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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230025i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Giant Right Coronary Artery Aneurysm with Arteriovenous Fistula</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0298-8262</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Siqueira</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Eduarda Menezes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-5137-5389</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dias</surname>
						<given-names>Mayra Isabel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7121-9761</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Uski</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Claudia Vincezi Raudan</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4842-8412</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aguiar</surname>
						<given-names>Luciano Figueiredo de</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Catarina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Catarina, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Maria Eduarda Menezes de Siqueira • UNIFESP. Rua Napoleão de Barros. Postal Code: 04080-005. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>dadasiqueira@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Leonardo Sara da Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>26</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230025</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>9</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Coronary Vessel Anomalies</kwd>
				<kwd>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</kwd>
				<kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Right</kwd>
				<kwd>Coronary Aneurysm</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="8"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is defined as a dilation that exceeds the normal diameter of the adjacent artery or the diameter of the patient’s largest coronary artery by 1.5 times.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Some authors consider a giant coronary aneurysm when the diameter is &gt; 20 mm, whereas the American Heart Association defines giant aneurysms as those &gt; 8 mm. Giant CAA is a rare pathology with an approximate incidence of 0.02%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> We report a case of giant right coronary artery aneurysm with fistula to the coronary sinus, appearing as a giant “mass”.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case report</title>
			<p>A 72-year-old female patient was admitted to our service with asthenia, dyspnea, mental confusion, and weight loss. She had a previous history of systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, and Alzheimer’s disease. She was on Aradois 50 mg/day, Syntroid 25 mcg, and a multivitamin. Upon physical examination, she had normal hemodynamic parameters (heart rate 75 bpm and blood pressure 118/81 mmHg), low oxygen saturation (80%), and temperature of 36 °C. To assist diagnosis, chest computed tomography angiography was requested, revealing findings compatible with bilateral acute pulmonary thromboembolism, in addition to right coronary artery ectasia with a voluminous rounded mass in the distal segment, of undetermined etiology. Investigation continued with angiotomography of the coronary arteries. The study was conducted on a 320-channel scanner (Aquilion One/Prism, Canon), showing significant right coronary artery ectasia (10 mm in diameter), calcified plaques that did not promote significant luminal reduction, and a large, partially thrombosed aneurysmal formation in the distal third measuring 80 × 67 mm. Communication between the aneurysm and the coronary sinus (arteriovenous fistula) was also observed ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> , and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref> ). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed, corroborating the diagnosis of CAA and demonstrating compression of the right ventricle by the voluminous mass with preserved biventricular function, in addition to the absence of myocardial fibrosis/necrosis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> ). Surgical correction of the CAA was indicated; however, due to the patient’s age and comorbidities, family members opted for expectant treatment. One year after diagnosis, the patient had an episode of chest pain and was hospitalized with suspected coronary syndrome. Coronary cineangiography was performed, without signs of obstructive coronary disease, and, in this study, the CAA was not characterized ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref> ). It should be noted that cases of aneurysm filled with thrombus may not be detected by invasive coronary angiography.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Axial view of angiotomography demonstrating the voluminous aneurysm (red star), right coronary artery ectasia (red arrow), and dilated coronary sinus communicating with the aneurysm (yellow arrow). LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230025-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Three-dimensional reconstruction of angiotomography showing dilated coronary sinus (green arrow) and giant right coronary artery aneurysm.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230025-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Three-dimensional reconstruction of angiotomography showing ectasia and giant right coronary artery aneurysm.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230025-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Short-axis cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showing the voluminous right coronary artery aneurysm (red star). LV: left ventricle;RV: right ventricle.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230025-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f05">
					<label>Figure 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Coronary cineangiography demonstrating right coronary artery ectasia, with no evidence of aneurysm in the study.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230025-gf05.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>The most frequent etiology of CAA is atherosclerotic (likely etiology of the reported case). Other causes include congenital heart disease (for example, Kawasaki disease), trauma, percutaneous coronary intervention, arteritis (for example, syphilis or Takayasu arteritis), mycotic infection, and connective tissue disorders (for example, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The most affected sites are the proximal and middle portions of the right coronary artery and the proximal portion of the anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Most patients with CAA have asymptomatic clinical presentation, and detection occurs as an incidental finding during imaging tests. When symptomatic, these aneurysms may present as acute coronary syndromes or mimic other conditions, such as ascending aorta or pulmonary trunk aneurysms, pericardial cysts, cardiac tumors, and thymomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Myocardial infarction may occur due to low-flow state ischemia, thrombosis, or distal embolization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Fistulas between the aneurysm and a cardiac chamber are also possible complications depending on the size of the aneurysmal sac. The association of CAA with coronary sinus fistula is not uncommon, with some cases already described in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Diagnosis is made by angiotomography of the coronary arteries or by invasive angiography. Clinical management can vary from the pharmacological approach with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents to endovascular management with stents, or even surgery with resection and graft reconstruction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rihal</surname>
							<given-names>CS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alkhouli</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Management of Coronary Artery Aneurysms</article-title>
