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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230051i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230051i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Cardiac Metastasis and Krukenberg Tumor: A Case Report</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Cruz</surname><given-names>Jessyca Gon&#xE7;alves</given-names></name> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>acquisition of data</role> <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9520-2195</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Farias</surname><given-names>Ana Gardenia Liberato Ponte</given-names></name> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Lucena</surname><given-names>Jo&#xE3;o David Leit&#xE3;o de</given-names></name> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>acquisition of data</role> <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3211-8383</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Liberato</surname><given-names>Christiane Bezerra Rocha</given-names></name> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Alcantara</surname><given-names>Ana Carolina Brito de</given-names></name> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>Mauricio Costa</given-names></name> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#xE1;</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio Walter Cant&#xED;dio</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#xE1; Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio Walter Cant&#xED;dio, Cardiologia/Ecocardiografia, Fortaleza, CE &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jessyca Gon&#xE7;alves Cruz</bold> &#x2022; Universidade de Fortaleza. Av. Washington Soares, 1321. Postal code: <postal-code>60811-905</postal-code>. Edson Queiroz, Fortaleza, CE &#x2013; Brazil E-mail: <email>jessycagcruz@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>28</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230051</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>30</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>01</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>04</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Neoplasm Metastasis</kwd>
<kwd>Brenner Tumor</kwd>
<kwd>Krukenberg Tumor</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="11"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Primary cardiac tumors are rare, affecting between 0.0017% and 0.28% of the population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Secondary or metastatic tumors, on the other hand, are 40 to 100 times more frequent than primary tumors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The primary sites that most often metastasize to the heart are the lungs, breast, malignant melanoma, and hematological tumors. Cardiac metastasis secondary to ovarian tumors is infrequent and, in the cases described, mainly affects the pericardium, with no intracavitary lesions described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Metastatic neoplasms can reach the heart by these routes: hematogenous, direct extension, lymphatic vessels, and through the pulmonary veins and vena cava.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>The term &#x201C;Krukenberg tumor&#x201D; is used clinically to designate a metastatic carcinoma of mucin-secreting signet ring cells in the dense fibroblastic stroma of the ovary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It mainly affects premenopausal women, at a mean age of diagnosis of 45 years, with 70% of cases in the stomach as the most common primary site, followed by the colon, appendix, and breast.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A history of carcinoma prior to the diagnosis of Krukenberg is obtained in only 20% of cases, and the primary site is often unknown.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The mortality rate is high, and survival is 14 months on average after diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>This case report describes the case of a patient with a secondary Krukenberg tumor and significant cardiac metastatic involvement, presenting multiple intracavitary tumors assessed by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), demonstrating the importance of careful assessment of tumor lesions by echocardiographers.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case report</title>
<p>A 45-year-old woman sought medical attention due to diffuse abdominal discomfort which had started about 9 months earlier. Physical examination revealed a palpable mass in the right iliac fossa. She underwent an outpatient abdominal ultrasound, which revealed an expansive solid-cystic formation presumably in the right ovary. The patient was admitted for surgical treatment in August 2022.</p>
