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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023333i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Right Ventricle Diastolic Function: Correlation with Age</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0125-3697</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Arthur Nascimento de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and statistical analysis</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9291-1308</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Camarozano</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Cristina</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and statistical analysis</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0284-2127</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sá</surname>
						<given-names>Cintia Rocha Fortes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and statistical analysis</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2093-5711</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carmo</surname>
						<given-names>Daniela de Castro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and statistical analysis</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3581-2936</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fortunato</surname>
						<given-names>Jerônimo Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and statistical analysis</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6156-6193</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Darwich</surname>
						<given-names>Rubens Zenóbio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and statistical analysis</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5005-5005</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Baroncini</surname>
						<given-names>Liz Andréa Villela</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and statistical analysis</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital da Cruz Vermelha,</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Cruz Vermelha Brasileira</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital da Cruz Vermelha, Cruz Vermelha Brasileira, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Arthur Nascimento de Moura • Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa. Av. Vicente Machado, 1310, Batel. Postal Code: 80420-011. Curitiba, PR – Brazil E-mail: <email>drarthurnmoura@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>27</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e333</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>3</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction</title>
					<p> Right ventricle (RV) elasticity tends to decrease with aging and may alter its diastolic function.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To evaluate the correlation between echocardiographic changes in RV diastolic function and advancing age in individuals with normal biventricular systolic function.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> This retrospective observational cohort study included 110 patients: 66 (60%) women (62 [SD, 13.7] years) and 44 (40%) men (60.6 [SD, 10.8] years). The transthoracic echocardiography data included: spectral Doppler of tricuspid inflow E wave, A wave, E/A ratio, and E wave deceleration time; tissue Doppler of lateral tricuspid annulus e’ wave, a’ wave, and E/e’ ratio. Correlations were calculated using Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> Only 35.2% of the sample had RV diastolic dysfunction. Of the evaluated echocardiographic variables, the E wave was negatively correlated with age in both women (r 0.473; p &lt; 0.001) and men (r -0.37, p = 0.015). The E/A ratio was negatively correlated with age only in women (r -0.32; p = 0.001), and E wave deceleration time was positively correlated with age only in women (r 0.31; p = 0.014). The other variables were not significantly correlated with age in men or women.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> We found a significant correlation between age and echocardiographic parameters for RV diastolic dysfunction, which was more evident in women.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Ventricles</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure, Diastolic</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="20"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>In the last 10 years, interest in the right ventricle (RV) and its effect on clinical outcomes has increased, largely due to advancements in pharmacological treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>However, like the left ventricle (LV), the RV is affected by numerous physiological changes inherent to age that must be distinguished from those resulting from heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Thus, more accurate assessment of both systolic and diastolic function in the RV is needed in clinical practice. The lack of studies on this chamber is likely due to its relative structural and functional complexity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Unlike the LV, which has a conical shape, the RV has a hemiellipsoid shape that adheres to the LV. In clinical practice, indices of systolic performance, such as ejection fraction, reflect LV contractility as an intrinsic property of the myocardium. For the RV, systolic performance is based on analysis of ejection fraction, fractional area change, and tricuspid valve annular plane systolic excursion. These parameters are more associated with atrioventricular coupling related to elasticity, which shows the importance of RV compliance in both systolic and diastolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In patients over 70 years of age, studies on the RV, in addition to being fewer, are incomplete, eg, the prognostic relationship between RV dysfunction and heart failure mortality is still unknown.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between echocardiographic parameters of RV diastolic function with advancing age in patients with preserved biventricular function.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Study population</title>
				<p>This observational retrospective cohort study was based on data from the electronic medical records of 110 patients over 18 years of age of both sexes who underwent transthoracic echocardiography at the Curitiba Red Cross Hospital (Curitiba, PR, Brazil) for any clinical indication between June 2020 and August 2020.</p>
				<p>The patient sample was chosen by convenience, rather than any statistical criteria, according to necessary echocardiographic data in the electronic medical records. For each patient, clinical and echocardiographic parameters were collected. The analyzed clinical data included: age, sex, body mass index, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, diabetes duration (in treatment), coronary artery disease, stroke, cerebral palsy, and smoking (current or former), in addition to regularly used medications.</p>
				<p>The exclusion criteria were: a) medical records and reports lacking the echocardiographic values analyzed in this study, b) significant valve disease (moderate or severe), c) valve prostheses, d) segmental changes in LV contraction due to ischemic heart disease or other cardiomyopathies, e) pulmonary emphysema or overt chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, f) moderate-to-severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (pulmonary artery systolic pressure &gt; 50 mmHg), g) left ventricular contractile dysfunction (ejection fraction &lt; 52% for men or &lt; 54% for women), h) infiltrative diseases or pericardiomyopathy; i) congenital heart disease with increased pulmonary flow (with or without surgical correction), and j) pacemakers.</p>
