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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023373i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Long-Term Evolution of Patients with Important Pulmonary Hypertension due to Schistosomiasis</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2214-203X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Del Castillo</surname>
						<given-names>José Maria</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-2027-9940</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Katarina Barros de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-6906-5676</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Travassos</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Ricardo de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-2256-0512</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bandeira</surname>
						<given-names>Ângela Maria Pontes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-4650-7857</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silveira</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Antônio da Mota</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-4615-9934</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brindeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Djair</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Escola de Ecografia de Pernambuco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola de Ecografia de Pernambuco (ECOPE), Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Católica de Pernambuco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP), Recife, PE – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UPE</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), UPE, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: José Maria Del Castillo • Rua Jorge de Lima, 245, apto 303. Salute. Postal code: 51160-070. Imbiribeira, Recife, PE – Brazil E-mail: <email>castillojmd@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>24</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e2023373</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>1</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction</title>
					<p> Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni, associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), causes cardiac chamber remodeling. Little is known about its long-term evolution.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To evaluate the alterations caused by PAH in patients with schistosomiasis and analyze the clinical and echocardiographic evolution over a period of 10 years.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> The study included 60 patients with PAH due to schistosomiasis and 50 healthy control patients. Clinical and echocardiographic data were evaluated, including dimensions, parietal thickness, function of the right and left chambers, and parameters of myocardial strain. Patients in the group with PAH due to schistosomiasis were followed for 10 years. Data were compared using Student’s t test for unpaired samples with significance level of &lt; 5%.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> Patients with PAH had smaller left ventricular dimension without alteration in the ejection fraction, but with decreased left ventricular global longitudinal strain and left atrial reservoir strain. The right ventricular dimensions and parietal thickness were increased, and the parameters of systolic function (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, fractional area change, tricuspid s’ wave, and the right ventricular global longitudinal strain) were significantly reduced. During the follow-up period, 18 patients (32%) died, and death was associated with higher functional class, decreased right ventricular longitudinal strain, larger right ventricular size, decreased fractional area change, and decreased tricuspid annular s’ wave velocity.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> PAH related to schistosomiasis causes remodeling of the right chambers, with decreased parameters of systolic function and myocardial strain. The long-term evolution, with elevated mortality, presents with larger right ventricular dimensions, lower fractional area change, lower tricuspid annular systolic velocity, lower right ventricular global longitudinal strain, and more advanced functional class.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
				<kwd>Schistosomiasis</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="4"/>
				<ref-count count="15"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Schistosomiasis is considered a neglected tropical disease<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> originally from North Africa, caused by trematodes of the genus <italic>schistosoma</italic>, comprising several species. <italic>Schistosoma mansoni</italic> is the only one that exists in South and Central America, and it was likely introduced during the era of slavery. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is widespread throughout almost all of Brazilian territory, especially in the Northeast Region, and it presents several clinical forms. The main ones are the initial phase, predominantly characterized by allergic manifestations due to the entry of cercariae transmitted into the water by snails of the <italic>biomphalaria</italic> species, and the late phase. During the late phase, the most frequent forms are hepatointestinal and hepatic, generally with few symptoms, and the hepatosplenic form, which may be compensated, decompensated, or complicated, and may progress to portal hypertension, splenomegaly, esophageal varices, and ascites. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Approximately 10% of patients with the hepatosplenic form have the vasculopulmonary form, with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension, caused by obstruction of pulmonary arterioles by eggs, dead worms, and/or pulmonary vasculitis due to immune complexes. In more severe cases, there may be cyanosis due to the presence of fistulas between the portal system and the pulmonary veins. It causes major dilation of the right chambers and the pulmonary artery, and little is known about its long-term evolution, even with treatment with pulmonary vasodilators. Other rarer complications are renal, neurological, pseudoneoplastic, and lymphoproliferative. The diagnosis can be direct (visualization of <italic>S. mansoni</italic> eggs in feces or tissues) or indirect (based on immunological tests such as ELISA, periovular reaction, and intradermal reaction). Abdominal ultrasonography is particularly useful in the hepatosplenic form, because, in severe cases, it provides evidence of Symmers’ hepatic fibrosis with greater sensitivity than percutaneous biopsy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The method of choice to assess pulmonary hypertension and its cardiac repercussions is Doppler echocardiography, allowing estimation of pulmonary pressures, dimensions, parietal thickness, and systolic function of the right ventricle (RV). Based on this fact, the objective of this study was to evaluate, through clinical and echocardiographic data, the long-term evolution of patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and pulmonary hypertension.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Material and methods</title>
