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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023351i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Acute Coronary Syndrome Followed by Pulmonary Thromboembolism and Identification of a Large Fixed Thrombus between Atria in a Patient with Severe COVID-19: A Case Report</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3125-2935</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carrijo</surname>
						<given-names>Alice Mirane Malta</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6560-8207</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brito</surname>
						<given-names>Veronica Perius de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2980-8279</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel Alvarenga</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4410-400X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Samuel Gomes Tomaz da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2288-894X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>O’Connell</surname>
						<given-names>João Lucas</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Uberlândia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Uberlândia</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: João Lucas O’Connell • Rua da Carioca, 2005, casa 852. Postal Code: 38.411-151. Morada da Colina, Uberlândia, MG – Brazil E-mail: <email>oconnelljl@me.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>27</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e351</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>3</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Patent Oval Foramen</kwd>
				<kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
				<kwd>Case Reports</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="9"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a relatively frequent congenital heart defect; however, the identification of large thrombi between the atria through a PFO is a rare condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> When visualized, they represent a major clinical challenge and require emergency treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The severity of this condition becomes even more accentuated when associated with other thrombotic events, such as pulmonary embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In turn, these events may have their genesis in hyperinflammatory states with high thrombogenic and angiopathic potential, as in the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>This study reports a rare case of a large fixed thrombus between the atria in a patient with severe condition caused by COVID-19, associated with the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, which occurred days after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) event.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case description</title>
			<p>We report the case of a 69-year-old female patient with grade III obesity, history of hypertension, hypothyroidism, and chronic venous insufficiency. On the sixth day of COVID-19 symptoms, the patient was hospitalized due to dyspnea and desaturation. At that time, isolation, bed rest, prophylactic anticoagulation with enoxaparin, supplemental oxygen, and non-invasive ventilatory support were required.</p>
			<p>On the sixteenth day of evolution, the patient presented sudden-onset chest pain with tightness, radiating to the left upper limb, associated with sudden worsening of dyspnea. The electrocardiogram revealed an ST-segment elevation in the inferior wall, compatible with evolving acute myocardial infarction. The patient was referred to a tertiary hospital for diagnostic coronary angiography, which was performed more than 12 hours after the onset of symptoms, due to persistent chest pain, dyspnea and dependence on oxygen therapy. Coronary angiography showed tortuosity of the proximal segment of the right coronary artery (RCA) associated with a subocclusive stenosis of its middle segment, with an image suggestive of intracoronary thrombus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1B</xref>). No other coronary injury was observed. Primary angioplasty was carried out with drug-eluting stent implantation in the RCA, with satisfactory clinical and angiographic results (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1C</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Coronary angiography. A and B: Tortuosity of the proximal segment of the RCA associated with a subocclusive stenosis of its middle segment, with an image suggestive of intracoronary thrombus; C: RCA after drug-eluting stent implantation with good angiographic result after angioplasty.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The patient was maintained on dual antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel. On the day after angioplasty, she underwent a transthoracic echocardiogram that showed preserved cardiac chambers, left ventricular inferior wall hypokinesia, and preserved global ventricular systolic function. Moreover, the presence of a hypoechoic image with hypermobility in the left atrial cavity, measured at 60 mm × 10 mm, extending to the left ventricle, and a hypoechoic image with hypermobility in the right atrial cavity, measured at 55 mm × 10 mm, extending to the right ventricle were identified (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m01">Video 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m02">Video 2</xref>), both suggestive of large intracavitary thrombi. In the diagnostic complementation by transesophageal echocardiography, a large filament image was confirmed, straddling the PFO, with mobile segments in the right and left atria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="m03">Video 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m04">Video 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m05">Video 5</xref>). No signs of pulmonary hypertension or right chamber overload suggestive of pulmonary embolism were identified.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– *Transthoracic echocardiogram with hypoechoic image in the left and right atrial cavity extending to the left and right ventricles, respectively.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– *A: *Transthoracic echocardiogram with hypoechoic image in the left and right atrial cavity extending to the left and right ventricles, respectively; B: Absence of interatrial thrombus after drug therapy.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<media id="m01" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-m01.mp4">
