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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230047i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Echocardiographic Characteristics of PRKAG2 Syndrome: An Integrative Review</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8920-5173</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pena</surname>
						<given-names>José Luiz Barros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6537-5000</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Igor de</given-names>
						<suffix>Neto</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-4177-0103</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barbosa</surname>
						<given-names>Alice Pinheiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3239-393X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Dinamar Amador dos</given-names>
						<suffix>Neto</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Felício Rocho</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Felício Rocho, Ecocardiografia, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: José Luiz Barros Pena. • Alameda Ezequiel Dias, 275. Postal Code: 30130-110. Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil E-mail: <email>jose.pena@cienciasmedicasmg.edu.br.</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>09</day>
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230047</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>3</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>PRKAG2 syndrome is a rare, early-onset, autosomal dominant, inherited lysosomal glycogen storage disease that develops with ventricular preexcitation syndrome, supraventricular arrhythmias, and cardiac hypertrophy. The disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein, leading to glycogen accumulation in cardiomyocytes. Echocardiography is a noninvasive, widely available, and highly effective technique for identifying and quantifying left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Therefore, this review focuses mainly on echocardiographic patterns, describing the main alterations in patients with PRKAG2 syndrome. O objective of this paper is to conduct an integrative review of the echocardiographic features presented by patients with PRKAG2 syndrome. We conducted an integrative review of echocardiographic features in PRKAG2 syndrome by searching PubMed, SciELO, IBECS, and LILACS electronic databases using the following keywords: “PRKAG2 syndrome” and “PRKAG2.” The predominant echocardiographic finding in patients with PRKAG2 syndrome was cardiac chamber hypertrophy, particularly affecting the left ventricle. In addition, other findings included abnormal ejection fraction, changes in strain patterns, and heart valve abnormalities. Cardiac chamber hypertrophy was demonstrated in most studies, with a predominance of LVH. Reduced ejection fraction was also described, both in the left and right ventricles. Other features reported included atrial enlargement, cardiac dyskinesia, and valve dysfunction. However, the findings varied widely, highlighting the phenotypic variability of this syndrome.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Glycogen Storage Disease</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="23"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>PRKAG2 syndrome is a rare, early-onset, autosomal dominant, inherited lysosomal glycogen storage disease that develops with ventricular preexcitation syndrome, supraventricular arrhythmias, and cardiac hypertrophy. The disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the gamma 2 subunit. The mutation causes anomalous AMPK activity, leading to glycogen accumulation in cardiomyocytes that causes their progressive increase. PRKAG2 syndrome can be expressed in different ways, both by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and by arrhythmic features, ranging from an asymptomatic condition, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and progression of atrioventricular block requiring pacemaker (PM) implantation to sudden cardiac death (SCD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Regarding clinical parameters, the onset of symptoms usually occurs in the first 3 decades of life and is often characterized by tachycardia and bradyarrhythmias; less often, heart failure or SCD may be the first manifestations of the disease. Prolonged dynamic electrocardiogram monitoring and exercise stress testing are useful tools in patients with syncope, palpitations, or with a family history of SCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Regarding echocardiographic patterns, echocardiography is a noninvasive, widely available, and highly effective technique for identifying and quantifying ventricular hypertrophy, assisting in the evaluation and monitoring of the disease and allowing early follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Increasing access to genetic testing to diagnose this syndrome, associated with the description of echocardiographic parameters, has made it possible to distinguish and assess disease progression. Since the pathogenesis and natural history of this syndrome differ from other arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies, a differentiated diagnostic approach and follow-up are required.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Therefore, this review focuses mainly on echocardiographic parameters, describing the main alterations in patients with PRKAG2 syndrome.</p>
			<p>This review is justified by the fact that there are few published studies that have provided evidence of echocardiographic findings in PRKAG2 syndrome. Therefore, describing these parameters will have practical implications for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with this condition. The echocardiographic findings are illustrated in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Figure</xref> .</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Central Illustration</label>
					<caption>
						<title>: Echocardiographic Characteristics of PRKAG2 Syndrome: An Integrative Review</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230047-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Objectives</title>
			<p>To conduct an integrative review of the echocardiographic features presented by patients with PRKAG2 syndrome, with the following guiding question: “What are the echocardiographic features presented by patients with PRKAG2 syndrome?”. Thus, we aim to show which short-term and long-term cardiac abnormalities are found in this condition.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>We conducted an integrative review of echocardiographic features in PRKAG2 syndrome. Studies were identified by searching the following electronic databases from inception to April 24, 2023: PubMed, SciELO, IBECS, and LILACS. A simple search was performed in all database fields (title, abstract, text word, etc.) using the following keywords: “PRKAG2 syndrome” and “PRKAG2,” using the Boolean operator “OR.” Studies eligible for inclusion in this review were published in English up to the date the last search was run and answered the guiding question, that is, addressed echocardiographic findings in PRKAG2 syndrome. Studies providing a systematization of data, such as integrative or systematic reviews, were excluded. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, and then screened candidate full-text articles for selection on the basis of our eligibility criteria. For studies meeting eligibility, data were extracted using a standardized table, with a specific column for each information to be collected, as follows: author/year, article title, study design, sample, and results.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>The database searches resulted in a total of 98 articles. Of these, 80 were excluded for the following reasons: 13 integrative or systematic reviews, 3 duplicates, 1 editorial about another article, and 63 studies that did not answer the guiding question. Therefore, 18 studies were included in this review. The flow diagram of study selection is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref> . <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the included studies, which are presented in ascending order of year of publication, according to the database from which the article was retrieved.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Flow diagram of study selection. Source: Designed by the authors.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230047-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Summary of evidence of echocardiographic findings in PRKAG2 syndrome</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="20%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Author/year</th>
								<th align="left">Article title</th>
								<th align="left">Study design</th>
								<th align="left">Sample – what was t he study population?</th>
								<th align="left">Results</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="5"><bold>LILACS</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Magalhães LP et al. (2022) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>Long-Term Cardiac Complications of <italic>PRKAG2</italic> Syndrome</td>
								<td>Ambispective observational cohort study</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n =16</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Members of a single family carrying the Arg302Gln mutation in the <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>Seven patients (54%) had LVH (defined as interventricular septum or posterior wall thickness ≥ 13 mm, with no apparent cause) on echocardiography.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="5"><bold>PUBMED</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Charron P et al. (2007) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>A familial form of conduction defect related to a mutation in the <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene</td>
								<td>Case report</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 4</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Members of the same family with a mutation in the <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>The study describes a family with a mutation in the <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene and a particular phenotype characterized by the absence of echocardiographic hypertrophy.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Tan HL et al. (2008) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>Nodoventricular Accessory Pathways in <italic>PRKAG2</italic> -Dependent Familial Preexcitation Syndrome Reveal a Disorder in Cardiac Development</td>
