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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230039i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230039i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Uhl&#x27;s Anomaly: Case Report and Differential Diagnosis in an Adult</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4296-3708</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rocha</surname><given-names>Isaura Elaine Goncalves Moreira</given-names></name> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>acquisition of data</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9583-2915</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Siqueira</surname><given-names>Paulo Henrique Benevides</given-names></name> <role>acquisition of data</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9041-9849</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rocha</surname><given-names>Beatriz Gon&#xE7;alves</given-names></name> <role>acquisition of data</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3170-3801</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Bruno Farias</given-names></name> <role>acquisition of data</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-5063-9376</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Martins</surname><given-names>George Elias Luna</given-names></name> <role>acquisition of data</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9899-1612</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Brand&#xE3;o</surname><given-names>Simone Cristina Soares</given-names></name> <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cariri</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Juazeiro do Norte</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, CE &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">UNINASSAU</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">UNINASSAU, Faculdade de Medicina, Recife, PE &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Isaura Elaine Goncalves Moreira Rocha</bold> &#x2022; Universidade Federal do Cariri. Rua Tenente Raimundo Rocha, 1635. Postal Code: <postal-code>63048-080</postal-code>. Juazeiro do Norte, CE &#x2013; Brazil. E-mail: <email>elaine.goncalves@ufca.edu.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn4">
<p>Editor responsible for the review: Tiago Senra</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>02</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230039</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>14</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>09</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>22</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Cardiovascular Abnormalities</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Ventricles</kwd>
<kwd>Diagnosis, Differential</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="14"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="21"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Uhl&#x27;s anomaly (UA) is a disorder exclusive to the right ventricle (RV) characterized by the absence of total or partial myocardium, in such a way that the ventricular wall is comprised of the overlapping of the endocardium and the epicardium, with no fatty tissue, or inflammatory or infiltrative process. The muscles of the atria, the interventricular septum and the left ventricle (LV) are not involved in the process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>The clinical manifestations are due to right ventricular failure (RVF). Forms with partial involvement may be mildly symptomatic and remain undiagnosed for long periods, and may be confused with other more frequent pathologies that affect the right heart in adult life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>This study presents a case of a middle-aged patient with previously undiagnosed UA, with a discussion of complementary exams and differential diagnoses with pathologies that evolve with the dilation of the right chambers and RVF.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case report</title>
<p>A 60-year-old female patient, with no comorbidities for 5 years, began progressive RVF, progressing to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. In the initial investigation, at our health service, a computed tomography (CT) scan was performed, which showed discrete bronchiectasis in both lung bases and preserved vascular structures. The echocardiogram showed a marked dilation of the right chambers, diffuse hypokinesia, and a significant thinning of the RV wall, with few trabeculations, massive tricuspid regurgitation, and a pulmonary artery (PA) with normal dimensions. The left chambers were normal and the LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was preserved (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">videos 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">2</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">3</xref>). The coronary arteries did not exhibit significant obstructive lesions on cardiac catheterization, and the pulmonary vasoreactivity test with nitric oxide showed normal pressure in the AP, with equalized pressures in the right chambers. The findings were complemented