion of images in the prone position, the analysis of the combined protocol of supine-prone images led to changes in the exam results in 74 patients (20% of the total sample), the majority of individuals represented by the male gender (70.3 %), with pharmacological stress with dipyridamole (52.7%) and the study protocol with rest and stress stages carried out on the same day (85.1%), being the most frequent modalities. There was an overall increase of 19.7% in the proportion of normal exams, a finding that reflects the role of the combined protocol in the exclusion of artifacts. In 0.3% of the total sample, there was no complete normalization of the exam, as in the study that was initially considered as a mixed perfusion disorder on images in the supine position (persistent hypoperfusion with associated ischemia) and, after the combined protocol, was considered only as persistent hypoperfusion &#x2013; the ischemic component in this case was attributed to attenuation artifact. When analyzing separately the subset of patients who initially had a perfusion deficit on images in the supine position (n = 135), this change in the result in 74 patients represents more than half of them after performing the combined protocol of supine-prone images. The kappa test applied after reanalysis of 10% of the total sample showed significant interobserver reliability (k = 0.983; p &#x3C;0.001; agreement = 99.5%).</p>
<p>The inferior wall was the region of the left ventricle that represented the highest absolute number of exams with modified results after analyzing the combined supine-prone imaging protocol. The anterior wall and apex occupied the second position. The other walls were also represented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Graphic 2</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Graphic 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Frequency of myocardial walls that improved uptake with the combined supine-prone protocol.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf05.tif"/></fig>
<p>The logistic binary regression analysis between anthropometric data for both genders (weight, height, and abdominal circumference) and the modification of the results of the standard protocol examination, after carrying out the combined supine-prone protocol, highlighted the weight variables at the end of the model [OR = 1.018 (95% CI, 1.0002 &#x2013; 1.0370; p = 0.047)] and male gender [OR = 4.445 (95% CI, 2.4951 &#x2013; 7.9199; p &#x3C; 0.001)] as potential incremental determinants for the combined protocol. The ROC curve illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Graphic 3</xref> shows the criterion of weight greater than 76.5 kg as the best cutoff point for incremental gain with the supine-prone protocol in both genders &#x2013; Sensitivity (S): 58,5%; Specificity (E): 61,5%.</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Graphic 3</label>
<caption>
<title>ROC curve weight x change with the combined supine-prone protocol.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf06.tif"/></fig>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref> shows the radionuclide images of myocardial perfusion of a study participant with significant diaphragmatic attenuation in the inferior wall of the left ventricle, with their respective anthropometric data, and the significant improvement in capture after taking the images in the prone position.</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Male, 67 years old, 110.0 kg, 1.67 m, abdominal circumference of 122.0 cm, with diaphragmatic attenuation artifact in the lower wall in the post-stress image of the supine position (red arrow), corrected in post-stress image of the prone position (green arrow). Images displayed on 3 axes: short (top lines), vertical long (middle lines), and horizontal long (bottom lines).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf07.tif"/></fig>
<p>By separately performing the logistic regression analysis between anthropometric data in women (weight, height, abdominal circumference, bust, chest circumference, delta between the bust and chest circumference) and the modification of the initial examination result after the combined supine-prone protocol, the bust variable was at the end of the model that represented a possible incremental determinant for the supine-prone protocol [OR = 1.057 (95% CI, 1.011 &#x2013; 1.106; p = 0.014)]. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Graphic 4</xref>, the criterion of a bust greater than 100.0 cm can be seen in the ROC curve as the best cutoff point for incremental gain with the supine-prone protocol (S: 73.9%; E: 53.4%).</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Graphic 4</label>
<caption>
<title>ROC curve of bust measurement in women x change with the combined supine-prone protocol.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf08.tif"/></fig>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref> below illustrates the radionuclide images of myocardial perfusion of a study participant with breast attenuation in the anterior wall of the left ventricle, with their respective anthropometric data, and the improvement in uptake after taking the images in the prone position.</p>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Female, 60 years old, 68.0 kg, 1.60 m, abdominal circumference of 97.0 cm, bust measurement of 104.0 cm, with breast attenuation artifact on the anterior wall in the post-stress image of the supine position (red arrow), corrected in post-stress image of the prone position (green arrow). Images displayed on 3 axes: short (upper lines), vertical long (middle lines), and horizontal long (bottom lines).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf09.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The combined protocol of supine-prone images of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy represents an important method for excluding artifacts and increasing the percentage of normality of the exams. In the present case series, an overall percentage increase of 19.7% in the number of normal exams was observed when compared to images from the standard protocol, only in the supine position. Other studies in the literature had already shown an increase in the percentage of normality through the combined protocol, although with analyses in subgroups (men, women or obese), one of the strengths of this work being the considerable global increase in the percentage of normality when analyzing the entire population studied.</p>
<p>The inferior, anterior, and apex walls were the regions of the left ventricle with the highest frequency of changes after the inclusion of the combined protocol, findings related to the presence of diaphragmatic attenuation artifacts in the inferior wall and attenuation by soft tissues, adipose tissue, and breasts in the anterior and apex walls.</p>
<p>The impact of changing exam results with the combined protocol becomes even more evident when analyzing separately the subset of patients who initially presented perfusion deficits on images only in the supine position (n = 135). In this group of study participants, 74 of them showed a change in the exam results after performing the combined supine-prone imaging protocol. In other words, more than half of the patients (54.8%) had their test results modified by the combined protocol. This number of patients could have been unnecessarily taken to other invasive diagnostic procedures that are not free from complications, such as coronary angiography, if images in the prone position had not been added to the analysis. The combined protocol images do not expose the patient to additional doses of radiation, as they are acquired with the same radiotracer material as the previously performed injection, with only a change in position on the examination table. Furthermore, there is no need for additional costs when purchasing expensive software to correct image attenuation. In addition to the direct benefit to patients, there is also the savings generated for the healthcare system by avoiding expenses related to unnecessary invasive procedures.</p>