								<td>Retrospective observational cohort study</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 17</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Medical records, collected between 1955 and 2007, of 17 members of a 5-generation Dutch family.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>Among the patients studied, 8 underwent echocardiography and 7 had cardiac hypertrophy.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sternick EB et al. (2011) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>Clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics of patients with a fasciculoventricular pathway: the role of <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutation</td>
								<td>Retrospective observational cohort study</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 19</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Two groups of patients: group A consisted of 10 patients with <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutation (Arg302Gln); and group B consisted of 9 patients without the mutation.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>In group A, 30% of patients had LVH and none had an additional accessory pathway. Patients in group B had no structural heart disease.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Fabris E et al. (2013) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>Cardiac hypertrophy, accessory pathway, and conduction system disease in an adolescent: the <italic>PRKAG2</italic> cardiac syndrome.</td>
								<td>Case report</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 1</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>A 17-year-old asymptomatic patient was referred for family screening because of his father’s unexplained LVH.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>Echocardiography showed mild asymmetric LVH with posterolateral distribution. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmed asymmetric LVH (MWT of 13 mm).</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sternick EB et al. (2014) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>Myocardial infarction in a teenager</td>
								<td>Case report</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 1</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>An 18-year-old man was diagnosed with an AMI of the interventricular septum, and genetic analysis identified a mutation in the <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>An echocardiogram showed massive LVH. The LV septal thickness was 44 mm. The authors speculated that the septal AMI resulted from a demand-supply mismatch of a severely hypertrophied septum.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Aggarwal V et al. (2015) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td><italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutation: An easily missed cardiac specific non-lysosomal glycogenosis</td>
								<td>Case report</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 1</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>An adolescent female affected by a mutation in the PRKAG2 gene.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>The patient had concentric LVH.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Müllertz KM et al. (2016) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>Variable primary phenotypic manifestations in a rare familial form of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and HCM</td>
								<td>Case report</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 3</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Different primary phenotypic manifestations of <italic>PRKAG2</italic> -gene heart disease in a 3-generation family were described. The proband presented with atrial fibrillation, her daughter with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and her mother with atrioventricular block.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>Echocardiographic examination of the index patient’s mother revealed marked LVH, initially misinterpreted as hypertensive heart disease. Several years later, LVH also developed in the index patient and her daughter, and PRKAG2-gene heart disease became evident.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Torok RD et al. (2017) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td><italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutations presenting in infancy</td>
								<td>Case report</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 3</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Report of 3 cases of <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutation carriers.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>Patient in case 1 presented with hypertrophy of the interventricular septum at birth, but at age 3 months this abnormality was no longer observed. The mitral valve was thickened and tethered by shortened chordae. There was moderate mitral regurgitation and subsequent LV dilation. Patient in case 2 presented with severe biventricular hypertrophy, severe mitral regurgitation, and moderate tricuspid regurgitation. Patient in case 3 did not undergo echocardiography.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Van Der Steld LP et al. (2017) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome with Ventricular Hypertrophy in a Brazilian Family</td>
								<td>Case series</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 60</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Sixty patients from 84 members of a Brazilian family with <italic>PRKAG2</italic> syndrome.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>The predominant pattern was generalized and diffuse LVH and mitral valve insufficiency. Hypertrophy predominated in the apical and medial portions later in life. The prevalence of mitral regurgitation occurred in the second and third decades of life.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Epicoco G et al. (2018) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>An Unusual Pattern of Ventricular Pre-Excitation: Electrophysiological and Genetic Substrate</td>
								<td>Case report</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 1</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>A 30-year-old man known for ventricular preexcitation and recurrent episodes of typical atrial flutter.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>Twelve-lead electrocardiogram showed ventricular preexcitation during sinus rhythm and common atrial flutter. Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed marked and HCM without outflow obstruction (MWT = 28 mm).</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Gorla SR et al. (2018) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>Infantile Onset HCM Secondary to <italic>PRKAG2</italic> Gene Mutation is Associated with Poor Prognosis</td>
								<td>Case report</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 1</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>A premature infant delivered at 36 weeks due to fetal hydrops secondary to severe HCM.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>A fetal echocardiogram performed at 28 weeks of gestation was significant for a severe form of HCM with involvement of both ventricles, the interventricular septum, and the right atrial wall. Serial postnatal echocardiograms demonstrated hyperdynamic ventricular function (shortening fraction of 49%), diastolic dysfunction, decreased end-diastolic LV volumes (z score of -6), and dynamic LV outflow tract obstruction (peak instantaneous systolic gradient of 58-88 mm Hg) with near complete obliteration of the LV cavity in end systole.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ahamed H et al. (2020) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>Phenotypic expression and clinical outcomes in a South Asian <italic>PRKAG2</italic> cardiomyopathy cohort</td>
								<td>Ambispective observational cohort study</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 50</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Twenty-two patients with PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy belonging to 3 unrelated families from Ernakulam and Trichur district in central Kerala, India. The remaining 28 individuals did not exhibit the clinical phenotype of the disease.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>The mean LV MWT (n = 19) was 25.3 ± 6.5 mm (range 13-33 mm). The mean LV MWT for the entire 22 patient cohort was 22.9 ± 8.7 mm. Right ventricular hypertrophy was observed in 19 patients with LVH (19/22; 86%), with a mean RV free wall thickness of 7.5 ± 1.3 mm (range 6-11 mm). The mean LV ejection fraction (EF) of all 22 patients was 53.4% ± 6.6% (40%-65%). None of the 22 patients had LV outflow tract obstruction &gt; 30 mm Hg or evidence of systolic anterior movement of the mitral valve.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hu J et al. PE (2020) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>Familial Atrial Enlargement, Conduction Disorder and Symmetric Cardiac Hypertrophy Are Early Signs of <italic>PRKAG2</italic> R302Q</td>
								<td>Estudo observacional coorte retrospectivo</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 10</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Ten members of a Chinese family with HCM, 5 of whom were diagnosed with the <italic>PRKAG2</italic> R302Q mutation.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>Four (80%) of the patients diagnosed with <italic>PRKAG2</italic> R302Q mutation had LVH. The analysis showed diffuse asymmetric hypertrophy in 3 patients, with a pattern of LV middle-anterior-lateral-inferior wall hypertrophy and especially interventricular septal hypertrophy. One patient showed symmetric hypertrophy, with a thickness of the LV wall and the interventricular septal wall of 1.2 cm (normal value: 0.8-1.0 cm). All patients had atrial enlargement.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Lopez-Sainz A et al. (2020) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>Clinical Features and Natural History of <italic>PRKAG2</italic> Variant Cardiac Glycogenosis</td>
								<td>Retrospective observational cohort study</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 90</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Patients with PRKAG2 genetic variants recruited from 27 European cardiomyopathy centers.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>At the last evaluation in the entire cohort, individuals with PRKAG2 syndrome (68%-75.6%) had LVH (maximum LV thickness ≥ 13 mm) with an MWT of 19 ± 7 mm. In this group, mean LVEF was 57% ± 13%, and 10 patients had LVEF &lt; 50%.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pena JLB et al. (2021) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>Glycogen storage cardiomyopathy ( <italic>PRKAG2</italic> ): diagnostic findings of standard and advanced echocardiography techniques</td>