					<source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>13</issue>
					<fpage>1211</fpage>
					<lpage>1223</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2018.02.041</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230025</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Aneurisma Gigante de Artéria Coronária Direita com Fístula Arteriovenosa</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0298-8262</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Siqueira</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Eduarda Menezes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-5137-5389</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dias</surname>
						<given-names>Mayra Isabel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7121-9761</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Uski</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Claudia Vincezi Raudan</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4842-8412</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aguiar</surname>
						<given-names>Luciano Figueiredo de</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Catarina, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Maria Eduarda Menezes de Siqueira • UNIFESP. Rua Napoleão de Barros. CEP: 04080-005. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: dadasiqueira@yahoo.com.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Leonardo Sara da Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Anomalias dos Vasos Coronários</kwd>
				<kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X</kwd>
				<kwd>Disfunção Ventricular Direita</kwd>
				<kwd>Aneurisma Coronário</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Aneurisma de artéria coronária (AAC) é definido como uma dilatação que excede o diâmetro normal da artéria adjacente ou o diâmetro da maior artéria coronária do paciente em 1,5 vezes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Alguns autores consideram aneurisma de coronária gigante quando o diâmetro é &gt; 20 mm, enquanto a American Heart Association define aneurisma gigante como aqueles &gt; 8 mm. AAC gigante é uma patologia rara com incidência aproximada de 0,02%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Relataremos um caso de aneurisma gigante de artéria coronária direita com fístula para o seio coronário apresentando-se como uma “massa” gigante.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato do caso</title>
				<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 72 anos, admitida em nosso serviço com quadro de astenia, dispneia, confusão mental e perda ponderal. Apresentava história prévia de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes mellitus, hipotireoidismo e doença de Alzheimer. Estava em uso de Aradois 50 mg/dia, Syntroid 25 mcg e multivitamínico. Ao exame físico apresentava parâmetros hemodinâmicos normais (frequência cardíaca 75 bpm, pressão arterial 118/81 mmHg), saturação baixa de oxigênio (80%) e temperatura de 36 °C. Como complementação diagnóstica foi solicitada angiotomografia computadorizada do tórax revelando achados compatíveis com tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo bilateral além de ectasia da coronária direita com volumosa massa arredondada em seu segmento distal, de etiologia indeterminada. Prosseguiu-se com investigação através de angiotomografia de coronárias. O estudo foi realizado em tomógrafo de 320 canais (Aquilion One/Prism, Canon) e demonstrou ectasia importante da coronária direita (10 mm de diâmetro), placas calcificadas sem promover redução luminal importante e volumosa formação aneurismática em seu terço distal, parcialmente trombosada, medindo 80 × 67 mm. Observou-se também comunicação do aneurisma com o seio coronário (fístula arteriovenosa) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figuras 1</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">3</xref> ). Foi realizada ressonância magnética cardíaca que corroborou o diagnóstico de AAC e demonstrou compressão do ventrículo direito pela volumosa massa com função biventricular preservada, além de ausência de fibrose/necrose miocárdica ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref> ). Foi indicada correção cirúrgica do AAC, porém, pela idade e comorbidades da paciente, familiares optaram por tratamento expectante. Após um ano do diagnóstico, a paciente apresentou um episódio de dor torácica e foi internada com suspeita de síndrome coronariana. Foi realizada cineangiocoronariografia sem sinais de doença coronária obstrutiva e, neste estudo, o AAC não foi caracterizado ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 5</xref> ). Salienta-se que nos casos de aneurisma preenchidos com trombo, os mesmos podem não ser detectados pela coronariografia invasiva.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Corte axial da angiotomografia demonstrando o volumoso aneurisma (estrela vermelha), ectasia da artéria coronária direita (seta vermelha) e seio coronário dilatado comunicando-se com o aneurisma (seta amarela). VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230025-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Reconstrução tridimensional da angiotomografia demonstrando o seio coronário dilatado (seta verde) e o aneurisma gigante de artéria coronária direita (estrela vermelha).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230025-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Reconstrução tridimensional da angiotomografia demonstrando ectasia e o aneurisma gigante de artéria coronária direita. CO: coronário.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230025-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ressonância magnética cardíaca corte em eixo curto evidenciando o volumoso aneurisma de artéria coronária direita (estrela vermelha). VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230025-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05002">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Cineangiocoronariografia demonstrando artéria coronária direita ectasiada sem evidência de aneurisma no estudo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-03-e20230025-gf05-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A etiologia mais frequente de AAC é a aterosclerótica (provável etiologia do caso relatado). Outras causas incluem doença cardíaca congênita (por exemplo, doença de Kawasaki), trauma, intervenção coronária percutânea, arterite (por exemplo, sífilis, Takayasu), infecção (micótica) e distúrbios do tecido conjuntivo (síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os locais mais acometidos são as porções proximal e média da artéria coronária direita e a porção proximal das artérias coronárias descendente anterior e circunflexa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A maioria dos pacientes portadores de AAC tem apresentação clínica assintomática, sendo a detecção um achado incidental durante exames de imagem. Quando sintomáticos, esses aneurismas podem se apresentar como síndromes coronarianas agudas ou mimetizar outras condições, como aneurismas de aorta ascendente ou de tronco pulmonar, cistos pericárdicos, tumores cardíacos e timomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Infarto do miocárdio pode ocorrer devido à isquemia por estado de baixo fluxo, trombose ou embolização distal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Fístulas entre o aneurisma e alguma câmara cardíaca também são complicações possíveis dependendo do tamanho do saco aneurismático. A associação de AAC com fístula para o seio coronário não é incomum com alguns casos já descritos na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O diagnóstico é feito por angiotomografia de coronárias ou invasivamente pela angiografia. O manejo clínico pode variar desde a abordagem farmacológica com anticoagulantes e antiagregantes plaquetários ao manejo endovascular com <italic>stents</italic> , ou ainda de forma cirúrgica por ressecção e reconstrução com enxerto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento : O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>