<p>Despite the benefits reported in excluding artifacts and increasing the number of normal exams through the combined supine-prone imaging protocol, reported by several authors and corroborated by the present study, there is no universalization of its use in all nuclear medicine services. The additional time spent performing the step in the prone position, in the context of services with a high volume of exams and the associated pressure for high productivity, may explain this heterogeneity in the application of the combined protocol. When considering exams that already present preserved perfusion in the images of the standard protocol in the supine position, the prone position of the combined protocol would not add value and would waste unnecessary additional time in acquiring images of the same patient, while the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy equipment could be used to assist other patients, increasing the total number of exams performed. The lack of objective criteria in the literature that could guide prior screening of patients with a greater chance of benefiting from the combined supine-prone protocol, based on the evaluation of anthropometric data most associated with attenuation artifacts, endorses the importance of this work in the search for its incremental determinants.</p>
<p>The weight variable represented an incremental determinant in a statistically valid way for both genders in the combined supine-prone protocol in the present study. The attenuation promoted by adipose tissue can be considered one of the pillars of this association. The criterion of weight above 76.5 kg was the best cutoff point for the ROC curve in this scenario. In parallel to the data found in the literature, the work of Hidetaka Nishina et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> showed an increase in the normality ratio of exams by around 17% in the subgroup of obese patients after carrying out the supine-prone protocol. However, it did not identify what would be the anthropometric determinant associated with incremental gain nor its best cutoff point for performing the technique, data found in our series.</p>
<p>The present study showed an association between males and a 4.44 times greater chance of benefit from the combined supine-prone protocol compared to females, most likely due to the greater prevalence of diaphragmatic attenuation artifacts and abdominal fat concentration (android pattern). In the same direction, the article by Vicente Taasan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> concluded that the supine-prone protocol promotes increased diagnostic certainty and improves the accuracy of the test in detecting coronary disease in men with related risk factors, especially in obese ones, when compared to the standard protocol in the supine position only. However, as it was an exclusive study on men, it did not show a greater chance of improvement through the combined protocol in men when compared to women, a finding added by this work.</p>
<p>When analyzing females separately, the bust variable was a statistically valid incremental determinant. The measurement of the bust at nipple height with a value greater than 100.0 cm was configured as the criterion for the best cut-off point in the ROC curve. Breast attenuation, added to that of other soft tissues in the thoracic region, may represent a generator of artifacts in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy exams in women. A previous study by Slomka et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> had demonstrated, after carrying out the supine-prone protocol, an increase of 7 to 12% in the normality ratio of exams in women when compared to the standard protocol in the supine position. However, the objective of this study was not to identify the best cutoff point for the incremental determinant for the acquisition of the supine-prone protocol.</p>
<p>The body distribution pattern of adipose tissue, not covered by the isolated weight analysis, may represent a limitation to the external validity of this work. The biotypes of patients in other populations, sometimes different from those found in patients in our Nuclear Medicine Service, could impact the results found as criteria for the incremental determinants of the combined supine-prone protocol. Specific studies in other populations may be necessary.</p>
<p>The contribution of the present work to scientific knowledge is based on highlighting the importance of the combined supine-prone protocol, already described in other studies, and adding potential criteria for better selection and management of patients with greater benefit from carrying out this protocol. In this scenario, patients of both genders weighing more than 76.5 kg and women with a bust measurement greater than 100.0 cm will have a progressive incremental gain with the combined supine-prone protocol.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>It is of utmost importance that Nuclear Medicine Services encourage the use of a combined supine-prone imaging protocol in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy exams. The benefits brought by this technique, notably avoiding unnecessary invasive examinations due to false-positive results of the standard protocol, are extremely valuable.</p>
<p>The identification of specific anthropometric predictors of weight in both genders and bust measurement in women may represent an interesting strategy in better patient management for the combined supine-prone protocol. The selective inclusion of this protocol makes it possible to obtain more efficient images, as it allows the optimization of the gamma camera&#x27;s resources. In this way, it is possible to select and include patients with the greatest benefit from prone imaging, improving both the quality of the images and enabling the equipment to be used to serve a greater number of patients. Efficiency in the use of resources in the Health Sector, increasingly essential to our population, therefore, constitutes an important paradigm to be constructed by all agents involved.</p>
<p>The work was financed by the authors themselves.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Tiago Oliveira Costa, from Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de P&#xFA;blica.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de P&#xFA;blica under the protocol number 55279921.6.0000.5544. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn></fn-group>
<ack>
<title>Acknowlegments</title>
<p>To Cl&#xED;nica GMN/Grupo CAM/Oncocl&#xED;nicas.</p>