								<td>Estudo observacional transversal</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 30</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Thirty patients with genetically proven <italic>PRKAG2</italic> syndrome belonging to 5 families with <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene mutation.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>Mean patient age was 39.1 ± 15.4 years. LVH was found in varying degrees in 25 patients (86%), with a mean LV septal thickness of 14.1 ± 4.2 mm. Myocardial mass on M-mode, in g/m<sup>2</sup> and 4D, was above normal limits in these 25 patients. There was no statistically significant difference between patients with and without a PM. The mean RWT was increased for all hypertrophic patients (0.56 ± 0.18), characterizing concentric hypertrophy. The LAVI was increased in 70% of patients, with a mean value of 38.41 ± 14.9, and patients with PM had a significantly increased LAVI. The mean EF measured by the 3D technique was 55.7% ± 11.2%, but in 7 patients (24%) the EF was below normal limits. Patients with PM had lower fractional shortening and 4D EF, fractional shortening, and global circumferential strain values than patients without PM. No statistically significant difference was detected when comparing other echocardiographic parameters. Men had higher myocardial mass (p = 0.01) and indexed mass values (p = 0.05) than women. No correlation was found between age and hypertrophy-related variables. RV hypertrophy occurred in 90% of patients, and the mean RV lateral wall thickness was 7.9 ± 2.9 mm. Regarding LV diastolic dysfunction, 26% of patients had normal diastolic function, whereas the remaining patients had varying degrees of dysfunction, with a predominance of Grade I and III (according to ASE/EACVI guidelines).</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pena JLB et al. (2022) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>Right Ventricle Involvement by Glycogen Storage Cardiomyopathy ( <italic>PRKAG2</italic> ): Standard and Advanced Echocardiography Analyses</td>
								<td>Observational cross-sectional study</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 30</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Thirty patients from 5 families with <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene mutation (28 with Arg302Gln and 2 with His401Gln).</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>The median RV lateral wall thickness was 7.0 mm (range 6.0-9.0 mm). In 3 patients, the RV 4-chamber longitudinal strain (RV4LS) was significantly reduced, demonstrating RV wall dyskinesia. The RV was affected in most patients, and RV hypertrophy occurred in 90% of patients, with a regular pattern that involved all portions of the chamber. RVEF was below normal limits (≥ 45%) in 56.7% of patients, and in 7 patients, RVEF was &lt; 35%. RV4LS and RV free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) were below normal reference limits even in asymptomatic patients. A positive correlation was confirmed between RVFWLS and RVEF, indicating that such strain indices are a fast and widely available method to detect dysfunction. Tricuspid regurgitation was detected in half of the patients, but only 4 had pulmonary artery systolic pressure above normal limits.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Tang L et al. (2022) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td>Echocardiographic characteristics of <italic>PRKAG2</italic> syndrome: a research using three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography compared with sarcomeric HCM</td>
								<td>Retrospective cross-sectional study</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>n = 252</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Nine patients with <italic>PRKAG2</italic> syndrome, 41 with sarcomere gene mutations and 202 healthy volunteers.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>Patients with PRKAG2 syndrome had significantly higher LV wall asymmetry than healthy volunteers (1.42 ± 0.52 vs 0.14 ± 0.14 mm, p = 0.001), with asymmetric septal hypertrophy. RWT was higher in the PRKAG2 group than in the healthy group (0.48 ± 0.15 vs 0.39 ± 0.07, p = 0.002), reaching a pattern of concentric hypertrophy (RWT &gt; 0.42). The LV end-systolic diameter was significantly larger in the PRKAG2 group than in the healthy group (p &lt; 0.05). Patients with PRKAG2 syndrome demonstrated impaired LV diastolic function parameters, including A, e’, and E/e’, but their LVEF remained normal (PRKAG2 group 62.67% ± 8.56% vs healthy group 65.79% ± 6.88%, p = 0.189). As a limitation of the study, the sample consisted of patients with PRKAG2 syndrome with LVH, but some patients did not have LVH, in addition to the small sample size (n = 9).</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib><italic>Source: Designed by the authors.</italic></attrib>
						<attrib><italic>n: number of individuals; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; PM: pacemaker; MWT: maximum wall thickness; RWT: relative wall thickness; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; EF: ejection fraction. RVFWLS: RV free wall longitudinal strain; LAVI: left atrial volume index</italic></attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Cardiac chamber hypertrophy</title>
				<p>According to Lipshultz et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has a reported incidence of 0.24-0.47 per 100,000 children and is a leading cause of SCD in young people. It is characterized by abnormal thickening of the heart muscle, especially of the left ventricle (LV) and the interventricular septum. In this context, cardiac hypertrophy is one of the main manifestations of the PRKAG2 syndrome, being a finding in all of the 18 studies analyzed in this review.</p>
				<p>There is still no consensus on when this abnormality begins, but some studies indicate that it may be present during intrauterine development. In the case reported by Gorla et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> cardiac hypertrophy was observed as early as 28 weeks of gestation, demonstrating a severe form of HCM with involvement of both ventricles, the interventricular septum, and the right atrial wall. Torok et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> reported 2 cases of <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutation carriers, with presentation of this condition in infancy. One of the patients presented with hypertrophy of the interventricular septum at birth, which, however, was no longer observed at age 3 months, whereas the other patient presented with severe biventricular hypertrophy at birth. Also, regarding manifestations in the pediatric population, Aggarwal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> reported the case of an adolescent female affected by <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene mutation and found that she had concentric LVH.</p>
				<p>Tan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> in the first published study on <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutations, although without a focus on echocardiographic abnormalities in <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutation carriers, reported that, of the 17 retrospectively studied patients, 8 had undergone echocardiography and 7 of them had cardiac hypertrophy. An interesting finding of the study was the histopathological confirmation of this diagnosis. Later, in the comparative study by Sternick et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> 30% of patients with <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutation (n = 10) had LVH, whereas control patients (n = 9), without the mutation, had no structural heart disease.</p>
				<p>Fabris et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> reported the case of a 17-year-old individual with echocardiography showing mild asymmetric LVH with posterolateral distribution and maximum wall thickness (MWT) of 13 mm. Sternick et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> reported the case of an 18-year-old patient with severe LVH associated with acute myocardial infarction, with an LV septal thickness of 44 mm. In the case of a 40-year-old patient reported by Müllertz and Jensen,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> LVH was initially misinterpreted as hypertensive heart disease, highlighting the importance of considering rare causes of HCM in patients presenting with tachycardia, preexcitation, and atrioventricular block. Van Der Steld et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> observed that, in 60 patients who were members of a Brazilian family with PRKAG2 syndrome, the predominant pattern was generalized and diffuse LVH, which predominated in the apical and medial portions later in life. Epicoco et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reported the case of a 30-year-old patient identified with <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene mutation whose echocardiogram showed marked and symmetric HCM without outflow obstruction, with an MWT of 28 mm.</p>
				<p>Regarding the remaining studies analyzed in this review, the most recent ones, published in the last 3 years, also reported the patterns found in the previously mentioned studies. Ahamed et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> for example, observed that 19 individuals (86%), from a cohort of 22 individuals with a mean age of 39.5 ± 18.1 years, had evidence of diffuse and concentric LVH, with right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy being observed in 19 patients with LVH (19/22; 86%). Hu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> reported that 4 patients (80%) had LVH; in 3 of them, the analysis showed diffuse asymmetric hypertrophy, with a pattern of LV middle-anterior-lateral-inferior hypertrophy and especially interventricular septal hypertrophy. In contrast, 1 patient showed symmetric hypertrophy. The study also brought to light a new finding at that time, atrial enlargement, which was present in half of the patients, with or without hypertrophy, suggesting that this phenomenon might precede hypertrophy in the early stages. Furthermore, the youngest patient, aged 9 years, presented with mild symmetric hypertrophy, speculating that this is also a finding that might occur in the early stages. Lopez-Sainz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> reported that patients with PRKAG2 syndrome, with a mean age of 37 years, had LVH with an MWT of 19 ± 7 mm. Pena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> analyzed 30 individuals with PRKAG2 syndrome, with a mean age of 39.1 ± 15.4 years, and found LVH in different degrees in 25 patients (86%), with a mean LV septal thickness of 14.1 ± 4.2 mm. The relative wall thickness (RWT) was increased (0.56 ± 0.18), characterizing concentric hypertrophy, and RV hypertrophy occurred in 90% of patients. Furthermore, regarding sex differences, men had higher myocardial mass than women. Regarding age, no correlation was found between age and hypertrophy-related variables. In the study conducted by Magalhães et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> of 16 individuals with a mean age of 40 ± 11 years, 7 (54%) had LVH on echocardiography.</p>