			<p>This prospective longitudinal study studied 60 patients diagnosed with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis with pulmonary hypertension (PAH group) for a period of 10 years (between January 2012 and June 2022). For comparison, 50 healthy individuals in the same age group (control group) were studied.</p>
			<p>All patients were clinically stratified according to New York Heart Association functional class (FC).</p>
			<p>The exclusion criteria for the PAH group were the absence of direct or laboratory diagnosis of schistosomiasis; the occurrence of previous pulmonary disease, with or without pulmonary hypertension; any type of congenital heart disease; and patients who did not complete clinical follow-up.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiographic analysis</title>
				<p>Using conventional echocardiography, the following data were evaluated: dimensions and function of the left chambers; mean left atrial (LA) pressure using the ratio between the mitral E wave and the mean e’ wave of the mitral annulus by tissue Doppler (E/e’); dimensions and function of the right chambers by tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), RV fractional area change, and tricuspid annular s’ wave; RV systolic pressure by tricuspid regurgitation gradient; pulmonary vascular resistance in Wood units; and the relative RV thickness, by the quotient between the basal RV diameter and the thickness of the RV lateral wall. All measurements were taken according to American Society of Echocardiography recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The following formula was used to assess RV systolic pressure:</p>
				<disp-formula id="e1">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mtext> RVSP </mml:mtext>
						<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
						<mml:msup>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
						</mml:msup>
						<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
						<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
				<p>RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure; TRV: maximal tricuspid regurgitation velocity.</p>
				<p>The following formula was used to assess pulmonary vascular resistance:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<disp-formula id="e2">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
						</mml:mrow>
						<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mtext>RVOT </mml:mtext>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
						</mml:mrow>
						<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
						<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
						<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
						<mml:mn>0.16</mml:mn>
					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
				<p>PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity; TVI<sub>RVOT</sub>: right ventricular outflow tract time-velocity integral.</p>
				<p>Using the speckle tracking method, the longitudinal strain of the ventricular and atrial chambers was evaluated. To obtain the global longitudinal strain of the left ventricle (LV), the apical 4-, 2- and 3-chamber views were used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> To obtain the global longitudinal strain of the RV, the apical 4-chamber view focused on this cavity was used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The apical 4-chamber view aligned with the atrial cavities was used to obtain the longitudinal strain of the reservoir of the LA <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and right atrium (RA). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In a prospective analysis, the outcome and evolution of the patients was determined by studying the clinical records and the echocardiographic examinations performed during the study period.</p>
				<p>Echocardiographic examinations were performed using CX50 and Affiniti 70 equipment (Philips, Andover, MA) by a single examiner. Qlab 15 (Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. 2020) software was used for the analysis of strain data stored in DICOM format.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>Study sample size was defined by convenience. The data, between the first examination of patients in the PAH group, expressed as mean and standard deviation of the mean, were compared with those of individuals in the control group using Student’s t test for unpaired samples, with a statistical significance level of &lt; 5 %. To verify the homoscedasticity between numerical data, analysis of variances was performed (Z test). For all statistical measurements, the Bioestat 5.0 program was used.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>The mean age at the time of the first examination was 48 ± 12 years, with 38 female patients and 22 male patients. The control group included 50 healthy individuals in the same age group (49 ± 17 years, 30 females and 20 males).</p>
			<p>The demographic data of the control and PAH groups are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, where LV diastolic diameter and LV mass index were reduced in the PAH group.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Demographic data and dimensions of the left chambers, n (%) or mean ± standard deviation</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Group</th>
								<th>Sex</th>
								<th>Age (years)</th>
								<th>BSA (m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
								<th>LVDD (mm)</th>
								<th>LVMI (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
								<th>LVEF (%)</th>
								<th>LAVi (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Control</td>
								<td align="center">M 20(41%) F 30(59%)</td>
								<td align="center">48.95 (±17.45)</td>
								<td align="center">1.75 (±0.19)</td>
								<td align="center">49.41 (±3.84)</td>
								<td align="center">83.48 (±24.36)</td>
								<td align="center">58.68 (±5.07)</td>
								<td align="center">24.09 (±4.39)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>PAH</td>
								<td align="center">M 22(37%) F 38 (63%)</td>
								<td align="center">48.49 (±12.01)</td>