<p>During her admission, the patient had a sudden episode of dyspnea, raising the hypothesis of a pulmonary embolism. The patient was tachycardic and tachypneic, with a heart rate of around 105 bpm, an estimated respiratory rate of 25 bpm, and peripheral oxygen saturation close to 95% on oxygen supplementation via a nasal catheter. No hemodynamic instability or other alterations were seen on the cardiopulmonary physical examination. The extremities were perfused, with no clinical signs of peripheral venous thrombosis. The electrocardiogram showed tachycardic sinus rhythm, with no other alterations.</p>
<p>A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was requested. It was urgently conducted in bed, with acoustic windows that were difficult to see through, but multiple intracavitary mobile lesions could already be seen. Except for a slight increase in the left atrium, the other cavities were normal in size. The valves were morphologically normal, with only mild mitral and tricuspid regurgitation. Her biventricular function was preserved, with an estimated left ventricular ejection fraction of 60% on a two-dimensional scan, with an unfavorable apical acoustic window for using the Simpson Rule. No signs of pulmonary hypertension were seen. We opted for immediate TEE, which showed multiple mobile echogenic lesions, loose inside the cavities, homogeneous, with well-defined contours and varying dimensions inside both atria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1A and 1B</xref>) moving into the ventricles through the mitral and tricuspid valves. Approximately 6 masses were found inside the right atrium, the largest of which came from the inferior vena cava and measured 7.1 &#xD7; 0.3 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>). Inside the left atrium, the masses were smaller, multiple and mobile, around 12 in total, and their diameters were difficult to measure. They appeared to originate in the right atrium through a patent foramen ovale (PFO), as one of the masses passed from the right atrium to the left atrium through the PFO during the examination (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3A and 3B</xref>). No implants were seen in the topography of the pericardium, which presented its usual appearance, and no pericardial or pleural effusions were seen.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1A and 1B</label>
<caption>
<title>TEE images showing the tumors in the heart cavities. In Figure 1A, taken at 20&#xB0;, we observe the tumors in both atria, with the mass passing through the interatrial septum. Figure 1B, taken at 67&#xB0;, shows the tumors in the left chambers, passing through the mitral valve.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230051-gf01.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Image of a bicaval section, taken at 104&#xB0;, showing the largest tumor inside the right atrium, originating in the inferior vena cava.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230051-gf02.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figures 3A and 3B</label>
<caption>
<title>Images of the interatrial septum. Figure 3A reveals a tumor lesion passing through the PFO. Figure 3B, showing right-to-left flow using color Doppler.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230051-gf03.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Image of the inferior vena cava in a subcostal window on TTE, filled with an extensive tumor lesion, up to its entrance into the right atrium.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230051-gf04.tif"/></fig>
<p>The investigation of the abdominal mass was followed up with a contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scan, which showed a large heterogeneous solid-cystic mass measuring 29.1 &#xD7; 25.6 &#xD7; 20.7 cm, and dilatation and filling of the right gonadal vein and inferior vena cava with soft tissue density, extending into the right atrium. A biopsy of the right ovary was performed, revealing the presence of small, isolated cells, with vacuolized cytoplasm like a signet ring, sparse in the middle of the stroma. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was also performed and showed no gastric lesions. Cardiac MRI was conducted, describing intracardiac tumor lesions as solid tubular expansive formations, extending from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium and right ventricle, reaching the pulmonary artery, with discrete perfusion of the lesion in the first pass and uniform late enhancement after contrast injection, compatible with tumor implants.</p>