				<p>In the past year, 2 studies have made significant contributions to the understanding of the disease – the first, conducted by Tang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> by comparing <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutation carriers with a group of healthy individuals, and the second, conducted by Pena et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> by describing a feature little explored in this syndrome, the involvement of the RV. The cross-sectional study by Tang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> including 9 patients with <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutation and mean age of 40.22 ± 14.01 years, showed that these individuals had increased LV wall asymmetry compared with the group of 202 healthy individuals (1.42 ± 0.52 vs 0 .14 ± 0.14 mm, p = 0.001), with asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Furthermore, RWT was higher in the PRKAG2 group than in the healthy group (0.48 ± 0.15 vs 0.39 ± 0.07, p = 0.002), reaching a pattern of concentric hypertrophy. Pena et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> unlike the previous studies analyzed, brought the perspective of RV involvement in PRKAG2 syndrome by analyzing 30 patients with genetically proven PRKAG2 syndrome. The results showed that the RV was affected in most patients, and RV hypertrophy occurred in 90% of patients, with a regular pattern that involved all portions of the chamber, with a median RV lateral wall thickness of 7.0 mm (range 6.0-9.0 mm). This feature is consistent with the findings of Ahamed et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In one of the included studies, Charron et al <italic>.</italic> ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> in contrast to the pattern shown by the other studies, described 4 members of the same family with an atypical phenotype of <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene mutation, characterized by the absence of echocardiographic hypertrophy.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Ejection fraction</title>
				<p>In the case reported by Gorla et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> serial postnatal echocardiograms demonstrated hyperdynamic ventricular function (shortening fraction of 49%), diastolic dysfunction, decreased end-diastolic LV volumes, and dynamic LV outflow tract obstruction (peak instantaneous systolic gradient of 58-88 mm Hg) with near complete obliteration of the LV cavity in end systole.</p>
				<p>According to Ahamed et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> the mean LV ejection fraction (EF) of all 22 patients was 53.4% ± 6.6% (40%–65%), and none of the 22 patients had LV outflow tract obstruction &gt; 30 mm Hg. In the retrospective cohort study by Lopez-Sainz et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> LVEF was 57% ± 13%, and 10 patients (11.1%) had LVEF &lt; 50%. Pena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> also found abnormal EF in individuals with PRKAG2 syndrome, with a prevalence of 7 patients (24%) with EF below normal limits, although the mean EF was 55.7% ± 11.2% among the 30 participants. Data from the study conducted by Pena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> showed that in 56.7% of the 30 study participants with mutations in the PRKAG2 gene, RVEF was below normal limits (≥ 45%), and in 7 patients, this value was &lt; 35%. In the analysis performed by Tang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> LVEF remained normal (PRKAG2 group 62.67% ± 8.56% vs healthy group 65.79% ± 6.88%, p = 0.189).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Strain patterns</title>
				<p>Pena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> showed that the left atrial volume index (LAVI) was increased in 70% of patients, with a mean value of 38.41 ± 14.9 mL/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , and patients with PM had a significantly increased LAVI. Therefore, there is a change in atrial volume in PRKAG2 syndrome, and patients with PM seem to be more affected. Also, regarding LV diastolic dysfunction, 26% of patients had normal diastolic function, and the remaining patients had varying degrees of dysfunction, with a predominance of Grade I and III (according to ASE/EACVI guidelines).</p>
				<p>Tang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> reported that the LV end-systolic diameter was significantly larger in the PRKAG2 group than in the healthy group (p &lt; 0.05), and that the PRKAG2 group also had impaired LV diastolic function parameters.</p>
				<p>Using the strain method, a measure of cardiac deformation, Pena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> found that the RV 4-chamber longitudinal strain (RV4LS) and the RV free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) were below normal reference limits, even in asymptomatic patients. In 3 patients (10%), the RV4LS was significantly reduced, demonstrating RV wall dyskinesia. Furthermore, the authors confirmed a positive correlation between RVFWLS and RVEF, indicating that such strain indices are a fast and widely available method to detect dysfunction.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Heart valve abnormalities</title>
				<p>Among the included studies, the first one to report heart valve abnormalities was that of Van der Steld et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> who observed that the predominant pattern was mitral valve insufficiency, with its prevalence occurring in the second and third decades of life. Later, Torok et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> reported that, of 2 children followed up, one had thickened mitral valve leaflets with shortened chordae, in addition to moderate mitral regurgitation and subsequent LV dilation, whereas the other child was identified with severe mitral regurgitation and moderate tricuspid regurgitation. In the study conducted by Pena et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> tricuspid regurgitation was detected in half of the patients (n = 15), but only 4 had pulmonary artery systolic pressure above normal limits.</p>
				<p>In the article published by Ahamed et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> none of the 22 patients with PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy had evidence of systolic anterior movement of the mitral valve, an abnormality commonly observed in HCMs secondary to significant septal enlargement.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitations</title>
				<p>The main limitation is that the evidence included in this review is mostly derived from observational studies, more specifically: 8 case reports; 3 ambispective studies; 2 cross-sectional studies; 4 retrospective cohorts; and 1 case series. Therefore, the evidence is considered to be of low quality, where the main limitations include inadequate patient selection and inclusion, lack of blinding, failure to adequately control for confounding factors, and incomplete patient follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> An important factor to be mentioned is the non-standardization of the echocardiographic data, such as the parameters observed during examination (wall thicknesses, strain pattern, EF, etc.), with discrepancies between the studies in the analyzed variables. In addition, some studies have not reported the reference values used to characterize their findings, thus interfering with the conclusions. Furthermore, because PRKAG2 syndrome is rare and probably underdiagnosed, the sample size of the included studies should also be considered a major limitation.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Familial ventricular hypertrophy, associated with other abnormalities, such as ventricular preexcitation and atrial tachyarrhythmias, is one of the signs that should raise the suspicion of PRKAG2 syndrome, and echocardiographic parameters are essential for this diagnosis. Cardiac chamber hypertrophy was demonstrated in most of the included studies, with variations in the location of this hypertrophy and thickness. LVH was the predominant finding, but some studies also reported RV involvement. It is worth noting that one of the studies detected no cardiac hypertrophy in the patients. Additionally, in the included studies, patients presented with quite different echocardiographic abnormalities and clinical courses, supporting the notion of wide phenotypic variability in patients with <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutations. Another finding was EF changes in the heart chambers, with reduced LVEF and RVEF. As in the case of hypertrophy, one study also showed conflicting results, where patients with PRKAG2 syndrome had normal LVEF compared with controls, highlighting the instability of the phenotypic expression. Other findings included atrial enlargement and changes in the heart strain pattern, with the presence of wall dyskinesia. Finally, heart valve abnormalities were also described, with reports of the presence of mitral valve insufficiency and thickened mitral valve leaflets, as well as mitral and tricuspid regurgitation.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments</title>
			<p>To the Undergraduate Research Scholarship Program of Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais (FCMMG) in partnership with Hospital Felício Rocho (HFR).</p>
		</ack>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230047</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Características Ecocardiográficas da Síndrome do PRKAG2: Uma Revisão Integrativa</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8920-5173</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pena</surname>
						<given-names>José Luiz Barros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6537-5000</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Igor de</given-names>
						<suffix>Neto</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-4177-0103</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barbosa</surname>
						<given-names>Alice Pinheiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3239-393X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Dinamar Amador dos</given-names>