								<td align="center">1.67 (±0.20)</td>
								<td align="center">44.57 (±6.20)</td>
								<td align="center">72.71 (±19.33)</td>
								<td align="center">59.65 (±6.59)</td>
								<td align="center">21.10 (±14.05)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>P value</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">0.44</td>
								<td align="center">0.06</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.29</td>
								<td align="center">0.07</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>BSA: body surface area; F: female sex; LAVi: indexed left atrial volume; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; M: male sex; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> displays data on diastolic function, RV parameters, and RV systolic pressure in the control and PAH groups, showing a decrease in the mitral E wave and the e’ wave by tissue Doppler in the PAH group, with normal E/e’ ratio, decreased tricuspid annular s’ wave velocity, and increased RV systolic pressure.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Data obtained with flow Doppler and tissue Doppler echocardiography, mean ± standard deviation</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Group</th>
								<th>Mitral E wave (cm/s)</th>
								<th>TD e’ wave (cm/s)</th>
								<th>E/e’ ratio</th>
								<th>PCP (mmHg)</th>
								<th>TV s’ wave (cm/s)</th>
								<th>TRV (m/s)</th>
								<th>RVSP (mmHg)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Control</td>
								<td align="center">84.78 (±13.48)</td>
								<td align="center">15.38 (±3.14)</td>
								<td align="center">5.82 (±1.81)</td>
								<td align="center">7.1 (±1.9)</td>
								<td align="center">15.00 (±1.31)</td>
								<td align="center">2.63 (±0.15)</td>
								<td align="center">32.55 (±2.94)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>PAH</td>
								<td align="center">63.66 (±18.15)</td>
								<td align="center">11.40 (±3.45)</td>
								<td align="center">5.89 (±1.84)</td>
								<td align="center">8.5 (±2.1)</td>
								<td align="center">9.80 (±2.40)</td>
								<td align="center">4.23 (±0.78)</td>
								<td align="center">89.52 (±21.92)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>P value</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">0.44</td>
								<td align="center">0.74</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; PCP: pulmonary capillary pressure; RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure; TD: tissue Doppler; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity; TV: tricuspid valve.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> displays the dimensions and function of the RV and the indexed RA volume in the control and PAH groups, with increased diameters, increased RV thickness, increased RA volume, decreased RV function parameters, and increased pulmonary resistance in the PAH group.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Dimensions and functional parameters of the right chambers, mean ± standard deviation</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Group</th>
								<th>RV basal diameter (mm)</th>
								<th>RV thickness (mm)</th>
								<th>RV FAC (%)</th>
								<th>TAPSE (cm)</th>
								<th>RRVT</th>
								<th>PVR (Wood units)</th>
								<th>RAVi mL/m<sup>2</sup></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Control</td>
								<td align="center">32.52 (±4.40)</td>
								<td align="center">5.06 (±0.62)</td>
								<td align="center">46.58 (±4.63)</td>
								<td align="center">2.25 (±0.38)</td>
								<td align="center">0.16 (±0.02)</td>
								<td align="center">1.25 (±0.61)</td>
								<td align="center">24.465 (±4.22)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>PAH</td>
								<td align="center">43.80 (5.68)</td>
								<td align="center">8.93 (±2.04)</td>
								<td align="center">28.21 (±10.71)</td>
								<td align="center">1.9 (±0.46)</td>
								<td align="center">0.24 (±0.11)</td>
								<td align="center">3.51 (±1.42)</td>
								<td align="center">55.67 (±35.74)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>P value</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">0.0011</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>FAC: fractional area change; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; RAVi: indexed right atrial volume; RV: right ventricle; RRVT: relative right ventricular thickness; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the parameters of myocardial strain of the ventricles and atria, with a decrease in strain observed in all cavities in the PAH group.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Strain data of right and left chambers, mean ± standard deviation</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Group</th>
								<th>LV GLS (%)</th>
								<th>LA LS (%)</th>
								<th>RV GLS (%)</th>
								<th>RA LS (%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Control</td>
								<td align="center">-19.96 (±1.0)</td>
								<td align="center">37.74 (±10.84)</td>
								<td align="center">-28.80 (±8.56)</td>
								<td align="center">40.18 (±13.01)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>PAH</td>
								<td align="center">-17.27 (±4.65)</td>
								<td align="center">30.84 (±15.8)</td>
								<td align="center">-12.9 (±7.9)</td>
								<td align="center">20.9 (±8.5)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>P value</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>LA LS: left atrial reservoir longitudinal strain; LV GLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; RA LS: right atrial reservoir longitudinal strain; RV GLS: right ventricular global longitudinal strain.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Graph 1</xref> shows that, from January 2012 to June 2022, 18 patients died (32%). In this group there were no patients in FC I. There were 3 patients in FC II, 9 in FC III, and 6 in FC IV. Among the 42 surviving patients who remained under treatment with pulmonary vasodilators, there were 7 patients in FC I, 29 in FC II, 6 in FC III, and no patients in FC IV. Patients who died had a significantly lower mean age (45.7 ± 13.1 years versus 51.1 ± 10.8 years, p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Graph 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Pulmonary hypertension outcome. FC: functional class.