with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), which showed a marked increase in the right atrium (volume of 121 ml/m&#xB2;, reference value: 27ml/m&#xB2;), dilated and hypocontractile RV &#x2014; RV end-diastolic volume (RVDV): 118ml/m&#xB2;; RV end-systolic volume (RVSV): 90ml/m&#xB2;; and ejection fraction (EF): 24% &#x2014;, with thinning of the entire free wall, suggesting an absence of myocardium, with a reduction in its trabeculation. No myocardial contrast uptake was observed following delayed enhancement, compatible with the absence of myocardial fibrosis. The left chambers were normal, as were the AP diameters (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Cine-RMC 1A and 1B. Horizontal, long-axis, four-chamber image demonstrating absence of myocardium in the RV. Note the straightened interventricular septum and rejected left ventricular cavity. 1B, images acquired late after the administration of gadolinium, without the presence of contrast uptake (absence of late enhancement).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230039-gf01.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Cine &#x2013; CMR section on the sagittal axis weighted in post-contrast T1, with diffuse enlargement of the RV and thinning of the entire free wall due to the absence of myocardium and reduction of trabeculations.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230039-gf02.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f5">
<caption>
<title>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0039_RC_video1_quatro_camaras.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0039_RC_video1_quatro_camaras.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
<media id="m5" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230039-m01.mp4">
<label>Video 1</label>
</media>
</fig>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Video 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0039_RC_video2_eixo_curto.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0039_RC_video2_eixo_curto.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
<media id="m6" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230039-m02.mp4">
</media>
</fig>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Video 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0039_RC_video3_quatro_camaras.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0039_RC_video3_quatro_camaras.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
<media id="m7" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230039-m03.mp4">
</media>
</fig>
<p>The patient developed advanced signs of RVF, progressive and refractory ascites, in addition to syncope due to advanced atrioventricular conduction disorders, with pauses of up to 5.8 seconds on a 24-hour Holter monitoring, and with pacemaker implantation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure. 3</xref>). However, the condition was progressive and refractory, and the patient was referred for palliative care, with a fatal outcome within a few months.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Electrocardiogram: rhythm controlled by a pacemaker, with low diffuse voltage in the QRS complexes and absence of R waves in the precordial leads.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230039-gf03.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>UA is classified as a congenital heart disease and was described in 1952 by pathologist Henry Stephen M Uhl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Considered a rare disease, with greater occurrence in the pediatric age group, it has fascinated cardiologists around the world due to its great instructive value in relation to other heart conditions. In recent years, it has become more reported beyond the pediatric age group; however, as of 2021, only 15 cases had been described in adult patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Understanding RV maladaptation in insults of any etiology is based on the concept of the hemodynamic importance of the supraventricular crest. As long as this muscular structure remains intact, RV systole and tricuspid valve function will remain preserved, even when the other walls are damaged by a given process. Therefore, a possible explanation for UA remaining silent for long periods of life, as in the case described, would be a selective involvement of the muscles, in which the supraventricular crest remained functional, ensuring the maintenance of right cardiac output.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Pathophysiological hypotheses for UA are derived from individual case studies. Genetic substrate as a determining factor in the process is corroborated by the occurrence in family patterns, including those among twins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Defects in the initial stages of embryogenesis, with failure in the development of the right cardiogenic fold due to an unidentified process, can lead to the congenital absence of myocardium restricted to the RV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Selective and uncontrolled apoptotic processes after the myocardium has been formed are corroborated by descriptions of serial fetal echocardiograms, in which progressive thinning of the RV anterior wall, inlet tract