<p>Clinical cardiology, cardiac surgery, clinical oncology, general surgery, surgical oncology, and palliative care teams assessed the patient jointly. The main diagnostic hypothesis, based on the clinical-imaging cardiac and abdominal symptoms, and the histopathology of the ovary, showing a spindle cell neoplasm with signet ring cytoplasm, which would be Krukenberg tumor, a secondary tumor with no established primary site, associated to multiple cardiac metastases. Biopsies of the heart tumors and invasive procedures to investigate the primary site related to the ovary neoplasm were discouraged by the attending teams, in agreement with the patient and her family, due to the risk of the procedures and the low prospect of resectability of the lesions. So, palliative care prevailed, with no curative proposal. The patient was clinically treated with full anticoagulation and her symptoms improved. She was discharged from hospital and is currently asymptomatic, being followed up as an outpatient by the palliative care and general surgery teams.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>Metastatic disease is the most common cardiac neoplasm in adults, with a reported incidence of 0.7% to 3.5% in the general population, and 9.1% in patients with established advanced neoplasia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The increased incidence is due, partly at least, to advances in diagnostic imaging and improved therapeutic interventions in cancer patients. The primary sites that metastasize most frequently to the heart are lung, breast, malignant melanoma, and hematological tumors, probably due to their high prevalence and aggressive nature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Malignant metastatic disease can reach the heart in various ways, including direct extension (lung carcinoma), via the hematogenous route (melanoma and hematological neoplasms), via the lymphatic route (breast carcinoma), and venous extension (renal carcinoma).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>The clinical picture of cardiac metastasis is often unspecific, depending mainly on the location of the tumor and the degree of involvement, and it can be asymptomatic, with diagnosis only after autopsy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Percardial metastases, which account for more than 60% of cardiac metastases, can cause pericarditis or effusion, resulting in corresponding clinical signs and symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Myocardial metastases account for around a third of cases and can evolve with arrhythmia and chest pain, in addition to contractile dysfunction and a clinical picture of heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Endocardial involvement is rare, described in 3% to 5% of cases, and can evolve with obstruction and/or embolization. Paraneoplastic phenomena, such as thromboembolic events, can also occur.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>The first-line test for the initial assessment of cardiac metastatic lesions is echocardiography, which is a widely available, noninvasive procedure which identifies the presence of masses, and their respective characteristics, location, and relationship with adjacent structures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Cardiac resonance imaging and computed tomography act as complementary imaging techniques, providing more detailed anatomical images and information on the tumor&#x27;s vascularization and local invasion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>The treatment of cardiac metastases depends on the clinical presentation and is initially aimed at controlling symptoms and complications, such as pericardial tamponade, arrhythmias, and symptoms of heart failure. Other forms of treatment, such as tumor resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, must be individually adapted to each patient.</p>
<p>Currently, no protocol for investigating cardiac metastases in patients with malignant neoplasms is established. However, for screening purposes, some authors suggest performing an echocardiogram on patients with lung and liver cancer who have cardiac arrhythmias. The prognosis of malignant cardiac tumors secondary to metastases is poor, given that patients present with advanced cardiac metastases at the time of diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>This report illustrates a case of extensive cardiac metastatic involvement, originating in the inferior vena cava, with multiple intracavitary mobile tumors affecting all 4 heart chambers, associated with the presence of a secondary ovarian tumor, with no defined primary etiology.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>In cases of advanced neoplasms, a detailed assessment of the cardiac structures (pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium) should be performed in the search for metastases. Echocardiography, in its various forms, enables early diagnosis of cardiac involvement.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
