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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230038i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230038i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Cardiac Tamponade: Initial Clinical Presentation of Fibrosing Mediastinitis</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4867-2952</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Monteiro</surname><given-names>Alu&#xED;sio Jos&#xE9; de O.</given-names><suffix>Neto</suffix></name> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6365-7737</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Delgado</surname><given-names>Vitor Medeiros</given-names></name> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2930-4214</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Leite</surname><given-names>Filipe Melo A.</given-names></name> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4905-2293</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Dutra</surname><given-names>&#xC1;lvaro Braga</given-names></name> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Melo</surname><given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names></name> <role>Conception and design of the research</role> <role>writing of the manuscript</role> <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <role>acquisition of data</role> <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#xED;ba</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Jo&#xE3;o Pessoa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#xED;ba, Jo&#xE3;o Pessoa, PB &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</bold> &#x2022; Universidade Federal da Para&#xED;ba. Av. Maria Rosa, 441. Postal code: <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>; Jo&#xE3;o Pessoa, PB &#x2013; Brazil. E-mail: <email>marcelot@alumni.usp.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by">
<p>Editor responsible for the review: Alexandre Souza</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>02</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230038</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>06</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>19</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>23</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Mediastinitis</kwd>
<kwd>Breast Neoplasms</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiac Tamponade</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="6"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="10"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Fibrosing mediastinitis (FM) is a rare condition characterized by the proliferation of fibrotic tissue in the mediastinum, presenting as a concentrated mass or diffuse infiltration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Clinical conditions can range from benignity to obstruction of critical mediastinal structures, such as vessels, airways, and the esophagus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Common complaints are cough, dyspnea, recurrent pulmonary infection, hemoptysis, and pleuritic pain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pericardial involvement is not frequently reported in the literature. In this article, we describe a rare case of major pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade as an initial presentation of FM in a patient with cancer.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Description</title>
<p>A 64-year-old female patient with hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer of the invasive ductal carcinoma subtype underwent a mastectomy in 2018 and received adjuvant treatment with paclitaxel and trastuzumab, followed by anastrozole. During routine oncology follow-up, a chest radiograph revealed enlargement of the cardiac area. Additional investigation with echocardiography showed significant pericardial effusion with hemodynamic repercussions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Video 1</xref>) requiring urgent pericardial drainage. Pericardial fluid analysis and histology did not indicate neoplastic involvement but showed inflammatory findings. Pericardial fluid cultures were performed and were negative. Following the surgical procedure, the echocardiogram revealed a significant increase in thickness in the right atrium and atrioventricular groove. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest revealed significant evidence of FM, with extensive involvement of the middle and posterior mediastinum, including the arch and descending aorta, and extension into both pleural spaces (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). One year later, the patient continues to receive treatment with anastrozole and colchicine and remains asymptomatic.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Transthoracic echocardiogram showing a large pericardial effusion (A), respiratory variation in tricuspid valve higher than 40% (B), and subxiphoid view of the dilated inferior vena cava greater than 2.1 cm (C).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230038-gf01.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>CECT (mediastinal window). A-C: axial plane, shows a soft-tissue attenuation mass diffusely infiltrating the middle and posterior mediastinum, involving the arch (A) and descending (B) aorta and extending into both pleural spaces (arrows in B). Coronal plane highlighting enlargement and signs of fibrosis in the mediastinal region (C). Maximum intensity projection (MIP) (D), the periaortic mass continued into the upper abdomen encasing and narrowing the origin of celiac trunk (white arrow) and superior mesenteric artery (black arrow).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230038-gf02.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Video 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Two-dimensional echocardiogram showing significant anechoic pericardial effusion with signs of hemodynamic repercussion. Parasternal long-axis view (A); Parasternal short-axis view (B); Apical four-chamber view (C); Subcostal view (D). Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0038_RC_video_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0038_RC_video_1.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
