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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230046i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Incidental Finding of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy in a 72-Year-Old Man Admitted With Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1216-8316</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Modesto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4812-1501</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Weber</surname>
						<given-names>Luciana Cunha</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3166-6932</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Vitor Queiroz de Castro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8477-9685</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Guedes</surname>
						<given-names>Mariana Baptista</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7045-6845</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Azevedo</surname>
						<given-names>Diogo Freitas Cardoso de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rabelo</surname>
						<given-names>Marcia Maria Nova</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Aliança Rede D’Or</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Aliança Rede D’Or, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Rafael Modesto Fernandes • Hospital Aliança Rede D´Or. Av. Juracy Magalhaes. Postal Code: 40295-560. Salvador, BA – Brazil E-mail: <email>rafaelmodesto@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frotata</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>06</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230046</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>1</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>3</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>3</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional</kwd>
				<kwd>Global Longitudinal Strain</kwd>
				<kwd>Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) – also known as arrhythmogenic right ventricular (RV) dysplasia – is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive loss of RV cardiomyocytes, which are replaced with fibrofatty tissue. This replacement may delay intraventricular conduction and contribute to ventricular arrhythmias through a fibrosis-related macro-reentry mechanism. Thus, ARVC is one of the main causes of arrhythmic cardiac arrest in young people and athletes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Although initially designated as dysplasia, ARVC is not a congenital defect in the myocardium development. It is caused by mutations in the genes that encode desmosomal proteins, which are responsible for cell-to-cell adhesion. This discovery led to the disease being recognized as cardiomyopathy and included in the classification of cardiomyopathies by the American Heart Association.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Diagnosis is complex due to the diverse clinical presentations, intra and interfamilial variations of expressiveness and incomplete penetration. Since the original report by Fontaine and Marcus in 1982, there have been substantial advances in understanding its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and long-term prognosis. However, this condition is still understudied and becomes a challenge when outside the most prevalent aspect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A case report and literature review are presented, focusing on the current understanding of its pathogenesis, diagnostic evaluation with new imaging methods, and approach to risk stratification and therapy.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case Report</title>
			<p>A 72-year-old male was admitted to the emergency room with antacid-resistant epigastric pain. During the interview, he denied having chest pain, dyspnea or palpitations. Furthermore, he revealed a history of chest pain on exertion, unspecified arrhythmia, hypertension and dyslipidemia. He denied any previous infarction episodes and/or alterations in previous cardiological exams. Upon physical examination, no relevant alterations were found. The diagnosis of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) was established based on the electrocardiogram, which showed inverted T waves in inferior and anterior leads ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref> ), in addition to changes in ultrasensitive troponin, with typical infarction behavior. No electrocardiographic changes suggestive of RV infarction were observed.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– A) Admission electrocardiogram with negative T waves in leads V1 to V5 and DIII and aVF; B) Cardiac catheterization showing a subocclusive lesion in the middle third of the right coronary artery.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230046-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>An early invasive stratification was performed, where a subocclusive lesion was found in the middle third of the right coronary artery ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref> ), requiring percutaneous angioplasty and successful drug-eluting stent implantation. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was performed, showing preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and no changes in contractility, but severe RV involvement (akinesia and segmental dyskinesia, increased trabeculations, reduced strain, lateral wall microaneurysms and a significant ejection fraction reduction by 3D echocardiography; see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> ). Given these RV alterations and their disagreement with the angiographic (obstruction of the right coronary artery in the middle third, after the acute marginal branch origin) and clinical findings, primary RV disease was considered. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed, which corroborated the echocardiogram findings and showed alterations suggestive of ARVC, in addition to RV diffuse transmural enhancement that suggested it was secondary to fibrofatty infiltration ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> ). Upon gathering the findings of the evaluation with multimodality of cardiovascular imaging, the diagnosis of ARVC was established based on the Task Force criteria ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– TTE showing A) Significant dilation of the right ventricle (RV), associated with increased trabeculations and images suggestive of microaneurysm in the RV lateral wall; B) Reduced RV longitudinal strain, segmental dyskinesia (yellow arrow) and high mechanical dispersion (red arrow); and C, D) three-dimensional full volume method that identified an RV ejection fraction of 30%, corresponding to significant systolic dysfunction.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230046-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– A) Short-axis systolic view; and B) four-chamber view showing RV dilation and lateral wall alterations (microaneurysms). (C and D) RV diffuse transmural delayed enhancement.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230046-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Task Force Criteria for the Diagnosis of ARVC (2010) <bold>3</bold></title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">1 – Structural changes and global or regional dysfunction</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Major criteria</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>– Two-dimensional echocardiogram:</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Regional RV aneurysm, akinesia, or dyskinesia associated with one of the following diastolic measures:</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RVOT PLAX ≥ 32 mm (PLAX/BS ≥ 19 mm/m<sup>2</sup>) or</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RVOT PSAX ≥ 36 mm (PSAX/BS ≥ 21 mm/m<sup>2</sup>) or</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Change in fractional area ≤ 33%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>– Cardiac Magnetic Resonance</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Regional RV dyskinesia or akinesia, or RV contraction dyssynchrony associated with one of the following:</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RV EDV BS ≥ 110 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (male) or ≥ 100 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (female)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RV ejection fraction ≤ 40%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Right ventriculography</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RV aneurysm, akinesia, or dyskinesia</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Minor criteria</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>– Two-dimensional echocardiogram:</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RV dyskinesia, akinesia, or RV contraction dyssynchrony, and one of the following diastolic function measures:</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RVOT PLAX ≥ 29 to &lt; 32 mm (PLAX/BS ≥ 16 to &lt; 19 mm/m<sup>2</sup>) or</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RVOT PSAX ≥ 32 to &lt; 36 mm (PSAX/BS ≥ 18 a &lt; 21 mm/m<sup>2</sup>) or</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Change in fractional area &gt; 33% to ≤ 40%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>– Cardiac Magnetic Resonance</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Regional RV dyskinesia or akinesia, or RV contraction dyssynchrony, and one of the following:</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RV EDV/BS ≥ 100 to 110 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (male) or ≥ 90 to 100 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (female)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RV ejection fraction &gt; 40 to ≤ 45%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>2 – Tissue aspects</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Major criteria</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Residual myocyte count &lt; 60% by morphometric analysis (or &lt; 50% if estimated), with RV free wall fibrous replacement in ≥ 1 sample, with or without fatty replacement tissue on endomyocardial biopsy.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Minor criteria</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Residual myocyte count from 60% to 70% by morphometric analysis (or 50% to 65% if estimated), with RV free wall fibrous replacement in ≥ 1 sample, with or without fatty replacement tissue on endomyocardial biopsy.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>3 – Repolarization abnormalities</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Major criteria</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Inverted T waves in right precordial leads (V1, V2, and V3) or extending beyond V3 in individuals &gt; 14 years old (in the absence of RBBB-QRS ≥ 120 ms)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Minor criteria</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Inverted T waves in V1 and V2 in individuals &gt; 14 years old (in the absence of RBBB)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Inverted T waves in V1, V2, V3, and V4 in individuals &gt; 14 years old (in the presence of RBBB)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>4 – Depolarization/conduction abnormalities</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Major criteria</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Epsilon wave (reproducible low amplitude signals between the end