				<p>Transthoracic echocardiography was performed with a Phillips IE 33, Phillips HD 11, Phillips Envisor (Koninklijke Philips N.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands), or GE Vivid IQ Premium (General Electric, Boston, MA, USA) ultrasound machine. To be included in the analysis, the echocardiographic reports had to contain all standard acoustic windows (with all echocardiographic measurements) and a complete assessment of RV diastolic function.</p>
				<p>All ultrasound measurements were performed by experienced echocardiographers qualified in echocardiography by Brazilian Society of Cardiology’s Department of Cardiovascular Imaging. This study was approved by the institutional research ethics committee.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Main echocardiographic parameters analyzed in this study</title>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Spectral Doppler of the tricuspid inflow: E and A waves, E/A ratio and E wave deceleration time</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Tissue Doppler of the free wall of the tricuspid annulus: waves e’ and a’</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>E/e’ ratio</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Cavity diameters in the two-dimensional echocardiography of the right chambers</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>RV systolic function through analysis of fractional area change, tricuspid valve annular plane systolic excursion</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>S’ wave in lateral tissue Doppler of the tricuspid annulus.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>These parameters were not used in the final data analysis. Patients with any signs of RV contractile dysfunction, such as fractional area change &lt; 35%, tricuspid valve annular plane systolic excursion &lt; 17 mm, or S’ wave &lt; 10 cm/s, were excluded from the study.</p>
				<p>RV diastolic dysfunction was classified according to the following criteria: a tricuspid E/A ratio &lt; 0.8 suggests relaxation (Grade I), a tricuspid E/A ratio of 0.8-2.1 with predominant diastolic flow in hepatic veins suggests a “pseudonormal” (Grade II) filling pattern, and a tricuspid E/A ratio &gt; 2.1 with an E wave deceleration time &lt; 120 ms suggests a restrictive filling pattern (Grade III).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>All quantifications and values used in the present study were based on American Society of Echocardiography and European Society of Cardiovascular Imaging guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>The analysis was performed separately for women and men. The results were described as means, medians, minimum and maximum values, and SD for quantitative variables or as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients were estimated for age and echocardiographic variables. The normality of continuous variables was assesses with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The data were analyzed in IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>The analysis included data from 110 patients, 66 (60%) women with a mean age of 62.6 (SD, 13.70] years (median 64 [18-90] years), and 44 (40%) men with a mean age of 60.6 (SD, 10.8) years (median 62.5 [37-85] years). The sample’s clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Baseline echocardiographic parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) were in agreement with literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Descriptive statistical analysis of comorbidities, stratified by sex</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
								<th rowspan="3">Grade</th>
								<th colspan="2">Sex</th>
								<th rowspan="3">General</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="2">
									<hr/>
								</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th>Female</th>
								<th>Male</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">ECG</td>
								<td align="center">Sinus</td>
								<td align="center">28 (96.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">25 (96.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">53 (96.4%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Non-sinus</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (3.6%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">SAH</td>
								<td align="center">No</td>
								<td align="center">30 (45.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">12 (27.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">42 (38.2%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td align="center">36 (54.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">32 (72.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">68 (61.8%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">DM</td>
								<td align="center">No</td>
								<td align="center">46 (69.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">28 (63.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">74 (67.3%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td align="center">20 (30.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">16 (36.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">36 (32.7%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">Dyslipidemia</td>
								<td align="center">No</td>
								<td align="center">45 (68.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">16 (36.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">61 (55.5%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td align="center">21 (31.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">28 (63.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">49 (44.5%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">Previous AMI</td>
								<td align="center">No</td>
								<td align="center">63 (95.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">33 (75.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">96 (87.3%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td align="center">3 (4.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">11 (25.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">14 (12.7%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">Previous CAD</td>
								<td align="center">No</td>
								<td align="center">58 (87.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">29 (65.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">87 (79.1%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td align="center">8 (12.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">15 (34.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">23 (20.9%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">History of smoking</td>
								<td align="center">No</td>
								<td align="center">53 (81.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">32 (72.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">85 (78.0%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td align="center">12 (18.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">12 (27.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">24 (22.0%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">HF</td>
								<td align="center">No</td>
								<td align="center">65 (98.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">40 (90.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">105 (95.5%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td align="center">1 (1.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (9.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">5 (4.5%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">Valve disease</td>
								<td align="center">No</td>
								<td align="center">66 (100.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">43 (97.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">109 (99.1%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (2.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (0.9%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">COPD</td>