<media id="m1" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230038-m01.mp4">
</media>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>FM is a rare disorder resulting from excessive fibrotic proliferation in the mediastinum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although the pathogenesis of this condition is not fully understood, the most probable cause is an immunological trigger for the proliferation of fibroblast cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> FM can be idiopathic or secondary to other conditions such as infections and malignancies. Infectious causes include tuberculosis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and histoplasmosis, the latter being the most common one, especially in endemic regions. Other conditions associated with FM are radiation therapy, malignancies (especially lymphoma and mesothelioma), sarcoidosis, and medications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In addition to these, some chemotherapy drugs such as paclitaxel, cyclophosphamide, bleomycin, busulfan, carmustine, and gemcitabine are associated with pulmonary fibrosis and may be related to FM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>After left mastectomy, the patient received adjuvant chemotherapy treatment with paclitaxel and trastuzumab, followed by anastrozole, without exposure to other known risk factors for FM. Due to the paucity of publications about FM, epidemiological data are still insufficient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Cardiac tamponade, on the other hand, is caused by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, hindering the physiological functioning of the heart. The most common symptoms are tachypnea, tachycardia, and hemodynamic instability, in addition to an increase in systemic venous pressure. The occurrence of tamponade due to compression of the cardiac chambers by a mass, such as the FM described, is uncommon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Considering the aforementioned, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of FM initially presenting as cardiac tamponade.</p>
<p>Most patients with FM present with signs or symptoms related to obstruction or compression of critical mediastinal structures, such as the central airways, superior vena cava, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries, and the esophagus. The heart, pericardium, coronary arteries, aorta, and aortic branch vessels are much less frequently involved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Interestingly, our patient only presented mild complaints related to large pericardial effusion and the extensive involvement of the mediastinum and retroperitoneum.</p>
<p>Clinical and laboratory findings in FM are nonspecific.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Imaging tests such as chest radiography, contrast-enhanced chest CT, positron emission tomography (PET), and chest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are important to assess the extent of fibrosis and to guide and monitor therapeutic interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, they do not confirm the diagnosis&#x2014;they only suggest it. Confirmation is only possible through histopathological evaluation performed after thoracotomy, as ultrasound- or CT-guided biopsy does not obtain enough fragments for the differential diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>Chest radiography has low sensitivity and specificity for FM. Its findings include mediastinal enlargement, presence of pulmonary infiltrates, and a mediastinal or hilar mass that may or may not contain calcifications, airway narrowing, or septum enlargement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In the present case, the only change in the chest radiograph was an increase in the cardiac area due to pericardial effusion. Contrast-enhanced chest CT is the imaging method of choice for diagnosis, although it does not differentiate between malignant and benign conditions in the absence of clear signs of metastasis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> CT may have a focal or diffuse FM pattern. The focal pattern, marked by the presence of a localized, often calcified mediastinal mass of soft-tissue attenuation in the right paratracheal or subcarinal region, is associated with histoplasmosis. On the other hand, the diffuse pattern is marked by a diffusely infiltrating, often noncalcified mass affecting multiple mediastinal compartments and that may extend into the retroperitoneum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> PET-CT also does not allow the differentiation between malignant and benign causes, but may assist in the diagnosis and determination of target sites for biopsy, in addition to providing information on response to therapeutic interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> MRI is similar to CT in determining the extension and involvement of adjacent structures in FM, but it does not consistently demonstrate calcifications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Unfortunately, echocardiographic evaluation of the mediastinum is challenging. However, some findings, such as pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis, and thickening of cardiac structures surrounding the heart, may be present in FM.</p>