<p>Editor responsible for the review: Marco Stephan Lofrano Alves</p></fn></fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Met&#xE1;stase Card&#xED;aca e Tumor Ovariano de Krukenberg: Um Relato de Caso</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Cruz</surname><given-names>Jessyca Gon&#xE7;alves</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9520-2195</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Farias</surname><given-names>Ana Gardenia Liberato Ponte</given-names></name> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Lucena</surname><given-names>Jo&#xE3;o David Leit&#xE3;o de</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3211-8383</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Liberato</surname><given-names>Christiane Bezerra Rocha</given-names></name> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Alcantara</surname><given-names>Ana Carolina Brito de</given-names></name> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>Mauricio Costa</given-names></name> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#xE1; Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio Walter Cant&#xED;dio, Cardiologia/Ecocardiografia, Fortaleza, CE &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Jessyca Gon&#xE7;alves Cruz</bold> &#x2022; Universidade de Fortaleza. Av. Washington Soares, 1321. CEP: <postal-code>60811-905</postal-code>. Edson Queiroz, Fortaleza, CE &#x2013; Brasil E-mail: <email>jessycagcruz@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro n&#xE3;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn></author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Met&#xE1;stase Neopl&#xE1;sica</kwd>
<kwd>Tumor de Brenner</kwd>
<kwd>Tumor de Krukenberg</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Os tumores card&#xED;acos prim&#xE1;rios s&#xE3;o raros, apresentando incid&#xEA;ncia de 0,0017% a 0,28%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os tumores secund&#xE1;rios ou metast&#xE1;ticos, em contrapartida, s&#xE3;o 40 a 100 vezes mais frequentes que os prim&#xE1;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os s&#xED;tios prim&#xE1;rios que metastatizam com maior frequ&#xEA;ncia para o cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o s&#xE3;o pulm&#xE3;o, mama, melanoma maligno e tumores hematol&#xF3;gicos. Met&#xE1;stase card&#xED;aca secund&#xE1;ria a tumores ovarianos &#xE9; infrequente e, nos casos descritos, acomete principalmente peric&#xE1;rdio, sem descri&#xE7;&#xE3;o de les&#xF5;es intracavit&#xE1;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As neoplasias metast&#xE1;ticas podem alcan&#xE7;ar o cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o pelas seguintes vias: hematog&#xEA;nica, extens&#xE3;o direta, vasos linf&#xE1;ticos, e atrav&#xE9;s das veias pulmonares e da veia cava.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>O termo &#x201C;tumor de Krukenberg&#x201D; &#xE9; utilizado clinicamente para designar um carcinoma metast&#xE1;tico de c&#xE9;lulas em anel de sinete, secretor de mucina no denso estroma fibrobl&#xE1;stico do ov&#xE1;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Acomete principalmente mulheres na pr&#xE9;-menopausa, sendo a idade m&#xE9;dia de diagn&#xF3;stico 45 anos, e tem como s&#xED;tio prim&#xE1;rio mais comum o est&#xF4;mago, respons&#xE1;vel por 70% dos casos, seguido de c&#xF3;lon, ap&#xEA;ndice e mama.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A hist&#xF3;ria de carcinoma pr&#xE9;vio ao diagn&#xF3;stico do Krukenberg &#xE9; obtida em apenas 20% dos casos, sendo o s&#xED;tio prim&#xE1;rio, muitas vezes, desconhecido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A taxa de mortalidade &#xE9; elevada, com sobrevida m&#xE9;dia de 14 meses ap&#xF3;s o diagn&#xF3;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>O objetivo deste artigo &#xE9; relatar o caso de uma paciente com tumor ovariano secund&#xE1;rio de Krukenberg e importante acometimento metast&#xE1;tico card&#xED;aco, apresentando m&#xFA;ltiplos tumores intracavit&#xE1;rios avaliados ao ecocardiograma transesof&#xE1;gico (ETE), ressaltando a import&#xE2;ncia da aten&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ecocardiografista na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o detalhada das les&#xF5;es tumorais.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de caso</title>
