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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023322i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Dual Mechanism of Mitral Valve Injury: Additional Value of Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7377-2808</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Espíndola</surname>
						<given-names>Larissa Neto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data,analysis and interpretation of the data,writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9027-1936</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mattoso</surname>
						<given-names>Angele Azevedo Alves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content,acquisition of data,analysis and interpretation of the data,writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Couto</surname>
						<given-names>Geórgia dos Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data,analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2812-514X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Britto</surname>
						<given-names>Pompílio Sampaio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Municipal de Salvador</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Municipal de Salvador, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Ecocardiografia da Bahia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Misericórida de Feira de Santana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola de Ecocardiografia da Bahia da Santa Casa de Misericórida de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Larissa Neto Espíndola • Praça Conselheiro Almeida Couto, 500. Centro Médico Celso Figueiroa, Sala 209. Nazaré. Postal code: 40.050-410. Salvador, BA – Brazil. E-mail: <email>lara.moc@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e322</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>5</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>6</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>6</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening condition and during its course several complications may occur, including embolic events, perivalvular extension and valvular destruction. Echocardiography is fundamental across all stages of the disease, from the diagnosis until the follow-up after completion of the definitive therapy. Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) can demonstrate a better anatomical definition and it is especially useful in the assessment of perivalvular extension of the infection, prosthetic valve dehiscence and valve perforation. In this article we report a case of double damage in the same mitral valve: leaflet perforation and rupture of chords in a patient with IE.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Endocarditis</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional</kwd>
				<kwd>Mitral Valve</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Echocardiography has a known important role in the diagnosis of IE, the prediction of embolic risk, the prognostic assessment of the patients, as well as for their follow-up under therapy, helping the physician in decision-making, mainly when a surgical intervention is considered. In this rare case, we demonstrate the additional value of the 3D TEE in the assessment of double lesion in the same mitral valve (perforation and ruptured chords) in the presence of IE with a realistic, single and peculiar <italic>en face</italic> view of the mitral valve.</p>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Case Presentation</title>
				<p>A 55-year-old male patient with <italic>Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)</italic> and chronic kidney disease, undergoing dialysis, was admitted to a hospital complaining of progressive dyspnea for 3 months, lower-limb edema and sporadic episodes of fever. He had multiple reports of previous hospitalizations due to dialysis catheter infection and currently with multiple dental abscesses. Antibiotic therapy was introduced, and the patient was submitted to cardiac evaluation.</p>
				<p>A transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed diffuse left ventricular hypokinesia with an ejection fraction estimated at 45% (Simpson’s method). The valve was diffusely thickened with multiple, small, movable thread-like strands structures carpeting the entire atrial surface of both leaflets. It was also observed that the mitral valve had a suggestive image of perforation in the anterior leaflet, which was responsible for generating a significant regurgitation jet at the Color Doppler flow mapping. Furthermore, the presence of a second regurgitation jet was demonstrated from the posterior leaflet <bold>(</bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ; <xref ref-type="video" rid="m01">Video 1</xref> ). Two-dimensional TEE (2D TEE) showed a characteristic anterior leaflet perforation image with significant regurgitation ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2A</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2B</xref> ; <xref ref-type="video" rid="m02">Videos 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="video" rid="m04">4</xref> ). Additionally, a chordal rupture image was observed in the apical two-chamber deoew, related to the medial scallop of the posterior leaflet (P3) with a second and eccentric valve regurgitation jet ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2C, 2D</xref> ). The 3D TEE in the <italic>en face</italic> view of the mitral valve realistically demonstrated the two valve dysfunction mechanisms ( <xref ref-type="video" rid="m03">Video 3</xref> ). In a single