<p>FM usually has an unpredictable course, with spontaneous remission or symptom exacerbation. The most common causes of death are recurrent infection, hemoptysis, or cor pulmonale. The mortality rate of patients with bilateral subcarinal or mediastinal involvement is higher than that of patients with more localized mediastinal or hilar fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Awareness of this condition is low, and it is often suspected only in the presence of clear signs. Although the prognosis tends to be severe, as the diagnosis is often delayed and most patients die due to compression of critical structures within the mediastinum, our patient no longer presents pericardial effusion, and all symptoms have resolved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>FM is a rare and severe disease whose diagnosis is challenging and often delayed. The importance of multimodal imaging, particularly in the oncologic setting, cannot be understated, as it plays a crucial role in the early detection and management of this condition. In terms of prognosis, FM is often associated with a poor outcome, as patients frequently experience compression of critical structures within the mediastinum, resulting in life-threatening complications. Further research and awareness are needed to achieve timely diagnosis and optimize treatment strategies for FM.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn></fn-group>
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<mixed-citation>Atasoy C, Fitoz S, Erguvan B, Akyar S. Tuberculous Fibrosing Mediastinitis: CT and MRI Findings. J Thorac Imaging. 2001;16(3):191-3. doi: 10.1097/00005382-200107000-00011.</mixed-citation></ref>
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<name><surname>Nam</surname><given-names>BD</given-names></name>
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<article-title>Mediastinal and Retroperitoneal Fibrosis as a Manifestation of Breast Cancer Metastasis: A Case Report and Literature Review</article-title>
<source>Medicine (Baltimore)</source>
<year>2018</year>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230038</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Tamponamento Card&#xED;aco: Apresenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o Cl&#xED;nica Inicial de Mediastinite Fibrosante</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4867-2952</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Monteiro</surname><given-names>Alu&#xED;sio Jos&#xE9; de O.</given-names><suffix>Neto</suffix></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6365-7737</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Delgado</surname><given-names>Vitor Medeiros</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2930-4214</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Leite</surname><given-names>Filipe Melo A.</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4905-2293</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Dutra</surname><given-names>&#xC1;lvaro Braga</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Melo</surname><given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Jo&#xE3;o Pessoa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#xED;ba, Jo&#xE3;o Pessoa, PB &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</bold> &#x2022; Universidade Federal da Para&#xED;ba. Av. Maria Rosa, 441. CEP: <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>; Jo&#xE3;o Pessoa, PB &#x2013; Brasil. E-mail: <email>marcelot@alumni.usp.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro n&#xE3;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by">
<p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Alexandre Souza</p></fn></author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Mediastinite</kwd>
<kwd>Neoplasias da Mama</kwd>
<kwd>Tamponamento Card&#xED;aco</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A mediastinite fibrosante (MF) &#xE9; uma condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o rara caracterizada pela prolifera&#xE7;&#xE3;o de tecido fibr&#xF3;tico no mediastino, apresentando-se como uma massa concentrada ou infiltra&#xE7;&#xE3;o difusa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas podem variar de benignidade a obstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o de estruturas mediastinais vitais, como vasos, vias a&#xE9;reas e o es&#xF4;fago.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As queixas comuns s&#xE3;o tosse, dispneia, infec&#xE7;&#xE3;o pulmonar recorrente, hemoptise e dor pleur&#xED;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O envolvimento peric&#xE1;rdico n&#xE3;o &#xE9; relatado com frequ&#xEA;ncia na literatura. Neste relato, descrevemos um caso raro de derrame peric&#xE1;rdico importante com tamponamento card&#xED;aco como apresenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o inicial de MF em uma paciente com c&#xE2;ncer.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Descri&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 64 anos, com c&#xE2;ncer de mama receptor hormonal positivo e receptor do fator de crescimento epid&#xE9;rmico humano 2 positivo do subtipo carcinoma ductal invasivo foi submetida a uma mastectomia em 2018 e recebeu tratamento adjuvante com paclitaxel e trastuzumabe, seguido de anastrozol. Durante o acompanhamento oncol&#xF3;gico de rotina, uma radiografia de t&#xF3;rax revelou aumento da &#xE1;rea card&#xED;aca. Investiga&#xE7;&#xF5;es complementares com ecocardiografia mostraram derrame peric&#xE1;rdico significativo com repercuss&#xF5;es hemodin&#xE2;micas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">V&#xED;deo 1</xref>), exigindo drenagem peric&#xE1;rdica urgente. A an&#xE1;lise e a histologia do l&#xED;quido peric&#xE1;rdico n&#xE3;o indicaram envolvimento neopl&#xE1;sico, mas mostraram achados inflamat&#xF3;rios. Foram realizadas culturas do l&#xED;quido peric&#xE1;rdico, as quais deram negativo. Ap&#xF3;s o procedimento cir&#xFA;rgico, o ecocardiograma revelou um aumento significativo da espessura do &#xE1;trio direito e do sulco atrioventricular. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) do t&#xF3;rax revelou evid&#xEA;ncias significativas de MF, com extenso envolvimento do mediastino m&#xE9;dio e posterior, incluindo o arco e a aorta descendente, e extens&#xE3;o para ambos os espa&#xE7;os pleurais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). Um ano depois, a paciente continua o tratamento com anastrozol e colchicina, permanecendo assintom&#xE1;tica.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#xE1;cico mostrando grande derrame peric&#xE1;rdico (A), varia&#xE7;&#xE3;o respirat&#xF3;ria da valva tric&#xFA;spide maior que 40% (B) e vis&#xE3;o subxif&#xF3;ide da veia cava inferior dilatada maior que 2,1 cm (C).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230038-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>CECT (janela mediastinal). A-C: plano axial, mostra massa de atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o de partes moles infiltrando difusamente o mediastino m&#xE9;dio e posterior, envolvendo o arco (A) e aorta descendente (B) e estendendo-se para ambos os espa&#xE7;os pleurais (setas em B). Plano coronal destacando aumento e sinais de fibrose na regi&#xE3;o mediastinal (C). Proje&#xE7;&#xE3;o de intensidade m&#xE1;xima (PIm&#xE1;x) (D), a massa peria&#xF3;rtica continuava no abdome superior envolvendo e estreitando a origem do tronco cel&#xED;aco (seta branca) e da art&#xE9;ria mesent&#xE9;rica superior (seta preta).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230038-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f6">
<label>V&#xED;deo 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma bidimensional mostrando derrame peric&#xE1;rdico anecoico importante com sinais de repercuss&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica. Vis&#xE3;o paraesternal eixo longo (A); Vis&#xE3;o paraesternal eixo curto (B); Corte apical quatro c&#xE2;maras (C); Vista subcostal (D). Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0038_RC_video_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3603/2023-0038_RC_video_1.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
<media id="m2" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230038-m01.mp4">
</media>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A MF &#xE9; uma doen&#xE7;a rara resultante da prolifera&#xE7;&#xE3;o fibr&#xF3;tica excessiva no mediastino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora a patog&#xEA;nese dessa condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o n&#xE3;o seja totalmente compreendida, a causa mais prov&#xE1;vel &#xE9; um gatilho imunol&#xF3;gico da prolifera&#xE7;&#xE3;o de c&#xE9;lulas fibrobl&#xE1;sticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A MF pode ser idiop&#xE1;tica ou secund&#xE1;ria a outras condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es, como infec&#xE7;&#xF5;es e malignidades. As causas infecciosas incluem tuberculose, aspergilose, criptococose e histoplasmose, a &#xFA;ltima sendo a mais comum, especialmente em regi&#xF5;es end&#xEA;micas. Outras condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es associadas &#xE0; MF s&#xE3;o radioterapia, malignidades (especialmente linfoma e mesotelioma), sarcoidose e medicamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso, alguns quimioter&#xE1;picos, como paclitaxel, ciclofosfamida, bleomicina, bussulfano, carmustina e gemcitabina, est&#xE3;o associados &#xE0; fibrose pulmonar e podem estar relacionados &#xE0; MF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Ap&#xF3;s mastectomia esquerda, a paciente realizou tratamento quimioter&#xE1;pico adjuvante com paclitaxel e trastuzumabe, seguido de anastrozol, sem exposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o a outros fatores de risco conhecidos da MF. Devido &#xE0; escassez de publica&#xE7;&#xF5;es sobre a MF, os dados epidemiol&#xF3;gicos ainda s&#xE3;o insuficientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>O tamponamento card&#xED;aco, por outro lado, &#xE9; causado pelo ac&#xFA;mulo de l&#xED;quido no saco peric&#xE1;rdico, impedindo o funcionamento fisiol&#xF3;gico do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Os sintomas mais comuns s&#xE3;o taquipneia, taquicardia e instabilidade hemodin&#xE2;mica, al&#xE9;m do aumento da press&#xE3;o venosa sist&#xEA;mica. A ocorr&#xEA;ncia de tamponamento devido &#xE0; compress&#xE3;o das c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas por uma massa, como a MF descrita, &#xE9; incomum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Considerando o exposto acima, at&#xE9; onde sabemos, este &#xE9; o primeiro relato na literatura de MF que se apresenta inicialmente como tamponamento card&#xED;aco.</p>
<p>A maioria dos pacientes com MF apresenta sinais ou sintomas relacionados &#xE0; obstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o ou compress&#xE3;o de estruturas mediastinais vitais, como as vias a&#xE9;reas centrais, a veia cava superior, as veias pulmonares, as art&#xE9;rias pulmonares e o es&#xF4;fago. O cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o, o peric&#xE1;rdio, as art&#xE9;rias coron&#xE1;rias, a aorta e os vasos do ramo a&#xF3;rtico s&#xE3;o envolvidos com muito menos frequ&#xEA;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Curiosamente, nossa paciente apresenta apenas queixas leves devido ao significativo derrame peric&#xE1;rdico em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao extenso envolvimento do mediastino e do retroperit&#xF4;nio.</p>