of QRS and the beginning of the T wave) in the right precordial leads (V1 - V3)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Minor criteria</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Late potentials on HR-ECG in ≥ 1 of 3 parameters in the absence of QRS ≥ 110 msec on 12-lead ECG:</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Filtered QRS (fQRS) duration ≥ 114 msec</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>QRS terminal duration &lt; 40 microV ≥ 38 ms</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Terminal mean square voltage 40 ms ≤ 20 microV</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Duration of the final portion of the QRS ≥ 55 ms (measured from the nadir of the S wave to the end of ventricular depolarization - including R’) in V1, V2 or V3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>5 – Arrhythmias</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Major criteria</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Unsustained or sustained VT with RBBB-like morphology and superior axis</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Minor criteria</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Non-sustained or sustained VT with morphology suggestive of RVOT (LBBB-type morphology and inferior or indeterminate axis) or &gt; 500 ventricular extrasystoles/24h on 24h Holter</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>6 – Family history</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Major criteria</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>ARVD/D in a first-degree relative who meets this task force 2010 criteria</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pathologically confirmed ARVD/D in a first-degree relative (autopsy or biopsy)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Identification of pathogenic mutation classified as associated or probably associated with ARVD/D in the patient under evaluation</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Minor criteria</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>History of ARVD/D in first-degree relatives</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>History of ARVD/D in a first-degree relative for whom it was not possible to determine if criteria are met</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Premature sudden death (&lt; 35 years old) with suspected ARVD/D in a first-degree relative</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>ARVD/D confirmed pathologically or according to the criteria in a second-degree relative</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>ARVD/D: arrhythmogenic right ventricular heart disease/dysplasia; BSA: body surface area; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; ECG: electrocardiogram; EDV: end-diastolic volume; RBBB: right bundle branch block; LBBB: left bundle branch block; PLAX: long-axis parasternal window; PSAX: short-axis parasternal window; RV: right ventricular; RVOT: right ventricular outflow tract; HR-ECG: high-resolution electrocardiogram; VT: ventricular tachycardia; BS: body surface.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The 24-hour Holter identified frequent ventricular extrasystoles without complex arrhythmias. After discussion with the Heart Team and genetic disease specialists, the patient was classified at low risk for sudden death, therefore, without indication for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) at that time. Family members were instructed to perform additional screening. The patient was discharged from the hospital on dual antiplatelet therapy, statins, beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. He is currently under outpatient follow-up with no evidence of arrhythmic events.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Current literature discusses clinical indicators that raise the diagnostic suspicion of ARVC, such as (1) frequent ventricular ectopy; (2) ventricular tachycardia with superior axis LBBB morphology/multiple QRS morphologies; and (3) arrhythmogenic sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, the definitive diagnosis is hindered by the disease’s low prevalence and lack of specific tests, becoming even more complex when affecting elderly patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In this context, ARVC diagnosis is performed using the Task Force criteria (2010),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> first listed in 1994 and revised in 2010 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> ), which, despite having limitations in their sensitivity, provides an efficient tool to direct diagnostic reasoning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> When applying the criteria, patients are submitted to structural, tissue and electrocardiographic investigation in search of major (two points) and minor (one point) findings. Patients who score four or more are diagnosed with ARVC, while those who score three are likely carriers of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>ARVC suspicion was only listed for the patient under investigation after the disagreement between the angiographic findings and the subsequent echocardiographic evaluation. In order to explain the RV alterations, such as those found, a proximal occlusion of the right coronary artery, reaching the acute marginal branch, with RV infarction characteristics, would be necessary, which was not revealed by the patient’s exams or symptoms.</p>
			<p>Moreover, changes in the electrocardiogram on admission disagree with the coronary disease found, with inverted T waves in V1-V3 leads being the most common finding in ARVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The RV structural and functional findings on this case’s echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance are typical of ARVC, with segmental alteration being a compulsory factor.</p>