						<suffix>Neto</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Felício Rocho, Ecocardiografia, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: José Luiz Barros Pena • Alameda Ezequiel Dias, 275. CEP: 30130-110. Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil E-mail: jose.pena@cienciasmedicasmg.edu.br.</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A síndrome do PRKAG2 é uma glicogenose lisossomal, hereditária, autossômica dominante rara, de início precoce, que se desenvolve com a síndrome de pré-excitação ventricular, arritmias supraventriculares e hipertrofia cardíaca. Essa doença é causada por mutações no gene codificante da proteína proteína quinase ativada por monofosfato de adenosina (AMPK), levando ao acúmulo de glicogênio nos cardiomiócitos. A ecocardiografia é uma técnica não invasiva, amplamente disponível e de alta eficiência para identificar e quantificar a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE). Assim, o foco central desta revisão está nos padrões ecocardiográficos, descrevendo as principais alterações em pacientes portadores da síndrome do PRKAG2. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre as características ecocardiográficas apresentadas por pacientes portadores da síndrome do PRKAG2. O método utilizado trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre as características ecocardiográficas da síndrome do PRKAG2, mediante busca nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, IBECS e LILACS, utilizando os seguintes descritores na língua inglesa: “PRKAG2 syndrome” e “PRKAG2”. O achado ecocardiográfico predominante nos portadores da síndrome foi a hipertrofia das câmaras cardíacas, sobretudo acometendo o ventrículo esquerdo (VE). Além disso, outros achados foram alterações na fração de ejeção, no padrão de contratilidade e alterações das valvas cardíacas. A hipertrofia das câmaras cardíacas foi evidenciada na maioria dos estudos, com predomínio de hipertrofia do VE. A redução da fração de ejeção (FE) também foi descrita, tanto no VE quanto no ventrículo direito (VD). Ademais, dilatação atrial, discinesia cardíaca e disfunções valvares estão entre as outras características retratadas. Entretanto, os achados apresentaram ampla variação, reiterando a variabilidade fenotípica dessa síndrome. Tais achados ecocardiográficos estão ilustrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref> .</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Doença de Depósito de Glicogênio</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01002">
					<label>Figura Central</label>
					<caption>
						<title>: Características Ecocardiográficas da Síndrome do PRKAG2: Uma Revisão Integrativa</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230047-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A síndrome do PRKAG2 é uma glicogenose lisossomal, hereditária, autossômica dominante, rara, de início precoce, que se desenvolve com a síndrome de pré-excitação ventricular, arritmias supraventriculares e hipertrofia cardíaca. A doença é causada por mutações no gene codificante da proteína quinase ativada por monofosfato de adenosina (AMPK) na subunidade gama 2. A mutação ocasiona atividade anômala da AMPK, levando ao acúmulo de glicogênio nos cardiomiócitos e provocando seu aumento progressivo. A síndrome do PRKAG2 pode se expressar de diferentes formas, tanto pela hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) quanto por características arrítmicas, variando desde um quadro assintomático, síndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White, progressão do bloqueio atrioventricular com necessidade de implante de marcapasso (MP), até morte súbita cardíaca (MSC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em relação aos parâmetros clínicos, o início dos sintomas geralmente ocorre nas primeiras 3 décadas de vida e é frequentemente caracterizado por taquicardia e bradiarritmias, ou, menos frequentemente, insuficiência cardíaca ou MSC podem ser as primeiras manifestações da doença. O monitoramento dinâmico prolongado do eletrocardiograma e o teste ergométrico são ferramentas úteis em pacientes com síncope, palpitações ou com história familiar de MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Já em relação aos padrões ecocardiográficos, pode-se dizer que a ecocardiografia é uma técnica não invasiva, amplamente disponível e de alta eficiência para identificar e quantificar hipertrofias ventriculares, auxiliando na avaliação e evolução da doença e possibilitando o acompanhamento precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O crescente acesso ao estudo genético para diagnóstico dessa síndrome, associado à descrição de parâmetros ecocardiográficos, permite distinguir e avaliar a evolução da doença. Uma vez que a patogênese e a história natural dessa síndrome diferem das demais cardiomiopatias arritmogênicas, abordagem diagnóstica e seguimento diferenciados são necessários.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Assim, o principal foco desta revisão está nos parâmetros demonstrados por essa técnica, descrevendo as principais alterações em pacientes com a síndrome do PRKAG2.</p>
				<p>Por fim, esta revisão justifica-se pelo fato de existirem poucos manuscritos que compilam as evidências dos achados ecocardiográficos da síndrome do PRKAG2. Dessa forma, a descrição desses parâmetros auxiliará nas implicações práticas de diagnóstico e no seguimento dos pacientes portadores dessa condição.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Objetivos</title>
				<p>Realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre as características ecocardiográficas apresentadas por pacientes portadores da síndrome do PRKAG2, tendo como pergunta norteadora: “Quais as características ecocardiográficas apresentadas por pacientes portadores da síndrome do PRKAG2?”, e, dessa forma, evidenciar quais alterações cardíacas a curto e longo prazo estão presentes nessa condição.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre as características ecocardiográficas da síndrome do PRKAG2 mediante busca em bases de dados, realizada até o período de 24 de abril de 2023. A pesquisa de evidências foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, IBECS e LILACS. Para isso, realizou-se uma busca simples em todos os campos (título, resumo, palavra de texto etc.) dessas bases de dados, utilizando os seguintes descritores na língua inglesa: “PRKAG2 syndrome” e “PRKAG2”, empregando-se o operador booleano “OR”. Os critérios de inclusão foram: (1) artigos publicados até a data da pesquisa; (2) artigos que respondiam à pergunta norteadora, ou seja, abordaram achados ecocardiográficos na síndrome do PRKAG2. Foram excluídos: (1) estudos de sistematização de dados, como revisão integrativa ou sistemática. Para seleção dos artigos, inicialmente foi realizada a leitura dos títulos e resumos por dois revisores, aplicando-se os critérios de eleição. Posteriormente, os artigos selecionados foram lidos na íntegra por dois revisores de forma independente para a coleta de dados. Tal processo foi executado mediante utilização de uma tabela, com colunas especificando as informações que deveriam ser coletadas, sendo elas: autor/ano, título do artigo, tipo de estudo, amostra e resultados.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>A busca nas bases de dados resultou no total de 98 artigos. Desse total, 13 artigos foram excluídos por serem revisão integrativa ou sistemática, três artigos foram excluídos por estarem duplicados, um foi excluído por ser um editorial sobre outro artigo, e 63 foram excluídos por não responderem à pergunta norteadora. Assim, 18 artigos foram incluídos na revisão. O fluxograma da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref> ilustra as etapas descritas. Por conseguinte, após a leitura analítica desses estudos, realizou-se a coleta de dados, os quais estão descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> , em ordem crescente do ano de publicação, de acordo com a base de dados onde o artigo foi selecionado.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Fluxograma ilustrativo da busca e seleção dos artigos. Fonte: Autoria própria.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230047-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Levantamento de evidências dos achados ecocardiográficos na síndrome do PRKAG2</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="20%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Autor/ano</th>
									<th align="left">Título do artigo</th>
									<th align="left">Tipo de estudo</th>
									<th align="left">Amostra – qual foi a população estudada?</th>
									<th align="left">Resultados</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="5"><bold>LILACS</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Magalhães LP et al. (2022) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>Long-Term Cardiac Complications of PRKAG2 Syndrome</td>
									<td>Estudo observacional coorte ambispectivo</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n =16</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Membros de uma única família portadora de mutação Arg302Gln do gene PRKAG2.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>Sete (54%) indivíduos apresentaram HVE (definida como espessura do septo interventricular ou de parede posterior ≥ 13 mm, sem causa aparente) no ecocardiograma.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="5"><bold>PUBMED</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Charron P et al. (2007) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>A familial form of conduction defect related to a mutation in the PRKAG2 gene</td>
									<td>Relato de caso</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 4</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Membros da mesma família com mutação no gene PRKAG2.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>No estudo, é descrita uma família com mutação no gene PRKAG2, e um fenótipo particular, caracterizado por ausência de hipertrofia ecocardiográfica.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tan HL et al. (2008) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>Nodoventricular Accessory Pathways in PRKAG2-Dependent Familial Preexcitation Syndrome Reveal a Disorder in Cardiac Development</td>
									<td>Estudo observacional coorte retrospectivo</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 17</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Registros médicos, coletados entre 1955 e 2007, de 17 membros de uma família holandesa de cinco gerações.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>Entre os pacientes estudados, oito fizeram ecocardiografia e sete apresentaram hipertrofia cardíaca.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sternick EB et al. (2011) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>Clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics of patients with a fasciculoventricular pathway: the role of PRKAG2 mutation</td>