and apex, and loss of trabeculations during fetal life are detected,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> although electron microscopy and CMR studies have not documented any degree of subsequent myocardial fibrotic degeneration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>The diagnosis must be made based on the clinical picture, associated with imaging methods. In adulthood, treatment-refractory RVF, liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension, sarcopenia, RV aneurysms, arrhythmias, and thromboembolic phenomena are typically observed. Cyanosis can be observed if there is a right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Baseline complementary exams include an electrocardiogram and chest X-ray. The ECG shows nonspecific and varied changes, with low voltage QRS complexes; intraventricular conduction disturbances, generally with right bundle branch block; fragmented ventricular depolarization, corresponding to very slow conduction in the RV; atrioventricular conduction blocks; and ventricular tachycardias and paroxysmal supraventricular attacks, in addition to atrial fibrillation as a very common finding. Chest X-rays commonly show cardiomegaly due to the dilation of the right chambers and the dilation of the vena cava.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>The 24-hour Holter and cardiopulmonary test can be part of the evaluation according to the table presented below. There are no reports on the use of nuclear medicine in UA, but the method could be useful in understanding the pathophysiological mechanism of the destruction of the right ventricular myocardium, through the investigation of inflammation, apoptosis, necrosis, cardiac sympathetic activity, and even fibroblast activation. Hence, several mechanisms of muscle destruction can be studied early and non-invasively through molecular imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>The echocardiogram usually provides the diagnosis and rules out other possibilities. Characteristically, the left cavities are of normal size, with preserved wall thickness and LVEF. The right atrium is usually markedly dilated, the RV exhibits great dilation and global systolic hypokinesia, and there may be posterior displacement of the interventricular septum during diastole, indicating RV volume overload. The RV wall is markedly thin in circumference, with sparse rudimentary apical trabeculations. The tricuspid ring is quite dilated, with normal insertion, and the leaflets may present mild dysplasia, with restricted movement and complete absence of coaptation, which causes torrential regurgitation and, in more advanced stages, equalization of pressures between the right atrium and the RV. Thrombus formation and slow flow can be observed within the right cavities, in addition to dilation and engorgement of the inferior vena cava and suprahepatic veins, and there may be reverse systolic flow observed on Doppler.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>CMR, given its high spatial and temporal resolution, in addition to its three-dimensional nature, has excellent accuracy and reproducibility, and is especially useful in the longitudinal monitoring of patients. The examination demonstrates typical RV dilation, with extremely thin walls due to partial or complete absence of the myocardium, a finding described in anatomical specimens as a &#x201C;parchment&#x201D; appearance. There is a shortage of apical trabeculations and the contractile function is severely compromised. The delayed enhancement technique typically shows no myocardial contrast uptake, indicating the absence of fibrosis, and there are no fatty infiltrations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The findings of dilation of the right atrium, normal insertion of the tricuspid valve, deviation to the left of the interventricular septum, and a normal LV can also be seen, similar to what is seen on the echocardiogram.</p>
<p>The less extensive forms of the disease, with partial involvement of the right ventricular cavity, allow for a long asymptomatic phase, with high tolerability of symptoms for decades and late diagnosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> with a possible indication of inadequate treatments due to confusion with pathologies that more frequently affect the right heart in adult life. UA can also be found associated with other cardiac malformations, such as dysplasia and agenesis of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>Differential diagnosis is made with pathological conditions that result in the dilation of the right heart cavities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension with RVF can lead to diagnostic confusion, due to the relatively high frequency of the disease in the adult population. Arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy, a rare hereditary disease of the heart muscle that causes sudden death due to arrhythmic events resulting from fibrofatty replacement of the RV myocardium and dilation, is an important differential diagnosis, even from the point of view of pathogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Ebstein&#x27;s anomaly, a congenital malformation of the tricuspid valve due to the failure of delamination of the septal cusp, also evolves with RV myopathy and arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> All of these conditions occur much more frequently than UA and should be considered as a differential diagnosis. both in childhood and in adult life. It is also of interest to differentiate, from a morphological point of view, these forms of serious and potentially lethal involvements of the right heart.