<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230041i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>How to Proceed in a Multimodality Analysis for the Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Pulmonary Hypertension?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2864-8701</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gutiérrez-Fajardo</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label> 1 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laboratorio de Ecocardiografia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Especialidades San Francisco de Asís</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Guadalajara</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">Jalisco</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Cardiotest, Laboratorio de Ecocardiografia , Hospital de Especialidades San Francisco de Asís , Guadalajara , Jalisco – Mexico </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">Mailing Address: Pedro Gutiérrez-Fajardo • Cardiotest, Laboratorio de Ecocardiografia, Hospital de Especialidades San Francisco de Asís. Av. Americas, 1946, Postal code: 44630. Guadalajara, Jalisco - Mexico E-mail: <email>drpedrogutierrez@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>21</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230041</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>27</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>27</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex multiorgan system disease defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mmHg. The etiologies related to pathological changes in pulmonary vasculature leading to PH are wide. Hemodynamic categorization considers precapillary PH, represented by pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 Woods units (WU), and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure <underline>&lt;</underline> 15 mmHg. Postcapillary PH, represented by left heart disease, involves PVR <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 WU and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 mmHg. Clinical categorization considers 5 groups. Incidence per group is not well known; however, group 2 (associated with left heart disease) is the most common cause of PH. PAH (group 1) is still a highly devastating condition causing limited quality of life and high mortality, mostly related to right ventricle (RV) failure. Group 3 refers to PH associated with lung diseases and or hypoxia. Group 4 corresponds to PH associated with pulmonary artery obstructions, and group 5 to PH with unclear and or multifactorial mechanisms. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Currently, the diagnostic algorithm for PH considers a 3-step approach, from clinical suspicion by first-line physicians considering vital signs, functional class, etc.; non-invasive RV parameters by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), computed tomography (CT), and pulmonary vascular assessment by ventilation perfusion (V/Q) scan. For diagnostic confirmation, however, right heart catheterization is necessary, preferably in PH centers. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In PH, a multimodality approach involves the use of multiple diagnostic tests to evaluate the various aspects of the disease, from suspecting to determining its etiology. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It provides a comprehensive assessment for prognosis and can assist in guiding treatment decisions and evaluating response to therapy.</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Transthoracic echocardiography</title>
			<p>TTE is considered a highly useful, inexpensive, safe, and available imaging modality for initial approach to differential diagnosis of PH. Although a normal TTE does not rule out diagonsis, it decreases the likelihood of PH. Neither CT nor CMRI are part of the initial line of PH; however, in selected patients they can provide additional information before proceeding to right heart catheterization. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>It is important to be familiar with normal ranges of RV size and function. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> TTE showing right heart structure and function abnormalities increases suspicion of PH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It also allows detection of left heart (systolic and diastolic dysfunction, valvular heart disease) and congenital heart disease as potential causes of PH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> RV function surrogates such as RV fractional area change, right atrial size, pericardial effusion, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP)/TAPSE ratio, and eccentricity index are recommended in follow-up and assessment of therapy response. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, it is important to note that these surrogates should be interpreted in the context of other clinical and imaging parameters, as they are not standalone diagnostic tools. Doppler can be used to estimate the possibility of PH by measuring tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TR) and calculating SPAP using the modified Bernoulli equation. When no TR is present or the signal is inadequate, pulmonary acceleration time can be used to calculate mPAP obtained from pulse wave Doppler signal of pulmonary flow. Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure can be estimated if pulmonary regurgitation is present. The velocity at end-diastole is converted into a pressure gradient, adding the estimated right atrial pressure to the resulting value. Finally, both left ventricle and RV output can be calculated. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In clinical practice, differentiating acute, chronic, and chronic acute PH can be challenging ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Differentiating acute, chronic, and chronic acute pulmonary hypertension</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Echocardiographic parameter</th>