									<td>Estudo observacional coorte retrospectivo</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 19</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Dois grupos de pacientes: grupo A composto por 10 pacientes com a mutação PRKAG2 (Arg302gln) e grupo B composto por nove pacientes sem a mutação.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>30% dos pacientes do grupo A apresentavam HVE e nenhum apresentava via acessória adicional. Os pacientes do grupo B não apresentavam cardiopatia estrutural.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Fabris E et al. (2013) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>Cardiac hypertrophy, accessory pathway, and conduction system disease in an adolescent: the PRKAG2 cardiac syndrome.</td>
									<td>Relato de caso</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 1</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Paciente assintomático de 17 anos foi encaminhado para triagem familiar devido à HVE inexplicada de seu pai.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>A ecocardiografia mostrou leve HVE assimétrica com distribuição póstero-lateral. Ressonância magnética cardíaca confirmou HVE assimétrica (MWT de 13 mm).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sternick EB et al. (2014) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>Myocardial infarction in a teenager</td>
									<td>Relato de caso</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 1</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Homem de 18 anos que foi diagnosticado com IAM do septo interventricular e a análise genética identificou uma mutação no gene PRKAG2.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>O ecocardiograma mostrou maciça HVE. A espessura do septo ventricular esquerdo era de 44 mm. Os autores especularam que o IAM septal resultou da incompatibilidade de oferta e demanda de um septo gravemente hipertrofiado.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Aggarwal V et al. (2015) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>PRKAG2 mutation: An easily missed cardiac specific non-lysosomal glycogenosis</td>
									<td>Relato de caso</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 1</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Uma adolescente afetada pela mutação do gene PRKAG2.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>A paciente apresentou HVE concêntrica.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Müllertz KM et al. (2016) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>Variable primary phenotypic manifestations in a rare familial form of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</td>
									<td>Relato de caso</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 3</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Foram descritas diferentes manifestações fenotípicas primárias da doença cardíaca do gene PRKAG2 em uma família de três gerações. O probando apresentou fibrilação atrial, sua filha com Wolff-Parkinson-White e sua mãe com bloqueio atrioventriuclar.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>O exame ecocardiográfico da mãe da paciente índice revelou acentuada HVE, inicialmente interpretada erroneamente como cardiopatia hipertensiva. Vários anos depois, a HVE também se desenvolveu na paciente índice e sua filha, e a doença cardíaca do gene PRKAG2 se tornaram evidentes.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Torok RD et al. (2017) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>PRKAG2 mutations presenting in infancy</td>
									<td>Relato de caso</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 3</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Relato de três casos de portadores da mutação no PRKAG2.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>O paciente do caso 1 apresentou ao nascimento uma hipertrofia do septo interventricular, porém aos 3 meses essa alteração não foi mais vista. Observou-se espessamento da valva mitral e encurtamento das cordas tendíneas. Houve regurgitação moderada e subsequente dilatação do VE. Já o segundo caso apresentou hipertrofia biventricular grave, regurgitação mitral grave e regurgitação tricúspide moderada. O paciente 3 não foi submetido à ecocardiografia.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>van der Steld LP et al. (2017) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome with Ventricular Hypertrophy in a Brazilian Family</td>
									<td>Estudo observacional série de casos</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 60</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>60 pacientes de 84 membros de uma família brasileira portadores da síndrome PRKAG2.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>O padrão predominante observado foi de HVE generalizada e difusa e insuficiência valvar mitral. Houve predomínio de hipertrofia nas porções apical e medial, nas fases mais tardias. A prevalência de regurgitação mitral ocorreu na segunda e terceira décadas de vida.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Epicoco G et al. (2018) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>An Unusual Pattern of Ventricular Pre-Excitation: Electrophysiological and Genetic Substrate</td>
									<td>Relato de caso</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 1</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Homem de 30 anos, conhecido por pré-excitação ventricular e episódios recorrentes de flutter atrial típico.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>Eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações apresentando pré-excitação ventricular em ritmo sinusal e flutter atrial comum. Ecocardiograma e ressonância magnética cardíaca mostraram CMH acentuada e simétrica sem obstrução de fluxo (MWT = 28 mm).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Gorla SR et al. (2018) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>Infantile Onset Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Secondary to PRKAG2 Gene Mutation is Associated with Poor Prognosis</td>
									<td>Relato de caso</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 1</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Bebê prematuro nascido com 36 semanas devido hidropisia fetal secundária à CMH grave.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>Um ecocardiograma fetal feito com 28 semanas de gestação foi significativo para forma grave de CMH com envolvimento de ambos os ventrículos, septo interventricular e parede do átrio direito. Ecocardiogramas pós-natais seriados demonstraram função ventricular hiperdinâmica (fração de encurtamento de 49%), disfunção diastólica, diminuição dos volumes diastólicos finais do VE (escore z de -6) e obstrução dinâmica da via de saída do VE (gradiente sistólico instantâneo de pico de 58-88 mm Hg) com obliteração quase completa da cavidade ventricular esquerda no final da sístole.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ahamed H et al. (2020) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>Phenotypic expression and clinical outcomes in a South Asian PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy cohort</td>
									<td>Estudo observacional coorte ambispectivo</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 50</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>22 pacientes com cardiomiopatia PRKAG2 pertencentes a três famílias não relacionadas, do distrito de Ernakulam e Trichur no centro de Kerala, Índia. Os 28 indivíduos restantes não apresentavam o fenótipo clínico da doença.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>A média da MWT do VE (n = 19) foi de 25,3 ± 6,5 mm (intervalo de 13-33 mm). A média da MWT do VE para toda a coorte de 22 pacientes foi de 22,9 ± 8,7 mm. Em 19 pacientes com HVE (19/22; 86%) foi observada hipertrofia VD, com espessura média da parede livre do VD de 7,5 ± 1,3 mm (intervalo de 6-11 mm). A média da FE do VE de todos os 22 pacientes foi de 53,4 ± 6,6% (40-65%). Nenhum dos 22 pacientes apresentou obstrução da via de saída do VE &gt; 30 mm Hg ou evidência de movimento anterior sistólico da valva mitral.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hu J et al. PE (2020) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>Familial Atrial Enlargement, Conduction Disorder and Symmetric Cardiac Hypertrophy Are Early Signs of PRKAG2 R302Q</td>
									<td>Estudo observacional coorte retrospectivo</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 10</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>10 membros de uma família chinesa portadores de CMH, sendo cinco deles diagnosticados com a mutação PRKAG2 R302Q.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>Quatro (80%) dos pacientes diagnosticados com a mutação R302Q do gene PRKAG2 apresentaram HVE. A análise demonstrou hipertrofia assimétrica difusa em três pacientes, com um padrão de hipertrofia da parede médio-anterior-lateral-inferior do VE e principalmente hipertrofia do septo interventricular. Um paciente mostrou hipertrofia simétrica, com espessura da parede ventricular esquerda e a parede do septo interventricular de 1,2 cm (valor normal: 0,8-1,0 cm). Todos os pacientes apresentaram dilatação atrial.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Lopez-Sainz A et al. (2020) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>Clinical Features and Natural History of PRKAG2 Variant Cardiac Glycogenosis</td>
									<td>Estudo observacional coorte retrospectiva</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 90</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Pacientes com variantes genéticas do PRKAG2, recrutados de 27 centros europeus de cardiomiopatia.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>Na última avaliação em toda coorte, os indivíduos afetados (68-75,6%) pela síndrome do PRKAG2 possuíam HVE (espessura máxima do VE ≥ 13 mm) com MWT de 19 ±7 mm. Deste grupo, os valores de FEVE foram de 57 ± 13%, sendo que 10 apresentaram FEVE &lt; 50%.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pena JLB et al. (2021) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>Glycogen storage cardiomyopathy (PRKAG2): diagnostic findings of standard and advanced echocardiography techniques</td>