			<p>Once the diagnosis of ARVC is established, it is important to decide how to manage the patient in order to reduce the risk of sudden death. Although ICD acts positively in reducing mortality from arrhythmic causes, its implantation has been related to short- and long-term complications. In relation to this, there is a lack of prospective and randomized studies that support the routine use of the ICD prophylactically.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The estimation of the risk of sustained ventricular arrhythmia based on inherent characteristics of the patient and their history is an ally in management decisions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Some situations are considered high risk, such as patients with recovered cardiac arrest or patients with previous events of sustained ventricular arrhythmia, history of arrhythmogenic syncope, significant RV and/or left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Shared decision-making between patient and physician should always be considered regarding risks, benefits and longevity itself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>An American cohort with 312 patients with ARVC showed that ventricular tachycardia at presentation or its induction by electrophysiological study, male patients, inverted T waves in ≥ 3 precordial leads, and premature ventricular contraction count ≥ 1000/24h, were predictors of appropriate therapy in patients with ICD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, further studies are needed to better individualize the risk of sudden death in these situations.</p>
			<p>The combination of pharmacological therapy through beta-blockers and antiarrhythmics are measures that minimize the use of appropriate therapy by the ICD. Also, part of the recommendation is neurohormonal blockades with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Another recommended therapy is catheter ablation, although it has been shown not to be able to reduce the risk of sudden death and increase survival rates, being categorized as an adjuvant therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>ARVC is a hard-to-diagnose genetic disorder often associated with adverse clinical outcomes. With advances in complementary exams and greater knowledge about the patients’ profiles, more and more cases of the disease have been discovered. Diagnosis in elderly patients makes management even more complex, requiring careful evaluation by the multidisciplinary team. Although ICD implantation is considered the most accepted therapeutic strategy in individuals with ARVC, adequate stratification of the patient’s risk, as well as additional data about their clinical history, is required to analyze its indication.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230046</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Achado Incidental de Cardiomiopatia Arritmogênica do Ventrículo Direito em Homem de 72 Anos Admitido com Síndrome Coronariana Aguda</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1216-8316</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Modesto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4812-1501</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Weber</surname>
						<given-names>Luciana Cunha</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3166-6932</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Vitor Queiroz de Castro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8477-9685</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Guedes</surname>
						<given-names>Mariana Baptista</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7045-6845</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Azevedo</surname>
						<given-names>Diogo Freitas Cardoso de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rabelo</surname>
						<given-names>Marcia Maria Nova</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Aliança Rede D’Or, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Rafael Modesto Fernandes • Hospital Aliança Rede D´Or. Av. Juracy Magalhaes. CEP: 40295-560. Salvador, BA – Brasil E-mail: rafaelmodesto@cardiol.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
				<kwd>Deformação Longitudinal Global</kwd>
				<kwd>Displasia Arritmogênica Ventricular Direita</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito (CAVD) – também conhecida como displasia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito (VD) – é uma doença hereditária caracterizada pela perda progressiva de cardiomiócitos do VD e substituição por tecido fibrogorduroso. Essa substituição pode retardar a condução intraventricular e contribuir para arritmias ventriculares por meio de um mecanismo de macrorreentrada relacionado à fibrose. Assim, a CAVD é uma das principais causas de parada cardíaca arrítmica em jovens e atletas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Embora, inicialmente designado como displasia, a CAVD não é um defeito congênito no desenvolvimento do miocárdio. É causada por mutações nos genes que codificam proteínas desmossômicas, as quais são responsáveis pela adesão célula a célula. Esta descoberta levou ao seu reconhecimento como cardiomiopatia e sua inclusão na classificação de cardiomiopatias pela <italic>American Heart Association.</italic>
 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Seu diagnóstico é complexo devido às diversas apresentações clínicas, variações intra e interfamiliares de expressividade e penetrância incompleta. Desde o relato original de Fontaine e Marcus em 1982, houve avanços substanciais na compreensão de sua patogênese, nas manifestações clínicas e no prognóstico a longo prazo. No entanto, esta condição ainda é pouco estudada e torna-se um desafio quando ela se apresenta fora do aspecto mais prevalente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Fornecemos um relato de caso e revisão da literatura, com foco na compreensão atual de sua patogênese, avaliação diagnóstica com novos métodos de imagem e abordagem para estratificação de risco e terapia.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato de caso</title>