								<th>Acute</th>
								<th>Chronic</th>
								<th>Chronic acute</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Dilated right ventricle</td>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td align="center">Yes +++</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hypertrophied right ventricle</td>
								<td align="center">Absent</td>
								<td align="center">Present</td>
								<td align="center">Present</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Tricuspid regurgitation</td>
								<td align="center">Present</td>
								<td align="center">Present</td>
								<td align="center">Present</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pulmonary regurgitation</td>
								<td align="center">+ to ++</td>
								<td align="center">+++ to ++++</td>
								<td align="center">+++ to ++++</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pulmonary pressure</td>
								<td align="center">MPAP &lt; 40 mmhg</td>
								<td align="center">Supra-systemic SPAP</td>
								<td align="center">Supra-systemic SPAP</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Right ventricle hypokinesis</td>
								<td align="center">Severe</td>
								<td align="center">Late finding</td>
								<td align="center">Severe to very severe</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Paradoxical septal motion</td>
								<td align="center">Present</td>
								<td align="center">Present (marked)</td>
								<td align="center">Present (severe)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Dilated pulmonary artery</td>
								<td align="center">Not common</td>
								<td align="center">Frequent</td>
								<td align="center">Very frequent</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>MPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; SPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The following recent advances in echocardiography have improved our understanding and ability to better characterize RV dysfunction in PH:</p>
			<list list-type="order">
				<list-item>
					<p>Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) can provide detailed information on the size and function of the RV. It has been demonstrated that 3DE is more accurate than 2-dimensional echocardiography in assessing RV function in PH.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) can be used to quantify RV free-wall strain, which is a measure of how much the RV is able to contract and relax. RV strain has demonstrated to be both a sensitive marker of RV dysfunction and a predictor of clinical outcomes and death in patients with PH.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Real-time 3DE makes it possible to acquire rapid information on RV volumes, RV stroke, and RV ejection fraction, as well as RV strain and strain rate. It is especially useful in assessing RV function in dynamic tests, such as exercise.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Contrast-enhanced echocardiography (CEE) improves the visualization of the cardiac chambers. CEE can be used to detect the presence of a clot, a mass, or other abnormalities.</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</title>
			<p>CMRI easily provides complete information about RV structure and function in patients with suspected or confirmed PH with high sensitivity and specificity in measuring RV mass index, RV diameters, RV thickness, RV free-wall motion, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, and RV ejection fraction. CMRI can also provide information on the size and structure of pulmonary arteries and the blood flow through the lungs. It is more accurate than TTE in the assessment and follow-up of patients with PH, but it is a more time-consuming, higher cost, and less available technique. CMRI does not expose the patient to radiation; however, it can be difficult to perform in claustrophobic patients, and renal function should be checked before the test. Outside of PH centers, it is not widely used in diagnostic approach. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Both TTE and CMRI play important roles in disease assessment, risk stratification, and evaluation of therapeutic intervention.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Computed tomography</title>
			<p>CT provides detailed information about the pulmonary vasculature, lung parenchyma, and cardiac structure. Thus, information on the size and structure of the pulmonary arteries (PA) and the blood flow through the lungs can be obtained, identifying the presence of blood clots or other abnormalities. Accordingly, it is useful in the diagnosis of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and can also identify distal obstructions, narrowing of the PA and their branches and distal stenosis. Additionally, it identifies pouch-like defects, intimal irregularities, PA webs or bands, and enlargement of bronchial arteries due to collateral blood supply, which is of prognostic significance, as these patients have better postsurgical evolution. CT can also detect underlying lung disease, such as interstitial lung disease or emphysema, which also contributes to PH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Currently, CT is a readily available technique, but patients are exposed to ionizing radiation and in some cases requires the administration of contrast dye.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Ventilation perfusion scan</title>