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e373-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Regarding the echocardiographic parameters, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Graph 2</xref>, the patients who died had larger RV diameter (44.9 ± 9 mm versus 40.8 ± 5 mm, p &lt; 0.0001), lower RV fractional area change (25.7% ± 9.2% versus 29.5% ± 10.2%, p &lt; 0.0001), lower tricuspid annular s’ wave (9.7 ± 2.1 cm/s versus 11.6 ± 2.6 cm/s, p &lt; 0.0001), lower absolute RV global longitudinal strain (−12.4 ± 5.3% versus −17.3 ± 4.5%, p &lt; 0.0001), and lower absolute LV global longitudinal strain (−14.2% ± 3.9% versus −16.7% ± 3.4%, p &lt; 0.0001). TAPSE, relative thickness of the RV walls, and tricuspid regurgitation velocity did not show significant differences.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Graph 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Pulmonary hypertension Echocardiographic parameters of the right ventricle. DdVD: diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo direito; FAC: mudança da área fracional;FAC: fractional area change; RVDD: right ventricular diastolic diameter; RVGLS: right ventricular global longitudinal strain.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e373-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>When comparing patients with pulmonary hypertension due to schistosomiasis with healthy individuals, we observed a decrease in LV size and mass index, probably due to RV dilation that pushes the interventricular septum. The ejection fraction did not change, but LV longitudinal strain was significantly reduced, suggesting that there is also subclinical systolic dysfunction in this cavity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This condition has been observed in other studies, indicating that myocardial involvement is not restricted to the right cavities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> With regard to diastolic function, there was a significant decrease in the velocity of the mitral E wave and mean e’ wave by tissue Doppler in patients with PAH; however, the E/e’ ratio was normal, allowing estimation of mean LA pressure within the normal values, which characterizes pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension. Tricuspid regurgitation velocity and, consequently, RV systolic pressure were significantly increased, characterizing pulmonary hypertension. We did not use correction with diameter and expansion of the inferior vena cava due to the great variability of this measurement, which makes it unreliable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>When we evaluated the right cavities, the differences were more evident, with important dilation of the cavity, increased lateral wall thickness, and decreased functional parameters (RV fractional area change, tricuspid annular s’ wave velocity, and TAPSE), RA dilation, and significantly increased pulmonary resistance.</p>
			<p>Relative RV thickness, determined by the quotient between the basal RV diameter and the diastolic thickness of the lateral wall, obtained from the subcostal position, was significantly increased, as a response to the remodeling of the cavity caused by the pressure overload, translating the relationship between the diameter of the cavity and wall thickness. The RV has the particularity of remodeling by simultaneously increasing cavity size and wall thickness, in both pressure and volume overload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Under physiological conditions, relative RV thickness is low, adapted to the low pressure of the right cavities. Under pressure overload, the relationship between cavity dilation and wall thickness reflects the degree of concentric or eccentric remodeling that occurs in response to increased pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> One study used relative thickness of the RV, analogously to that of the LV, to determine the type of remodeling in this cavity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The greater the predominance of hypertrophy at the expense of cavity dilation (concentric remodeling), the more favorable the evolution of patients. The cutoff value used to detect better survival was ≥ 0.21. In the present study, we were unable to verify this condition, because there was no significant difference between survivors (whose relative RV thickness was 0.22 ± 0.05) and patients who died (whose relative RV thickness was 0.21 ± 0.05).</p>
			<p>All myocardial strain parameters were reduced. In addition to LV longitudinal strain, LA reservoir longitudinal strain was decreased, although still within normal limits. The global longitudinal strain of the RV and RA were markedly reduced, indicating systolic dysfunction of the right cavities observed on the echocardiogram. The longitudinal strain values of the RV lateral wall were not used because, in this study, there were no relevant differences in relation to the global longitudinal strain of this chamber.</p>
			<p>When we compare the results of the patients who died with those who survived, in addition to FC, where all patients in FC IV died, while no patient in FC I had this outcome (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Graph 1</xref>), RV dimensions, RV fractional area change, tricuspid annular s’ wave velocity, RV global longitudinal strain, and LV global longitudinal strain showed a significant relation with death (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Graph 2</xref>). The decrease in LV longitudinal strain may be related to the greater severity of pulmonary hypertension which, by affecting the RV musculature, also decreases LV systolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Pulmonary hypertension related to the hepatosplenic form of schistosomiasis causes remodeling of the right chambers, with decreased parameters of RV systolic function and myocardial strain. Patients who died during the 10-year follow-up showed larger RV dimensions, lower fractional area change, lower tricuspid annular systolic velocity, lower RV global longitudinal strain, and more advanced functional class.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding : There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023373</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Evolução de Longo Prazo de Pacientes com Hipertensão Pulmonar Importante por Esquistossomose</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2214-203X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Del Castillo</surname>
						<given-names>José Maria</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa,obtenção de dados,análise e interpretação dos dados,análise estatística e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-2027-9940</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Katarina Barros de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa,obtenção de dados,análise e interpretação dos dados,revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-6906-5676</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Travassos</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Ricardo de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados,revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-2256-0512</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bandeira</surname>