				<p>Homem de 72 anos admitido no pronto socorro com queixa de epigastralgia resistente a antiácidos. À entrevista, negou dor torácica, dispneia ou palpitações. Ademais, revelou história de dor torácica aos esforços, arritmia não especificada, hipertensão e dislipidemia. Negava qualquer episódio de infarto prévio e/ou alterações em exames cardiológicos realizados anteriormente. No exame físico, não foram encontradas alterações relevantes. O diagnóstico de infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST) foi estabelecido baseado no eletrocardiograma, que evidenciou ondas T invertidas em derivações inferiores e anteriores ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1A</xref> ), além de alteração da troponina ultrassensível que apresentou comportamento típico de infarto. Não houve alterações eletrocardiográficas sugestivas de infarto do VD.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A) Eletrocardiograma da admissão com ondas T negativas nas derivações V1 a V5 e DIII e aVF; B) Cateterismo cardíaco evidenciando lesão suboclusiva no terço médio da artéria coronária direita.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230046-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Foi realizada uma estratificação invasiva precoce, na qual foi encontrada uma lesão suboclusiva no terço médio da artéria coronária direita ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1B</xref> ) com necessidade de angioplastia percutânea e implante de <italic>stent</italic> farmacológico, realizado com sucesso. Realizado um ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) que revelou fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada e sem alterações de contratilidade, mas com grave acometimento do VD (acinesia e discinesia segmentar, aumento de trabeculações, <italic>strain</italic> reduzido, microaneurismas em parede lateral e redução significativa da fração de ejeção pelo ecocardiograma 3D, ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> ). Diante dessas alterações no VD e da discordância delas com os achados angiográficos (obstrução da coronária direita no terço médio, após a origem do ramo marginal agudo) e clínicos, a possibilidade de doença primária do VD foi aventada. Progredimos com a realização da ressonância magnética cardíaca que corroborou com os achados do ecocardiograma e mostrou alterações sugestivas de CAVD, além de realce transmural difuso do VD que sugeria ser secundário à infiltração fibrogordurosa ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref> ). Reunindo os achados encontrados na avaliação com multimodalidades de imagem cardiovascular, o diagnóstico de CAVD foi estabelecido baseado nos critérios de Força Tarefa ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiograma transtorácico evidenciando. A) Dilatação importante do VD associada a aumento das trabeculações e imagens sugestivas de microaneurisma na parede lateral do VD; B) Strain longitudinal do VD reduzido, discinesia segmentar (seta amarela) e alta dispersão mecânica (seta vermelha); C, D) Método tridimensional de full volume que identificou uma fração de ejeção do VD de 30%, correspondendo a disfunção sistólica importante.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230046-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A) Corte sistólico em eixo curto e B) em quatro câmaras, evidenciando dilatação do VD e alterações da parede lateral (microaneurismas); C e D) realce tardio transmural difuso do VD.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230046-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Critérios da Força Tarefa para diagnóstico de CAVD (2010)3</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="100%">
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">1 – Alterações estruturais e disfunção global ou regional</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Critérios maiores</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>– Ecocardiograma bidimensional:</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Acinesia, discinesia ou aneurisma regional do VD associada a uma das medidas da diástole a seguir:</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PLAX VSVD ≥ 32 mm (PLAX/ASC ≥ 19 mm/m<sup>2</sup>) ou</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PSAX VSVD ≥ 36 mm (PSAX/ASC ≥ 21 mm/m<sup>2</sup>) ou</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mudança de área fracionada ≤ 33%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>– Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Acinesia ou discinesia regional do VD ou dissincronismo da contração do VD associado a uma das medidas a seguir:</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VD VDF ASC ≥ 110 mL/m<sup>2</sup>(masc.) ou ≥ 100 mL/m<sup>2</sup>(fem.)