					<label>Videos 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Transthoracic echocardiogram with hypoechoic image with hypermobility in the left and right atrial cavity extending to the left and right ventricles, respectively. Link video 1: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Vídeo1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Vídeo1.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>
				<media id="m02" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-m02.mp4">
					<label>Videos 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Transthoracic echocardiogram with hypoechoic image with hypermobility in the left and right atrial cavity extending to the left and right ventricles, respectively. Link video 2: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Vídeo2.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Vídeo2.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>
				<media id="m03" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-m03.mp4">
					<label>Videos 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Transesophageal echocardiography with hypoechoic large filament image, straddling the PFO, with mobile segments in the right and left atria. Link video 3: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Video3.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Video3.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>
				<media id="m04" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-m04.mp4">
					<label>Videos 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Transesophageal echocardiography with hypoechoic large filament image, straddling the PFO, with mobile segments in the right and left atria. Link video 4: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Video4.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Video4.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>
				<media id="m05" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-m05.mp4">
					<label>Videos 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Transesophageal echocardiography with hypoechoic large filament image, straddling the PFO, with mobile segments in the right and left atria. Link video 5: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Video5.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Video5.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>Due to the risk of thrombus fragmentation and possible pulmonary or arterial embolization, the option of fibrinolysis was not considered. Once the characteristics and dimensions of the thrombus, the risk of pulmonary and systemic embolism, the recent infection status, the use of dual antiplatelet therapy and the increased risk of bleeding were known, surgical embolectomy was scheduled for the following days. Full anticoagulation with subcutaneous enoxaparin was initiated, and ASA was maintained.</p>
			<p>In order to perform the embolectomy surgery, we opted to use tirofiban instead of clopidogrel, maintaining the triple therapy with enoxaparin, ASA, and tirofiban for 5 days before surgery. However, on the day immediately before surgery, a new control transthoracic echocardiogram showed that the interatrial thrombus was no longer present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3B</xref>). The presence of PFO was visualized, without associated thrombi, with left-right shunt. In view of this finding, surgical embolectomy was suspended.</p>
			<p>To investigate possible thrombus fragmentation and secondary embolization, the patient underwent a pulmonary artery computed tomography angiography with iodinated contrast in cross-section. The exam demonstrated filling defects in the left pulmonary artery trunk and in segmental arterial branches to the left lower lobe, suggestive of acute pulmonary thromboembolism (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>), in addition to lung parenchyma with sequelae of COVID-19. Carotid and venous Doppler results of lower limbs did not show significant changes.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Pulmonary artery CT angiography. A: Filling defects in segmental arterial branches to the left lower lobe; B: Filling defects in the left pulmonary artery trunk.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Due to complete remission of the thrombus associated with PFO and clinical compensation, the patient was discharged from the hospital on day 33 of COVID-19 diagnosis, without requiring oxygen. Triple therapy (ASA, clopidogrel, and rivaroxaban) was indicated for 30 days due to the high thrombotic risk, in addition to beta-blocker and statin therapy for coronary artery disease. After this period, ASA was suspended, and rivaroxaban and clopidogrel were administered for at least another 6 months, to optimize the risk-benefit ratio of prophylaxis of thromboembolic events versus prevention of bleeding events.