						<given-names>Ângela Maria Pontes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa,obtenção de dados,revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-4650-7857</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silveira</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Antônio da Mota</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados,revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-4615-9934</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brindeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Djair</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa,obtenção de dados,revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola de Ecografia de Pernambuco (ECOPE), Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP), Recife, PE – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), UPE, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: José Maria Del Castillo • Rua Jorge de Lima, 245, apto 303. Salute. CEP: 51160-070. Imbiribeira, Recife, PE – Brasil E-mail: castillojmd@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introdução</title>
					<p> A esquistossomose mansoni hepatoesplênica, associada com hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP), provoca remodelamento das câmaras cardíacas. Sua evolução a longo prazo é pouco conhecida.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Avaliar as alterações provocadas pela HAP em pacientes com esquistossomose e analisar a evolução clínica e ecocardiográfica por um período de 10 anos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Foram estudados 60 pacientes com HAP por esquistossomose e 50 indivíduos controle sadios. Avaliaram-se dados clínicos e ecocardiográficos como dimensões, espessura parietal e função das câmaras direitas e esquerdas e parâmetros de deformação miocárdica. Os pacientes do grupo HAP por esquistossomose foram acompanhados por 10 anos. Os dados foram comparados pelo teste t de Student para amostras não pareadas com significância &lt; 5%.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Os pacientes com HAP apresentavam menor dimensão do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) sem alteração da fração de ejeção, mas com diminuição do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do VE e do <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório do átrio esquerdo (AE). As dimensões e espessura parietal do ventrículo direito (VD) estavam aumentadas e os parâmetros de função sistólica (excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide [TAPSE], mudança da área fracional, onda s’ tricúspide e strain longitudinal global do VD) apresentaram-se significativamente diminuídos. Durante o período de acompanhamento, 18 pacientes (32%) evoluíram para óbito, condição associada com maior classe funcional (CF), diminuição do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do VD, maior tamanho do VD, diminuição da mudança da área fracional e da velocidade da onda s’ do anel tricúspide.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> A HAP relacionada à esquistossomose provoca remodelamento das câmaras direitas, com diminuição dos parâmetros de função sistólica e deformação miocárdica. A evolução a longo prazo, com elevada mortalidade, apresenta-se com maiores dimensões do VD, menores valores da mudança da área fracional, velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide e deformação longitudinal global do VD, além de CF mais avançada.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Hipertensão Pulmonar</kwd>
				<kwd>Esquistossomose</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A esquistossomose é considerada uma doença tropical negligenciada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> originária do norte da África, causada por trematódeos do género <italic>schistosoma</italic>, compreendendo várias espécies, entre as quais o <italic>schistosoma mansoni</italic> é a única existente nas américas do sul e central, provavelmente introduzida na época da escravidão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Difundida em quase todo o território nacional, principalmente na região nordeste, apresenta várias formas clínicas. As principais são a fase inicial, onde predominam as manifestações alérgicas decorrentes da entrada das cercárias transmitidas na água por caramujos da espécie <italic>biomphalária</italic> e a fase tardia. Nesta última, as mais frequentes são as formas hepatointestinal e hepática, em geral pouco sintomáticas, e a forma hepatoesplênica, que pode se apresentar compensada, descompensada ou complicada, podendo evoluir para hipertensão portal, esplenomegalia, varizes esofágicas e ascite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em torno de 10% dos pacientes com a forma hepatoesplênica apresentam a forma vasculopulmonar, com hipertensão pulmonar do tipo pré-capilar, provocada por obstrução das arteríolas pulmonares por ovos, vermes mortos e/ou vasculite pulmonar por imunocomplexos. Em casos mais graves pode haver cianose devido à presença de fístulas entre o sistema porta e as veias pulmonares. Provoca grande dilatação das câmaras direitas e da artéria pulmonar, e sua evolução a longo prazo, mesmo com tratamento com vasodilatadores da circulação pulmonar, é pouco conhecida. Outras complicações, mais raras, são a renal, neurológica, pseudoneoplásica e linfoproliferativa. O diagnóstico pode ser direto (visualização dos ovos do <italic>S. mansoni</italic> nas fezes ou tecidos) ou indireto (baseados em testes imunológicos como ELISA, reação periovular e intradermorreação). A ultrassonografia abdominal é particularmente útil na forma hepatoesplênica, pois nos casos graves evidencia a fibrose hepática de Symmers com maior sensibilidade do que a biópsia percutânea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O método de escolha para avaliar a hipertensão pulmonar e suas repercussões cardíacas é a ecocardiografia com Doppler, permitindo estimar as pressões pulmonares, dimensões, espessura parietal e função sistólica do ventrículo direito (VD). Baseado nesse fato, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, através de dados clínicos e ecocardiográficos, a evolução a longo prazo de pacientes com esquistossomose hepatoesplênica e com hipertensão pulmonar.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Material e métodos</title>
				<p>Estudo longitudinal prospectivo no qual foram estudados 60 pacientes com diagnóstico de esquistossomose hepatoesplênica com hipertensão pulmonar (grupo HAP) por um período de 10 anos (entre janeiro de 2012 e junho de 2022). Para comparação, foram estudados 50 indivíduos sadios da mesma faixa etária (grupo Controle).</p>