</ack>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230060</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Determinantes Incrementais do Protocolo Combinado de Imagens Supina-Prona da Cintilografia de Perfus&#xE3;o Mioc&#xE1;rdica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-9841-1098</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Tiago Oliveira</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3990-7158</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rocha</surname><given-names>M&#xE1;rio de Seixas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8379-6192</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Soares</surname><given-names>Gilson Feitosa</given-names><suffix>Filho</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6110-2372</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Camargo</surname><given-names>Raphael Abeg&#xE3;o de</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3745-0753</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Macedo</surname><given-names>Cristiano Ricardo Bastos de</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role></contrib>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de P&#xFA;blica, P&#xF3;s-Gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o em Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de Humana, Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Grupo de Medicina Nuclear (GMN), Grupo CAM, Oncocl&#xED;nicas, Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Portugu&#xEA;s, Nuclear Medicine, Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Cardiologia, Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Tiago Oliveira Costa</bold> &#x2022; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de P&#xFA;blica, P&#xF3;s-Gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o em Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de Humana. Rua Santa Isabela, 100, apto 2901 A. CEP: <postal-code>40221-225</postal-code>. Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brasil. E-mail: <email>tiago_oliveirac@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro n&#xE3;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by">
<p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Rafael Lopes</p></fn></author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>A cintilografia mioc&#xE1;rdica &#xE9; um importante m&#xE9;todo n&#xE3;o invasivo para o diagn&#xF3;stico de doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana (DAC), mas n&#xE3;o isento de artefatos. A realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do protocolo combinado supina-prona pode trazer benef&#xED;cios &#xE0;s imagens com artefatos do protocolo padr&#xE3;o em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina. A falta de unanimidade na implementa&#xE7;&#xE3;o do protocolo combinado pode estar relacionada &#xE0; aus&#xEA;ncia de dados objetivos para a sele&#xE7;&#xE3;o pr&#xE9;via dos pacientes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivo:</title>
<p>Avaliar quais perfis antropom&#xE9;tricos podem estar associados a um maior benef&#xED;cio na exclus&#xE3;o de artefatos para a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o otimizada do protocolo combinado.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>M&#xE9;todos:</title>
<p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal e anal&#xED;tico com 370 pacientes na Cl&#xED;nica do Grupo de Medicina Nuclear entre abril e agosto de 2022. O n&#xED;vel de signific&#xE2;ncia estat&#xED;stica estimado foi de 5%. A an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica por meio de regress&#xE3;o log&#xED;stica bin&#xE1;ria foi utilizada para avaliar a associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre dados antropom&#xE9;tricos e a modifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do resultado inicial do exame ap&#xF3;s a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do protocolo combinado.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>O protocolo combinado promoveu um aumento de 19,7% na raz&#xE3;o de normalidade do protocolo padr&#xE3;o. As vari&#xE1;veis peso, para ambos os sexos [OR = 1,02 (IC 95%, 1,0002 &#x2013; 1,04; p = 0,047)], e busto em mulheres [OR = 1,06 (IC 95%, 1,01 &#x2013; 1,11; p = 0,014)] representaram determinantes incrementais com signific&#xE2;ncia estat&#xED;stica. Peso maior que 76,5kg para ambos os sexos (S: 58,5%; E: 61,5%) e busto maior que 100,0 cm em mulheres (S: 73,9%; E: 53,4%) foram os melhores pontos de corte na curva caracter&#xED;stica de opera&#xE7;&#xE3;o do receptor (ROC).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o:</title>
<p>A implementa&#xE7;&#xE3;o otimizada do protocolo combinado atrav&#xE9;s dos crit&#xE9;rios descritos de peso e medida do busto pode promover maior efici&#xEA;ncia na aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de imagens.</p>
</sec></abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>Cintilografia</kwd>
<kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#xE3;o do Mioc&#xE1;rdio</kwd>
<kwd>Dec&#xFA;bito ventral</kwd>
<kwd>Antropometria</kwd>
<kwd>Doen&#xE7;a das coron&#xE1;rias</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A cintilografia de perfus&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica representa um importante m&#xE9;todo n&#xE3;o invasivo no diagn&#xF3;stico de doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana (DAC), com sensibilidade e especificidade de 88 e 74%, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O protocolo padr&#xE3;o do exame compreende a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de imagens com o paciente em dec&#xFA;bito dorsal (posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina) ap&#xF3;s a inje&#xE7;&#xE3;o intravenosa do radiotra&#xE7;ador, obtendo imagens cintilogr&#xE1;ficas em repouso e p&#xF3;s-estresse.</p>
<p>Entretanto, a cintilografia de perfus&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica &#xE9; uma ferramenta diagn&#xF3;stica pass&#xED;vel de interfer&#xEA;ncia por artefatos. Estes podem ser causados pela atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos f&#xF3;tons da radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o gama por tecidos moles interpostos entre o mi&#xF3;cito e o detector da gama-c&#xE2;mara, bem como decorrentes da movimenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o do paciente, dentre outros que degradam a qualidade das imagens, diminuindo a especificidade e o percentual de normalidade (<italic>normalcy rate</italic>) do teste. Resultados de exames com artefatos podem influenciar sobremaneira na tomada de decis&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica, por vezes com continuidade da investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o de DAC atrav&#xE9;s de m&#xE9;todos diagn&#xF3;sticos invasivos desnecess&#xE1;rios, onerosos ao sistema de sa&#xFA;de e n&#xE3;o ex&#xED;mios de complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es ao paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Algumas t&#xE9;cnicas foram ent&#xE3;o desenvolvidas para minimizar o impacto de potenciais artefatos por atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o na cintilografia de perfus&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica. Dentre elas, h&#xE1; o protocolo combinado de imagens supina-prona, com benef&#xED;cios reportados por trabalhos cient&#xED;ficos anteriores em cen&#xE1;rios variados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A t&#xE9;cnica consiste em posicionar o paciente em dec&#xFA;bito ventral na maca de exames e realizar a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de imagens adicionais ap&#xF3;s a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o padr&#xE3;o de imagens em dec&#xFA;bito dorsal nas imagens p&#xF3;s-estresse. Esse posicionamento promove o deslocamento caudal do diafragma e de &#xF3;rg&#xE3;os subfr&#xEA;nicos, potenciais fatores de interfer&#xEA;ncia por atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o de f&#xF3;tons emitidos pela parede inferior do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, possibilitando assim uma melhor detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos mesmos pela gama-c&#xE2;mara (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f10">
<caption>