and peculiar image, the presence of an evident perforation and its precise location were observed in the attachment basis of the anterior mitral leaflet at the aortic-mitral curtain associated with the presence of ruptured chords in the P3 scallop of the posterior leaflet ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3A</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– TTE. A) Parasternal long-axis view showing a thickened mitral valve with characteristic image of perforation (orange arrow) in the anterior leaflet (left) and significant severe mitral regurgitation jet at the color Doppler flow mapping (right) originating from the perforation orifice; B) Apical four-chamber view showing the thickened aspect of the entire valve (left) with a second jet of severe eccentric mitral regurgitation related to the posterior leaflet. RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; Ao: aorta.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e322-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A) Four-chamber view showing the characteristic perforation image in the anterior mitral leaflet (orange arrow); B) Color Doppler flow mapping showing the regurgitation jet (orange arrow) originating from the orifice; C) Two-chamber view showing ruptured chord associated with P3 scallop of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve; D) Significant jet of severe mitral regurgitation related to the rupture of the P3 scallop chords. RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; LAA: left atrial appendage.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e322-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A) Zoomed three-dimensional TEE imaging through en face view of the mitral valve, as seen from the left atrium showing the evident perforation orifice (black arrow) in the attachment basis of the anterior mitral leaflet - scallop A2 - and ruptured chords (red arrow) in the P3 scallop of the posterior leaflet; B) Surgical view of the mitral valve after opening the left atrium showing perforation in the anterior leaflet (black arrow); C) Surgically removed mitral valve seen on its left ventricular face corroborating the echocardiographic image, showing perforation (black arrow) in the anterior leaflet and the P3 scallop (red arrow) of the posterior leaflet, where the presence of ruptured chords (red arrow) can be observed.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e322-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>After a period of antibiotic therapy, the patient underwent cardiac surgery. The intraoperative findings related to the double damage in the same valve - rupture of the posterior leaflet chordal and perforation of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve - were confirmed <bold>(</bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3B, 3C</xref><bold>).</bold> Mitral valve replacement was performed with implantation of a biological prosthesis, without complications.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>IE may be responsible for acute mitral regurgitation through several mechanisms, including leaflet perforation, mitral valve annulus alteration secondary to abscess formation, or chordae tendineae rupture.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Native valve perforations develop in 10% to 30% of patients with IE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> An accurate differentiation between true vegetations and other IE-related changes, such as ruptured chordae, is frequently difficult to establish.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Even with 2D TEE, which is much more sensitive than TTE (90% vs 45%), perforations can be difficult to visualize using 2D imaging alone. 3D TEE imaging can significantly enhance detection of valvular perforations complicating IE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Real-time 3D TEE is particularly useful in the assessment of perivalvular extension of the infection, prosthetic valve dehiscence and valve perforation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> We present a rare case of two dysfunction mechanisms present in the same valve.</p>
			<p>But that is the question: Is the chordae rupture of primary etiology (since we have a diffusely thickened valve, even without a previous diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse - MVP) or secondary to the infection itself?</p>
			<p>It is known that there are multiple causes of chordae tendineae rupture. IE was considered the main etiology in the remote past. However, currently, after some studies of case series, it appears that the main etiology is primary, with mitral valve prolapse being the leading cause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>It is worth remembering that mitral valve prolapse is considered a predisposing condition for both chordae tendineae rupture and IE, since it makes the valve anatomically abnormal and, therefore, a substrate for the occurrence of vegetations.</p>
			<p>Once an infection is installed, it is not a simple task to identify the cause of the rupture: primary etiology or endocarditis.</p>
			<p>In a study conducted by Shirley Portuguese et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> 66% of patients diagnosed with endocarditis were previously aware of the presence of MVP, while only 9% of the primary etiology group knew that they had the pathology.</p>
			<p>This allows us to affirm that it is not safe, in this case, to state that the chordae rupture is due to IE. It is possible that this is a patient with rupture secondary to MVP, which was a predisposing condition for the occurrence of endocarditis.</p>