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>The case reported here exemplifies an association between COVID-19 and ACS, already observed in some patients in recent years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Notably, it is not possible to state whether ACS occurred due to the classic rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque in the RCA or due to an embolus originating from the thrombus through the PFO, identified one day after the coronary event. Numerous recent reports in the literature indicate that, even without a previous atherosclerotic event,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> the pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic state related to COVID-19 may act as triggering factors for coronary thrombosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The increased metabolic demand caused by a viral infection can induce hypoxemia, hypotension, instability of atherosclerotic plaques, or some stress on the vascular system, thereby leading to the development of an occlusive thrombus and, consequently, ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Furthermore, the inflammatory injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 in vascular and cardiac cells is also capable of causing ischemia or myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Another previously documented hypothesis is related to coagulation abnormalities, including increased prothrombin time, elevated D-dimer levels, platelet activation, and endothelial dysfunction<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>during severe cases of COVID-19. This scenario favors thrombogenesis and corroborates the occurrence of thromboembolic complications. Besides that, immobilization secondary to prolonged hospitalization also contributes to the hypercoagulable state, given the thrombogenic potential of blood stasis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Additionally, obesity and chronic venous insufficiency are also risk factors for the occurrence of thromboembolic events, especially in patients with PFO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Another relevant aspect was the visualization of a thrombus trapped in the PFO during the transthoracic echocardiogram, which is a rare event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Its identification requires immediate and timely treatment, especially due to the possible outcome of pulmonary or paradoxical systemic embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> If that occurs, the brain is the most frequently affected organ, followed by the coronary arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is not possible to state whether the identified interatrial thrombus was formed from the progression of a thrombus formed at the site or whether it was secondary to the expansion of an embolus from the lower limb or pelvis to the pulmonary artery, eventually “captured” by the PFO.</p>
			<p>It is noteworthy that the transit of the thrombus in the interatrial septum, through the PFO, occurs when right atrial pressure exceeds left atrial pressure. This can happen in cases of acute pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In this case, the patient underwent an angiotomography of the pulmonary arteries, which showed filling failures compatible with pulmonary thromboembolism, but it was not possible to confirm the date of its occurrence.</p>
			<p>Treatment strategy of thrombus in transit is challenging and controversial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> but three possible approaches include anticoagulation, fibrinolysis or cardiac surgery, which have particular benefits and risks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is worth emphasizing that anticoagulation alone is primarily used in patients with comorbidities or patients who refuse invasive therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Fibrinolysis should be considered in hemodynamically unstable patients with high surgical risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In view of the stability of the patient, this therapeutic option was not considered. Furthermore, this approach may cause thrombus fragmentation with subsequent pulmonary and/or systemic embolization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Currently, the treatment associated with a lower overall incidence of post-therapy embolic events and lower mortality is cardiac surgery for thrombus extraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The recommended treatment is surgical embolectomy with exploration of the right heart and closure of the PFO using cardiopulmonary bypass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This was the conduct of choice for the patient in the reported case. However, surprisingly, the prescribed pre-surgical drug therapy (ASA, enoxaparin, and tirofiban for 5 days) resulted in complete disappearance of the thrombus.</p>
			<p>Considering the disappearance of the image of the interatrial thrombus and a possible pulmonary and systemic embolization,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> carotid, vertebral, and lower limb Doppler scans were performed, with normal results. Nevertheless, an angiotomography of the pulmonary arteries revealed an acute pulmonary thromboembolism. It is not possible to state whether the patient had already had an episode of pulmonary embolism before the occurrence of ACS. On the one hand, the previous occurrence of pulmonary thromboembolism could facilitate the understanding of the thrombus in transit through a PFO due to the increase in right atrial pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, the absence of signs of pulmonary hypertension and right chamber overload on the first echocardiogram makes it difficult to defend this thesis to explain the pathophysiological mechanism. Thus, the occurrence of pulmonary embolism as a consequence of the dissolution of the interatrial thrombus through drug therapy used seems more plausible.</p>
			<p>The uniqueness of the case reported, as a limitation of the study, makes it difficult to generalize the results and conclusions obtained in our analysis; furthermore, it supports the replication of the procedures used.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia under the protocol number 5.455.568. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023351</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Síndrome Coronariana Aguda Seguida de Tromboembolismo Pulmonar e Identificação de Grande Trombo Fixo entre Átrios em Paciente com Quadro Grave de COVID-19: um Relato de Caso</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3125-2935</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carrijo</surname>