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Fração de ejeção do VD ≤ 40%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ventriculografia direita</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Acinesia, discinesia ou aneurisma do VD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Critérios menores</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>– Ecocardiograma bidimensional:</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Acinesia, discinesia do VD ou dissincronismo da contração do VD e uma das medidas da função diastólica a seguir:</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PLAX VSVD ≥ 29 a &lt; 32 mm (PLAX/ASC ≥ 16 a &lt; 19 mm/m<sup>2</sup>) ou</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PSAX VSVD ≥ 32 a &lt; 36 mm (PSAX/ASC ≥ 18 a &lt; 21 mm/m<sup>2</sup>) ou</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mudança de área fracionada &gt; 33% a ≤ 40%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>– Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Acinesia ou discinesia regional do VD ou dissincronia da contração do VD e uma das medidas a seguir:</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VD VDF/ASC ≥ 100 a 110 mL/m<sup>2</sup>(masc.) ou ≥ 90 a 100 mL/m<sup>2</sup>(fem.)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Fração de ejeção do VD &gt; 40 a ≤ 45%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>2 – Aspectos teciduais</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Critérios maiores</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Contagem de miócitos residuais &lt; 60% por análise morfométrica (ou &lt; 50%, se estimada), com substituição fibrosa da parede livre do VD em ≥ 1 amostra, com ou sem substituição gordurosa do tecido da biópsia endomiocárdica</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Critérios menores</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Contagem de miócitos residuais de 60% a 75% por análise morfométrica (ou 50% a 65%, se estimada), com substituição fibrosa da parede livre do VD em ≥ 1 amostra, com ou sem substituição gordurosa do tecido da biópsia endomiocárdica.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>3 – Anormalidades de repolarização</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Critérios maiores</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ondas T invertidas nas precordiais direitas (V1, V2 e V3) ou se estendendo além de V3 em indivíduos &gt; 14 anos de idade (na ausência de BRD-QRS ≥ 120 ms)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Critérios menores</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ondas T invertidas em V1 e V2 em indivíduos &gt; 14 anos de idade (na ausência de BRD)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ondas T invertidas em V1, V2, V3 e V4 em indivíduos &gt; 14 anos de idade (na presença de BRD)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>4 – Anormalidades da despolarização/condução</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Critérios maiores</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Onda Epsilon (sinais de baixa amplitude reprodutíveis entre o final do QRS e o início da onda T) nas derivações precordiais direitas (V1 - V3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Critérios menores</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Potenciais tardios no ECG-AR em ≥ 1 dos 3 parâmetros na ausência de duração do QRS ≥ 110 msec no ECG de 12 derivações:</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Duração QRS filtrada (fQRS) ≥ 114 msec</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Duração do terminal QRS &lt; 40 micro V ≥ 38 ms</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tensão média quadrada do terminal 40 ms ≤ 20 micro V</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Duração da porção final do QRS ≥ 55 ms (medida do nadir da onda S até o final da despolarização ventricular - incluindo R’) em V1, V2 ou V3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>5 – Arritmias</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Critérios maiores</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TV não sustentada ou sustentada com morfologia tipo BRD e eixo superior</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Critérios menores</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TV não sustentada ou sustentada com morfologia sugestiva de VSVD (morfologia tipo BRE e eixo inferior ou indeterminado) ou &gt; 500 extrassístoles ventriculares/24h no Holter de 24h</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>6 – Histórico familiar</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Critérios maiores</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>C/DAVD em parente do primeiro grau que preencha critérios dessa força tarefa 2010</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>C/DAVD confirmada patologicamente em parente do primeiro grau (autopsia ou biópsia)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Identificação de mutação patogênica classificada como associada ou provavelmente associada com C/DAVD no paciente sob avaliação</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Critérios menores</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>História de C/DAVD em parentes de primeiro grau</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>História de C/DAVD em parente de primeiro grau para o qual não é possível determinar se cumpre os critérios</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Morte súbita prematura (&lt; 35 anos de idade) com suspeita de C/DAVD em parente de primeiro grau</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>C/DAVD confirmada patologicamente ou pelos critérios em parente de segundo grau</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>C/DAVD: cardiopatia/displasia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito; ASC: área de superfície corporal; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca; ECG: eletrocardiograma; VDF: volume diastólico final; BRD: bloqueio do ramo direito; BRE: bloqueio do ramo esquerdo; PLAX: janela paraesternal eixo longo; PSAX: janela paraesternal eixo curto; VD: ventrículo direito; VSVD: via de saída do ventrículo direito; ECG-AR: eletrocardiograma de alta resolução; TV: taquicardia ventricular; BRD: bloqueio do ramo direito.