									<td>Estudo observacional transversal</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 30</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>30 pacientes com síndrome do PRKAG2 geneticamente comprovada, pertencentes a cinco famílias com mutação no gene PRKAG2.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>Os pacientes analisados tinham uma média de idade de 39,1 ± 15,4 anos. A HVE foi encontrada em graus variados em 25 pacientes (86%), sendo a espessura média do septo do VE de 14,1 ± 4,2 mm. O modo M, técnica utilizada para medir a massa miocárdica em g/m<sup>2</sup>e 4D, estava acima dos limites normais nesses 25 pacientes. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa nos pacientes com ou sem MP. A RWT média estava aumentada para todos os pacientes hipertróficos (0,56 ± 0,18), caracterizando hipertrofia concêntrica. O IVAE aumentou em 70% dos pacientes, com valor médio de 38,41 ± 14,9, tendo os pacientes com MP IVAE significativamente aumentado. A FE média medida pela técnica 3D foi 55,7 ± 11,2%, porém em sete pacientes (24%) a FE estava abaixo dos limites normais. Os pacientes com MP apresentaram menor fração de encurtamento e valores de 4D de EF, fração de encurtamento e tensão circunferencial global do que os pacientes sem MP. Nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi detectada quando comparados outros parâmetros ecocardiográficos. Quanto ao gênero, homens apresentaram maior massa miocárdica (p = 0,01) e valores de massa indexada (p = 0,05). Não foi encontrada correlação entre idade e variáveis relacionadas à hipertrofia. Hipertrofia do VD ocorreu em 90% dos pacientes, e a espessura média da parede lateral foi de 7,9 ± 2,9 mm. Acerca da disfunção diastólica do VE, 26% dos pacientes apresentaram função diastólica normal, enquanto os outros apresentaram variados graus de disfunção, havendo predomínio do Grau I e III (de acordo com as diretrizes da ASE/EACVI).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pena JLB et al. (2022) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>Right Ventricle Involvement by Glycogen Storage Cardiomyopathy (PRKAG2): Standard and Advanced Echocardiography Analyses</td>
									<td>Estudo observacional transversal</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 30</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>30 pacientes de cinco famílias com mutação no gene PRKAG2 (28 Arg302Gln e 2 His401Gln).</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>A espessura mediana da parede lateral do VD foi de 7,0 (6,0-9,0 mm). Em três pacientes, o SL4VD estava significativamente reduzido, demonstrando discinesias dessa parede. O VD foi acometido na maioria dos pacientes, e hipertrofia ocorreu em 90% dos pacientes, com padrão regular e que envolveu todas as porções da câmara. A FEVD estava abaixo dos limites normais (≥ 45%) em 56,7% dos pacientes, e em sete pacientes estava &lt; 35%. O SL4VD e o SLPLVD estava abaixo dos limites normais de referência, mesmo em pacientes assintomáticos. Confirmou-se correlação positiva entre SLPLVD e a FEVD, indicando que tais índices de deformação são um método rápido e amplamente disponível para detectar disfunção. Regurgitação tricúspide foi detectada em metade dos pacientes, embora somente quatro apresentaram pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar acima dos limites normais.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tang L et al. (2022) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td>Echocardiographic characteristics of PRKAG2 syndrome: a research using three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography compared with sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</td>
									<td>Estudo retrospectivo transversal</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>n = 252</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Nove pacientes com PRKAG2, 41 com mutações no gene do sarcômero e 202 voluntários saudáveis.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>Pacientes com PRKAG2 apresentaram assimetria na parede ventricular esquerda significativamente maior do que o grupo saudável (1,42 ± 0,52 versus 0,14 ± 0,14 mm, p = 0,001), observando hipertrofia septal assimétrica. A RWT foi maior no grupo PRKAG2 do que no grupo saudável (0,48 ± 0,15 versus 0,39 ± 0,07, p = 0,002), atingindo o padrão de hipertrofia concêntrica (RWT &gt; 0,42). O diâmetro sistólico final do VE foi significativamente maior no grupo PRKAG2 do que no grupo saudável (p &lt; 0,05). Os pacientes com PRKAG2 demonstraram parâmetros de função diastólica de VE comprometidos, incluindo A, e’ e E/e’. Apesar disso, a FEVE permaneceu normal (síndrome PRKAG2 62,67 ± 8,56 versus grupo saudável 65,79 ± 6,88%, p = 0,189). Como limitação do estudo, a amostra era composta por pacientes com síndrome PRKAG2 com HVE e alguns pacientes não apresentam HVE, além do número pequeno de participantes (n = 9).</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib><italic>Fonte: Autoria própria.</italic></attrib>
							<attrib><italic>n: número de indivíduos; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; MP: marcapasso; MWT: espessura máxima da parede; IAM: infarto agudo do miocárdio; CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertrófica; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; VD: ventrículo direito; RWT: espessura relativa da parede; IVAE: índice de volume do átrio esquerdo; SL4VD: strain longitudinal de quatro câmaras do ventrículo direito; FEVD: fração de ejeção do ventrículo direito; SLPLVD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventrículo direito; FE: fração de ejeção.</italic></attrib>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Hipertrofia das câmaras cardíacas</title>
					<p>Segundo Lipshultz et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> a cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) tem incidência relatada de 0,24-0,47 por 100.000 crianças, sendo uma das principais causas de MSC em jovens. Caracteriza-se por espessamento anormal do músculo cardíaco, principalmente do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e do septo interventricular. Nesse contexto, a hipertrofia cardíaca consiste em uma das principais manifestações da síndrome PRKAG2, sendo um achado em todos os 18 estudos analisados nesta revisão.</p>
					<p>Ainda não há um consenso sobre quando essa alteração se inicia, porém alguns manuscritos dão indícios que ela pode estar presente ainda no período intrauterino. No caso relatado por Gorla et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> a hipertrofia do coração foi observada já na 28ª semana de gestação, demonstrando forma grave de CMH com envolvimento de ambos os ventrículos, septo interventricular e parede do átrio direito. Torok et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> relataram dois casos de pacientes portadores de mutações no PRKAG2 e as apresentações dessa condição na infância. Neste estudo, um dos casos apresentou ao nascimento hipertrofia do septo interventricular o qual, entretanto, não foi mais observado aos 3 meses de vida da criança; já o outro caso apresentou hipertrofia biventricular grave ao nascimento. Ainda sobre manifestações na população pediátrica, Aggarwal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> relataram o caso de uma adolescente afetada pela mutação do gene PRKAG2 e constataram que ela apresentava HVE concêntrica.</p>
					<p>Tan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> no primeiro estudo publicado sobre mutações no PRKAG2, embora não tivessem como foco de pesquisa as alterações ecocardiográficas nos portadores da mutação do PRKAG2, relataram que dos 17 pacientes estudados via coorte retrospectiva, oito haviam feito ecocardiografia e sete deles apresentavam hipertrofia cardíaca. Um achado interessante do estudo foi a confirmação histopatológica desse diagnóstico. Posteriormente, no estudo comparativo de Sternick et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> 30% dos pacientes com mutação no PRKAG2 (n = 10) apresentavam HVE, enquanto pacientes do controle (n = 9), sem a mutação, não apresentavam cardiopatia estrutural.</p>
					<p>Fabris et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> relataram o caso de um indivíduo com 17 anos em que a ecocardiografia mostra leve HVE assimétrica com distribuição póstero-lateral e espessura máxima da parede (MWT) de 13 mm. Em Sternick et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> é relatado o caso de um paciente de 18 anos com hipertrofia ventricular grave associada a infarto agudo do miocárdio, com espessura do septo ventricular esquerdo de 44 mm. No caso relatado por Müllertz e Jensen,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> a HVE na paciente de 40 anos descrita foi inicialmente interpretada erroneamente como cardiopatia hipertensiva, mostrando a importância de considerar causas raras de CMH em pacientes que apresentam taquicardia, pré-excitação e bloqueio atrioventricular. Outro estudo conduzido por van der Steld et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> observou que, nos 60 pacientes membros de uma família brasileira portadores da síndrome PRKAG2, o padrão preponderante foi de HVE generalizada e difusa, com predomínio nas porções apical e medial, em fases mais tardias. Em Epicoco et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> o ecocardiograma de um paciente de 30 anos, identificado com mutação no gene PRKAG2, mostrou CMH acentuada e simétrica sem obstrução de fluxo, com MWT de 28 mm.</p>
					<p>A respeito dos demais estudos analisados, os mais recentes, publicados nos últimos 3 anos, relatam continuação dos padrões encontrados nos anteriormente citados. Ahamed et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> por exemplo, observaram que 19 indivíduos (86%), da coorte de 22 indivíduos com idade média de 39,5 ± 18,1 anos, apresentavam evidências de HVE difusa e concêntrica, sendo a hipertrofia ventricular direita observada em 19 pacientes com HVE (19/22; 86%). Hu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> relataram que: quatro (80%) dos pacientes apresentaram HVE; em três deles, a análise constatou a presença de hipertrofia assimétrica difusa, com padrão de hipertrofia médio-anterior-lateral-inferior do VE e principalmente hipertrofia do septo interventricular; em contraste, um paciente mostrou hipertrofia simétrica. Tal estudo também trouxe à tona um achado novo à época, a dilatação atrial nesses pacientes, presente em metade dos pacientes, com ou sem hipertrofia, sugerindo que talvez esse fenômeno preceda a hipertrofia nos estágios iniciais. Ademais, o indivíduo mais jovem, com 9 anos, apresentou hipertrofia simétrica e leve, especulando-se que esse também seja um achado em estágios precoces. Já os dados de Lopez-Sainz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> destacam que os indivíduos afetados pela síndrome do PRKAG2, com idade média de 37 anos, apresentaram HVE, e que a MWT foi de 19 ± 7 mm. Pena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> analisaram 30 indivíduos com a síndrome e idade média de 39,1 ± 15,4 anos e constataram HVE em diferentes graus em 25 (86%) dos pacientes, com espessura média do septo do VE de 14,1 ± 4,2 mm. A espessura relativa da parede (RWT) estava aumentada (0,56 ± 0,18), caracterizando hipertrofia concêntrica, e hipertrofia do VD ocorreu em 90% dos pacientes. Além disso, quanto à diferença nos gêneros, verificou-se que os homens apresentavam uma massa miocárdica maior; já no que tange à idade, não foi encontrada correlação entre idade e variáveis relacionados à hipertrofia. No estudo conduzido por Magalhães et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> no qual foram avaliados 16 indivíduos com idade média de 40 ± 11 anos, sete (54%) deles apresentaram HVE no ecocardiograma.</p>