<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 45 anos, procurou assist&#xEA;ncia m&#xE9;dica por quadro de desconforto abdominal difuso de in&#xED;cio h&#xE1; cerca de 9 meses, sendo evidenciada, ao exame f&#xED;sico, massa palp&#xE1;vel em regi&#xE3;o de fossa il&#xED;aca direita. Realizado ambulatorialmente ultrassom de abdome, este constatou forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o expansiva do tipo s&#xF3;lido-c&#xED;stica, de origem presumida ovariana direita. Dessa forma, a paciente foi internada em agosto de 2022 para tratamento cir&#xFA;rgico.</p>
<p>Durante internamento, paciente apresentou epis&#xF3;dio s&#xFA;bito de dispneia, sendo levantada a hip&#xF3;tese de embolia pulmonar. A paciente encontrava-se taquic&#xE1;rdica e taquipneica, com frequ&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca em torno de 105 bpm, frequ&#xEA;ncia respirat&#xF3;ria estimada em 25 irpm e satura&#xE7;&#xE3;o perif&#xE9;rica de oxig&#xEA;nio em torno de 95% sob uso de suplementa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de oxig&#xEA;nio por cateter nasal. N&#xE3;o havia instabilidade hemodin&#xE2;mica ou outras altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es do exame f&#xED;sico cardiopulmonar. As extremidades estavam perfundidas, sem sinais cl&#xED;nicos de trombose venosa perif&#xE9;rica. O eletrocardiograma evidenciava ritmo sinusal taquic&#xE1;rdico, sem outras altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es.</p>
<p>Foi solicitado ecocardiograma transtor&#xE1;cico (ECOTT), realizado no leito em car&#xE1;ter de urg&#xEA;ncia, com janelas ac&#xFA;sticas de dif&#xED;cil visualiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o, por&#xE9;m j&#xE1; sendo poss&#xED;vel a constata&#xE7;&#xE3;o de m&#xFA;ltiplas les&#xF5;es m&#xF3;veis intracavit&#xE1;rias. Exceto por um aumento leve do &#xE1;trio esquerdo, as demais cavidades apresentavam dimens&#xF5;es normais. As valvas eram morfologicamente normais, com refluxos mitral e tric&#xFA;spide leves. A fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o biventricular encontrava-se preservada, com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo estimada em 60% ao bidimensional, com janela ac&#xFA;stica apical desfavor&#xE1;vel para realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do m&#xE9;todo de Simpson. N&#xE3;o havia sinais de hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar. Optado pela realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o imediata do ETE, em que foram melhor evidenciadas m&#xFA;ltiplas les&#xF5;es ecog&#xEA;nicas m&#xF3;veis no interior de ambos os &#xE1;trios (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 1A e 1B</xref>), soltas no interior das cavidades, homog&#xEA;neas, de contornos bem definidos e com dimens&#xF5;es variadas, movimentando-se para dentro dos ventr&#xED;culos atrav&#xE9;s das valvas mitral e tric&#xFA;spide. Havia cerca de seis massas no interior do &#xE1;trio direito, sendo a maior delas proveniente da veia cava inferior, medindo 7,1 cm x 0,3 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">4</xref>). No interior do &#xE1;trio esquerdo, as massas eram menores, m&#xFA;ltiplas, m&#xF3;veis, cerca de 12 no total, sendo dif&#xED;cil a mensura&#xE7;&#xE3;o de seus di&#xE2;metros. Estas pareciam ser provenientes do &#xE1;trio direito atrav&#xE9;s de um forame oval patente (FOP), visto que foi evidenciada, durante o exame, passagem de uma das massas do &#xE1;trio direito para o &#xE1;trio esquerdo atrav&#xE9;s do FOP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figuras 3A e 3B</xref>). N&#xE3;o foram visualizados implantes em topografia de peric&#xE1;rdio, que se apresentava com aspecto usual, bem como n&#xE3;o havia derrames peric&#xE1;rdico ou pleural.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 1A e 1B</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagens do ETE evidenciando os tumores nas cavidades card&#xED;acas. Na Figura 1A, obtida em 20o, observamos os tumores em ambos os &#xE1;trios, sendo poss&#xED;vel visualizar passagem de massa atrav&#xE9;s do septo interatrial. Na Figura 1B, obtida em 67&#xB0;, observamos os tumores nas c&#xE2;maras esquerdas, com passagem atrav&#xE9;s da valva mitral.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230051-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagem de um corte bicaval, obtida em 104&#xB0;, evidenciando o maior tumor no interior do &#xE1;trio direito, proveniente da veia cava inferior.