								<td align="center">No</td>
								<td align="center">63 (95.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">42 (95.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">105 (95.5%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td align="center">3 (4.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (4.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">5 (4.5%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">Chronic kidney disease</td>
								<td align="center">No</td>
								<td align="center">64 (97.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">44 (100.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">108 (98.2%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td align="center">2 (3.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (1.8%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">Arrhythmias</td>
								<td align="center">No</td>
								<td align="center">63 (95.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">40 (90.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">103 (93.6%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td align="center">3 (4.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (9.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">7 (6.4%)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><italic>ECG: electrocardiogram; SAH: systolic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CAD: coronary artery disease; HF: heart failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Descriptive statistical analysis of echocardiographic variables</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Variable</th>
								<th>N</th>
								<th>Mean (SD)</th>
								<th>Median (min-max)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>RV – E wave (m/s)</td>
								<td align="center">110</td>
								<td align="center">0.49±0.13</td>
								<td align="center">0.5 (0.1-0.8)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RV – A wave (m/s)</td>
								<td align="center">108</td>
								<td align="center">0.42±0.13</td>
								<td align="center">0.4 (0.18-0.8)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RV – E/A ratio</td>
								<td align="center">108</td>
								<td align="center">1.22±0.44</td>
								<td align="center">1.2 (0.5-2.7)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RV – e‘ lateral (m/s)</td>
								<td align="center">110</td>
								<td align="center">0.14±0.17</td>
								<td align="center">0.1 (0.02-0.9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RV – A´ (m/s)</td>
								<td align="center">108</td>
								<td align="center">0.18±0.16</td>
								<td align="center">0.14 (0.03-0.9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RV – E/e´</td>
								<td align="center">110</td>
								<td align="center">4.95±2.24</td>
								<td align="center">4.9 (0.5-11)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RV – E deceleration (ms)</td>
								<td align="center">109</td>
								<td align="center">204.71±75.96</td>
								<td align="center">194.0 (84-690)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><italic>RV: right ventricle; SD: standard deviation.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Regarding RV diastolic dysfunction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>): 70 patients (64.8%) were normal, 18 (16.7%) had grade I dysfunction, 19 (17.6%) had grade II dysfunction, and only 1 patient (male) had grade III dysfunction.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Descriptive statistical analysis of right ventricular diastolic dysfunction</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
								<th rowspan="3">Grade</th>
								<th colspan="2">Sex</th>
								<th rowspan="3">General</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="2">
									<hr/>
								</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th>Female</th>
								<th>Male</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="4">RV diastolic dysfunction</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">41 (63.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">29 (67.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">70 (64.8%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">15 (23.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (7.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">18 (16.7%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">9 (13.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">10 (23.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">19 (17.6%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (2.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (0.9%)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p><italic>RV: right ventricle.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>In the correlation analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>), the E wave was negatively correlated with age in both women (r -0.473, p &lt; 0.001) and men (r -0.37, p = 0.015). The E/A ratio was negatively correlated with age only in women (r -0.36; p = 0.004), and E wave deceleration was only positively correlated with age only in women (r 0.31, p = 0.014) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref>). The other variables were not significantly correlated with age in men or women.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Descriptive statistical analysis of the association between age and echocardiographic variables</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="3" scope="col">Variable</th>
								<th colspan="3" scope="col">General</th>
								<th colspan="3" scope="col">Women</th>
								<th colspan="3" scope="col">Men</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="9" rowspan="1" scope="col">
									<hr/>
								</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th scope="col">n</th>
								<th scope="col">r</th>
								<th scope="col">p</th>
								<th scope="col">n</th>
								<th scope="col">r</th>
								<th scope="col">p</th>
								<th scope="col">n</th>
								<th scope="col">r</th>
								<th scope="col">p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Age (years) x RV – E wave (m/s)</td>
								<td align="center">107</td>
								<td align="center">-0.43</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								<td align="center">64</td>
								<td align="center">-0.47</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								<td align="center">43</td>
								<td align="center">-0.37</td>
								<td align="center">0.015</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Age (years) x RV – E/A Ratio</td>
								<td align="center">107</td>
								<td align="center">-0.32</td>
								<td align="center">0.001</td>
								<td align="center">64</td>
								<td align="center">-0.36</td>
								<td align="center">0.004</td>
								<td align="center">43</td>
								<td align="center">-0.23</td>
								<td align="center">0.145</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Age (years) x RV – E/e’</td>
								<td align="center">107</td>
								<td align="center">-0.01</td>
								<td align="center">0.925</td>
								<td align="center">64</td>
								<td align="center">-0.13</td>
								<td align="center">0.315</td>
								<td align="center">43</td>
								<td align="center">0.19</td>
								<td align="center">0.234</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Age (years) x RV – E deceleration (ms)</td>
								<td align="center">107</td>
								<td align="center">0.14</td>
								<td align="center">0.139</td>
								<td align="center">64</td>
								<td align="center">0.31</td>
								<td align="center">0.014</td>
								<td align="center">43</td>
								<td align="center">-0.03</td>
								<td align="center">0.841</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Age (years) x RV – A wave (m/s)</td>