						<given-names>Alice Mirane Malta</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6560-8207</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brito</surname>
						<given-names>Veronica Perius de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2980-8279</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel Alvarenga</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4410-400X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Samuel Gomes Tomaz da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2288-894X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>O’Connell</surname>
						<given-names>João Lucas</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: João Lucas O’Connell • Rua da Carioca, 2005, casa 852. CEP: 38.411-151. Morada da Colina, Uberlândia, MG – Brasil E-mail: oconnelljl@me.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Forame Oval Patente</kwd>
				<kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
				<kwd>Relato de Caso</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Forame oval patente (FOP) é um defeito cardíaco congênito relativamente frequente; no entanto, a identificação de grandes trombos entre os átrios através de uma FOP é uma condição rara.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Quando visualizados, eles representam um grande desafio clínico e requerem tratamento de emergência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A gravidade dessa condição torna-se ainda mais acentuada quando associada a outros eventos trombóticos, como a embolia pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Por sua vez, esses eventos podem ter sua gênese em estados hiperinflamatórios com alto potencial trombogênico e angiopático, por exemplo, no caso da síndrome respiratória aguda grave infecção por coronavírus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O presente estudo relata um caso raro de grande trombo fixo entre os átrios em um paciente com quadro grave por COVID-19, associado ao diagnóstico de embolia pulmonar, ocorrido dias após um evento de síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Descrição do caso</title>
				<p>Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 69 anos com obesidade grau III, histórico de hipertensão, hipotireoidismo e insuficiência venosa crônica. No sexto dia de sintomas de COVID-19, a paciente foi internada por dispneia e dessaturação. Nesse momento, foram necessários isolamento, repouso no leito, anticoagulação profilática com enoxaparina, oxigênio suplementar e suporte ventilatório não invasivo.</p>
				<p>No 16<sup>o</sup> dia de evolução, a paciente apresentou dor torácica em aperto, de início súbito, com irradiação para o membro superior esquerdo, associada a piora súbita da dispneia. O eletrocardiograma revelou supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em parede inferior, compatível com infarto agudo do miocárdio em evolução. A paciente foi encaminhada a um hospital terciário para realização de angiografia coronária diagnóstica, realizada mais de 12 horas após o início dos sintomas, devido à persistência de dor torácica, dispneia e dependência de oxigenoterapia. A angiografia coronária mostrou tortuosidade do segmento proximal da artéria coronária direita associada a estenose suboclusiva do seu segmento médio, com imagem sugestiva de trombo intracoronário (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">1B</xref>). Nenhuma outra lesão coronária foi observada. Foi realizada angioplastia primária com implante de stent farmacológico na artéria coronária direita, com desfechos clínicos e angiográficos satisfatórios (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1C</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Angiografia coronária. A e B: Tortuosidade do segmento proximal da artéria coronária direita associada a estenose suboclusiva do seu segmento médio, com imagem sugestiva de trombo intracoronário; C: Artéria coronária direita após implante de stent farmacológico com bom desfecho angiográfico após angioplastia.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A paciente foi mantida em terapia antiplaquetária dupla com ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) e clopidogrel. No dia seguinte à angioplastia, ela foi submetida a um ecocardiograma transtorácico que mostrou câmaras cardíacas preservadas, hipocinesia da parede inferior do ventrículo esquerdo e função sistólica ventricular global preservada. Além disso, a presença de uma imagem hipoecóica com hipermobilidade na cavidade atrial esquerda, medindo 60 mm × 10 mm, estendendo-se para o ventrículo esquerdo, e uma imagem hipoecóica com hipermobilidade na cavidade atrial direita, medindo 55 mm × 10 mm, estendendo-se para o ventrículo direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m01_pt">Vídeo 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m02_pt">Vídeo 2</xref>), ambas sugestivas de grandes trombos intracavitários. Na complementação diagnóstica pela ecocardiografia transesofágica, foi confirmada imagem de grandes filamentos, transpassando o FOP, com segmentos móveis nos átrios direito e esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="m03_pt">Vídeo 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m04_pt">Vídeo 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m05_pt">Vídeo 5</xref>). Não foram identificados sinais de hipertensão pulmonar ou sobrecarga de câmaras direitas, sugestivos de embolia pulmonar.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– *Ecocardiograma transtorácico com imagem hipoecóica na cavidade atrial esquerda e direita, estendendo-se para os ventrículos esquerdo e direito, respectivamente.