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230051-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figuras 3A e 3B</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagens do septo interatrial. Figura 3A evidenciando les&#xE3;o tumoral passando atrav&#xE9;s do FOP. Figura 3B, com uso do Doppler colorido, constatando fluxo direita-esquerda.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230051-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagem da veia cava inferior em janela subcostal no ECOTT, preenchida por extensa les&#xE3;o tumoral at&#xE9; a sua entrada no &#xE1;trio direito.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230051-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Foi dado seguimento &#xE0; investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o da massa abdominal, sendo realizada tomografia de abdome com contraste, que evidenciou volumosa massa s&#xF3;lido-c&#xED;stica heterog&#xEA;nea, medindo 29,1 cm x 25,6 cm x 20,7 cm, bem como dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o e preenchimento das veias gonadal direita e cava inferior por tecido com densidade de partes moles, estendendo-se at&#xE9; o &#xE1;trio direito. Realizada bi&#xF3;psia do ov&#xE1;rio direito, esta revelou presen&#xE7;a de c&#xE9;lulas pequenas e isoladas, com citoplasma vacuolizado tipo anel em sinete, esparsas em meio ao estroma. Feita endoscopia digestiva alta, n&#xE3;o foram evidenciadas les&#xF5;es g&#xE1;stricas. Conclu&#xED;da resson&#xE2;ncia card&#xED;aca, que descreveu as les&#xF5;es tumorais intracard&#xED;acas como forma&#xE7;&#xF5;es expansivas s&#xF3;lidas tubulares que se estendiam desde a veia cava inferior at&#xE9; o &#xE1;trio direito e ventr&#xED;culo direito, alcan&#xE7;ando a art&#xE9;ria pulmonar, verificou-se, ap&#xF3;s inje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do contraste, discreta perfus&#xE3;o da les&#xE3;o na primeira passagem e realce tardio uniforme, sendo compat&#xED;veis com implantes tumorais.</p>
<p>A paciente foi avaliada em conjunto por equipes de cardiologia cl&#xED;nica, cirurgia card&#xED;aca, oncologia cl&#xED;nica, cirurgia geral, cirurgia oncol&#xF3;gica e cuidados paliativos. A principal hip&#xF3;tese diagn&#xF3;stica, presumida a partir do quadro cl&#xED;nico-imaginol&#xF3;gico card&#xED;aco e abdominal e da histopatologia do ov&#xE1;rio, com presen&#xE7;a de neoplasia de c&#xE9;lulas fusiformes e citoplasma em anel de sinete, seria de tumor ovariano de Krukenberg, sendo este um tumor secund&#xE1;rio, sem s&#xED;tio prim&#xE1;rio estabelecido, associado &#xE0; presen&#xE7;a de m&#xFA;ltiplas met&#xE1;stases card&#xED;acas. A realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de bi&#xF3;psia dos tumores card&#xED;acos, bem como de procedimentos invasivos para investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o do s&#xED;tio prim&#xE1;rio relacionado &#xE0; neoplasia ovariana, foi desencorajada pelas equipes assistentes, em comum acordo com a paciente e sua fam&#xED;lia, diante do risco dos procedimentos e da diminuta perspectiva de ressecabilidade das les&#xF5;es, sendo, ent&#xE3;o, estabelecidos cuidados paliativos predominantes, sem proposta curativa. A paciente foi tratada clinicamente com anticoagula&#xE7;&#xE3;o plena e evoluiu, com melhora dos sintomas, ganhando alta hospitalar e apresentando-se, at&#xE9; a presente data, assintom&#xE1;tica, em seguimento ambulatorial com as equipes dos cuidados paliativos e da cirurgia geral.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A doen&#xE7;a metast&#xE1;tica corresponde &#xE0; neoplasia card&#xED;aca mais comum no adulto, com incid&#xEA;ncia relatada de 0,7% a 3,5% na popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o geral, sendo 9,1% em paciente com neoplasia avan&#xE7;ada j&#xE1; estabelecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O aumento da incid&#xEA;ncia se deve, pelo menos em parte, aos avan&#xE7;os no diagn&#xF3;stico por imagem e na melhoria das interven&#xE7;&#xF5;es terap&#xEA;uticas em pacientes oncol&#xF3;gicos. Os s&#xED;tios prim&#xE1;rios que metastatizam com maior frequ&#xEA;ncia para o cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o s&#xE3;o pulm&#xE3;o, mama, melanoma maligno e tumores hematol&#xF3;gicos, provavelmente em decorr&#xEA;ncia da alta preval&#xEA;ncia e agressividade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A doen&#xE7;a metast&#xE1;tica maligna pode alcan&#xE7;ar o cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de v&#xE1;rias maneiras, incluindo extens&#xE3;o direta (carcinoma de pulm&#xE3;o), via hematog&#xEA;nica (melanoma e neoplasias hematol&#xF3;gicas), via linf&#xE1;tica (carcinoma de mama) e por extens&#xE3;o venosa (carcinoma renal).