								<td align="center">108</td>
								<td align="center">0.00</td>
								<td align="center">0.964</td>
								<td align="center">65</td>
								<td align="center">0.01</td>
								<td align="center">0.924</td>
								<td align="center">43</td>
								<td align="center">-0.07</td>
								<td align="center">0.651</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Age (years) x RV – e’ lateral (m/s)</td>
								<td align="center">110</td>
								<td align="center">-0.14</td>
								<td align="center">0.135</td>
								<td align="center">66</td>
								<td align="center">-0.16</td>
								<td align="center">0.212</td>
								<td align="center">44</td>
								<td align="center">-0.19</td>
								<td align="center">0.209</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Age (years) x RV – H’ (m/s)</td>
								<td align="center">108</td>
								<td align="center">0.18</td>
								<td align="center">0.057</td>
								<td align="center">65</td>
								<td align="center">0.13</td>
								<td align="center">0.306</td>
								<td align="center">43</td>
								<td align="center">0.18</td>
								<td align="center">0.237</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p><italic>*r: Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficient, p &lt; 0.05. RV: right ventricle</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Correlation between age, E wave, and E/A ratio among men. RV: right ventricle; r: Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficient.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e333-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Correlation between age and E wave, E/A ratio, and E wave deceleration among women. RV: right ventricle; r: Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficient.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e333-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Most individuals in the sample (mean age 62 years) had normal RV diastolic function. We also found that the echocardiographic parameters, such as E wave, E/A ratio, and E wave deceleration of the tricuspid valve change more with advancing age in women than men in the same age group. In a similar population, Lasari Melo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> also found a significant decrease in RV E wave and E/A ratio with age, but no significant sex differences. One reason that age-related RV diastolic dysfunction was more prevalent in women could be the significant drop in estrogen levels after menopause. It is known that estrogen receptors in female hearts can act protectively against heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, which is more common in women. Estrogen causes reduced angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, a reduction in angiotensin-II, and increased production of angiotensin-I, which has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, among other benefits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The sample of Lasari Melo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> had normal diastolic function. Despite having similar populations, approximately 35% of our sample had diastolic dysfunction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Nevertheless, we consider this a very low degree of diastolic dysfunction, which raises the question of whether this low level of diastolic dysfunction was related to the fact that we used LV diastolic dysfunction criteria to assess the RV.</p>
			<p>The shortening and lengthening of the RV are greater longitudinally than radially, unlike the LV, in which radial torsion is greater. Thus, pulsed tissue Doppler can be considered an ideal technique for assessing changes in age-related RV function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Changes that occur in the myocardium with aging include increased deposition of extracellular matrix, cardiomyocyte loss and, consequently, hypertrophy of the remaining cells, leading to myocardial stiffness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Homeostasis between extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation is the key factor in maintaining cardiac structure and function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, especially in women, there is an excessive increase in the synthesis of type I and III collagen with aging, which leads to increased myocardial thickness and rigidity, causing heart failure with preserved LV ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In our data, tissue Doppler of the tricuspid annulus did not change significantly with age. Corroborating these findings, Lindqvist et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> (255 healthy patients) and Alam et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> found that systolic myocardial velocities were preserved with aging. In Lindqvist et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> the E/A ratio decreased over time, similar to our findings in the present study.</p>
			<p>Inneli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> divided a sample of 298 healthy individuals into 7 decade-based age groups, finding a significant positive correlation between the E/e’ ratio and aging and a negative correlation between e’ wave and age. However, this appears to be the only study to date that has found such correlations.</p>
			<p>Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that E wave velocity and RV E/A ratio (indicators of diastolic function change) decrease with age, and this decrease was more pronounced in women.</p>
			<p>Our study’s main limitation was its small sample size and the fact that it was conducted retrospectively by analyzing medical records. Another relevant factor was the exclusion of patients with significant pulmonary arterial hypertension, making it impossible to assess diastolic dysfunction in this condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, our main objective was to assess RV diastolic function in isolation according to age.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>The present study demonstrated that age influenced the progression of RV diastolic dysfunction, which was more evident in women. However, more studies are needed to confirm these findings.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This article is part of Arthur Nascimento de Moura’s completion of the specialization course in transthoracic echocardiography by Hospital da Cruz Vermelha, Paraná, and Instituto Saber e Aprendir.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Positivo under the protocol number 5.582.981. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding : There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023333</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Função Diastólica do Ventrículo Direito: Correlação com a Idade</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0125-3697</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Arthur Nascimento de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e análise estatística</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9291-1308</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Camarozano</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Cristina</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e análise estatística</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0284-2127</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sá</surname>
						<given-names>Cintia Rocha Fortes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e análise estatística</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2093-5711</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carmo</surname>
						<given-names>Daniela de Castro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e análise estatística</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3581-2936</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fortunato</surname>