				<p>Todos os pacientes foram estratificados clinicamente pela classe funcional (CF) de acordo com a classificação da New York Heart Association.</p>
				<p>Foram critérios de exclusão do grupo HAP a ausência de diagnóstico direto ou laboratorial de esquistossomose, a ocorrência de doença pulmonar prévia, com ou sem hipertensão pulmonar, qualquer tipo de cardiopatia congênita e pacientes que não realizaram acompanhamento clínico.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise ecocardiográfica</title>
					<p>Com ecocardiografia convencional foram avaliados os seguintes dados: dimensões e função das câmaras esquerdas, a pressão média do átrio esquerdo (AE) utilizando a relação entre a velocidade da onda E mitral e a onda e’ média do Doppler tissular do anel mitral (E/e’), dimensões e função das câmaras direitas através da excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide (TAPSE), mudança da área fracional do VD e onda s’ do anel tricúspide, pressão sistólica do VD pelo gradiente de refluxo tricúspide, resistência vascular pulmonar (RVP) em unidades Wood e a espessura relativa do VD, pelo quociente entre o diâmetro basal do VD e a espessura da parede lateral do VD. Todas as medidas foram aferidas conforme as recomendações da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Para avaliação da pressão sistólica do VD foi utilizada a fórmula:</p>
					<disp-formula id="e1002">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>⋅</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
					<p>PSVD: pressão sistólica do ventrículo direito; Vrt: velocidade máxima de refluxo tricúspide.</p>
					<p>Para avaliação da RVP foi utilizada a fórmula:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<disp-formula id="e2002">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mo>⋅</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:mo>⋅</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
							<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>16</mml:mn>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
					<p>RVP: resistência vascular pulmonar; Vrt: velocidade de refluxo tricúspide; VTI<sub>VSVD</sub>: integral da velocidade de fluxo na via de saída do ventrículo direito.</p>
					<p>Com a metodologia do speckle tracking foi avaliada a deformação longitudinal das câmaras ventriculares e atriais. Para obter o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) foram utilizados os cortes apicais de 4, 2 e 3 câmaras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Para obter o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do VD foi utilizado o corte apical de 4 câmaras orientado para essa cavidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Para obter o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal de reservatório do AE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e do átrio direito (AD)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> foi utilizado o corte apical de 4 câmaras alinhado com as cavidades atriais.</p>
					<p>Em análise prospectiva foi determinado o desfecho e evolução dos pacientes pela pesquisa da ficha clínica e dos exames ecocardiográficos realizados durante o período do estudo.</p>
					<p>Os exames ecocardiográficos foram realizados em equipamentos CX50 e Affiniti 70 (Philips, Andover, MA) por um único examinador. O software utilizado para a análise dos dados da deformação armazenados em formato DICOM, foi o Qlab 15 (Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. 2020).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>O tamanho da amostra do estudo foi definido por conveniência. Os dados, entre o primeiro exame dos pacientes do grupo HAP, expressos em média e desvio-padrão da média, foram comparados com os dos indivíduos do grupo Controle utilizando o teste t de Student para amostras não pareadas, com nível de significância estatística &lt; 5%. Para verificar a homoscedasticidade entre os dados numéricos foi realizada a análise das variâncias (teste Z). Para todas as aferições estatísticas foi utilizado o programa Bioestat 5.0.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>A média etária no momento do primeiro exame era de 48 ± 12 anos, havendo 38 pacientes do sexo feminino e 22 do sexo masculino. Para o grupo Controle foram estudados 50 indivíduos sadios da mesma faixa etária (49 ± 17 anos, 30 do sexo feminino e 20 do sexo masculino).</p>
				<p>Os dados demográficos dos grupos Controle e HAP encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> onde se observa que o diâmetro diastólico do VE e o índice de massa do VE estavam diminuídos no grupo HAP.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Dados demográficos e dimensões das câmaras esquerdas, n (%) ou média ± desvio padrão</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Grupo</th>
									<th>Sexo</th>
									<th>Idade (anos)</th>
									<th>SC (m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
									<th>DdVE (mm)</th>
									<th>IndMassa (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
									<th>FEVE (%)</th>
									<th>VolAEi (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Controle</td>
									<td align="center">M 20(41%) F 30(59%)</td>
									<td align="center">48,95 (±17,45)</td>
									<td align="center">1,75 (±0,19)</td>
									<td align="center">49,41 (±3,84)</td>
									<td align="center">83,48 (±24,36)</td>
									<td align="center">58,68 (±5,07)</td>
									<td align="center">24,09 (±4,39)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HAP</td>
									<td align="center">M 22(37%) F 38 (63%)</td>
									<td align="center">48,49 (±12,01)</td>
									<td align="center">1,67 (±0,20)</td>
									<td align="center">44,57 (±6,20)</td>
									<td align="center">72,71 (±19,33)</td>
									<td align="center">59,65 (±6,59)</td>
									<td align="center">21,10 (±14,05)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Valor de p</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0,44</td>
									<td align="center">0,06</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
									<td align="center">0,05</td>
									<td align="center">0,29</td>