			<p>Still regarding this case, although the 2D TEE established the diagnosis, the 3D TEE, through the singular <italic>en face</italic> view, was able to demonstrate additional information, such as extension and actual location of the valve perforation and the ruptured chords with a realistic and peculiar view of the mitral valve.</p>
			<p>Especially in the context of IE, providing valuable data such the mechanisms intrinsically responsible for valve regurgitation, the exact location of the perforation is of great importance and have not only diagnostic but also prognostic value. The three-dimensional echocardiographic imaging is ideal for interrogating the anatomy of each individual components of the mitral apparatus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> So it is a better approach to plan the surgical procedure, since it is possible to define the valve dysfunction mechanism, as well as the precise lesion location.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The 3D TEE is important for the accurate characterization of the complexity of mitral valve lesions through a better anatomical definition of the valve. This accurate characterization of valve disease is fundamental for the determination and planning of the surgical procedure.</p>
			<p>
				<media id="m01" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e322-m01.mp4">
					<label>Videos 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– TTE showing a thickened mitral valve with image of perforation and a significant regurgitation mitral jet origination from the orifice. Link video 1: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-1.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>
				<media id="m02" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e322-m02.mp4">
					<label>Videos 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– 2D TEE showing a significant jet of mitral regurgitantion related to the rupture of P3 scallop chords. Link video 2: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-2.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-2.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>
				<media id="m03" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e322-m03.mp4">
					<label>Videos 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– 3D TEE mitral en face view showing the double damage: perforation and ruptured chords. Link video 3: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-3.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-3.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>
				<media id="m04" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e322-m04.mp4">
					<label>Videos 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– 2D TEE 4 chamber view showing the perforation image in the anterior mitral leaflet. Link video 4: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-4.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-4.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023322</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Mecanismo Duplo de Lesão Valvar Mitral: Valor Adicional da Ecocardiografia Transesofágica Tridimensional</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7377-2808</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Espíndola</surname>
						<given-names>Larissa Neto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados,análise e interpretação dos dados,redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9027-1936</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mattoso</surname>
						<given-names>Angele Azevedo Alves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante,obtenção de dados,análise e interpretação dos dados,redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Couto</surname>
						<given-names>Geórgia dos Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados,análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2812-514X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Britto</surname>
						<given-names>Pompílio Sampaio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Municipal de Salvador, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola de Ecocardiografia da Bahia da Santa Casa de Misericórida de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Larissa Neto Espíndola • Praça Conselheiro Almeida Couto, 500, Centro Médico Celso Figueiroa, Sala 209. CEP: 40.050-410. Nazaré, Salvador, BA – Brasil. E-mail: lara.moc@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A endocardite infecciosa (EI) é uma condição potencialmente fatal e durante seu curso podem ocorrer várias complicações, incluindo eventos embólicos, extensão perivalvar e destruição valvar. A ecocardiografia é fundamental em todas as fases da doença, desde o diagnóstico até o seguimento após o término da terapia definitiva. A ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE) tridimensional pode demonstrar melhor definição anatômica e é especialmente útil na avaliação da extensão perivalvar da infecção, deiscência de prótese valvar e perfuração valvar. Aqui relatamos um caso de mecanismo duplo de lesão valvar mitral: perfuração de cúspide e rotura de cordas em um paciente com EI.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Endocardite</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
				<kwd>Valva mitral</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A ecocardiografia tem um papel importante conhecido no diagnóstico de EI, na previsão de risco de eventos embólicos, na avaliação prognóstica dos pacientes, bem como para seu seguimento sob terapia, auxiliando o médico na tomada de decisão, principalmente quando uma intervenção cirúrgica é considerada. Neste caso raro, demonstramos o valor adicional do ETE 3D na avaliação de duplo mecanismo de disfunção na mesma valva mitral (perfuração e ruptura de cordas) na presença de EI com visão frontal realista, única e peculiar da valva mitral.</p>