<title>Efici&#xEA;ncia em sa&#xFA;de atrav&#xE9;s dos determinantes incrementais do protocolo combinado de imagens supina-prona da cintilografia de perfus&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Exemplo de artefato por atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o diafragm&#xE1;tica com hipocapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o na parede inferior na imagem p&#xF3;s-estresse em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina (linha superior), corrigido na imagem p&#xF3;s-estresse em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona (linha inferior). Imagens exibidas em 3 eixos: curto (SA), longo horizontal (HLA) e longo vertical (VLA). Adaptado de Nishina et al, 2006.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>A mudan&#xE7;a de posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do paciente e a compress&#xE3;o de partes moles do t&#xF3;rax (mamas, tecido adiposo) pelo dec&#xFA;bito ventral pode tamb&#xE9;m, por vezes, promover melhor avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da parede anterior do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 2</xref>), principalmente nos casos de atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o mam&#xE1;ria em mulheres.</p>
<fig id="f12">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Exemplo de artefato por atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o mam&#xE1;ria com hipocapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o na parede anterior na imagem p&#xF3;s-estresse em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina (linha superior), corrigido na imagem p&#xF3;s-estresse em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona (linha inferior). Imagens exibidas em 3 eixos: curto (SA), longo horizontal (HLA) e longo vertical (VLA). Adaptado de Slomka et al, 2007.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Contudo, a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o das imagens adicionais em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona pode afetar a log&#xED;stica de obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos exames devido ao tempo adicional despendido. Em servi&#xE7;os com alto volume de exames, pode ser dif&#xED;cil a execu&#xE7;&#xE3;o do protocolo combinado em todos os pacientes. Ademais, sua implementa&#xE7;&#xE3;o em parte dos pacientes seria desnecess&#xE1;ria naqueles que n&#xE3;o apresentaram artefatos de atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o nas imagens em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina. Inexistem, que sejam do nosso conhecimento, estudos que avaliem vari&#xE1;veis antropom&#xE9;tricas como crit&#xE9;rios para a identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o seletiva dos pacientes com maior benef&#xED;cio na obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o da imagem em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona, representando, portanto, uma lacuna da Literatura que nos propomos a preencher.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>M&#xE9;todos</title>
<sec>
<title>Desenho do estudo</title>
<p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal e anal&#xED;tico. Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente dos pacientes de demanda espont&#xE2;nea que procuraram o Servi&#xE7;o do Grupo de Medicina Nuclear (GMN), Grupo CAM/Oncocl&#xED;nicas, Salvador&#x2013;Bahia, Brasil, a fim de investigar DAC atrav&#xE9;s da cintilografia de perfus&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica, no per&#xED;odo compreendido entre abril e agosto de 2022.</p>
<p>Foram selecionados pacientes de ambos os sexos para o estudo, obedecendo aos seguintes crit&#xE9;rios de inclus&#xE3;o: aus&#xEA;ncia de doen&#xE7;a coronariana pr&#xE9;via conhecida; idade m&#xED;nima de 18 anos, sem limite m&#xE1;ximo de idade; indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o pr&#xE9;via de realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do exame de cintilografia mioc&#xE1;rdica para pesquisa de DAC pelo m&#xE9;dico assistente. Os crit&#xE9;rios de exclus&#xE3;o foram: infarto mioc&#xE1;rdico pr&#xE9;vio ou revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica; cardiomiopatia n&#xE3;o isqu&#xEA;mica ou valvulopatia card&#xED;aca significativa; portadores de marca-passo; pacientes com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; incapacidade de permanecer em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona por limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o ortop&#xE9;dica ou de outra natureza; m&#xE1; qualidade t&#xE9;cnica do exame realizado (<italic>e.g.</italic> baixa estat&#xED;stica das imagens, movimenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o significativa do paciente durante o exame, interposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o expressiva de atividade radioativa extracard&#xED;aca); n&#xE3;o assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
<p>Os pacientes eleg&#xED;veis e que concordaram com a participa&#xE7;&#xE3;o no protocolo de pesquisa foram previamente avaliados antes do exame por profissionais de enfermagem treinados para aferi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de peso (kg), altura (m) e medida da circunfer&#xEA;ncia abdominal (cm) para ambos os sexos, al&#xE9;m de medidas do busto aferida na altura do mamilo (cm), circunfer&#xEA;ncia tor&#xE1;cica (cm) e delta entre o busto e a circunfer&#xEA;ncia tor&#xE1;cica (cm) para as mulheres, sendo ent&#xE3;o submetidos &#xE0; realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de protocolo combinado de imagens supina-prona.</p>
<p>Para a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o das imagens cintilogr&#xE1;ficas de perfus&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica, foi utilizada uma gama-c&#xE2;mara <italic>dual head</italic> da marca <italic>GE Medical Systems</italic>, modelo Ventri, com todas as calibra&#xE7;&#xF5;es necess&#xE1;rias e controles de qualidade do equipamento realizados. A t&#xE9;cnica empregada para a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o das imagens foi a tomografia por emiss&#xE3;o de f&#xF3;ton &#xFA;nico (<italic>single photon emission computed tomography</italic> &#x2013; SPECT), com colimadores LEHR (baixa energia e alta resolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o) e janela de energia de 15% em 140 Kev, matriz 64x64, sendo <sup>99m</sup>Tc-sestamibi o radiotra&#xE7;ador utilizado. Pacientes do sexo masculino com peso superior a 100 kg e do sexo feminino com peso superior a 90 kg, foram submetidos ao protocolo de aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o das etapas de repouso e estresse em dias diferentes (protocolo de 2 dias), enquanto os demais realizaram as etapas de repouso e estresse no mesmo dia (protocolo de 1 dia). A dose de radiotra&#xE7;ador utilizada foi de 10 a 14 mCi em repouso e 30 a 42 mCi na etapa de estresse no protocolo de 1 dia, com a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o das imagens durando cerca de 10 a 15 minutos na etapa de repouso e 7 a 9 minutos na etapa de estresse. No protocolo de 2 dias, a dose de radiotra&#xE7;ador injetada foi de 15 a 20mCi em cada etapa, com tempo de aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de imagens correspondente de 10 a 20 minutos. As imagens em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona foram realizadas imediatamente ap&#xF3;s a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o das imagens de estresse em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina, sem a necessidade de nova inje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do radiotra&#xE7;ador, com dura&#xE7;&#xE3;o aproximada de 7 minutos.</p>