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> schematically shows the main anatomical characteristics found in the four entities that can establish the differences between them.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Schematic drawing illustrating the main anatomical features found in the right heart chambers in UA, pulmonary arterial hypertension, arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy, and Ebstein&#x27;s anomaly.</title>
<p><bold>4.1. UA:</bold> Marked enlargement of the right chambers, thin RV wall, due to absence of the myocardium and few trabeculations, tricuspid valve with normal insertion in the plane of the valve ring.</p>
<p><bold>4.2. Pulmonary arterial hypertension with RVF:</bold> enlargement of the right chambers, RV with normal thickness, preserved trabeculations, morphologically normal tricuspid valve, interatrial and interventricular septa with bulges toward the left cavities, dilation of the AP, and inferior vena cava.</p>
<p><bold>4.3. Arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy:</bold> enlargement of the right chambers, hypertrabeculation in the apical region, fatty infiltration in the muscles, and normal tricuspid valve.</p>
<p><bold>4.4. Ebstein&#x27;s anomaly:</bold> severe dilation of the right chambers due to &#x201C;atrialization&#x201D; of the RV, failure of delamination of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve, with apical descent of its orifice, abnormal fenestrations of the anterior leaflet in a &#x201C;boat sail&#x201D;, and dilation of the right atrioventricular junction.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230039-gf04.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Advances in complementary imaging methods with the recognition of this rare cardiac anomaly have made diagnosis possible in adult patients. Reporting this case will help disseminate knowledge to professionals involved in the diagnosis and care for these patients, including radiologists, ultrasonographers, neonatologists, pulmonologists, cardiologists, and cardiac surgeons. Recognition, especially in the early stages of asymptomatic forms, may enable more appropriate management and avoid errors in conduct. Screening first-degree relatives enables the identification of asymptomatic carriers and preventive monitoring.</p>
<p>Differential diagnosis with the most common causes of dilation of the right heart chambers is essential in order to avoid errors in conduct, prevent sudden death, indicate surgical treatment when possible, recommend heart transplantation, provide prenatal counseling, and offer palliative care.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA) under the protocol number 65814522.5.0000.5055. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn></fn-group>
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<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230039</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Anomalia de Uhl: Relato de Caso e Diagn&#xF3;stico Diferencial em Adulto</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4296-3708</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rocha</surname><given-names>Isaura Elaine Goncalves Moreira</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9583-2915</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Siqueira</surname><given-names>Paulo Henrique Benevides</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9041-9849</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rocha</surname><given-names>Beatriz Gon&#xE7;alves</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3170-3801</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Bruno Farias</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-5063-9376</contrib-id>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9899-1612</contrib-id>
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<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Juazeiro do Norte</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, CE &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">UNINASSAU, Faculdade de Medicina, Recife, PE &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Isaura Elaine Goncalves Moreira Rocha</bold> &#x2022; Universidade Federal do Cariri. Rua Tenente Raimundo Rocha, 1635. CEP: <postal-code>63048-080</postal-code>. Juazeiro do Norte, CE &#x2013; Brasil. E-mail: <email>elaine.goncalves@ufca.edu.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro n&#xE3;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by">
<p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Tiago Senra</p></fn></author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Anormalidades Cardiovasculares</kwd>
<kwd>Ventr&#xED;culos do Cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o</kwd>