						<given-names>Jerônimo Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e análise estatística</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6156-6193</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Darwich</surname>
						<given-names>Rubens Zenóbio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e análise estatística</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5005-5005</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Baroncini</surname>
						<given-names>Liz Andréa Villela</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e análise estatística</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital da Cruz Vermelha, Cruz Vermelha Brasileira, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Arthur Nascimento de Moura • Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa. Av. Vicente Machado, 1310, Batel. CEP: 80420-011. Curitiba, PR – Brasil E-mail: drarthurnmoura@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introdução</title>
					<p> Por muitos anos, o ventrículo direito (VD) foi muito pouco estudado e, às vezes, considerado semelhante ao ventrículo esquerdo (VE). Porém, diferentemente do VE, o VD apresenta diferença desde a sua forma mais hemielipsoide como também na contratilidade que está mais associada ao acoplamento ventrículo-atrial relacionado à elasticidade, demonstrando, assim, a importância da complacência do VD tanto para a função sistólica como também para a função diastólica. Essas diferenças começam a ser mais valorizadas e estudadas nos últimos anos devido à maior necessidade de seu entendimento após a introdução dos corações artificiais que não se acoplavam adequadamente.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Avaliar a correlação das alterações ecocardiográficas da função diastólica do VD com a progressão da idade e com o sexo em indivíduos com função sistólica biventricular preservada.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Estudo de coorte, observacional e retrospectivo. Foram selecionados 110 pacientes, 66 (60%) mulheres (62,6±13,7 anos) e 44 (40%) homens (60,6±10,8 anos). Os dados avaliados ao ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) foram (i) ao Doppler espectral do influxo tricúspide onda E, onda A, relação E/A e tempo de desaceleração da onda E; e (ii) ao Doppler tecidual do anel tricúspide, onda e’ lateral, onda a’ e relação E/e’. As correlações foram realizadas através dos coeficientes de Pearson e Spearman.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Na população estudada, apenas 35,2% dos indivíduos apresentaram disfunção diastólica do VD após a aplicação dos critérios de disfunção diastólica utilizados para o VE. Das variáveis ecocardiográficas avaliadas do VD, a onda E apresentou correlação negativa com a idade nas mulheres (r -0,473, p &lt; 0,001) e nos homens (r -0,37, p = 0,015). A relação E/A apresentou uma correlação negativa com a idade apenas no sexo feminino (r -0,32; p = 0,001), e a desaceleração da onda E apresentou uma correlação positiva com a idade apenas no sexo feminino (r 0,31, p = 0,014). As demais variáveis não tiveram significância estatística de correlação com a idade tanto em homens quanto em mulheres.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusões</title>
					<p> O presente estudo mostrou correlação dos parâmetros ecocardiográficos para disfunção diastólica do VD com a idade, mais evidentes no sexo feminino.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Ventrículos do Coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca Diastólica</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Nos últimos 10 anos, tem aumentado o interesse na análise do ventrículo direito (VD) e na sua participação em desfechos clínicos, devido, em grande parte, à farmacologia avançada para o manejo da hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entretanto, assim como o ventrículo esquerdo (VE), o VD possui inúmeras alterações fisiológicas inerentes à idade que são importantes de serem conhecidas e distinguidas de alterações decorrentes de doenças cardíacas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Isso demonstra a necessidade de uma avaliação mais precisa das funções tanto sistólica quanto diastólica do VD na prática clínica. A falta de estudos sobre essa câmara se justifica pela sua relativa complexidade estrutural e funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Diferentemente do VE, que possui uma forma cônica conhecida, o VD apresenta uma forma hemielipsoide que se adere ao VE. Além disso, na prática clínica, os índices de desempenho sistólico, como a fração de ejeção, refletem a contratilidade do VE como uma propriedade intrínseca do miocárdio. Para o VD, o índice de desempenho sistólico se baseia na análise da fração de ejeção do VD (FEVD), na alteração de área fracionada (FAC) e na excursão sistólica do plano do anel da valva tricúspide (TAPSE). Esses parâmetros estão mais associados ao acoplamento ventrículo-atrial relacionado a elasticidade, demonstrando, assim, a importância da complacência do VD tanto para a sua função sistólica como também para a sua função diastólica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nos pacientes acima dos 70 anos, o número de estudos referentes ao VD, além de ser menor, é incompleto, mesmo sabendo da relação prognóstica da disfunção do VD com a mortalidade por insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a correlação entre parâmetros ecocardiográficos da função diastólica do VD com a progressão da idade em pacientes com função biventricular preservada.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>População estudada</title>
					<p>Tratou-se de um estudo de coorte, observacional e retrospectivo, baseado em dados de prontuários eletrônicos (PE). Foram selecionados 110 PE de pacientes de ambos os sexos, acima de 18 anos de idade, que realizaram ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) no Hospital da Cruz Vermelha de Curitiba, no estado do Paraná, por qualquer indicação clínica entre o período de junho de 2020 até agosto de 2020.</p>
					<p>A escolha dos pacientes não foi estabelecida por nenhum critério estatístico, mas por conveniência, de acordo com a presença dos dados ecocardiográficos necessários para o estudo proposto no PE selecionado. Para cada paciente, foram coletados parâmetros clínicos e ecocardiográficos. Os dados clínicos analisados foram idade, sexo, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), diabetes melito (DM), tempo de diabetes (em tratamento), doença arterial coronariana (DAC), acidente vascular cerebral e tabagismo (atual ou pregresso), além de medicamentos em uso regular pelo paciente.</p>
					<p>Os critérios de exclusão foram: a) prontuários e laudos de pacientes em que não constavam os valores ecocardiográficos analisados neste estudo; b) pacientes com doenças valvares significativas (moderadas e graves); c) pacientes portadores de próteses valvares; d) pacientes com alterações segmentares de contração do VE por cardiopatia isquêmica ou outras miocardiopatias; e) pacientes com enfisema pulmonar ou doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica declarada; f) pacientes com HAP moderada a grave (pressão sistólica na artéria pulmonar [PSAP] &gt; 50 mmHg); g) pacientes com disfunção contrátil ventricular esquerda (fração de ejeção &lt; 52% para homens e &lt; 54% para mulheres); h) pacientes portadores de doenças infiltrativas e pericardiopatias; i) pacientes portadores de cardiopatia congênita com hiperfluxo pulmonar com ou sem correção cirúrgica; e j) pacientes portadores de marca-passo.</p>
					<p>O ETT foi realizado em um dos equipamentos de ecocardiograma modelos Phillips IE 33, Phillips HD 11, Phillips Envisor ou GE Vivid IQ Premium, pertencentes ao hospital. Os laudos ecocardiográficos deveriam conter todas as janelas acústicas padrões, com as medidas ecocardiográficas e a avaliação completa da função diastólica do VD.</p>