									<td align="center">0,07</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>DdVE: diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo; F: sexo feminino; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; HAP: hipertensão arterial pulmonar; IndMassa: índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo; M: sexo masculino; SC: superfície corporal; VolAEi: volume indexado do átrio esquerdo.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os dados de função diastólica, parâmetros do VD e pressão sistólica do VD nos grupos Controle e HAP, onde se observa diminuição da onda E mitral e da onda e’ do Doppler tissular no grupo HAP, com relação E/e’ normal, diminuição da velocidade da onda s’ do anel tricúspide e aumento da pressão sistólica do VD.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Dados obtidos com ecocardiografia Doppler de fluxo e Doppler tissular, média ± desvio padrão</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Grupo</th>
									<th>Onda E mitral (cm/s)</th>
									<th>Onda e’ DT (cm/s)</th>
									<th>Relação E/e’</th>
									<th>PCP (mmHg)</th>
									<th>Onda s’ VT (cm/s)</th>
									<th>Vel Refx VT (m/s)</th>
									<th>PSVD (mmHg)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Controle</td>
									<td align="center">84,78 (±13,48)</td>
									<td align="center">15,38 (±3,14)</td>
									<td align="center">5,82 (±1,81)</td>
									<td align="center">7,1 (±1,9)</td>
									<td align="center">15,00 (±1,31)</td>
									<td align="center">2,63 (±0,15)</td>
									<td align="center">32,55 (±2,94)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HAP</td>
									<td align="center">63,66 (±18,15)</td>
									<td align="center">11,40 (±3,45)</td>
									<td align="center">5,89 (±1,84)</td>
									<td align="center">8,5 (±2,1)</td>
									<td align="center">9,80 (±2,40)</td>
									<td align="center">4,23 (±0,78)</td>
									<td align="center">89,52 (±21,92)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Valor de p</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
									<td align="center">0,44</td>
									<td align="center">0,74</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2002">
								<p>DT: Doppler tissular; HAP: hipertensão arterial pulmonar; PCP: pressão capilar pulmonar; PSVD: pressão sistólica do ventrículo direito; Vel Refx: velocidade de refluxo; VT: velocidade do anel da valva tricúspide.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref> encontram-se as dimensões e função do VD e o volume indexado do AD nos grupos Controle e HAP, com aumento dos diâmetros, espessura do VD e volume do AD com diminuição dos parâmetros de função do VD no grupo HAP e aumento da resistência pulmonar.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3002">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Dimensões e parâmetros de função das câmaras direitas, média ± desvio padrão</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Grupo</th>
									<th>Diâmetro basal VD (mm)</th>
									<th>Espessura do VD (mm)</th>
									<th>FAC (%)</th>
									<th>TAPSE (cm)</th>
									<th>EspRel VD</th>
									<th>RVP (U. Wood)</th>
									<th>VolADi mL/m<sup>2</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Controle</td>
									<td align="center">32,52 (±4,40)</td>
									<td align="center">5,06 (±0,62)</td>
									<td align="center">46,58 (±4,63)</td>
									<td align="center">2,25 (±0,38)</td>
									<td align="center">0,16 (±0,02)</td>
									<td align="center">1,25 (±0,61)</td>
									<td align="center">24,465 (±4,22)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HAP</td>
									<td align="center">43,80 (5,68)</td>
									<td align="center">8,93 (±2,04)</td>
									<td align="center">28,21 (±10,71)</td>
									<td align="center">1,9 (±0,46)</td>
									<td align="center">0,24 (±0,11)</td>
									<td align="center">3,51 (±1,42)</td>
									<td align="center">55,67 (±35,74)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Valor de p</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
									<td align="center">0,0011</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3002">
								<p>EspRel VD: espessura relativa do ventrículo direito; FAC: mudança da área fracional do ventrículo direito; HAP: hipertensão arterial pulmonar; RVP: resistência vascular pulmonar; TAPSE: excursão do anel tricúspide; VD: ventrículo direito; VolADi: volume indexado do átrio direito.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref> aparecem os parâmetros de deformação miocárdica dos ventrículos e átrios, onde se observa diminuição do <italic>strain</italic> no grupo HAP em todas as cavidades.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4002">
						<label>Tabela 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Dados da deformação de câmaras direitas e esquerdas, média ± desvio padrão</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Grupo</th>
									<th>SLG VE (%)</th>
									<th>SL AE (%)</th>
									<th>SLG VD (%)</th>
									<th>SL AD (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Controle</td>
									<td align="center">-19,96 (±1,0)</td>
									<td align="center">37,74 (±10,84)</td>
									<td align="center">-28,80 (±8,56)</td>
									<td align="center">40,18 (±13,01)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HAP</td>
									<td align="center">-17,27 (±4,65)</td>
									<td align="center">30,84 (±15,8)</td>
									<td align="center">-12,9 (±7,9)</td>
									<td align="center">20,9 (±8,5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Valor de p</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4002">
								<p>HAP: hipertensão arterial pulmonar; SL AD: strain longitudinal de reservatório do átrio direito; SL AE: strain longitudinal de reservatório do átrio esquerdo; SLG VD: strain longitudinal global do ventrículo direito; SLG VE: strain longitudinal global do ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>No <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Gráfico 1</xref> se observa que, no período de janeiro de 2012 a junho de 2022, 18 pacientes evoluíram para óbito (32%). Neste grupo não havia nenhum paciente em CF I, havia 3 pacientes em CF II, 9 em CF III e 6 em CF IV. Entre os 42 pacientes sobreviventes, que permaneceram sob tratamento com vasodilatadores da circulação pulmonar, havia 7 pacientes em CF I, 29 em CF II, 6 em CF III e nenhum paciente em CF IV. Os pacientes que evoluíram para óbito apresentavam média etária significativamente menor (45,7 ± 13,1 anos versus 51,1 ± 10,8 anos, p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Gráfico 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Desfecho de hipertensão pulmonar. CF: classe funcional.