					<p>No último ano, dois estudos trouxeram contribuições significativas à compreensão da doença – o primeiro, feito por Tang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> por comparar portadores da mutação PRKAG2 com um grupo de indivíduos saudáveis, e o segundo, realizado por Pena et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> ao retratar uma característica pouco explorada nessa síndrome, o acometimento do VD. O estudo transversal de Tang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> realizado com nove pacientes portadores da mutação PRKAG2 e idade média de 40,22 ± 14,01 anos, mostrou que esses indivíduos apresentaram maior assimetria na parede ventricular esquerda em comparação com um grupo de 202 indivíduos saudáveis (1,42 ± 0,52 <italic>versus</italic> 0,14 ± 0,14 mm, p = 0,001), sendo observada hipertrofia septal assimétrica. Ademais, evidenciou que a RWT foi maior no grupo PRKAG2 em comparação com o grupo saudável (0,48 ± 0,15 <italic>versus</italic> 0,39 ± 0,07, p = 0,002), atingindo o padrão de hipertrofia concêntrica. Pena et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> diferentemente dos outros estudos analisados, trouxeram a perspectiva do envolvimento do VD na síndrome do PRKAG2 ao analisarem 30 pacientes com síndrome do PRKAG2 geneticamente comprovada. Os resultados evidenciaram que o VD foi acometido na maioria dos pacientes, e hipertrofia ocorreu em 90% dos pacientes, com padrão regular, acometendo todas as porções da câmara, com espessura mediana da parede lateral do VD de 7,0 (6,0-9,0 mm). Tal característica corrobora os achados de Ahamed et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em um dos artigos analisados, Charron et al <italic>.</italic> ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> de modo oposto ao padrão apresentado pelos demais estudos, descrevem uma família de quatro membros com fenótipo atípico da mutação no gene PRKAG2, caracterizado por ausência de hipertrofia ecocardiográfica.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Fração de ejeção</title>
					<p>No caso relatado em Gorla et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> ecocardiogramas pós-natais seriados demonstraram função ventricular hiperdinâmica (fração de encurtamento de 49%), disfunção diastólica, diminuição dos volumes diastólicos finais do VE e obstrução dinâmica da via de saída do VE (gradiente sistólico instantâneo de pico de 58-88 mm Hg) com obliteração quase completa da cavidade ventricular esquerda no final da sístole.</p>
					<p>Segundo Ahamed et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> a média da fração de ejeção (FE) do VE dos 22 pacientes foi de 53,4 ± 6,6% (40–65%), e nenhum dos 22 pacientes apresentou obstrução da via de saída do VE maior que 30 mm Hg. A FEVE na coorte retrospectiva realizada por Lopez-Sainz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> foi de 57 ± 13 %, sendo que 10 (11,1%) pacientes apresentaram FEVE &lt; 50%. Pena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> também encontraram alterações na FE nos indivíduos portadores da síndrome, com prevalência de sete (24%) pacientes com FE abaixo dos limites normais, apesar de a média ter sido 55,7 ± 11,2% entre os 30 participantes. Dados do estudo conduzido por Pena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> expõem que em 56,7% dos 30 indivíduos com mutações no gene PRKAG2 estudados, a FEVD estava abaixo dos limites normais (≥ 45%) e em sete pacientes, esse valor era &lt; 35%. Já na análise feita por Tang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> a FEVE permaneceu normal (síndrome PRKAG2 62,67 ± 8,56 <italic>versus</italic> grupo saudável 65,79 ± 6,88%, p = 0,189).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Padrão de contratilidade</title>
					<p>Pena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> mostraram que o índice de volume do átrio esquerdo (IVAE) estava aumentado em 70% dos pacientes, com valor médio de 38,41 ± 14,9 mL/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , sendo que nos pacientes com MP o IVAE estava significativamente aumentado. Assim, há modificação do volume atrial na síndrome do PRKAG2, e pacientes com MP parecem ter maior acometimento. Ainda, acerca da disfunção diastólica do VE, 26% dos pacientes apresentaram função diastólica normal, e os outros apresentaram variados graus de disfunção, havendo predomínio do Grau I e III (de acordo com as diretrizes da ASE/EACVI).</p>
					<p>Tang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> relataram que o diâmetro sistólico final do VE do grupo PRKAG2 foi significativamente maior em comparação com os voluntários saudáveis (p &lt; 0,05), e que esse grupo também apresentou parâmetros de função diastólica do VE comprometidos.</p>
					<p>Mediante utilização do método <italic>Strain</italic> , uma medida de deformação cardíaca, Pena et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> constataram que o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal de quatro câmaras do VD (SL4VD) e o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal da parede livre do VD (SLPLVD) estavam abaixo dos limites normais de referência, mesmo em pacientes assintomáticos. Em três (10%) pacientes, o SL4VD estava significativamente reduzido, demonstrando discinesias dessa parede. Ademais, os autores confirmaram uma correlação positiva entre SLPLVD e a FEVD, indicando que tais índices de deformação são um método rápido e amplamente disponível para detectar disfunção.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Alterações das valvas cardíacas</title>
					<p>Nos estudos selecionados, o primeiro a citar alterações das valvas cardíacas foi van der Steld et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que observaram que o padrão dominante foi de insuficiência valvar mitral e que a prevalência dessa alteração ocorreu na segunda e terceira décadas de vida. Posteriormente, Torok et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> relataram que das duas crianças acompanhadas, uma apresentou espessamento da valva mitral e encurtamento das cordas tendíneas, além de regurgitação moderada e subsequente dilatação do VE; a outra criança foi identificada com regurgitação mitral grave e regurgitação tricúspide moderada. No estudo conduzido por Pena et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> detectou-se regurgitação tricúspide em metade (n = 15) dos pacientes, porém somente quatro apresentaram elevações acima do limite na pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar.</p>
					<p>No artigo publicado por Ahamed et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> nenhum dos 22 pacientes com PRKAG2 da coorte apresentou evidência de movimento anterior sistólico da valva mitral, uma alteração frequente nas CMHs secundárias ao aumento importante da região septal.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações</title>
					<p>A principal limitação das evidências incluídas nesta revisão é que todos os estudos são observacionais, mais especificamente: oito relatos de casos; três estudos ambispectivos; dois estudos transversais; quatro coortes retrospectivas; uma série de casos. Logo, são evidências com menor nível de qualidade, onde as principais limitações consistem em: seleção e inclusão inadequada dos pacientes, ausência de mascaramento, falhas para controlar adequadamente os fatores de confusão, e seguimento incompleto do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Um fator importante a ser mencionado é a não padronização dos dados obtidos com a ecocardiografia, como os parâmetros observados no exame (espessuras das paredes, padrão contrátil, FE, etc.), havendo discrepância entre os estudos nas variáveis analisadas, além do fato de alguns manuscritos não citarem o valor de referência utilizado para caracterizar seus achados, interferindo na conclusão dos dados. Ademais, por ser a síndrome do PRKAG2 rara e possivelmente subdiagnosticada, a quantidade de espaço amostral dos estudos também deve ser considerada uma limitação considerável.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A hipertrofia ventricular familiar, associada a outras alterações, como pré-excitação ventricular e taquiarritmias atriais, é um dos sinais que levam à suspeição de síndrome do PRKAG2, sendo os parâmetros ecocardiográficos essenciais nesse diagnóstico. Hipertrofia das câmaras cardíacas foi evidenciada na maior parte dos estudos selecionados, variando quanto à localização dessa hipertrofia e na espessura encontrada. A HVE foi o achado predominante, mas alguns estudos mostraram o acometimento também do VD. Vale ressaltar que um dos estudos não constatou a presença de hipertrofia cardíaca nos pacientes. Somado a isso, nos manuscritos apresentados, os casos tiveram alterações ecocardiográficas e cursos clínicos bastante diferentes, apoiando a noção da ampla variabilidade fenotípica em pacientes com mutações PRKAG2. Outro achado descrito foram alterações na FE das câmaras cardíacas, com presença de diminuição da FE tanto no VE quanto no VD. Assim como no caso da hipertrofia, um estudo também apresentou resultado diferente, com os pacientes portadores da síndrome do PRKAG2 com FEVE normal em relação ao grupo controle, reiterando a inconstância do padrão fenotípico. Outros achados foram a dilatação atrial e modificações no padrão de contratilidade do coração, descrevendo a presença de discinesias nas paredes. A última característica descrita foi a alteração de valvas cardíacas, relatando-se a presença de insuficiência mitral e espessamento dessa valva, além de regurgitação mitral e tricúspide.</p>
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				<title>Agradecimentos</title>
				<p>À bolsa de iniciação científica do Programa de Iniciação Científica da Faculdade Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais (FCMMG) em parceria com o Hospital Felício Rocho (HFR).</p>
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				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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