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A: *Ecocardiograma transtorácico com imagem hipoecóica na cavidade atrial esquerda e direita, estendendo-se para os ventrículos esquerdo e direito, respectivamente; B: Ausência de trombo interatrial após terapia medicamentosa.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m01_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-m01-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeos 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiograma transtorácico com imagem hipoecóica com hipermobilidade na cavidade atrial esquerda e direita, estendendo-se para os ventrículos esquerdo e direito, respectivamente. Link vídeo 1: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Vídeo1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Vídeo1.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m02_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-351-m02-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeos 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiograma transtorácico com imagem hipoecóica com hipermobilidade na cavidade atrial esquerda e direita, estendendo-se para os ventrículos esquerdo e direito, respectivamente. Link vídeo 2: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Vídeo2.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Vídeo2.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m03_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-m03-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeos 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiografia transesofágica com imagem hipoecóica de grandes filamentos, transpassando o FOP, com segmentos móveis nos átrios direito e esquerdo. Link vídeo 3: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Video3.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Video3.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m04_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-m04-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeos 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiografia transesofágica com imagem hipoecóica de grandes filamentos, transpassando o FOP, com segmentos móveis nos átrios direito e esquerdo. Link vídeo 4: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Video4.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Video4.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m05_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-m05-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeos 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiografia transesofágica com imagem hipoecóica de grandes filamentos, transpassando o FOP, com segmentos móveis nos átrios direito e esquerdo. Link vídeo 5: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Video5.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3601/ABC 351_RC_Video5.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>Devido ao risco de fragmentação do trombo e possível embolização pulmonar ou arterial, a opção de fibrinólise não foi considerada. Conhecidas as características e as dimensões do trombo, o risco de embolia pulmonar e sistêmica, o quadro infeccioso recente, o uso de dupla antiagregação plaquetária e o risco aumentado de sangramento, foi marcada a embolectomia cirúrgica para os dias seguintes. Foi iniciada anticoagulação plena com enoxaparina subcutânea e mantido o AAS.</p>
				<p>Para realizar a cirurgia de embolectomia, optamos pelo uso de tirofiban em vez de clopidogrel, mantendo a terapia tríplice com enoxaparina, AAS e tirofiban por 5 dias antes da cirurgia. No entanto, no dia imediatamente anterior à cirurgia, um novo ecocardiograma transtorácico de controle mostrou que o trombo interatrial não estava mais presente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3B</xref>). Visualizou-se a presença do FOP, sem trombos associados, com shunt esquerda-direita. Diante desse achado, foi suspensa a embolectomia cirúrgica.</p>
				<p>Para investigar possível fragmentação do trombo e embolização secundária, a paciente foi submetida a angiotomografia computadorizada da artéria pulmonar com contraste iodado em corte transversal. O exame demonstrou defeitos de enchimento no tronco da artéria pulmonar esquerda e em ramos arteriais segmentares para o lobo inferior esquerdo, sugestivos de tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>), além de parênquima pulmonar com sequelas de COVID-19. Os resultados do Doppler carotídeo, venoso e dos membros inferiores não mostraram alterações significativas.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Angiotomografia computadorizada da artéria pulmonar. A: Defeitos de enchimento em ramos arteriais segmentares para o lobo inferior esquerdo; B: Defeitos de enchimento no tronco da artéria pulmonar esquerda.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e351-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Devido à remissão completa do trombo associado ao FOP e à compensação clínica, a paciente recebeu alta hospitalar no 33<sup>o</sup> dia do diagnóstico de COVID-19, sem necessidade de oxigênio. Foi indicada terapia tripla (AAS, clopidogrel e rivaroxabana) por 30 dias devido ao alto risco trombótico, além de betabloqueador e estatina para doença arterial coronariana. Após esse período, o AAS foi suspenso, e foram administrados rivaroxabana e clopidogrel durante pelo menos mais 6 meses, para otimizar a relação risco-benefício da profilaxia de eventos tromboembólicos versus prevenção de eventos hemorrágicos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O caso aqui relatado exemplifica uma associação entre COVID-19 e SCA, já observada em alguns pacientes nos últimos anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Notadamente, não é possível afirmar se a SCA ocorreu pela ruptura clássica de uma placa aterosclerótica na artéria coronária direita ou por um êmbolo proveniente do trombo através do FOP, identificado um dia após o evento coronariano. Numerosos relatos recentes na literatura indicam