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e373-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Entre os parâmetros ecocardiográficos, como pode ser observado no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Gráfico 2</xref>, os pacientes que evoluíram para óbito tinham o diâmetro do VD maior (44,9 ± 9 mm versus 40,8 ± 5 mm, p &lt; 0,0001), menor mudança da área fracional do VD (25,7% ± 9,2% versus 29,5% ± 10,2%, p &lt; 0,0001), menor onda s’ do anel tricúspide (9,7 ± 2,1 cm/s versus 11,6 ± 2,6 cm/s, p &lt; 0,0001), menor valor absoluto do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do VD (−12,4 ± 5,3% versus −17,3 ± 4,5%, p &lt; 0,0001) e menor valor absoluto do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do VE (−14,2% ± 3,9% versus −16,7% ± 3,4%, p &lt; 0,0001). A TAPSE, a espessura relativa das paredes do VD e a velocidade de refluxo tricúspide não mostraram diferenças significativas.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Gráfico 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Hipertensão pulmonar Parâmetros ecocardiográficos do ventriculo direito. DdVD: diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo direito; FAC: mudança da área fracional; SLGVD: strain longitudinal global do ventrículo direito.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e373-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Ao comparar pacientes com hipertensão pulmonar por esquistossomose com indivíduos sadios notou-se a diminuição do tamanho e do índice de massa do VE, provavelmente devido à dilatação do VD que rechaça o septo interventricular. A fração de ejeção não apresentou alteração, mas o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do VE encontrava-se diminuído de forma significativa, sugerindo haver também disfunção sistólica subclínica desta cavidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Esta condição foi observada em outros estudos, indicando que o acometimento miocárdico não se restringe apenas às cavidades direitas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Com relação à função diastólica, havia diminuição significativa da velocidade das ondas E mitral e e’ média do Doppler tissular nos pacientes com HAP, porém, a relação E/e’ era normal, permitindo estimar uma pressão média do AE dentro dos valores normais, o que caracteriza a hipertensão pulmonar pré-capilar. A velocidade de refluxo tricúspide e, em consequência, a pressão sistólica do VD estavam significativamente aumentadas, caracterizando a hipertensão pulmonar. Não utilizamos a correção com o diâmetro e expansibilidade da veia cava inferior devido à grande variabilidade desta medida, que a torna pouco confiável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Quando avaliamos as cavidades direitas, as diferenças foram mais evidentes, com importante dilatação da cavidade, aumento de espessura da parede lateral e diminuição dos parâmetros de função (mudança da área fracional do VD, velocidade da onda s’ do anel tricúspide e TAPSE), dilatação do AD e aumento importante da resistência pulmonar.</p>
				<p>A espessura relativa do VD, determinada pelo quociente entre o diâmetro basal do VD e a espessura diastólica da parede lateral, obtida desde a posição subcostal, estava significativamente aumentada, como resposta ao remodelamento da cavidade provocado pela sobrecarga pressórica, traduzindo a relação entre diâmetro da cavidade e espessura da parede. O VD tem a particularidade de se remodelar aumentando simultaneamente o tamanho da cavidade e a espessura das paredes, tanto nas sobrecargas pressóricas como volumétricas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em condições fisiológicas, a espessura relativa do VD é pequena, adaptada ao regime de baixa pressão das cavidades direitas. Na sobrecarga pressórica, a relação entre a dilatação da cavidade e a espessura da parede reflete o grau de remodelamento concêntrico ou excêntrico que ocorre em resposta ao aumento da pressão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Um estudo utiliza a espessura relativa do VD, de forma análoga à do VE, para determinar o tipo de remodelamento desta cavidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Quanto maior o predomínio da hipertrofia em detrimento da dilatação da cavidade (remodelamento concêntrico), mais favorável a evolução dos pacientes. O valor de corte utilizado para detectar melhor sobrevida foi ≥ 0,21. No presente estudo não conseguimos verificar esta condição, pois não houve diferença significativa entre os sobreviventes (que tiveram espessura relativa do VD 0,22 ± 0,05) e os pacientes que evoluíram para óbito (que tiveram espessura relativa do VD 0,21 ± 0,05).</p>
				<p>Todos os parâmetros de deformação miocárdica estavam diminuídos. Ademais do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do VE, o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal de reservatório do AE estava diminuído, embora ainda dentro dos limites normais. O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do VD e do AD estavam reduzidos de forma acentuada, indicando disfunção sistólica das cavidades direitas observada no ecocardiograma. Não foram utilizados os valores do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal da parede lateral do VD por não apresentar, no presente estudo, diferenças relevantes com relação ao <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global desta câmara.</p>
				<p>Quando comparamos os resultados dos pacientes que evoluíram para óbito com os sobreviventes, ademais da CF, onde todos os pacientes em CF IV tiveram óbito e nenhum paciente em CF I teve esse desfecho (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Gráfico 1</xref>), as dimensões do VD, a mudança da área fracional do VD, a velocidade da onda s’ do anel tricúspide, o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do VD e o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do VE mostraram significativa relação com o óbito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Gráfico 2</xref>). A diminuição do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do VE pode estar relacionada à maior gravidade da hipertensão pulmonar que, acometendo a musculatura do VD, também diminui a função sistólica do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A hipertensão pulmonar relacionada à forma hepatoesplênica da esquistossomose provoca remodelamento das câmaras direitas, com diminuição dos parâmetros de função sistólica do VD e deformação miocárdica. Pacientes que evoluíram para óbito em um seguimento de 10 anos apresentaram maiores dimensões do VD, menores valores da mudança da área fracional, da velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide e do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do VD, além de CF mais avançada.</p>
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					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
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					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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					<p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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