<p>As imagens adquiridas foram ent&#xE3;o analisadas por um m&#xE9;dico especialista, sem o conhecimento dos dados antropom&#xE9;tricos e de identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos pacientes, inicialmente apenas com a an&#xE1;lise das imagens do protocolo padr&#xE3;o em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina e descri&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos achados cintilogr&#xE1;ficos do exame e, posteriormente, foi realizada nova avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o com o acr&#xE9;scimo das imagens p&#xF3;s-estresse em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona. A an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica atrav&#xE9;s de regress&#xE3;o bin&#xE1;ria log&#xED;stica foi utilizada para avaliar a associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre os dados antropom&#xE9;tricos e a altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o do resultado inicial do exame ap&#xF3;s a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do protocolo combinado. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#xEA; de &#xC9;tica em Pesquisa da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de P&#xFA;blica em 19 de mar&#xE7;o de 2022, sob o registro CAAE 55279921.6.0000.5544, tendo todos os participantes assinado o TCLE, em conformidade com a resolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o 466/2012.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</title>
<p>Tendo como premissa um ganho incremental de 15% na raz&#xE3;o de normalidade dos exames ap&#xF3;s a execu&#xE7;&#xE3;o do protocolo supina-prona e o percentual de normalidade de cerca de 65% nos exames em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina em nosso Servi&#xE7;o, foi realizado o c&#xE1;lculo de tamanho amostral de 370 pacientes atrav&#xE9;s do programa WinPepi, vers&#xE3;o 11.65. O n&#xED;vel de signific&#xE2;ncia estat&#xED;stica estimado foi de 5%.</p>
<p>Inicialmente foi elaborada a estat&#xED;stica descritiva dos dados coletados, na qual as vari&#xE1;veis categ&#xF3;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#xEA;ncia relativa e porcentagens. As vari&#xE1;veis num&#xE9;ricas em nosso estudo foram avaliadas pelo teste de <italic>Kolmogorov-Smirnov</italic> com a corre&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Lilliefors e apresentaram distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o normal, sendo expressas em m&#xE9;dia e desvio-padr&#xE3;o.</p>
<p>Em seguida, foram realizadas an&#xE1;lises estat&#xED;sticas univariadas por meio do teste t de <italic>Student</italic> n&#xE3;o pareado para identificar se havia diferen&#xE7;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos comparados em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o a cada vari&#xE1;vel preditora num&#xE9;rica com p &#x3C;0,20 e, assim, ser eleg&#xED;vel para entrar no modelo m&#xFA;ltiplo com as demais vari&#xE1;veis preditoras num&#xE9;ricas. Por conseguinte, foi realizada a an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica atrav&#xE9;s de regress&#xE3;o bin&#xE1;ria log&#xED;stica para avaliar a associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre as vari&#xE1;veis preditoras num&#xE9;ricas e o desfecho categ&#xF3;rico com modifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o ou n&#xE3;o do resultado do exame do protocolo padr&#xE3;o de imagens em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina ap&#xF3;s a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do protocolo combinado de imagens supina-prona. Para a an&#xE1;lise de regress&#xE3;o bin&#xE1;ria log&#xED;stica foi utilizado o procedimento <italic>Backward LR</italic>, que incluiu todas as vari&#xE1;veis eleg&#xED;veis pela an&#xE1;lise univariada e, em seguida, passo a passo, foram feitas poss&#xED;veis combina&#xE7;&#xF5;es de vari&#xE1;veis at&#xE9; chegar-se &#xE0;quela(s) melhor discriminada(s) como preditora(s) independente(s), com p &#x3C;0,05, para ganho incremental com exclus&#xE3;o de artefatos atrav&#xE9;s do protocolo combinado de imagens supina-prona. Foram sorteados 10% da amostra (37 exames) para rean&#xE1;lise e o teste de Kappa foi utilizado para avaliar a concord&#xE2;ncia intraobservador em dois momentos acerca da vari&#xE1;vel de desfecho. A an&#xE1;lise da curva ROC foi utilizada a fim de identificar o melhor ponto de corte das vari&#xE1;veis antropom&#xE9;tricas para discriminar o grupo de pacientes com maior ganho incremental atrav&#xE9;s do protocolo combinado de imagens supina-prona.</p>
<p>Foi utilizado como ferramenta auxiliar no conjunto de an&#xE1;lises previamente descritas o <italic>software</italic> SPSS, vers&#xE3;o 26.0, para <italic>Windows</italic>.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>No per&#xED;odo de abril a agosto de 2022, foram inclu&#xED;dos 370 participantes na an&#xE1;lise do estudo. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#xED;sticas da amostra estudada em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao g&#xEA;nero, presen&#xE7;a e tipo de comorbidades, bem como modalidade de estresse e protocolo realizado nos exames do estudo.</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Caracter&#xED;sticas da amostra categ&#xF3;rica</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C18774">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#xE1;veis</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n=370</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>G&#xEA;nero</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top" /></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Feminino</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">226</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61,1</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Comorbidades</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top" /></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Sim</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">292</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">80,0</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Hipertens&#xE3;o Arterial Sist&#xEA;mica</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">260</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">70,8</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Dislipidemia</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">144</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">41,6</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Diabetes Mellitus</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">134</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36,5</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Estresse realizado</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top" /></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Farmacol&#xF3;gico- dipiridamos</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">220</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">59,8</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Ergom&#xE9;trico</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">148</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40,2</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Protocolo</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