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>O quadro cl&#xED;nico da met&#xE1;stase card&#xED;aca &#xE9; frequentemente inespec&#xED;fico, dependendo principalmente da localiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do tumor e da extens&#xE3;o do envolvimento, podendo ser assintom&#xE1;tico, com diagn&#xF3;stico apenas ap&#xF3;s aut&#xF3;psia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Met&#xE1;stases peric&#xE1;rdicas, que respondem por mais de 60% das met&#xE1;stases card&#xED;acas, podem causar pericardite ou derrame, resultando em sinais e sintomas cl&#xED;nicos correspondentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As met&#xE1;stases mioc&#xE1;rdicas representam cerca de um ter&#xE7;o dos casos e podem evoluir com arritmia e dor tor&#xE1;cica, bem como disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o contr&#xE1;til e quadro cl&#xED;nico de insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O acometimento endoc&#xE1;rdico &#xE9; raro, descrito em 3% a 5% dos casos, podendo evoluir com obstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o e/ou emboliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Fen&#xF4;menos paraneopl&#xE1;sicos, como eventos tromboemb&#xF3;licos, tamb&#xE9;m podem ocorrer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>O ecocardiograma, por ser um m&#xE9;todo n&#xE3;o invasivo e amplamente dispon&#xED;vel, &#xE9; o exame de primeira linha para avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o inicial de les&#xF5;es metast&#xE1;ticas card&#xED;acas, identificando a presen&#xE7;a de massas, bem como suas respectivas caracter&#xED;sticas, localiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o e rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o com estruturas adjacentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A resson&#xE2;ncia card&#xED;aca e a tomografia computadorizada atuam como m&#xE9;todos complementares, fornecendo imagens anat&#xF4;micas mais detalhadas e informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es acerca da vasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do tumor e invas&#xE3;o local.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>O tratamento das met&#xE1;stases card&#xED;acas depende da apresenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica, sendo inicialmente direcionado para controle de sintomas e de complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es, como tamponamento peric&#xE1;rdico, arritmias e sintomas de insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca. Outras modalidades de tratamento, como ressec&#xE7;&#xE3;o tumoral, quimioterapia e radioterapia, devem ser individualizadas para cada paciente.</p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; protocolo para investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o de met&#xE1;stases card&#xED;acas em paciente com neoplasia maligna. Alguns autores sugerem, entretanto, a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de ecocardiograma em pacientes com c&#xE2;ncer de pulm&#xE3;o e f&#xED;gado e que tenham arritmias card&#xED;acas para triagem. O progn&#xF3;stico dos tumores card&#xED;acos malignos secund&#xE1;rios a met&#xE1;stases &#xE9; reservado, visto que os pacientes, ao diagn&#xF3;stico, apresentam-se em est&#xE1;gio avan&#xE7;ado da doen&#xE7;a de base.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>Este relato ilustra um caso de extenso acometimento metast&#xE1;tico card&#xED;aco, proveniente da veia cava inferior, com m&#xFA;ltiplos tumores m&#xF3;veis intracavit&#xE1;rios, acometendo as quatro c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas, associado &#xE0; presen&#xE7;a de tumor secund&#xE1;rio ovariano, sem etiologia prim&#xE1;ria definida.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Em casos de neoplasias avan&#xE7;adas, a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o detalhada das estruturas card&#xED;acas (peric&#xE1;rdio, epic&#xE1;rdio, mioc&#xE1;rdio e endoc&#xE1;rdio) deve ser realizada pelo ecocardiografista na pesquisa de met&#xE1;stases. O ecocardiograma, em suas diversas modalidades, possibilita o diagn&#xF3;stico precoce do acometimento card&#xED;aco.</p>
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<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o Acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
<p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xC9;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo n&#xE3;o cont&#xE9;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
<p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Marco Stephan Lofrano Alves</p></fn></fn-group>
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