				<sec sec-type="cases">
					<title>Apresentação do caso</title>
					<p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 55 anos, portador da Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) e doença renal crônica, em diálise, foi internado com queixa de dispneia progressiva há três meses, edema de membros inferiores e episódios esporádicos de febre. Teve vários relatos de internações anteriores por infecção de cateter de diálise e atualmente com múltiplos abscessos dentários. Foi instituída antibioticoterapia e o paciente foi submetido a avaliação cardiológica.</p>
					<p>A ecocardiografia transtorácica (ETT) mostrou hipocinesia difusa do ventrículo esquerdo com fração de ejeção estimada em 45% (método de Simpson). A valva encontrava-se espessada difusamente, com múltiplas estruturas filamentares pequenas e móveis cobrindo toda a superfície atrial de ambas as cúspides. Observou-se também que a valva mitral apresentava imagem sugestiva de perfuração na cúspide anterior, responsável por gerar importante jato de regurgitação ao mapeamento de fluxo com Doppler colorido. Além disso, foi demonstrada a presença de um segundo jato de regurgitação da cúspide posterior ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ; <xref ref-type="video" rid="m01002">Vídeo 1</xref> ). A ETE bidimensional (ETE-2D) mostrou uma imagem característica de perfuração da cúspide anterior com regurgitação significativa ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2A, 2B</xref> ; <xref ref-type="video" rid="m02002">Vídeos 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="video" rid="m04002">4</xref> ). Além disso, foi observada imagem de ruptura de cordas no corte apical de duas câmaras, relacionada ao segmento medial da cúspide posterior (P3) com um segundo e excêntrico jato de regurgitação valvar ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2C</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">2D</xref> ). O ETE-3D na visão frontal da valva mitral demonstrou de forma realista os dois mecanismos de disfunção valvar ( <xref ref-type="video" rid="m03002">Vídeo 3</xref> ). Em imagem única e peculiar, observou-se a presença de perfuração evidente e sua localização precisa na base de fixação da cúspide mitral anterior na cortina mitro-aórtica associada à presença de ruptura de cordas no segmento P3 da cúspide posterior ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3A</xref> ).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– ETT. A) Plano paraesternal de eixo longo mostrando valva mitral espessada, com imagem característica de perfuração (seta laranja) na cúspide anterior (esquerda) e jato de regurgitação mitral importante ao mapeamento de fluxo com Doppler colorido (direita) com origem no orifício da perfuração; B) Corte apical de quatro câmaras mostrando o aspecto espessado em toda a valva (esquerda) com um segundo jato de regurgitação mitral excêntrica grave relacionado à cúspide posterior. VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; AE: átrio esquerdo; Ao: aorta.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e322-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– ETE-2D. A) Corte de quatro câmaras mostrando a imagem característica da perfuração na cúspide anterior da valva mitral (seta laranja); B) Mapeamento de fluxo com Doppler colorido mostrando o jato de regurgitação (seta laranja) proveniente do orifício; C) Corte de duas câmaras mostrando ruptura de corda tendínea associada ao segmento P3 da cúspide posterior da valva mitral; D) Jato significativo de regurgitação mitral relacionado à ruptura das cordas do segmento P3. VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; AE: átrio esquerdo; AAE: apêndice atrial esquerdo.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e322-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– A) ETE tridimensional ampliada em vista frontal da valva mitral, vista do átrio esquerdo mostrando o evidente orifício de perfuração (seta preta) na base de fixação da cúspide anterior mitral - segmento A2 - e ruptura de cordas tendíneas (seta vermelha) no segmento P3 da cúspide posterior; B) Visão cirúrgica da valva mitral após abertura do átrio esquerdo mostrando perfuração na cúspide anterior (seta preta); C) Valva mitral retirada cirurgicamente vista em sua face ventricular esquerda corroborando a imagem ecocardiográfica, mostrando perfuração (seta preta) na cúspide anterior e o segmento P3 (seta vermelha) da cúspide posterior, onde a presença de ruptura de cordas tendíneas (seta vermelha) pode ser observada.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e322-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Após um período de antibioticoterapia, o paciente foi submetido à cirurgia cardíaca. Os achados intraoperatórios relacionados a mecanismo duplo de lesão valvar mitral - ruptura da corda da cúspide posterior e perfuração da cúspide anterior da valva mitral - foram confirmados ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3B, 3C</xref> ). A troca valvar mitral foi realizada com implante de prótese biológica, sem intercorrências.