<kwd>Diagn&#xF3;stico Diferencial</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A anomalia de Uhl (AU) &#xE9; um dist&#xFA;rbio exclusivo do ventr&#xED;culo direito (VD) que se caracteriza pela aus&#xEA;ncia do mioc&#xE1;rdio total ou parcial, de forma que a parede ventricular fica composta pela superposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de endoc&#xE1;rdio e epic&#xE1;rdio, sem qualquer tecido gorduroso, processo inflamat&#xF3;rio ou infiltrativo. A musculatura dos &#xE1;trios, o septo interventricular e o ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (VE) n&#xE3;o est&#xE3;o envolvidos no processo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>As manifesta&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas s&#xE3;o decorrentes da insufici&#xEA;ncia ventricular direita (IVD). Formas com acometimento parcial podem ser pouco sintom&#xE1;ticas e permanecer por longos per&#xED;odos sem diagn&#xF3;stico, podendo ser confundidas com outras patologias mais frequentes que acometem o cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o direito na vida adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Apresentaremos um caso de uma paciente de meia-idade com AU, previamente n&#xE3;o diagnosticada, com discuss&#xE3;o de exames complementares e dos diagn&#xF3;sticos diferenciais com patologias que evoluem com dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o de c&#xE2;maras direitas e IVD.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de caso</title>
<p>Paciente de 60 anos, do sexo feminino, sem comorbidades h&#xE1; 5 anos iniciou quadro progressivo de IVD, evoluindo com hipertens&#xE3;o arterial pulmonar idiop&#xE1;tica. Na investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o inicial, em nosso servi&#xE7;o, realizou-se tomografia computadorizada (TC) que evidenciou discretas bronquiectasias em ambas as bases pulmonares e estruturas vasculares preservadas. O ecocardiograma mostrou acentuada dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o de c&#xE2;maras direitas, hipocinesia difusa e afilamento importante da parede do VD com poucas trabecula&#xE7;&#xF5;es, regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o tric&#xFA;spide maci&#xE7;a e art&#xE9;ria pulmonar (AP) com dimens&#xF5;es normais. As c&#xE2;maras esquerdas eram normais e a fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE (FEVE) estava preservada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">v&#xED;deos 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">3</xref>). As art&#xE9;rias coron&#xE1;rias n&#xE3;o exibiam les&#xF5;es obstrutivas significativas no cateterismo card&#xED;aco e o teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar com &#xF3;xido n&#xED;trico evidenciou press&#xE3;o normal em AP, com press&#xF5;es equalizadas em c&#xE2;maras direitas. Os achados foram complementados com resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca (RMC), que mostrou aumento acentuado do &#xE1;trio direito (volume de 121 ml/m&#xB2;, valor de refer&#xEA;ncia: 27ml/m&#xB2;), VD dilatado e hipocontr&#xE1;til &#x2014; volume diast&#xF3;lico final (VDF): 118ml/m&#xB2;; volume sist&#xF3;lico final (VSF): 90ml/m&#xB2;; e fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o (FE): 24% &#x2014;, com afilamento de toda a parede livre, sugerindo aus&#xEA;ncia de mioc&#xE1;rdico, com redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o em sua trabecula&#xE7;&#xE3;o. N&#xE3;o foi observada impregna&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica pelo contraste na sequ&#xEA;ncia de realce tardio, compat&#xED;vel com aus&#xEA;ncia de fibrose mioc&#xE1;rdica. As c&#xE2;maras esquerdas estavam normais, bem como os di&#xE2;metros da AP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Cine-RMC 1A e 1B. Imagem horizontal em eixo longo, quatro c&#xE2;maras, demonstrando aus&#xEA;ncia de mioc&#xE1;rdio em VD. Nota-se septo interventricular retificado e cavidade ventricular esquerda recha&#xE7;ada. 1B, imagens adquiridas tardiamente ap&#xF3;s administra&#xE7;&#xE3;o do gadol&#xED;nio, sem a presen&#xE7;a de impregna&#xE7;&#xE3;o de contraste (aus&#xEA;ncia de realce tardio).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230039-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Cine &#x2013; RMC corte no eixo sagital ponderado em T1 p&#xF3;s-contraste, com aumento difuso de VD e afilamento de toda parede livre por aus&#xEA;ncia de mioc&#xE1;rdio e redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de trabecula&#xE7;&#xF5;es.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230039-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f12">
<caption>
<title>Link em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0039_RC_video1_quatro_camaras.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0039_RC_video1_quatro_camaras.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
<media id="m12" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230039-m01.mp4">
<label>V&#xED;deo 1</label>
</media>
</fig>
<fig id="f13">
<caption>
<title>Link em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0039_RC_video2_eixo_curto.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0039_RC_video2_eixo_curto.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