<td align="center" valign="top" /></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">1 dia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">338</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">91,4</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">2 dias</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8,6</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fonte: Pr&#xF3;prio autor.</attrib></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<p>Em seguida, na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>, podem ser verificadas as caracter&#xED;sticas et&#xE1;rias e antropom&#xE9;tricas espec&#xED;ficas da amostra do estudo.</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Caracter&#xED;sticas especificas da amostra estudada</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C18774">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#xE1;veis</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">M&#xE9;dia</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Desvio padr&#xE3;o</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Idade (anos)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">1</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11,2</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Peso (Kg)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">1</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">74,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15,2</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Altura (m)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">1</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,63</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,09</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Circunfer&#xEA;ncia abdominal (cm)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">1</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">97,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,09</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Masculina</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">98,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11,7</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top">Feminino</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">96,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10,9</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Busto (cm)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">2</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">99,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9,9</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E5CABE">
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Circunfer&#xEA;ncia tor&#xE1;cica (cm)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">2</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">88,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9,9</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Busto - Circunfer&#xEA;ncia tor&#xE1;cica (cm)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">2</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3,5</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3">
<label>1</label>
<p>Ambos os sexos.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN4">
<label>2</label>
<p>Apenas sexo Femino.</p></fn> <attrib>Fonte: Pr&#xF3;prio autor.</attrib></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<p>Na an&#xE1;lise inicial do protocolo padr&#xE3;o somente com imagens em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina, foi observado que a maioria dos exames da amostra apresentou perfus&#xE3;o preservada nas paredes do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (63,5%). Na parcela dos exames que apresentavam algum tipo de hipoperfus&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica (persistente ou transit&#xF3;ria), notou-se que a maior parte apresentou hipoperfus&#xE3;o de grau leve (125 exames) e apenas 10 exames da amostra apresentaram hipoperfus&#xE3;o de grau moderado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Gr&#xE1;fico 1</xref>). N&#xE3;o foram observados exames com hipoperfus&#xE3;o de grau acentuado na amostra estudada.</p>
<fig id="f13">
<label>Gr&#xE1;fico 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Protocolo padr&#xE3;o (supina): percentual de exames normais e com hipoperfus&#xE3;o.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Ap&#xF3;s a adi&#xE7;&#xE3;o das imagens em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona, a an&#xE1;lise do protocolo combinado de imagens supina-prona levou &#xE0; mudan&#xE7;a do resultado do exame em 74 pacientes (20% do total da amostra), a maioria dos indiv&#xED;duos representada pelo g&#xEA;nero masculino (70,3%), sendo o protocolo mais frequente o estresse farmacol&#xF3;gico com dipiridamol (52,7%) e a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o das etapas de repouso e estresse no mesmo dia (85,1%). Houve um aumento global de 19,7% na propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de exames normais. Em 0,3% do total da amostra n&#xE3;o houve a total normaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do exame, como no estudo que inicialmente era considerado como um dist&#xFA;rbio perfusional misto nas imagens em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina (hipoperfus&#xE3;o persistente com isquemia associada) e, ap&#xF3;s o protocolo combinado, foi considerado apenas como hipoperfus&#xE3;o persistente &#x2013; o componente isqu&#xEA;mico nesse caso foi atribu&#xED;do a artefato de atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Ao analisar separadamente o subconjunto dos pacientes que inicialmente apresentavam d&#xE9;ficit perfusional nas imagens em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina (n = 135), essa mudan&#xE7;a do resultado em 74 pacientes representa mais da metade deles ap&#xF3;s realizar o protocolo combinado de imagens supina-prona. O teste de kappa aplicado ap&#xF3;s a rean&#xE1;lise de 10% da amostra total mostrou significativa confiabilidade intraobservador (k = 0,983; p &#x3C;0,001; concord&#xE2;ncia = 99,5%).</p>
<p>A parede inferior foi a regi&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo que representou o maior n&#xFA;mero absoluto de exames com resultados modificados ap&#xF3;s a an&#xE1;lise do protocolo combinado de imagens supina-prona. A parede anterior e o &#xE1;pice ocuparam a segunda posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o. As demais paredes tamb&#xE9;m foram representadas no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Gr&#xE1;fico 2</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f14">
<label>Gr&#xE1;fico 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Frequ&#xEA;ncia das paredes mioc&#xE1;rdicas que melhoraram a capta&#xE7;&#xE3;o com o protocolo combinado supina-prona.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>A an&#xE1;lise de regress&#xE3;o bin&#xE1;ria log&#xED;stica entre os dados antropom&#xE9;tricos para ambos os sexos (peso, altura e circunfer&#xEA;ncia abdominal) e a modifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do resultado do exame do protocolo padr&#xE3;o, ap&#xF3;s realizado o protocolo combinado supina-prona, evidenciou ao final do modelo as vari&#xE1;veis peso [OR = 1,018 (IC 95%, 1,0002 &#x2013; 1,0370; p = 0,047)] e sexo masculino [OR = 4,445 (IC 95%, 2,4951 &#x2013; 7,9199; p &#x3C; 0,001)] como potenciais determinantes incrementais para o protocolo combinado. A curva ROC ilustrada no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Gr&#xE1;fico 3</xref> mostra o crit&#xE9;rio de peso maior que 76,5 kg como o melhor ponto de corte para ganho incremental com o protocolo supina-prona em ambos os sexos &#x2013; Sensibilidade (S): 58,5%; Especificidade (E): 61,5%.</p>
<fig id="f15">
<label>Gr&#xE1;fico 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Curva ROC peso x mudan&#xE7;a com o protocolo combinado supina-prona.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf06-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 3</xref> evidencia as imagens cintilogr&#xE1;ficas de perfus&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica de um participante do estudo com expressiva atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o diafragm&#xE1;tica na parede inferior do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, com seus respectivos dados antropom&#xE9;tricos, e a significativa melhora da capta&#xE7;&#xE3;o ap&#xF3;s a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o das imagens em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona.</p>