que, mesmo sem um evento aterosclerótico prévio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> o estado pró-inflamatório e pró-trombótico relacionado a COVID-19 pode atuar como fatores desencadeantes da trombose coronária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O aumento da demanda metabólica causada por uma infecção viral pode induzir hipoxemia, hipotensão, instabilidade das placas ateroscleróticas ou algum estresse no sistema vascular, assim levando ao desenvolvimento de um trombo oclusivo e, consequentemente, SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Além disso, a lesão inflamatória causada por SARS-CoV-2 em células vasculares e cardíacas também é capaz de causar isquemia ou infarto do miocárdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Outra hipótese previamente documentada está relacionada a anormalidades da coagulação, incluindo aumento do tempo de protrombina, níveis elevados de dímero D, ativação plaquetária e disfunção endotelial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> durante casos graves de COVID-19. Esse cenário favorece a trombogênese e corrobora para a ocorrência de complicações tromboembólicas. Além disso, a imobilização secundária à internação hospitalar prolongada também contribui para o estado de hipercoagulabilidade, dado o potencial trombogênico da estase sanguínea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Além disso, a obesidade e a insuficiência venosa crônica também são fatores de risco para a ocorrência de eventos tromboembólicos, principalmente em pacientes com FOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Outro aspecto relevante foi a visualização de um trombo preso no FOP durante o ecocardiograma transtorácico, que é um evento raro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Sua identificação requer tratamento imediato e adequado, principalmente devido ao possível desfecho de embolia pulmonar ou sistêmica paradoxal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Caso isso ocorra , o cérebro é o órgão mais acometido, seguido pelas artérias coronárias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Não é possível afirmar se o trombo interatrial identificado foi formado a partir da progressão de um trombo formado no local ou se foi secundário à expansão de um êmbolo do membro inferior ou da pelve para a artéria pulmonar, eventualmente “capturado” pelo FOP.</p>
				<p>Vale ressaltar que o trânsito do trombo no septo interatrial, através do FOP, ocorre quando a pressão do átrio direito supera a pressão do átrio esquerdo. Isso pode acontecer em casos de embolia pulmonar aguda e hipertensão pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nesse caso, o paciente foi submetido a uma angiotomografia das artérias pulmonares, que evidenciou falhas de enchimento compatíveis com tromboembolismo pulmonar, mas não foi possível confirmar a data de sua ocorrência.</p>
				<p>A estratégia de tratamento do trombo em trânsito é desafiadora e controversa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> mas três abordagens possíveis incluem anticoagulação, fibrinólise ou cirurgia cardíaca, que apresentam benefícios e riscos particulares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Vale ressaltar que a anticoagulação isolada é usada principalmente em pacientes com comorbidades ou pacientes que recusam a terapia invasiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A fibrinólise deve ser considerada em pacientes hemodinamicamente instáveis e com alto risco cirúrgico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tendo em vista a estabilidade do paciente, esta opção terapêutica não foi considerada. Além disso, esta abordagem pode causar fragmentação do trombo com subsequente embolização pulmonar e/ou sistêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Atualmente, o tratamento associado a menor incidência global de eventos embólicos após a terapia e menor mortalidade é a cirurgia cardíaca para extração de trombos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O tratamento preconizado é a embolectomia cirúrgica com exploração do coração direito e fechamento do FOP com circulação extracorpórea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Essa foi a conduta de escolha para a paciente do caso relatado. Porém, surpreendentemente, a terapia medicamentosa pré-cirúrgica prescrita (AAS, enoxaparina e tirofiban durante 5 dias) resultou no desaparecimento completo do trombo.</p>
				<p>Considerando o desaparecimento da imagem do trombo interatrial e possível embolização pulmonar e sistêmica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> foram realizados exames Doppler de carótidas, vertebrais e membros inferiores, com resultados normais. No entanto, uma angiotomografia das artérias pulmonares revelou um tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo. Não é possível afirmar se o paciente já havia apresentado episódio de embolia pulmonar antes da ocorrência da SCA. Por um lado, a ocorrência prévia de tromboembolismo pulmonar poderia facilitar a compreensão do trombo em trânsito por um FOP devido ao aumento da pressão atrial direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Porém, a ausência de sinais de hipertensão pulmonar e sobrecarga de câmaras direitas no primeiro ecocardiograma dificulta a defesa dessa tese para explicar o mecanismo fisiopatológico. Assim, parece mais plausível a ocorrência de embolia pulmonar como consequência da dissolução do trombo interatrial pela terapia medicamentosa utilizada.</p>
				<p>A singularidade do caso relatado, enquanto uma limitação do estudo, dificulta a generalização dos resultados e conclusões obtidos em nossa análise; além disso, defende a replicação dos procedimentos utilizados.</p>
			</sec>
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		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do(a) Universidade Federal de Uberlândia sob o número de protocolo 5.455.568. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>