<media id="m13" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230039-m02.mp4">
<label>V&#xED;deo 2</label>
</media>
</fig>
<fig id="f14">
<caption>
<title>Link em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0039_RC_video3_quatro_camaras.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0039_RC_video3_quatro_camaras.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
<media id="m14" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230039-m03.mp4">
<label>V&#xED;deo 3</label>
</media>
</fig>
<p>A paciente evoluiu com sinais avan&#xE7;ados de IVD, ascite progressiva e refrat&#xE1;ria, al&#xE9;m de s&#xED;ncopes por dist&#xFA;rbios avan&#xE7;ados da condu&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE1;trio ventricular, com pausas de at&#xE9; 5,8 segundos em Holter de 24 horas, e com implante de marcapasso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 3</xref>). Por&#xE9;m, o quadro foi evolutivo e refrat&#xE1;rio, e a paciente foi encaminhada para cuidados paliativos, com desfecho fatal em poucos meses.</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Eletrocardiograma: ritmo comandado por marcapasso, com baixa voltagem difusa dos complexos QRS e aus&#xEA;ncia de ondas R nas deriva&#xE7;&#xF5;es precordiais.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230039-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A AU est&#xE1; classificada como uma cardiopatia cong&#xEA;nita e foi descrita em 1952 pelo patologista Henry Stephen M Uhl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Considerada uma doen&#xE7;a rara, com maior ocorr&#xEA;ncia na faixa et&#xE1;ria pedi&#xE1;trica, tem fascinado cardiologistas em todo o mundo devido ao seu grande valor instrutivo em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o a outras condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas. Nos &#xFA;ltimos anos, passou a ser mais relatada al&#xE9;m da faixa et&#xE1;ria pedi&#xE1;trica, mas, at&#xE9; 2021, apenas 15 casos tinham sido descritos em pacientes adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>A compreens&#xE3;o da desadapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VD em insultos de qualquer etiologia baseia-se no conceito da import&#xE2;ncia hemodin&#xE2;mica da crista supraventricular. Enquanto essa estrutura muscular permanecer intacta, a s&#xED;stole do VD e a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o da valva tric&#xFA;spide permanecer&#xE3;o preservadas, mesmo quando as demais paredes estiverem lesionadas por algum processo. Dessa forma, uma poss&#xED;vel explica&#xE7;&#xE3;o para a AU permanecer por longos per&#xED;odos da vida de forma silenciosa, como no caso descrito, seria um acometimento seletivo da musculatura, em que a crista supraventricular permaneceu funcionante, garantindo a manuten&#xE7;&#xE3;o do d&#xE9;bito card&#xED;aco direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Hip&#xF3;teses fisiopatol&#xF3;gicas para a AU s&#xE3;o derivadas de estudos de casos individuais. Substrato gen&#xE9;tico como fator determinante do processo &#xE9; corroborado pela ocorr&#xEA;ncia em padr&#xF5;es familiares, inclusive entre g&#xEA;meos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Defeitos nos est&#xE1;gios iniciais da embriog&#xEA;nese, com falha no desenvolvimento da prega cardiog&#xEA;nica direita por um processo n&#xE3;o identificado, podem levar &#xE0; aus&#xEA;ncia cong&#xEA;nita de mioc&#xE1;rdio restrito ao VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Processos apopt&#xF3;ticos seletivos e descontrolados ap&#xF3;s o mioc&#xE1;rdio ter sido formado s&#xE3;o corroborados por descri&#xE7;&#xF5;es de ecocardiogramas fetais seriados, em que s&#xE3;o flagrados afinamentos progressivos da parede anterior do VD, via de entrada e &#xE1;pex, e perda de trabecula&#xE7;&#xF5;es em vida fetal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> embora estudos de microscopia eletr&#xF4;nica e RMC n&#xE3;o tenham documentado nenhum grau de degenera&#xE7;&#xE3;o fibr&#xF3;tica do mioc&#xE1;rdio posteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>O diagn&#xF3;stico deve ser feito a partir do quadro cl&#xED;nico, associado aos m&#xE9;todos de imagem. Na vida adulta, tipicamente observa-se IVD refrat&#xE1;ria ao tratamento, cirrose hep&#xE1;tica com hipertens&#xE3;o portal, sarcopenia, aneurismas de VD, arritmias e fen&#xF4;menos tromboemb&#xF3;licos. Cianose pode ser observada, caso exista shunt direito esquerdo atrav&#xE9;s de forame oval patente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os exames complementares basais incluem eletrocardiograma e raio-X de t&#xF3;rax. O ECG evidencia altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es inespec&#xED;ficas e variadas, podendo ser encontrados complexos QRS com baixa voltagem, dist&#xFA;rbios de condu&#xE7;&#xE3;o intraventricular, geralmente com bloqueio de ramo direito, despolariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular fragmentada, correspondente &#xE0; condu&#xE7;&#xE3;o muito lenta no VD, bloqueios na condu&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrioventricular, e taquicardias ventriculares e supraventriculares parox&#xED;sticas, al&#xE9;m de fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial como um achado muito