			<p>Finally, V/Q scan evaluates the probability of blood clots in pulmonary vasculature. It involves the injection of a radioactive tracer and the inhalation of a radioactive gas in order to investigate if there is a V/Q mismatch, indicating the presence of a blood clot in wedge-shaped perfusion defects with normal ventilation. Due to its high sensitivity, V/Q scan is the test of choice when screening patients with suspected CTEPH. A normal V/Q scan practically excludes the probability of CTEPH. Importantly, complete absence of perfusion in one lung should raise the possibility of other conditions different to CTEPH, such as vasculitis, malignancy and fibrosing mediastinitis. One of the drawbacks of V/Q scan is the high number of non-diagnostic or indeterminate tests, as well as underestimation of central vascular obstruction and its incapacity to differentiate pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and fibrosing mediastinitis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In clinical practice, V/Q scan seems to be underutilized, even though it is part of the current recommendations for suspicion of PH due to its high sensitivity and specificity.</p>
			<p>In summary, advances in echocardiography have improved our ability to consider pulmonary pressure probability and to characterize RV dysfunction. TTE RV function surrogates are practical parameters, especially in follow-up. STE, 3DE, real-time 3DE, and CCE are all useful modern modalities that can provide more detailed information on RV function or dysfunction in PH. CMRI, CT, and V/Q scanning are useful imaging modalities in the diagnosis and risk stratification of PH. These techniques can help to guide treatment decisions and to improve clinical outcomes in this patient population. Every imaging modality has advantages and disadvantages ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> ). Technique selection will be based on the clinical scenario and individual patient needs. According to findings, it is important to consider consultation with a health care professional who specializes in PH, avoiding unnecessary delays that could impact patient´s health. Artificial intelligence will be available in the near future and will allow faster, reliable assessment of both RV and left ventricular volume, ejection fraction, mass, and global and segmental function. These advances will certainly be of major significance in patients with PH.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Imaging modalities in pulmonary hypertension: advantages and disadvantages</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Imaging modality</th>
								<th align="left">Advantages</th>
								<th align="left">Disadvantages</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Echocardiography</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>First choice, widely available</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Easily repeatable - monitoring</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Heart rhythm independent</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Pulmonary pressure calculation</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>2D, 3D, RT3D, ST, CEE</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Low cost No radiation</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Operator dependent</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Acoustic window dependent</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Pulmonary pressure underestimation</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Pulmonary pressure overestimation</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Acoustic window independent</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Complete RV structure and function</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Pulmonary circulation evaluation</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Myocardial tissue characterization</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Low intra-interobserver variability</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>High quality images</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Not widely available</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Technically limited in arrhythmias</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Contraindicated in renal failure</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Secondary renal damage in few cases</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Caution in claustrophobic patients</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>High cost</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Computed tomography</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Acoustic window independent</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>RV quantification</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Lung parenchyma assessment</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Mediastinum assessment</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Useful in CTEPH</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Radiation exposure</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Contrast use Not for monitoring</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>High cost</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>V/Q lung scan</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Pulmonary vascular assessment</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Good for CTEPH screening</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>High sensitivity and specificity</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Non-specific findings</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>High number of non-diagnostic tests</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Not for monitoring</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Radiotracer use</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>High cost</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>2D: two-dimensional echocardiography; 3D: three-dimensional echocardiography; CEE: contrast-enhancement echocardiography; CTEPH: chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; RT3D: real-time three-dimensional echocardiography; RV: right ventricle; ST: speckle tracking echocardiography; V/Q: ventilation perfusion.