<p>Os achados cl&#xED;nicos e laboratoriais da MF n&#xE3;o s&#xE3;o espec&#xED;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de exames de imagem, como radiografia de t&#xF3;rax, TC de t&#xF3;rax com contraste, tomografia por emiss&#xE3;o de p&#xF3;sitrons (PET) e resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica (RM) de t&#xF3;rax, &#xE9; importante para avaliar a extens&#xE3;o da fibrose e orientar e monitorar as interven&#xE7;&#xF5;es terap&#xEA;uticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, eles n&#xE3;o confirmam o diagn&#xF3;stico, apenas o sugerem. A confirma&#xE7;&#xE3;o s&#xF3; &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel por meio de avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o histopatol&#xF3;gica realizada ap&#xF3;s toracotomia, pois a bi&#xF3;psia guiada por ultrassom ou TC n&#xE3;o obt&#xE9;m fragmentos suficientes para o diagn&#xF3;stico diferencial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>A radiografia de t&#xF3;rax tem baixa sensibilidade e especificidade na detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de MF. Seus achados incluem alargamento do mediastino, presen&#xE7;a de infiltrados pulmonares e uma massa mediastinal ou hilar que pode ou n&#xE3;o conter calcifica&#xE7;&#xF5;es, estreitamento das vias a&#xE9;reas e alargamento do septo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No presente caso, a &#xFA;nica altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o na radiografia de t&#xF3;rax foi um aumento da &#xE1;rea card&#xED;aca devido ao derrame peric&#xE1;rdico. A TC de t&#xF3;rax com contraste &#xE9; o m&#xE9;todo de imagem de escolha para o diagn&#xF3;stico, embora n&#xE3;o diferencie entre condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es malignas e benignas na aus&#xEA;ncia de sinais claros de met&#xE1;stase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A TC pode ter um padr&#xE3;o de MF focal ou difuso. O padr&#xE3;o focal &#xE9; marcado pela presen&#xE7;a de uma massa mediastinal localizada e frequentemente calcificada, com atenua&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos tecidos moles, na regi&#xE3;o paratraqueal ou subcarinal direita e est&#xE1; associado &#xE0; histoplasmose. Por outro lado, um padr&#xE3;o difuso &#xE9; marcado por um massa de infiltra&#xE7;&#xE3;o difusa e frequentemente n&#xE3;o calcificada, que afeta v&#xE1;rios compartimentos mediastinais e pode se estender para o retroperit&#xF4;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os exames de PET tamb&#xE9;m n&#xE3;o permitem a diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre causas malignas e benignas, mas podem auxiliar no diagn&#xF3;stico e a determinar os locais-alvo para bi&#xF3;psia, al&#xE9;m de fornecerem informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es sobre a resposta &#xE0;s interven&#xE7;&#xF5;es terap&#xEA;uticas realizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A RM &#xE9; semelhante &#xE0; TC na determina&#xE7;&#xE3;o da extens&#xE3;o e do envolvimento de estruturas adjacentes na MF, mas n&#xE3;o demonstra calcifica&#xE7;&#xF5;es de forma consistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Infelizmente, a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o ecocardiogr&#xE1;fica do mediastino &#xE9; um desafio. Entretanto, alguns achados, como derrame peric&#xE1;rdico, pericardite constritiva e espessamento das estruturas card&#xED;acs ao redor do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o, podem estar presentes na MF.</p>
<p>Em geral, a MF tem um curso imprevis&#xED;vel, com remiss&#xE3;o espont&#xE2;nea ou exacerba&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos sintomas. As causas mais comuns de morte s&#xE3;o infec&#xE7;&#xE3;o recorrente, hemoptise ou cor pulmonale. A taxa de mortalidade de pacientes com envolvimento subcarinal ou mediastinal bilateral &#xE9; maior do que a de pacientes com fibrose mediastinal ou hilar mais localizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A conscientiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o sobre essa condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9; baixa e, muitas vezes, suspeita-se dela apenas na presen&#xE7;a de sinais claros. Embora o progn&#xF3;stico tenda a ser grave, j&#xE1; que o diagn&#xF3;stico costuma ser tardio e a maioria dos pacientes morre devido &#xE0; compress&#xE3;o de estruturas cr&#xED;ticas no mediastino, nossa paciente n&#xE3;o apresenta mais derrame peric&#xE1;rdico, e todos os sintomas foram resolvidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A MF &#xE9; uma doen&#xE7;a rara e grave, cujo diagn&#xF3;stico &#xE9; desafiador e, muitas vezes, tardio. A import&#xE2;ncia da imagem multimodal, particularmente no cen&#xE1;rio oncol&#xF3;gico, n&#xE3;o pode ser subestimada, pois ela desempenha um papel crucial na detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o precoce e no manejo dessa condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o. O progn&#xF3;stico da MF geralmente est&#xE1; associado a um desfecho desfavor&#xE1;vel, pois os pacientes frequentemente sofrem compress&#xE3;o de estruturas cr&#xED;ticas dentro do mediastino, resultando em complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es com risco de vida. H&#xE1; necessidade de mais pesquisas e conscientiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o para se obter um diagn&#xF3;stico oportuno e otimizar as estrat&#xE9;gias de tratamento da MF.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o Acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn></fn-group>
</back></sub-article>
</article>