					<p>As medidas ultrassonográficas deveriam ter sido feitas por ecocardiografistas experientes com título de habilitação em ecocardiografia pelo Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DIC-SBC).</p>
					<p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa local.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Parâmetros ecocardiográficos principais analisados</title>
					<p>Os principais parâmetros ecocardiográficos analisados neste estudo foram os seguintes:</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Doppler espectral do influxo tricúspide: ondas E e A, relação E/A e tempo de desaceleração da onda E;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Doppler tecidual da parede livre do anel tricúspide: as ondas e’ e a’;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Cálculo da relação E/e’;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Diâmetros cavitários ao eco bidimensional das câmaras direitas;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Função sistólica do VD através da análise de FAC, TAPSE e onda S’ ao Doppler tecidual lateral do anel tricúspide.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Esses parâmetros não foram utilizados na análise final dos dados. Os pacientes com algum sinal de disfunção contrátil do VD, como FAC &lt; 35%, TAPSE &lt; 17 mm e onda S’ &lt; 10 cm/s, foram excluídos do estudo.</p>
					<p>A classificação da disfunção diastólica ventricular direita obedeceu aos seguintes critérios: uma razão E/A tricúspide &lt; 0,8 sugere alteração de relaxamento (grau I); uma razão E/A tricúspide de 0,8 a 2,1 com predomínio de fluxo diastólico nas veias hepáticas sugere padrão de enchimento “pseudonormal” (grau II); e uma razão E/A tricúspide &gt; 2,1 com tempo de desaceleração da onda E &lt; 120 ms sugere padrão de enchimento restritivo (grau III).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Todas as quantificações e valores considerados no presente estudo foram baseados nas diretrizes das Sociedades Americana de Ecocardiografia e Sociedade Europeia de Imagem Cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>A análise foi feita separadamente para os sexos feminino e masculino. Os resultados obtidos no estudo foram descritos por médias, medianas, valores mínimos, valores máximos e desvios-padrão (variáveis quantitativas) ou por frequências e percentuais (variáveis categóricas). Para a correlação entre a idade e as variáveis ecocardiográficas, foram estimados os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson ou de Spearman. Já a condição de normalidade das variáveis contínuas foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 indicaram significância estatística. Os dados foram analisados com o <italic>software</italic> IBM SPSS Statistics v.20.0.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>A análise apresentada foi realizada com base nos dados de 110 pacientes, sendo 66 (60%) do sexo feminino (62,6±13,7 anos), com uma mediana de 64 anos (18-90), e 44 (40%) do sexo masculino (60,6±10,8 anos), com uma mediana de 62,5 anos (37-85). As características clínicas da população estudada estão dispostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>. Os valores dos parâmetros ecocardiográficos basais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>) encontrados na população estudada estavam de acordo com dados de literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Análise estatística descritiva das comorbidades, estratificada por sexo</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="3">Variável</th>
									<th rowspan="3">Classificação</th>
									<th colspan="2">Sexo</th>
									<th rowspan="3">Geral</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th colspan="2">
										<hr/>
									</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th>Feminino</th>
									<th>Masculino</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">ECG</td>
									<td align="center">Sinusal</td>
									<td align="center">28 (96,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">25 (96,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">53 (96,4%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Não sinusal</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (3,6%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">HAS</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">30 (45,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">12 (27,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">42 (38,2%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td align="center">36 (54,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">32 (72,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">68 (61,8%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">DM</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">46 (69,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">28 (63,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">74 (67,3%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td align="center">20 (30,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">16 (36,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">36 (32,7%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">Dislipidemia</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">45 (68,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">16 (36,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">61 (55,5%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td align="center">21 (31,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">28 (63,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">49 (44,5%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">IAM prévio</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">63 (95,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">33 (75,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">96 (87,3%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td align="center">3 (4,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">11 (25,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">14 (12,7%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">DAC prévia</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">58 (87,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">29 (65,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">87 (79,1%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td align="center">8 (12,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">15 (34,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">23 (20,9%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">História de tabagismo</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">53 (81,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">32 (72,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">85 (78,0%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td align="center">12 (18,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">12 (27,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">24 (22,0%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">IC</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">65 (98,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">40 (90,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">105 (95,5%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td align="center">1 (1,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (9,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (4,5%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">Valvopatia</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">66 (100,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">43 (97,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">109 (99,1%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (2,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (0,9%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">DPOC</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">63 (95,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">42 (95,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">105 (95,5%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td align="center">3 (4,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (4,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (4,5%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">Doença renal crônica</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">64 (97,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">44 (100,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">108 (98,2%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td align="center">2 (3,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (1,8%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">Arritmias</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">63 (95,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">40 (90,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">103 (93,6%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td align="center">3 (4,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (9,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (6,4%)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>ECG: eletrocardiograma; HAS: hipertensão arterial sistólica; DM: diabetes melito; IAM: infarto agudo do miocárdio; DAC: doença arterial coronariana; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; DPOC: doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Análise estatística descritiva das variáveis ecocardiográficas</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variável</th>
									<th>N</th>
									<th>Média ± desvio-padrão</th>
									<th>Mediana (mín.-máx.)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>VD – onda E (m/s)</td>
									<td align="center">110</td>
									<td align="center">0,49±0,13</td>
									<td align="center">0,5 (0,1-0,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VD – onda A (m/s)</td>
									<td align="center">108</td>
									<td align="center">0,42±0,13</td>
									<td align="center">0,4 (0,18-0,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VD – relação E/A</td>
									<td align="center">108</td>
									<td align="center">1,22±0,44</td>
									<td align="center">1,2 (0,5-2,7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VD – e’ lateral (m/s)</td>
									<td align="center">110</td>
									<td align="center">0,14±0,17</td>
									<td align="center">0,1 (0,02-0,9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VD – A’ (m/s)</td>
									<td align="center">108</td>
									<td align="center">0,18±0,16</td>
									<td align="center">0,14 (0,03-0,9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VD – E/e’</td>
									<td align="center">110</td>
									<td align="center">4,95±2,24</td>
									<td align="center">4,9 (0,5-11)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VD – desaceleração E (ms)</td>
									<td align="center">109</td>
									<td align="center">204,71±75,96</td>
									<td align="center">194,0 (84-690)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2002">
								<p>VD: ventrículo direito.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Com relação à presença de disfunção diastólica do VD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>), 70 pacientes (64,8%) apresentavam função diastólica normal do VD, 18 (16,7%) apresentavam disfunção grau I, 19 (17,6%) apresentavam disfunção grau II e apenas um indivíduo do sexo masculino apresentava disfunção grau III.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3002">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Análise estatística descritiva do grau de disfunção diastólica do VD</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="3">Variável</th>
									<th rowspan="3">Classificação</th>
									<th colspan="2">Sexo</th>
									<th rowspan="3">Geral</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th colspan="2">
										<hr/>
									</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th>Feminino</th>
									<th>Masculino</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4">Disfunção diastólica do VD</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">41 (63,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">29 (67,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">70 (64,8%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">15 (23,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (7,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">18 (16,7%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">9 (13,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">10 (23,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">19 (17,6%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (2,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (0,9%)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3002">
								<p>VD: ventrículo direito.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Na análise da correlação com a idade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref>), a onda E apresentou correlação negativa nas mulheres (r -0,473, p &lt; 0,001) e nos homens (r -0,37, p = 0,015). A relação E/A apresentou uma correlação negativa com a idade apenas no sexo feminino (r -0,36, p = 0,004) assim como a desaceleração da onda E também apresentou uma correlação positiva com a idade apenas no sexo feminino (r 0,31, p = 0,014) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">2</xref>). As demais variáveis não obtiveram significância estatística de correlação com a idade nem em homens ou em mulheres.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4002">
						<label>Tabela 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Análise estatística descritiva da associação da idade com as variáveis ecocardiográficas</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="3" scope="col">Variáveis</th>
									<th colspan="3" scope="col">Geral</th>
									<th colspan="3" scope="col">Feminino</th>
									<th colspan="3" scope="col">Masculino</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th colspan="9" rowspan="1" scope="col">
										<hr/>
									</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th scope="col">n</th>
									<th scope="col">r</th>
									<th scope="col">p</th>
									<th scope="col">n</th>
									<th scope="col">r</th>
									<th scope="col">p</th>
									<th scope="col">n</th>
									<th scope="col">r</th>
									<th scope="col">p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade (anos) x VD – onda E (m/s)</td>
									<td align="center">107</td>
									<td align="center">-0,43</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
									<td align="center">64</td>
									<td align="center">-0,47</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
									<td align="center">43</td>
									<td align="center">-0,37</td>
									<td align="center">0,015</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade (anos) x VD – relação E/A</td>
									<td align="center">107</td>
									<td align="center">-0,32</td>
									<td align="center">0,001</td>
									<td align="center">64</td>
									<td align="center">-0,36</td>
									<td align="center">0,004</td>
									<td align="center">43</td>
									<td align="center">-0,23</td>
									<td align="center">0,145</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade (anos) x VD – E/e’</td>
									<td align="center">107</td>
									<td align="center">-0,01</td>
									<td align="center">0,925</td>
									<td align="center">64</td>
									<td align="center">-0,13</td>
									<td align="center">0,315</td>
									<td align="center">43</td>
									<td align="center">0,19</td>