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Humbert M , Kovacs G , Hoeper MM , Badagliacca R , Berger RMF , Brida M , et al . 2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension . Eur Heart J . 2022 ; 43 ( 38 ): 3618 - 3731 . doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac237 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Humbert</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kovacs</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hoeper</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Badagliacca</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Berger</surname>
							<given-names>RMF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brida</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>43</volume>
					<issue>38</issue>
					<fpage>3618</fpage>
					<lpage>3731</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehac237</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Zarate JS , Jerjes-Sanchez C , Ramirez-Rivera A , Zamudio TP , Gutierrez-Fajardo P , Gonzalez JE , et al . Mexican Registry of Pulmonary Hypertension: REMEHIP . Arch Cardiol Mex . 2017 ; 87 ( 1 ): 13 - 7 . doi: 10.1016/j.acmx.2016.11.006 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zarate</surname>
							<given-names>JS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jerjes-Sanchez</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ramirez-Rivera</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zamudio</surname>
							<given-names>TP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gutierrez-Fajardo</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gonzalez</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Mexican Registry of Pulmonary Hypertension: REMEHIP</article-title>
					<source>Arch Cardiol Mex</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>87</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>13</fpage>
					<lpage>17</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.acmx.2016.11.006</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Huang WC , Hsieh SC , Wu YW , Hsieh TY , Wu YJ , Li KJ , et al . 2023 Taiwan Society of Cardiology (TSOC) and Taiwan College of Rheumatology (TCR) Joint Consensus on Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension . Acta Cardiol Sin . 2023 ; 39 ( 2 ): 213 - 41 . doi: 10.6515/ACS.202303_39(2).20230117A .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Huang</surname>
							<given-names>WC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hsieh</surname>
							<given-names>SC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wu</surname>
							<given-names>YW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hsieh</surname>
							<given-names>TY</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wu</surname>
							<given-names>YJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>KJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>2023 Taiwan Society of Cardiology (TSOC) and Taiwan College of Rheumatology (TCR) Joint Consensus on Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension</article-title>
					<source>Acta Cardiol Sin</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>39</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>213</fpage>
					<lpage>241</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6515/ACS.202303_39(2).20230117A</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Kligerman S , Horowitz M , Hsiao A , Hahn L , Weihe E . Multimodality Imaging in Pulmonary Hypertension . Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension . 2019 ; 18 : 115 - 25 . doi: 10.21693/1933-088X-18.4.115 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kligerman</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Horowitz</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hsiao</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hahn</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weihe</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Multimodality Imaging in Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
					<source>Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>18</volume>
					<fpage>115</fpage>
					<lpage>125</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21693/1933-088X-18.4.115</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Addetia K , Miyoshi T , Citro R , Daimon M , Gutierrez Fajardo P , et al . Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Right Ventricular Size and Systolic Function Measurements Stratified by Sex, Age, and Ethnicity: Results of the World Alliance of Societies of Echocardiography Study . J Am Soc Echocardiogr . 2021 ; 34 ( 11 ): 1148 - 57.e1 . doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2021.06.013 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Addetia</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miyoshi</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Citro</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Daimon</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gutierrez Fajardo</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Right Ventricular Size and Systolic Function Measurements Stratified by Sex, Age, and Ethnicity: Results of the World Alliance of Societies of Echocardiography Study</article-title>
					<source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1148</fpage>