frequente. O RX de t&#xF3;rax costuma evidenciar a cardiomegalia por dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o das c&#xE2;maras direitas e dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o de veias cavas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>O Holter de 24 horas e o teste cardiopulmonar podem fazer parte da avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de acordo com o quadro apresentado. N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; relatos da utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da medicina nuclear na AU, por&#xE9;m o m&#xE9;todo poderia ter utilidade no entendimento do mecanismo fisiopatol&#xF3;gico da destrui&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mioc&#xE1;rdio ventricular direito, por meio da pesquisa de inflama&#xE7;&#xE3;o, apoptose, necrose, atividade simp&#xE1;tica card&#xED;aca e at&#xE9; mesmo de ativa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de fibroblastos. Dessa forma, v&#xE1;rios mecanismos de destrui&#xE7;&#xE3;o muscular podem ser estudados de forma precoce e n&#xE3;o invasiva pela imagem molecular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>O ecocardiograma costuma dar o diagn&#xF3;stico e descartar outras possibilidades. Caracteristicamente, as cavidades esquerdas s&#xE3;o de tamanho normal, com espessura de paredes e FEVE preservadas. O &#xE1;trio direito costuma estar acentuadamente dilatado, o VD exibe grande dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o e hipocinesia sist&#xF3;lica global, podendo haver deslocamento posterior do septo interventricular na di&#xE1;stole, indicando sobrecarga de volume do VD. A parede do VD &#xE9; marcadamente fina na circunfer&#xEA;ncia, com esparsas trabecula&#xE7;&#xF5;es apicais rudimentares. O anel tric&#xFA;spide &#xE9; muito dilatado, com inser&#xE7;&#xE3;o normal, e os folhetos podem apresentar leve displasia, com movimenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o restrita e com completa aus&#xEA;ncia de coapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o, o que ocasiona regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o torrencial e, em fases mais avan&#xE7;adas, equaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de press&#xF5;es entre o &#xE1;trio direito e o VD. Pode ser observada forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o de trombos e fluxo lento no interior das cavidades direitas, al&#xE9;m de dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o e ingurgitamento da veia cava inferior e das veias supra-hep&#xE1;ticas, podendo haver fluxo sist&#xF3;lico reverso observado ao Doppler.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>A RMC, dada a sua alta resolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o espacial e temporal, al&#xE9;m da natureza tridimensional, apresenta excelente acur&#xE1;cia e reprodutibilidade, sendo especialmente &#xFA;til no acompanhamento longitudinal dos pacientes. O exame demonstra a t&#xED;pica dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VD, com paredes extremamente finas por aus&#xEA;ncia parcial ou completa do mioc&#xE1;rdio, achado descrito em esp&#xE9;cimes anat&#xF4;micas como aspecto de &#x201C;pergaminho&#x201D;. H&#xE1; escassez de trabecula&#xE7;&#xF5;es apicais e a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o contr&#xE1;til encontra-se muito comprometida. A t&#xE9;cnica de realce tardio tipicamente n&#xE3;o evidencia impregna&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica por contraste, indicando aus&#xEA;ncia de fibrose, e n&#xE3;o h&#xE1; infiltra&#xE7;&#xF5;es gordurosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os achados de dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do &#xE1;trio direito, inser&#xE7;&#xE3;o normal da v&#xE1;lvula tric&#xFA;spide, desvio para a esquerda do septo interventricular e um VE normal s&#xE3;o tamb&#xE9;m vistos, de forma similar ao observado no ecocardiograma.</p>
<p>As formas menos extensas da doen&#xE7;a, com acometimentos parciais da cavidade ventricular direita, possibilitam uma longa fase assintom&#xE1;tica, com alta tolerabilidade dos sintomas por d&#xE9;cadas e diagn&#xF3;stico tardio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> com eventual indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de tratamentos inadequados pela confus&#xE3;o com patologias que acometem o cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o direito na vida adulta de forma mais frequente. A AU pode tamb&#xE9;m ser encontrada associada a outras malforma&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas, como displasias e agenesia das valvas tric&#xFA;spide e pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>O diagn&#xF3;stico diferencial &#xE9; feito com condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es patol&#xF3;gicas que cursam com dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o das cavidades card&#xED;acas direitas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A hipertens&#xE3;o arterial pulmonar idiop&#xE1;tica com IVD pode levar &#xE0; confus&#xE3;o diagn&#xF3;stica, pela frequ&#xEA;ncia relativamente elevada da doen&#xE7;a na popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o adulta. A cardiomiopatia