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>O <italic>Holter</italic> de 24 horas identificou extrassístoles ventriculares frequentes, porém sem arritmias complexas. Após discussão com o <italic>Heart Team</italic> e especialistas em doenças genéticas, o paciente foi classificado como de baixo risco para morte súbita, portanto, sem indicação para implante de cardiodesfibrilador implantável (CDI) naquele momento. Familiares foram orientados a realizarem triagem adicional. Recebeu alta hospitalar em uso de dupla antiagregação plaquetária, estatina, betabloqueador e inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina. Está em acompanhamento ambulatorial sem evidências de eventos arrítmicos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>As literaturas atuais discorrem sobre indicadores clínicos que levantem a suspeita diagnóstica de CAVD, tais como: (1) ectopias ventriculares frequentes; (2) taquicardia ventricular com morfologia de BRE com eixo superior/múltiplas morfologias de QRS; e (3) morte súbita arritmogênica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, o diagnóstico definitivo torna-se difícil, uma vez que possui baixa prevalência e carece de testes específicos, tornando-se ainda mais complexo quando tal doença acomete um paciente idoso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o diagnóstico de CAVD é realizado por meio dos critérios da Força Tarefa (2010),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> elencados primeiramente em 1994 e revisados em 2010 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> ), e que, embora possuam limitações em sua sensibilidade, garantem um dispositivo eficiente para direcionar o raciocínio diagnóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Na aplicação dos critérios, os pacientes são submetidos a investigação estrutural, tecidual e eletrocardiográfica em busca de achados maiores (dois pontos) e menores (um ponto). Aqueles que apresentam quatro ou mais pontos são diagnosticados com CAVD, enquanto os que pontuarem três são prováveis portadores da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No paciente abordado, a suspeita de CAVD só foi elencada após a discordância entre os achados angiográficos e a posterior avaliação ecocardiográfica. Para explicar tais alterações no VD como encontradas, seria necessária uma oclusão proximal da coronária direita atingindo o ramo marginal agudo, cursando com um infarto do VD, o que não foi revelado pelos exames e pela clínica do paciente.</p>
				<p>Além disso, as alterações no eletrocardiograma da admissão discordam da doença coronariana encontrada, sendo a inversão da onda T de V1 a V3 o achado mais comum na CAVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os achados estruturais e funcionais do VD encontrados no ecocardiograma e na ressonância magnética cardíaca deste caso são típicos de CAVD, sendo a presença de alteração segmentar um item compulsório.</p>
				<p>Uma vez que é estabelecido o diagnóstico de CAVD, cabe a importante decisão de como manejar o paciente a fim de diminuir o risco de morte súbita. Apesar do CDI atuar positivamente na redução da mortalidade por causas arrítmicas, o seu implante está relacionado a complicações a curto e longo prazo. Associado a isso, há uma carência de estudos prospectivos e randomizados que garantam o uso do CDI de forma profilática e de forma rotineira.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Um aliado na decisão da conduta é a estimativa do risco de arritmia ventricular sustentada baseada em características inerentes ao paciente e à sua história.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Algumas situações são consideradas de alto risco, a exemplo de pacientes com parada cardíaca recuperada ou pacientes com eventos prévios de arritmia ventricular sustentada, histórico de síncope de origem arritmogênica, disfunção sistólica importante de VD e/ou ventrículo esquerdo. Deve-se sempre levar em consideração a decisão compartilhada entre o médico e o paciente acerca dos riscos e benefícios e a própria longevidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Uma coorte americana, com 312 pacientes com CAVD, mostrou que a taquicardia ventricular na apresentação ou a sua indução pelo estudo eletrofisiológico, o sexo masculino, as ondas T invertidas em ≥ 3 derivações precordiais e a contagem de contrações ventriculares prematuras ≥1000/24h foram preditores de terapia apropriada em pacientes com CDI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Entretanto, maiores estudos são necessários para melhor individualizar o risco de morte súbita nessas situações.</p>
				<p>A combinação de terapia farmacológica por meio de betabloqueadores e antiarrítmicos constituem medidas que minimizam a utilização de terapia apropriada pelo CDI. Faz parte da recomendação, também, o bloqueio neuro-hormonal com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina e antagonista dos receptores beta-adrenérgicos. Outra terapia passível de recomendação é a ablação por cateter, porém ela não se mostrou capaz de reduzir o risco de morte súbita e aumentar a sobrevida, categorizando-se como uma terapia adjuvante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A CAVD é uma doença hereditária de difícil diagnóstico, frequentemente associada a desfechos clínicos adversos. Com o avanço em exames complementares e maior conhecimento acerca do perfil clínico dos pacientes, mais casos da doença vêm sendo descobertos. Esse diagnóstico em pacientes idosos tornam o manejo mais complexo, exigindo cautelosa avaliação da equipe multiprofissional. Apesar do implante de CDI ser considerado a estratégia terapêutica mais aceita em indivíduos com CAVD, torna-se necessária a adequada estratificação de risco do paciente, bem como dados adicionais acerca da sua história clínica, para a análise de sua indicação.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>