					<lpage>57.e1</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2021.06.013</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Lang RM , Badano LP , Mor-Avi V , Afilalo J , Armstrong A , Ernande L , et al . Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging . Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging . 2015 ; 16 ( 3 ): 233 - 70 . doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jev014 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lang</surname>
							<given-names>RM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Badano</surname>
							<given-names>LP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mor-Avi</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Afilalo</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Armstrong</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ernande</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>233</fpage>
					<lpage>270</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jev014</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Zaidi A , Knight DS , Augustine DX , Harkness A , Oxborough D , Pearce K , et al . Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults: A Practical Guideline from the British Society of Echocardiography . Echo Res Pract . 2020 ; 7 ( 1 ): G19 - G41 . doi: 10.1530/ERP-19-0051 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zaidi</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Knight</surname>
							<given-names>DS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Augustine</surname>
							<given-names>DX</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Harkness</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oxborough</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pearce</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults: A Practical Guideline from the British Society of Echocardiography</article-title>
					<source>Echo Res Pract</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>G19</fpage>
					<lpage>G41</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1530/ERP-19-0051</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Vedage NA , Vaidya A . What Echocardiography Can Reliably Tell Us About Our Pulmonary Hypertension Patients . Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension . 2019 ; 18 : 110 - 14 . doi: 10.21693/1933-088X-18.4.110 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Vedage</surname>
							<given-names>NA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vaidya</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>What Echocardiography Can Reliably Tell Us About Our Pulmonary Hypertension Patients</article-title>
					<source>Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>18</volume>
					<fpage>110</fpage>
					<lpage>114</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21693/1933-088X-18.4.110</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9. Topyła-Putowska W , Tomaszewski M , Wysokiński A , Tomaszewski A . Echocardiography in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Comprehensive Evaluation and Technical Considerations . J Clin Med . 2021 ; 10 ( 15 ): 3229 . doi: 10.3390/jcm10153229 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Topyła-Putowska</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tomaszewski</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wysokiński</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tomaszewski</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Echocardiography in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Comprehensive Evaluation and Technical Considerations</article-title>
					<source>J Clin Med</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>15</issue>
					<size units="pages">3229</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm10153229</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>10. Remy-Jardin M , Ryerson CJ , Schiebler ML , Leung ANC , Wild JM , Hoeper MM , et al . Imaging of Pulmonary Hypertension in Adults: A Position Paper from the Fleischner Society . Eur Respir J . 2021 ; 57 ( 1 ): 2004455 . doi: 10.1183/13993003.04455-2020 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Remy-Jardin</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ryerson</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schiebler</surname>
							<given-names>ML</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leung</surname>
							<given-names>ANC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wild</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hoeper</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Imaging of Pulmonary Hypertension in Adults: A Position Paper from the Fleischner Society</article-title>
					<source>Eur Respir J</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>57</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<size units="pages">2004455</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1183/13993003.04455-2020</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230041</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como Proceder em uma Análise Multimodal para o Diagnóstico e Estratificação de Risco da Hipertensão Pulmonar?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2864-8701</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gutiérrez-Fajardo</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label> 1 </label>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Cardiotest, Laboratorio de Ecocardiografia, Hospital de Especialidades San Francisco de Asís, Guadalajara, Jalisco – México </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Pedro Gutiérrez-Fajardo • Cardiotest, Laboratorio de Ecocardiografia, Hospital de Especialidades San Francisco de Asís. Av. Americas, 1946, CEP: 44630. Guadalajara, Jalisco – México E-mail: drpedrogutierrez@yahoo.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Hipertensão pulmonar</kwd>
				<kwd>diagnóstico</kwd>