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A EI pode ser responsável pela regurgitação mitral aguda através de vários mecanismos, incluindo perfuração da cúspide, alteração do anel valvar mitral secundária à formação de abscesso ou ruptura de cordas tendíneas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As perfurações da valva nativa se desenvolvem em 10% a 30% dos pacientes com EI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Uma diferenciação precisa entre vegetações verdadeiras e outras alterações relacionadas à EI, como ruptura de cordas, é frequentemente difícil de estabelecer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Mesmo com a ETE-2D, que é muito mais sensível que a ETT (90% vs. 45%), as perfurações podem ser difíceis de visualizar utilizando imagens 2D isoladas. A imagem da ETE em 3D pode melhorar significativamente a detecção de perfurações valvares que complicam a EI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A ETE-3D em tempo real é particularmente útil na avaliação da extensão perivalvar da infecção, deiscência da valva protética e perfuração da valva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Apresentamos um caso raro de dois mecanismos de disfunção valvar presentes na mesma valva.</p>
				<p>Mas aí está a questão: a ruptura das corda tendíneas é de etiologia primária (já que temos valva com espessamento difuso, mesmo sem diagnóstico prévio de prolapso de valva mitral - PVM) ou secundária à própria infecção?</p>
				<p>Sabe-se que há múltiplas causas de ruptura de cordas tendíneas. A EI foi considerada a principal etiologia no passado remoto. No entanto, atualmente, após alguns estudos de séries de casos, parece que a principal etiologia é primária, sendo o prolapso da valva mitral a principal causa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Vale lembrar que o prolapso da valva mitral é considerado condição predisponente tanto para ruptura de cordas tendíneas quanto para EI, pois torna a valva anatomicamente anormal e, portanto, substrato para a ocorrência de vegetações. Uma vez instalada a infecção, não é tarefa simples identificar a causa da ruptura: etiologia primária ou endocardite.</p>
				<p>Em um estudo conduzido por Shirley Portuguese et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> 66% dos pacientes com diagnóstico de endocardite já sabiam da presença de PVM, enquanto apenas 9% do grupo de etiologia primária sabiam que tinham a patologia.</p>
				<p>Isso nos permite dizer que não é seguro, neste caso, afirmar que a ruptura de cordas seja decorrente de EI. É possível que se trate de um paciente com ruptura secundária a PVM, condição predisponente para a ocorrência de endocardite.</p>
				<p>Ainda em relação a este caso, embora a ETE-2D estabeleça o diagnóstico, a ETE-3D, através da visão singular <italic>en face</italic> , foi capaz de fornecer informações adicionais, como extensão e localização real da perfuração valvar e da ruptura das cordas tendíneas com aspecto realista e peculiar visão da valva mitral.</p>
				<p>Especialmente no contexto da EI, fornecendo dados valiosos como os mecanismos intrinsecamente responsáveis pela regurgitação valvar, a localização exata da perfuração é de grande importância e tem valor não só diagnóstico, mas também prognóstico. A imagem ecocardiográfica tridimensional é ideal para interrogar a anatomia de cada componente individual do aparelho mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Portanto, é uma melhor abordagem para planejar o procedimento cirúrgico, pois é possível definir o mecanismo de disfunção valvar, bem como a localização precisa da lesão.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A ETE-3D é importante para a caracterização precisa da complexidade das lesões da valva mitral através de melhor definição anatômica da valva. Essa caracterização precisa da doença valvar é fundamental para a determinação e planejamento do procedimento cirúrgico.</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m01002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e322-m01-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeos 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– ETE mostrando valva mitral espessada com imagem de perfuração e jato significativo de regurgitação mitral proveniente do orifício. Link video 1: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-1.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m02002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e322-m02-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeos 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– ETE-2D mostrando um jato significativo de regurgitação mitral relacionado à ruptura das cordas do segmento P3. Link video 2: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-2.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-2.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m03002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e322-m03-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeos 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Vista frontal de ETE-3D da valva mitral mostrando o duplo mecanismo de lesão mitral: perfuração e cordas rotas. Link video 3: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-3.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-3.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m04002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e322-m04-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeos 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>- Vista do ETE-2D de quatro câmaras mostrando a imagem da perfuração na cúspide mitral anterior. Link video 4: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-4.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2023/3602/abc-322-vídeo-4.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento : O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>