									<td align="center">0,234</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade (anos) x VD – desaceleração E (ms)</td>
									<td align="center">107</td>
									<td align="center">0,14</td>
									<td align="center">0,139</td>
									<td align="center">64</td>
									<td align="center">0,31</td>
									<td align="center">0,014</td>
									<td align="center">43</td>
									<td align="center">-0,03</td>
									<td align="center">0,841</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade (anos) x VD – onda A (m/s)</td>
									<td align="center">108</td>
									<td align="center">0,00</td>
									<td align="center">0,964</td>
									<td align="center">65</td>
									<td align="center">0,01</td>
									<td align="center">0,924</td>
									<td align="center">43</td>
									<td align="center">-0,07</td>
									<td align="center">0,651</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade (anos) x VD – e’ lateral (m/s)</td>
									<td align="center">110</td>
									<td align="center">-0,14</td>
									<td align="center">0,135</td>
									<td align="center">66</td>
									<td align="center">-0,16</td>
									<td align="center">0,212</td>
									<td align="center">44</td>
									<td align="center">-0,19</td>
									<td align="center">0,209</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade (anos) x VD – A’ (m/s)</td>
									<td align="center">108</td>
									<td align="center">0,18</td>
									<td align="center">0,057</td>
									<td align="center">65</td>
									<td align="center">0,13</td>
									<td align="center">0,306</td>
									<td align="center">43</td>
									<td align="center">0,18</td>
									<td align="center">0,237</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4002">
								<p>N: número de pacientes; r: coeficiente de correlação de Pearson ou de Spearman; p &lt; 0,05. VD: ventrículo direito.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Correlação entre idade, onda E e relação E/A no sexo masculino. VD: ventrículo direito; r: coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e Spearman.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e333-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Correlação entre idade e onda E, relação E/A e desaceleração da onda E no sexo feminino. VD: ventrículo direito; r: coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e Spearman.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e333-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O presente estudo permitiu evidenciar função diastólica ventricular direita preservada entre a maioria dos indivíduos com média de idade de 62 anos. Também evidenciou que os parâmetros ecocardiográficos, como onda E, relação E/A e desaceleração da onda E da valva tricúspide, se alteram mais com a progressão da idade no sexo feminino quando comparados ao sexo masculino, na mesma faixa etária. O estudo de Melo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> feito com populações semelhantes, também encontrou uma diminuição significativa da onda E e da relação E/A do VD com a idade, porém sem diferença significativa entre os sexos. Uma das razões investigadas para o VD apresentar disfunção diastólica relacionada a idade mais prevalente no sexo feminino seria a queda significante dos níveis de estrogênio após a menopausa. Sabe-se que os receptores de estrogênio nos corações femininos podem atuar de forma protetora em relação à ocorrência de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção do VE preservada (ICFEP), mais comum em mulheres. O estrogênio provoca redução da atividade da enzima conversora de angiotensina, redução da angiotensina II e aumento na produção de angiotensina I, que tem efeito antioxidante e anti-inflamatório, entre outros benefícios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O estudo de Melo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstrou uma amostra com função diastólica normal. O nosso estudo, apesar de ter uma população semelhante, apresentou aproximadamente 35% da amostra com disfunção diastólica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>). Mesmo assim, consideramos um grau muito baixo de disfunção diastólica, surgindo a dúvida de se esse número baixo de disfunção diastólica não está relacionado ao fato de utilizarmos os mesmos critérios da disfunção diastólica do VE para avaliação do VD.</p>
				<p>O encurtamento e alongamento do VD são maiores no sentido longitudinal do que no radial, diferentemente do VE, em que o sentido radial de torção é maior. Desse modo, o Doppler tecidual pulsátil pode ser considerado uma técnica ideal para a avaliação das alterações da função do VD relacionadas à idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Com o envelhecimento, algumas das alterações que ocorrem no miocárdio são a deposição aumentada de matriz extracelular (MEC), a perda de cardiomiócitos e consequentemente a hipertrofia das células remanescentes, levando à rigidez miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A homeostase entre a síntese e a degradação da MEC é o fator-chave para manutenção da estrutura e função cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Porém, com o envelhecimento, principalmente nas mulheres, ocorre um aumento excessivo da síntese de colágeno tipo I e III, o que leva ao aumento da espessura e rigidez miocárdica, causando ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nos dados aqui apresentados, o Doppler tecidual do anel tricúspide não apresentou nenhuma alteração significativa com a idade. Corroborando esses achados, os estudos realizados por Lindqvist et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> com 255 pacientes saudáveis, e por Alam et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> também demonstraram que as velocidades miocárdicas sistólicas foram preservadas ao longo da idade, sendo que, no estudo de Lindqvist et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> houve uma diminuição na relação E/A ao longo dos anos, semelhante ao encontrado no presente estudo.</p>
				<p>Innelli et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> em uma amostra de 298 indivíduos saudáveis divididos em grupos de sete décadas diferentes, conseguiram encontrar uma correlação positiva significativa da relação E/e’ com o envelhecimento e uma correlação negativa da onda e’ com a idade. Entretanto, esse parece ser o único estudo até o momento que conseguiu demonstrar essas correlações.</p>
				<p>Os achados aqui apresentados reforçam a diminuição da velocidade da onda E e a diminuição da relação E/A do VD com a idade, indicadores de alteração da função diastólica, os quais foram mais acentuados no sexo feminino.</p>
				<p>A principal limitação do presente estudo é o número pequeno de participantes tanto do sexo masculino quanto feminino e o fato de ter sido feito de modo retrospectivo por análise de prontuários. Outro fator relevante foi a exclusão de pacientes com HAP significativa, não possibilitando avaliar a disfunção diastólica nessas situações.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Entretanto, o objetivo principal foi justamente avaliar o comportamento da função diastólica do VD isoladamente com o envelhecimento.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>O presente estudo demonstrou uma influência da idade na progressão da disfunção diastólica do VD mais evidente no sexo feminino. Entretanto, mais estudos devem ser feitos para confirmar esses achados.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Este artigo é parte do trabalho de conclusão de curso de especialização em ecocardiografia transtorácica de Arthur Nascimento de Moura pelo Hospital da Cruz Vermelha, Paraná, e Instituto Saber e Aprender.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do(a) Universidade Positivo sob o número de protocolo 5.582.981. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>