				<kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A hipertensão pulmonar (HP) é uma doença multiorgânica complexa definida como pressão arterial pulmonar média (PAPm) <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mmHg. As etiologias relacionadas a alterações patológicas na vasculatura pulmonar que levam à HP são amplas. A categorização hemodinâmica considera a HP pré-capilar, representada por hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP), a resistência vascular pulmonar (RVP) <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 unidades Wood e pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar <underline>&lt;</underline> 15 mmHg. A HP pós-capilar, representada pela cardiopatia esquerda, envolve RVP <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 unidades Wood e pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 mmHg. A categorização clínica considera 5 grupos. A incidência por grupo não é bem conhecida; no entanto, o grupo 2 (associado à cardiopatia esquerda) é a causa mais comum de HP. A HAP (grupo 1) ainda é uma condição altamente devastadora, causando qualidade de vida limitada e alta mortalidade, principalmente relacionada à insuficiência do ventrículo direito (VD). O grupo 3 refere-se à HP associada a doenças pulmonares e/ou hipóxia. O grupo 4 corresponde à HP associada a obstruções da artéria pulmonar e o grupo 5 à HP com mecanismos pouco claros e/ou multifatoriais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Atualmente, o algoritmo diagnóstico para a HP considera uma abordagem em 3 etapas, desde a suspeita clínica pelos médicos de primeira linha considerando os sinais vitais, classe funcional, etc.; parâmetros não invasivos do VD por ecocardiografia transtorácica (ETT), ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC), tomografia computadorizada (TC) e avaliação vascular pulmonar por varredura de ventilação/perfusão (V/Q). Para confirmação diagnóstica, no entanto, é necessário cateterismo cardíaco direito, preferencialmente em centros de HP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Na HP, uma abordagem multimodal envolve o uso de múltiplos testes diagnósticos para avaliar os vários aspectos da doença, desde a suspeita até a determinação de sua etiologia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Fornece uma avaliação abrangente do prognóstico e pode auxiliar na orientação das decisões de tratamento e na avaliação da resposta à terapia.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Ecocardiografia transtorácica</title>
				<p>A ETT é considerada uma modalidade de imagem altamente útil, de baixo custo, segura e disponível para a abordagem inicial do diagnóstico diferencial de HP. Embora a ETT normal não exclua o diagnóstico, diminui a probabilidade de HP. Nem a TC nem a RMC fazem parte da linha inicial da HP; no entanto, em pacientes selecionados, podem fornecer informações adicionais antes de prosseguir para o cateterismo cardíaco direito. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>É importante estar familiarizado com as faixas normais de tamanho e função do VD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A ETT mostrando anormalidades da estrutura e função do coração direito aumenta a suspeita de HP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Também permite a detecção de coração esquerdo (disfunção sistólica e diastólica, doença cardíaca valvular) e doença cardíaca congênita como causas potenciais de HP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Substitutos da função do VD, como alteração na área fracional do VD, tamanho do átrio direito, derrame pericárdico, excursão sistólica do plano anular tricúspide (TAPSE), relação entre a pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP) e a TAPSE, e índice de excentricidade são recomendados no acompanhamento e avaliação da resposta terapêutica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, é importante observar que esses substitutos devem ser interpretados no contexto de outros parâmetros clínicos e de imagem, pois não são ferramentas de diagnóstico independentes. O Doppler pode ser usado para estimar a possibilidade de HP medindo a velocidade do jato regurgitante tricúspide (RT) e calculando a PSAP usando a equação de Bernoulli modificada. Quando não há RT ou o sinal é inadequado, o tempo de aceleração pulmonar pode ser usado para calcular a PAPm a partir do sinal Doppler de onda de pulso do fluxo pulmonar. A pressão diastólica da artéria pulmonar pode ser estimada se houver regurgitação pulmonar. A velocidade no final da diástole é convertida em um gradiente de pressão, adicionando a pressão atrial direita estimada ao valor resultante. Por fim, tanto o débito do ventrículo esquerdo quanto o do VD podem ser calculados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Na prática clínica, pode ser um desafio diferenciar HP aguda, crônica e aguda crônica ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Diferenciando hipertensão pulmonar aguda, crônica e crônica aguda</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Parâmetro ecocardiográfico</th>
									<th>Aguda</th>
									<th>Crônica</th>
									<th>Crônica e aguda</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Ventrículo direito dilatado</td>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td align="center">Sim +++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ventrículo direito hipertrofiado</td>
									<td align="center">Ausente</td>
									<td align="center">Presente</td>
									<td align="center">Presente</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Regurgitação tricúspide</td>
									<td align="center">Presente</td>
									<td align="center">Presente</td>
									<td align="center">Presente</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Regurgitação pulmonar</td>
									<td align="center">+ a ++</td>
									<td align="center">+++ a ++++</td>
									<td align="center">+++ a ++++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pressão pulmonar</td>