<fig id="f16">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Sexo masculino, 67 anos, 110,0 kg, 1,67 m, circunfer&#xEA;ncia abdominal de 122,0 cm, com artefato por atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o diafragm&#xE1;tica em parede inferior na imagem p&#xF3;s-estresse da posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina (seta vermelha), corrigido em imagem p&#xF3;s-estresse da posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona (seta verde). Imagens exibidas em 3 eixos: curto (linhas superiores), longo vertical (linhas do meio) e longo horizontal (linhas inferiores).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf07-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Ao realizar separadamente a an&#xE1;lise de regress&#xE3;o log&#xED;stica entre os dados antropom&#xE9;tricos de mulheres (peso, altura, circunfer&#xEA;ncia abdominal, busto, circunfer&#xEA;ncia tor&#xE1;cica, delta entre o busto e a circunfer&#xEA;ncia tor&#xE1;cica) e a modifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do resultado inicial do exame ap&#xF3;s o protocolo combinado supina-prona, a vari&#xE1;vel busto foi, ao final do modelo, a que representou poss&#xED;vel determinante incremental para o protocolo supina-prona [OR = 1,057 (IC 95%, 1,011 - 1,106; p = 0,014)]. No <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Gr&#xE1;fico 4</xref>, o crit&#xE9;rio de busto maior que 100,0 cm pode ser observado na curva ROC como o melhor ponto de corte para ganho incremental com o protocolo supina-prona (S: 73,9%; E: 53,4%).</p>
<fig id="f17">
<label>Gr&#xE1;fico 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Curva ROC da medida do busto em mulheres x mudan&#xE7;a com o protocolo combinado supina-prona.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf08-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 4</xref> a seguir ilustra as imagens cintilogr&#xE1;ficas
de perfus&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica de uma participante do estudo
com atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o mam&#xE1;ria na parede anterior do ventr&#xED;culo
esquerdo, com seus respectivos dados antropom&#xE9;tricos, e
a melhora da capta&#xE7;&#xE3;o ap&#xF3;s a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o das imagens em
posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona.</p>
<fig id="f18">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Sexo feminino, 60 anos, 68,0 kg, 1,60 m, circunfer&#xEA;ncia abdominal de 97,0 cm, medida do busto de 104,0 cm, com artefato por atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o mam&#xE1;ria em parede anterior na imagem p&#xF3;s-estresse da posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina (seta vermelha), corrigido em imagem p&#xF3;s-estresse da posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona (seta verde). Imagens exibidas em 3 eixos: curto (linhas superiores), longo vertical (linhas do meio) e longo horizontal (linhas inferiores).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230060-gf09-pt.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O protocolo combinado de imagens supina-prona da cintilografia de perfus&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica representa um importante m&#xE9;todo para a exclus&#xE3;o de artefatos e aumento do percentual de normalidade dos exames. Na presente casu&#xED;stica, foi observado um aumento percentual global de 19,7% no n&#xFA;mero de exames normais quando comparados &#xE0;s imagens do protocolo padr&#xE3;o, apenas em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina. Outros estudos na literatura j&#xE1; vinham mostrando o aumento do percentual de normalidade atrav&#xE9;s do protocolo combinado, por&#xE9;m com an&#xE1;lises em subgrupos (homens, mulheres ou obesos), sendo um dos diferenciais deste trabalho o consider&#xE1;vel aumento global do percentual de normalidade ao analisar todo o conjunto da popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o estudada.</p>
<p>As paredes inferior, anterior e &#xE1;pice foram as regi&#xF5;es do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo com maior frequ&#xEA;ncia de melhora da capta&#xE7;&#xE3;o ap&#xF3;s o acr&#xE9;scimo do protocolo combinado. Esses achados est&#xE3;o provavelmente relacionados &#xE0; presen&#xE7;a de artefatos de atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o diafragm&#xE1;tica e por tecido adiposo na proje&#xE7;&#xE3;o da parede inferior e de atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o mam&#xE1;ria e por partes moles na proje&#xE7;&#xE3;o da parede anterior e do &#xE1;pice.</p>
<p>O impacto da mudan&#xE7;a do resultado dos exames com o protocolo combinado torna-se ainda mais evidente quando analisado separadamente o subconjunto dos pacientes que incialmente apresentavam d&#xE9;ficit perfusional nas imagens apenas em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina (n = 135). Nessa parcela dos participantes do estudo, 74 deles apresentaram mudan&#xE7;a do resultado do exame ap&#xF3;s realizar o protocolo combinado de imagens supinaprona. Ou seja, mais da metade dos pacientes (54,8%) tiveram o resultado do exame modificado pelo protocolo combinado. Esse montante de pacientes poderia ter sido conduzido desnecessariamente a outros procedimentos diagn&#xF3;sticos invasivos e n&#xE3;o isentos de complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es, como a cineangiocoronariografia, caso n&#xE3;o tivessem sido adicionadas as imagens em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona &#xE0; an&#xE1;lise. As imagens do protocolo combinado n&#xE3;o exp&#xF5;em o paciente a doses adicionais de radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, uma vez que s&#xE3;o adquiridas com o mesmo material radiotra&#xE7;ador da inje&#xE7;&#xE3;o realizada previamente, havendo apenas a mudan&#xE7;a do dec&#xFA;bito na mesa de exames. Al&#xE9;m disso, n&#xE3;o h&#xE1; a demanda de custos adicionais na compra de softwares onerosos para a corre&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o das imagens. Adicionalmente ao benef&#xED;cio direto aos pacientes, h&#xE1; tamb&#xE9;m a economia gerada ao sistema de sa&#xFA;de ao evitar gastos relacionados aos procedimentos invasivos desnecess&#xE1;rios.</p>
<p>A despeito dos benef&#xED;cios na exclus&#xE3;o de artefatos e no aumento do montante de exames normais atrav&#xE9;s do protocolo combinado de imagens supina-prona, reportados por diversos autores e corroborados pelo presente trabalho, n&#xE3;o h&#xE1; universaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de seu uso em todos os servi&#xE7;os de medicina nuclear. O tempo adicional na realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da etapa em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona, no contexto de servi&#xE7;os com elevado volume de exames e a press&#xE3;o associada pela alta produtividade, pode explicar essa heterogeneidade na aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do protocolo combinado. Ao se considerar exames que j&#xE1; apresentam perfus&#xE3;o preservada nas imagens do protocolo padr&#xE3;o em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina, a posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o prona do protocolo combinado n&#xE3;o agregaria valor e despenderia tempo adicional desnecess&#xE1;rio na aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de imagens de um mesmo paciente, enquanto o equipamento de cintilografia poderia estar sendo utilizado para assist&#xEA;ncia de outros pacientes, aumentando o n&#xFA;mero total de exames realizados. A falta de crit&#xE9;rios objetivos na literatura que pudessem nortear uma triagem pr&#xE9;via dos pacientes com maior chance de se beneficiar do protocolo combinado supina-prona, pautados na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados antropom&#xE9;tricos mais associados aos artefatos de atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o, endossa a import&#xE2;ncia deste trabalho na busca dos seus determinantes incrementais.</p>