arritmog&#xEA;nica do VD, doen&#xE7;a heredit&#xE1;ria rara do m&#xFA;sculo card&#xED;aco que causa morte s&#xFA;bita por eventos arr&#xED;tmicos decorrente de substitui&#xE7;&#xE3;o fibrogordurosa do mioc&#xE1;rdio do VD e dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o, apresenta-se como um diagn&#xF3;stico diferencial importante, inclusive do ponto de vista da patog&#xEA;nese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A anomalia de Ebstein, uma malforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o cong&#xEA;nita da valva tric&#xFA;spide por falha na delamina&#xE7;&#xE3;o da c&#xFA;spide septal, evolui tamb&#xE9;m com miopatia do VD e arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Todas essas condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es t&#xEA;m ocorr&#xEA;ncia bem mais frequente do que a AU e devem ser colocadas como diagn&#xF3;stico diferencial tanto na inf&#xE2;ncia como na vida adulta, sendo de interesse a diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, do ponto de vista morfol&#xF3;gico, dessas formas de acometimento grave e potencialmente letal ao cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o direito.</p>
<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4</xref> mostra de forma esquem&#xE1;tica as principais caracter&#xED;sticas anat&#xF4;micas encontradas nas quatro entidades que podem estabelecer as diferen&#xE7;as entre elas.</p>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Desenho esquem&#xE1;tico ilustrando as principais caracter&#xED;sticas anat&#xF4;micas encontradas nas c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas direitas na AU, hipertens&#xE3;o arterial pulmonar, cardiomiopatia arritmog&#xEA;nica do VD e anomalia de Ebstein</title>
<p><bold>4.1. AU:</bold> Acentuado aumento das c&#xE2;maras direitas, parede do VD fina, por aus&#xEA;ncia do mioc&#xE1;rdio e poucas trabecula&#xE7;&#xF5;es, valva tric&#xFA;spide com inser&#xE7;&#xE3;o normal no plano do anel valvar.</p>
<p><bold>4.2. Hipertens&#xE3;o arterial pulmonar com IVD:</bold> aumento das c&#xE2;maras direitas, VD com espessura normal, trabecula&#xE7;&#xF5;es preservadas, valva tric&#xFA;spide morfologicamente normal, septos interatrial e interventricular com abaulamentos para as cavidades esquerdas, dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o de AP e da veia cava inferior.</p>
<p><bold>4.3. Cardiomiopatia arritmog&#xEA;nica de VD:</bold> aumento das c&#xE2;maras direitas, hipertrabecula&#xE7;&#xE3;o em regi&#xE3;o apical e infiltra&#xE7;&#xE3;o gordurosa na musculatura e valva tric&#xFA;spide normal.</p>
<p><bold>4.4. Anomalia de Ebstein:</bold> grave dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o de c&#xE2;maras direitas por &#x201C;atrializa&#xE7;&#xE3;o&#x201D; do VD, falha na delamina&#xE7;&#xE3;o do folheto septal da valva tric&#xFA;spide, com descida apical do seu orif&#xED;cio, fenestra&#xE7;&#xF5;es anormais do folheto anterior em &#x201C;vela de barco&#x201D; e dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o da jun&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrioventricular direita.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230039-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O avan&#xE7;o nos m&#xE9;todos complementares de imagem com o reconhecimento dessa rara anomalia card&#xED;aca tem possibilitado o diagn&#xF3;stico em pacientes adultos. O relato de mais esse caso vai ajudar na dissemina&#xE7;&#xE3;o do conhecimento para profissionais envolvidos no diagn&#xF3;stico e cuidados a esses pacientes, incluindo radiologistas, ultrassonografistas, neonatologistas, pneumologistas, cardiologistas e cirurgi&#xF5;es card&#xED;acos. O reconhecimento, sobretudo em est&#xE1;gios precoces de formas assintom&#xE1;ticas, poder&#xE1; possibilitar um manejo mais adequado e evitar erros de conduta. A triagem de familiares de primeiro grau possibilita a identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de portadores assintom&#xE1;ticos e acompanhamento preventivo.</p>
<p>O diagn&#xF3;stico diferencial com as causas mais comuns de dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o das c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas direitas &#xE9; essencial para evitar erros de conduta, prevenir morte s&#xFA;bita, indicar tratamento cir&#xFA;rgico quando poss&#xED;vel, indicar transplante card&#xED;aco, realizar aconselhamento pr&#xE9;-natal e oferecer cuidados paliativos.</p>
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<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
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<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o Acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
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<p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xC9;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#xEA; de &#xC9;tica da Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA) sob o n&#xFA;mero de protocolo 65814522.5.0000.5055. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#xE3;o de acordo com a Declara&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#xED;dos no estudo.</p></fn></fn-group>
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