									<td align="center">PAPm &lt; 40 mmhg</td>
									<td align="center">PSAP suprassistêmica</td>
									<td align="center">PSAP suprassistêmica</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hipocinesia do ventrículo direito</td>
									<td align="center">Grave</td>
									<td align="center">Achado tardio</td>
									<td align="center">Grave a muito grave</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Movimento paradoxal do septo</td>
									<td align="center">Presente</td>
									<td align="center">Presente (marcado)</td>
									<td align="center">Presente (grave)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Artéria pulmonar dilatada</td>
									<td align="center">Não comum</td>
									<td align="center">Frequente</td>
									<td align="center">Muito frequente</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>PAPm: pressão arterial pulmonar média; PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>Os seguintes avanços recentes na ecocardiografia melhoraram nossa compreensão e capacidade de caracterizar melhor a disfunção do VD na HP:</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>A ecocardiografia tridimensional pode fornecer informações detalhadas sobre o tamanho e a função do VD. Foi demonstrado que a ecocardiografia tridimensional é mais precisa do que a ecocardiografia bidimensional na avaliação da função do VD na HP.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>A ecocardiografia speckle tracking pode ser usada para quantificar o <italic>strain</italic> da parede livre do VD, que é uma medida de quanto o VD é capaz de contrair e relaxar. O <italic>strain</italic> do VD demonstrou ser um marcador sensível de disfunção do VD e um preditor de desfechos clínicos e morte em pacientes com HP.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>A ecocardiografia tridimensional em tempo real permite obter informações rápidas sobre os volumes do VD, a sístole do VD e a fração de ejeção do VD, bem como o <italic>strain</italic> e a taxa de <italic>strain</italic> do VD. É especialmente útil na avaliação da função do VD em testes dinâmicos, como o exercício.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>A ecocardiografia com contraste melhora a visualização das câmaras cardíacas. A ecocardiografia com contraste pode ser usada para detectar a presença de um coágulo, uma massa ou outras anormalidades.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Ressonância magnética cardíaca</title>
				<p>A RMC facilmente fornece informações completas sobre a estrutura e função do VD em pacientes com HP suspeita ou confirmada com alta sensibilidade e especificidade na medição do índice de massa do VD, diâmetros do VD, espessura do VD, movimento da parede livre do VD, volume diastólico final, volume sistólico final, volume sistólico e fração de ejeção do VD. A RMC também pode fornecer informações sobre o tamanho e a estrutura das artérias pulmonares e o fluxo sanguíneo nos pulmões. É mais precisa que a ETT na avaliação e acompanhamento de pacientes com HP, mas é uma técnica mais demorada, de maior custo e menos disponível. A RMC não expõe o paciente à radiação; no entanto, pode ser difícil de realizar em pacientes claustrofóbicos e a função renal deve ser verificada antes do teste. Fora dos centros de HP, não é amplamente utilizada na abordagem diagnóstica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Tanto a ETT quanto a RMC desempenham papéis importantes na avaliação da doença, estratificação de risco e avaliação da intervenção terapêutica.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Tomografia computadorizada</title>
				<p>A TC fornece informações detalhadas sobre a vasculatura pulmonar, parênquima pulmonar e estrutura cardíaca. Assim, podem ser obtidas informações sobre o tamanho e a estrutura das artérias pulmonares e o fluxo sanguíneo pelos pulmões, identificando a presença de coágulos sanguíneos ou outras anormalidades. Nesse sentido, é útil no diagnóstico de hipertensão pulmonar tromboembólica crônica (HPTEC) e também pode identificar obstruções distais, estreitamento das artérias pulmonares e seus ramos e estenoses distais. Além disso, identifica defeitos em forma de bolsa, irregularidades intimais, redes ou bandas de artérias pulmonares e dilatação de artérias brônquicas devido a suprimento sanguíneo colateral, o que tem importância prognóstica, visto que esses pacientes apresentam melhor evolução pós-cirúrgica. A TC também pode detectar doenças pulmonares subjacentes, como a doença pulmonar intersticial ou enfisema, que também contribui para a HP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Atualmente, a TC é uma técnica prontamente disponível, mas os pacientes são expostos à radiação ionizante e, em alguns casos, requer a administração de contraste.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Varredura de ventilação/perfusão</title>
				<p>Finalmente, a varredura V/Q avalia a probabilidade de coágulos sanguíneos na vasculatura pulmonar. Envolve a injeção de um traçador radioativo e a inalação de um gás radioativo para investigar se há uma incompatibilidade V/Q, indicando a presença de um coágulo sanguíneo em defeitos de perfusão em forma de cunha com ventilação normal. Devido à sua alta sensibilidade, a varredura V/Q é o teste de escolha na triagem de pacientes com suspeita de HPTEC. Uma varredura V/Q normal praticamente exclui a probabilidade de HPTEC. É importante ressaltar que a ausência completa de perfusão em um pulmão deve levantar a possibilidade de outras condições diferentes do HPTEC, como vasculite, malignidade e mediastinite fibrosante. Uma das desvantagens da varredura V/Q é o alto número de testes não diagnósticos ou indeterminados, bem como a subestimação da obstrução vascular central e sua incapacidade de diferenciar doença veno-oclusiva pulmonar de mediastinite fibrosante. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Na prática clínica, a varredura V/Q parece ser subutilizada, mesmo fazendo parte das recomendações atuais para suspeita de HP devido à sua alta sensibilidade e especificidade.</p>