<p>A vari&#xE1;vel peso representou um determinante incremental de forma estatisticamente v&#xE1;lida para ambos os sexos no protocolo combinado supina-prona no presente trabalho. A atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o promovida pelo tecido adiposo pode ser considerada um dos pilares dessa associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o. O crit&#xE9;rio de peso acima de 76,5 kg se configurou como melhor ponto de corte da curva ROC nesse cen&#xE1;rio. Paralelamente aos dados encontrados na literatura, o trabalho de Hidetaka Nishina et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> evidenciou um aumento da raz&#xE3;o de normalidade dos exames em cerca de 17% no subgrupo de pacientes obesos ap&#xF3;s a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do protocolo supina-prona. Entretanto, n&#xE3;o identificou qual seria o determinante antropom&#xE9;trico associado ao ganho incremental nem seu melhor ponto de corte para realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da t&#xE9;cnica, dados encontrados em nossa casu&#xED;stica.</p>
<p>O presente trabalho evidenciou associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o do sexo masculino a uma chance 4,44 vezes maior de benef&#xED;cio com o protocolo combinado supina-prona em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao sexo feminino, muito provavelmente pela maior preval&#xEA;ncia de artefatos por atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o diafragm&#xE1;tica e de concentra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de gordura abdominal (padr&#xE3;o androide). Na mesma dire&#xE7;&#xE3;o, o artigo de Vicente Taasan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> concluiu que o protocolo supina-prona promove aumento da certeza diagn&#xF3;stica e melhora a acur&#xE1;cia do teste na detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de doen&#xE7;a coronariana em homens com fatores de risco relacionados, especialmente em obesos, quando comparado ao protocolo padr&#xE3;o apenas em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina. Contudo, por ser um estudo exclusivo em homens, n&#xE3;o evidenciou a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o de maior chance de melhora atrav&#xE9;s do protocolo combinado em homens quando comparado &#xE0;s mulheres, dado acrescentado por este trabalho.</p>
<p>Quando analisado o sexo feminino de forma separada, a vari&#xE1;vel busto foi um determinante incremental estatisticamente v&#xE1;lido. A mensura&#xE7;&#xE3;o do busto na altura do mamilo com valor superior a 100,0 cm se configurou como o crit&#xE9;rio para melhor ponto de corte na curva ROC. A atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o mam&#xE1;ria, somada &#xE0; de outras partes moles da regi&#xE3;o tor&#xE1;cica, pode representar um gerador de artefatos nos exames de cintilografia mioc&#xE1;rdica em mulheres. Um estudo pr&#xE9;vio de Slomka et al.,5 havia demonstrado, ap&#xF3;s a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do protocolo supina-prona, um aumento de 7 a 12% na raz&#xE3;o de normalidade dos exames em mulheres quando comparado ao protocolo padr&#xE3;o em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina. Todavia, o objetivo do referido trabalho n&#xE3;o foi identificar o melhor ponto de corte do determinante incremental para a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do protocolo supina-prona.</p>
<p>O padr&#xE3;o de distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o corporal de tecido adiposo, n&#xE3;o contemplado pela an&#xE1;lise isolada do peso, pode representar uma limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; validade externa deste trabalho. Os biotipos de pacientes em outras popula&#xE7;&#xF5;es, por vezes diferentes dos encontrados nos pacientes do nosso Servi&#xE7;o de Medicina Nuclear, poderiam impactar nos resultados encontrados como crit&#xE9;rios para os determinantes incrementais do protocolo combinado supina-prona. Estudos espec&#xED;ficos em outras popula&#xE7;&#xF5;es poder&#xE3;o ser necess&#xE1;rios.</p>
<p>A contribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o do presente trabalho ao conhecimento cient&#xED;fico est&#xE1; pautada em ressaltar a import&#xE2;ncia do protocolo combinado supina-prona, j&#xE1; descrita em outros estudos, e adicionar potenciais crit&#xE9;rios para melhor sele&#xE7;&#xE3;o e gerenciamento dos pacientes com maior benef&#xED;cio na realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o desse protocolo. Nesse cen&#xE1;rio, pacientes de ambos os sexos com peso superior a 76,5 kg e mulheres com medida do busto superior a 100,0 cm ter&#xE3;o um ganho incremental progressivo com a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do protocolo combinado supina-prona.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xF5;es</title>
<p>&#xC9; de suma import&#xE2;ncia que os Servi&#xE7;os de Medicina Nuclear incentivem a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do protocolo combinado de imagens supina-prona nos exames de cintilografia de perfus&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica. Os benef&#xED;cios trazidos por essa t&#xE9;cnica, notadamente o de evitar exames invasivos desnecess&#xE1;rios por resultados falso-positivos do protocolo padr&#xE3;o, s&#xE3;o extremamente valiosos.</p>
<p>A identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de preditores antropom&#xE9;tricos espec&#xED;ficos de peso em ambos os sexos e medida do busto em mulheres pode representar uma estrat&#xE9;gia interessante no melhor gerenciamento dos pacientes para o protocolo combinado supina-prona. A inclus&#xE3;o seletiva desse protocolo possibilita a obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de imagens mais eficientes, pois permite a otimiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos recursos da gama-c&#xE2;mara. Dessa forma, &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel selecionar e incluir os pacientes com maior benef&#xED;cio para a imagem prona, melhorando tanto a qualidade das imagens, quanto possibilitando que o equipamento possa ser utilizado para atender a um maior n&#xFA;mero de pacientes. A efici&#xEA;ncia na utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos recursos no Setor de Sa&#xFA;de, cada vez mais essencial &#xE0; nossa popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o, constitui, portanto, um importante paradigma a ser constru&#xED;do por todos os agentes envolvidos.</p>
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<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o Acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo &#xE9; parte de disserta&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Mestrado de Tiago Oliveira Costa pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de P&#xFA;blica.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xC9;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#xEA; de &#xC9;tica da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#xFA;de P&#xFA;blica sob o n&#xFA;mero de protocolo 55279921.6.0000.5544. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#xE3;o de acordo com a Declara&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#xED;dos no estudo.</p></fn></fn-group>
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<title>Agradecimentos</title>
<p>&#xC0; equipe da Cl&#xED;nica GMN/Grupo CAM/Oncocl&#xED;nicas.</p>
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