				<p>Em resumo, os avanços na ecocardiografia melhoraram nossa capacidade de considerar a probabilidade de pressão pulmonar e de caracterizar a disfunção do VD. Os substitutos da função do VD na ETT são parâmetros práticos, especialmente no acompanhamento. Ecocardiografia speckle tracking, tridimensional, tridimensional em tempo real e com contraste são modalidades modernas úteis que podem fornecer informações mais detalhadas sobre a função ou disfunção do VD na HP. A RMC, TC e varredura V/Q são modalidades de imagem úteis no diagnóstico e estratificação de risco de HP. Essas técnicas podem ajudar a orientar as decisões de tratamento e melhorar os resultados clínicos nessa população de pacientes. Cada modalidade de imagem tem vantagens e desvantagens ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> ). A seleção da técnica será baseada no cenário clínico e nas necessidades individuais do paciente. De acordo com os achados, é importante considerar a consulta com um profissional de saúde especializado em HP, evitando atrasos desnecessários que possam impactar a saúde do paciente. A inteligência artificial estará disponível em um futuro próximo e permitirá uma avaliação mais rápida e confiável do volume, fração de ejeção, massa e função global e segmentar do VD e do ventrículo esquerdo. Esses avanços certamente serão de grande importância em pacientes com HP.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Modalidades de imagem na hipertensão pulmonar: vantagens e desvantagens</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Modalidade de imagem</th>
									<th align="left">Vantagens</th>
									<th align="left">Desvantagens</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Ecocardiografia</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Primeira escolha, amplamente disponível</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Facilmente repetível para monitoramento</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Não depende do ritmo cardíaco</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Cálculo da pressão pulmonar</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>2D, 3D, RT3D, ST, ECC</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Baixo custo</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Sem radiação</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Depende do operador</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Depende da janela acústica</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Subestimação da pressão pulmonar</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Superestimação da pressão pulmonar</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ressonância magnética cardíaca</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Não depende da janela acústica</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Estrutura e função completas do VD</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Avaliação da circulação pulmonar</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Caracterização do tecido miocárdico</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Baixa variabilidade intra-interobservador</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Imagens de alta qualidade</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Não amplamente disponível</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Limitações técnicas em arritmias</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Contraindicado em insuficiência renal</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Danos renais secundários em alguns casos</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Precaução em pacientes claustrofóbicos</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Alto custo</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tomografia computadorizada</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Não depende da janela acústica</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Quantificação do VD</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Avaliação do parênquima pulmonar</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Avaliação do mediastino</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Útil na HPTEC</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Exposição à radiação</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Uso de contraste</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Não para monitoramento</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Alto custo</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Varredura V/Q</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Avaliação vascular pulmonar</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Bom para triagem da HPTEC</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Alta sensibilidade e especificidade</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Achados não específicos</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Elevado número de testes não diagnósticos</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Não para monitoramento</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Uso de traçador radioativo</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Alto custo</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2002">
								<p>2D: ecocardiografia bidimensional; 3D: ecocardiografia tridimensional; 3DTR: ecocardiografia tridimensional em tempo real; ECC: ecocardiografia com contraste; HPTEC: hipertensão pulmonar tromboembólica crônica; ST: ecocardiografia speckle tracking; VD: ventrículo direito; V/Q: ventilação/perfusão.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>